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Title: Effectiveness and Performance of “Sexcel” - ABS Sexed Semen, in Dairy Heifers, Cows and Buffaloes in Field conditions in different Agro-Climatic Zones of India
Abstract :

To analyse the effect of sexed semen on different breeds used in artificial insemination following study was conducted using sexed semen from seven different breeds for artificial insemination in females. All bulls used for sexing by ABS India were genomically tested for Holstein and Jersey breeds. A total of 3034 inseminations with Sexcel were performed with 2589 inseminations in dairy cows and 445 in buffaloes. The conception rate of sexed semen using confirmative pregnancy diagnosis (using peri rectal examination) at 90 days post insemination both in cows and buffaloes was recorded. Sex of the calf was recorded after the birth in each case. The results of conception rate (CR) and pregnancy rate evaluation in different breeds were recorded. The results revealed the average conception rate of Sexcel semen is 49.1% (ranging from 45.1 to 55.3%) in cows and 42.7 % in buffaloes. These figures show a cumulative picture wherein sexed semen was used in animals of different parities (Both primiparous and pluriparous). The current study provides ample insights into the conception rate using sexed semen under various agro climatic conditions in different breeds. The study showed that sexed semen gives good conception in animals of one to three parities provided they are reproductively clean and possess good fertility.

Title: Pathology of Mycotic Tracheitis in Poultry
Abstract :

A case of mycotic tracheitis in an adult Rhode Island Red bird of about 20 weeks of age is described here. The bird had a history of dyspnoea, gasping and was dull prior to death. On postmortem examination lungs showed multiple circumscribed granulomatous nodules in the lungs and the trachea was occluded with caseous plugs. Microscopically there were fungal hyphae penetrating the tracheal mucosa together with a caseative plug having central necrotic mass adhering to the tracheal wall, foci of severe congestion and hemorrhage, fungal granuloma surrounded by mononuclear cell infiltration, giant cell, fungal hyphae and fibrous tissues were recorded. The fungal hyphae were also demonstrated by Grocott’s methanamine silver stain.

Title: Growth Response of New Zealand White Rabbits to Dietary Probiotic and Vitamin C under Tropical Humid Climate
Abstract :

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing Lactobacillus casei and vitamin C on growth performance of New Zealand White rabbits affected by heat stress during summer seasons between March and May in Kerala state, India. Twenty four two month old rabbits (average body weight 0.91kg) were distributed to four groups of six rabbits each. The treatments were control group (C) fed basal diet alone, L group fed basal diet along with Lactobacillus casei (106 colony forming units per g of feed), V group fed basal diet along with ascorbic acid (200 mg per kg feed), and LV group fed basal diet along with L. casei and ascorbic acid at the same rate as in V and L. The Temperature humidity index (THI) values in the rabbitry and rabbit fecal cortisol values (n=6 per group) were estimated to assess the heat stress level in rabbits. As per THI values, animals were exposed to stress (THI > 27.8) in the afternoon hours during the entire experimental period. The V, L and VL rabbits had lower mean cortisol level than control during the period of very severe and severe heat stress (1-9th experimental week- March and April). The groups did not differ for body weights during the period of very severe and severe heat stress (March and April). The V, L and VL rabbits had similar 21 week final weights but those of the L and VL rabbits were 25.52% and 32.29% higher than the control. The rabbits in the V, L and VL group showed 38.51%, 49.19% and 61.13% (P<0.05) higher overall mean daily body weight gain and 23.89%, 31.48%, 40.33% higher overall mean feed efficiency than the control. Dietary supplementation of the probiotic or ascorbic acid did not affect (P>0.05) the overall feed intake. Cost of production (Rupees) per kilogram live weight on feed basis was lowest for VL animals followed by L and V animals respectively.

Title: Evaluation of Meat Consumption Pattern and Meat Quality in North Indian Cities
Abstract :

A survey was conducted in north Indian cities (Ghaziabad, Noida, Gurugram, Delhi, Lucknow and Bareilly) with an aim to evaluate meat consumption pattern and meat products quality. Retailers from 15 randomly chosen shops, viz., Shop-A, B, C...O and 403 consumers visiting those shops were interviewed. Sample meat products from 10 shops were collected and quality evaluated. Among retailers, 73.33% told meat Kabab (chicken and chevon), is the most sold out product. As per 50.37% & 34.24% consumers chicken and goat meat was 1st and 2nd preference of meat species respectively, 53.46% of consumers preferred “taste” as their first criteria of meat products purchase, 62.85% consumers preferred convenience meat products as compared to traditional counterparts, highest percentage of (43.42%) consumers chosen seekh kabab (chicken and chevon) as their first preference of product. Evaluation of market products quality revealed that, maximum and minimum protein percentage in Shop-A, Chicken Kabab (16.73%) and Shop-C, Chicken Kabab (5.32%) respectively. Cholesterol content found maximum and minimum amount in Mutton Kabab from Shop-J (60.72 mg/100g) and Chicken Sausages from Shop-N (33.54 mg/100g) respectively. Calcium content found highest in Chicken Kabab from Shop-C (1.63%). Highest Total Plate Count (TPC) detected in chicken Kabab from Shop-D (5.41 log 10 cfu/g).

Title: Endocannabinoid Signaling in Spermatozoa: A Mini-Review
Abstract :

Spermatozoa undergoes array of signaling and intracellular pathways and ultimately become competent enough to accomplish fertilization. Hormones, ion channels and signaling molecules in both male and female reproductive tract show bidirectional cross play. The recent discovery of endocannabinoids and their receptors in male and female reproductive system opened new vistas for their research in regulating sperm function. Interestingly, endocannabinoids regulate sperm motility, capacitation, hyperactivity and eventually acrosome reaction. However, their complex intracellular pathways are still to be understood in regulating spermatozoa function. The present review highlights the major breakthrough research in the area of endocannabinoids in male reproduction and in more specific in sperm cells, and their association with regulation of sperm fertilizing competence.

Title: Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Production: A Review
Abstract :

Climate change is seen as a major threat to the survival of many species, ecosystems and the sustainability of livestock production systems in many parts of the world. Green house gases (GHG) are released in the atmosphere both by natural sources and anthropogenic (human related) activities. An attempt has been made in this article to understand the contribution of ruminant livestock to climate change and to identify the mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emission in livestock. In Indian subcontinent, heat stress is the most important climatic stress. Heat stress adversely affecting productive and reproductive performance of livestock, and hence reducing the total area where high yielding dairy cattle may be economically reared. The livestock sector which will be a sufferer of climate change is itself a large source of methane emissions contributing about 18% of total enteric methane budget. Ruminant livestock such as cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats contributes the major proportion of total agricultural emission of methane .In India, although the emission rate per animal is much lower than the developed countries, due to vast livestock population the total annual methane emissions from Indian livestock ranged from 7.26 to 10.4 MT/year. In India more than 90% of the total methane emission from enteric fermentation is being contributed by the large ruminants (cattle and buffalo) and rest from small ruminants and others. Generally CH4 reduction strategies can be grouped under two broad categories such as management and nutritional strategies. Although the reduction in GHG emissions from livestock industries are seen as high priorities, strategies for reducing emissions should not reduce the economic viability of enterprises if they are to find industry acceptability.

Title: Personal, Socio-Economic Characteristics of Dairy Animal Owners and their Relationship with Knowledge of Dairy Husbandry Practices in Surat District of Gujarat
Abstract :

To study the knowledge of dairy animal owners in improved dairy husbandry practices a field survey in Surat district was conducted during March, 2013 to January, 2014. Data were collected through personal interview from randomly selected 300 dairy animal owners from randomly selected five talukas out of nine talukas of Surat district with the help of pre-tested structured schedule. The present study revealed that majority of the dairy farmers were belonged middle to old age group, literate, nuclear type of family having more number of children making big size family. Majority of the respondents were from scheduled tribe and other backward category having medium level of extension contacts and mass media exposure with membership in one organization. Majority of the respondents were falling under marginal to small categories farmers with small herd size and they possessed agriculture and livestock as their livelihood. The education, caste, land holding, animal holding size, extension contact and mass media exposure of the respondents were positively and significantly related, whereas vocational diversification was negatively related with knowledge of dairy farmers regarding improved dairy husbandry practices in the study area.

Title: Effect of Mincing on the Quality  Characteristics of Chevon Cutlets
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of mincing and added water on the quality characteristics of chevon cutlets. The lean meat was minced once, twice and thrice, respectively through 4 mm plate to evaluate the effect of mincing on physic-chemical and sensory parameters. A significant effect of mincing was observed with the highest scores for juiciness and texture for the products developed from twice minced lean meat. Thus, good quality chevon cutlets could be prepared by mincing the lean meat twice and with incorporation of 5% shredded potato and 3% added water from tough and less palatable chevon.

Title: The Transverse Septum Morphology of the Farmed Adult African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus B.) from Eastern Nigeria
Abstract :

The morphology of the adult African catfish transverse septum was studied to establish its functional anatomy as there is dearth of information on it from available literature. The fish sourced from commercial aquaculture was immobilized and the specimen- transverse septum dissected out, and investigated using haematoxyline and eosin stain. Grossly, the septum transversum was a milkish white membranous sheath separating the pericardial cavity from the thoraco-abdominal cavity. Histologically, the septum transversum was lined by simple squamous cells. The subepithelial region was composed mainly of loose irregular collagen fibres. Reticular fibres were also observed. Muscle tissue of mainly skeletal fibres and scant smooth muscle cells were seen embedded irregularly in the loose areolar tissue. Nerve fibres and blood vessels were also contained in this loose areolar tissue that formed the matrix of the septum transversum.

Title: Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Canola Meal on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and its Economic Efficiency in Finishing Pigs
Abstract :

Present study investigated the effects of dietary increasing levels of solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) as a substitute for soybean meal as an energy and amino acid source in finishing pigs. A total of 192 finishing pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc; initial body weight of 48.62 ± 3 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments on the basis of BW. There were 4 replicate pens in each treatment with 12 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0, 4, 8 and 12% canola meal. Experimental diets were fed in meal form for 35 days. Dietary inclusion of increasing levels of canola meals had no effects (P>0.05) on growth performance and ATTD of nutrients and energy. Total feed cost per pigs was linearly reduced (P<0.05) with increase in dietary canola meal level. However, dietary inclusion of canola meal has no effects (P>0.05) on total weight gain (TWG), total feed intake (TFI) and feed cost per kg weight gain (FCG). These results indicates that up to 12% canola meal can be included in finishing pig’s diet without any adverse effect on growth performance and ATTD of nutrient. In addition, finisher pigs feed cost can be reduced with dietary inclusion of canola meal.

Title: Effect of Phytase Enzyme Supplementation in Low Energy-Protein Layer Diet on Tibial Mineral Contents
Abstract :

An experiment was carried out using 200 hundred Athulya birds divided into 10 treatments (T1-T10) to find out the effect of phytase enzyme on tibial mineral contents. Phytase was supplemented at 0, 500 and 1000 units/kg in low energy, low protein and low energy- protein layer chicken diets containing available phosphorus of 0.30% from 21 to 40 weeks of age. A standard layer ration was offered to birds in T1. Experimental diets from T2 to T10 were formulated with two levels of crude protein (18 and 16 percent) and two levels of metabolisable energy (2600 and 2400 ME kcal/kg diet). After the laying period, four birds from each treatment were randomly selected, slaughtered and data on tibial mineral contents viz. tibial ash. calcium and phosphorus were measured. The tibial mineral contents viz. tibial ash. calcium and phosphorus showed significant (P<0.01) increase among phytase supplemented treatments.

Title: Effect of Minosel Tablet on Blood Parameters of Goat Kids Raised under Poor Maintenance and Nutrition
Abstract :

As vitamins and minerals had significant effects on growth, reproduction, yield and the immune systems of animals, present study is conducted to research the impact of Minosel oral tablets, a combination of vitamins and minerals, on certain blood parameters of goat kids raised under poor nutrition and maintenance conditions. The experiment was conducted in 20 kids of both sexs of 3-10 days of age having 2-5 kg of body weight and they were raised under poor nutritional and management conditions in Van. After the systematic clinical examinations of ill grown animals, blood samples from each animal Were collected before and after the administration of oral tablets for analysis of certain blood biochemical parameters viz. glucose, total protein, urea, ALP, ALT, AST, LDH, calcium, and vitamins A, D and E. Minosel oral tablets (Teknovet, Turkey) were orally administered to ill-grown animals. Vitamin D and vitamin E levels were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05) while other blood parameters were statistically insignificant (P>0.05). As a result, applying Minosel oral tablets prophylactically to newborn kids may cause some vitamin and mineral deficiencies; in order to repair the destruction of some tissues and organs, supplemental treatments may be needed in addition to these vitamins and minerals.

Title: Application of Total Quality Management to Ensure Food Quality in Food Industry
Abstract :

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a managerial and managemental approach of an organization focused on quality, based on participation of all of its members and while aiming at long term benefits to the organization and consumers health. It is focused on continuous improvement of all processes approached with combined fundamental management techniques and specialized tools under quality systems. TQM is a process of managing the whole organization so that it progress in all the dimensions of products and services that are important to the consumers. It roots from the belief that mistake can be avoided or mininimised and defects can be prevented, with sole objective being the continuous process improvement. The introduction of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) has signaled a shift in emphasis from resource intensive end product inspection and testing to preventive control of hazards at all the stages of food supply chain. It also identifies and controls hazards that are fundamentals for food safety. The integrated approach to implementation of ISO standards and HACCP concept is vital for management of quality and safety of dairy products hence safeguarding the customer’s requirements, ensuring that certified products conform to minimum standards set internationally. These standards ensure and enhance transparency in the development of food quality and safety procedures, thus helping to upgrade and update food safety systems. ISO laid down guidelines, codes, specifications and requirements to evolve effective TQM system.

Title: Histological and Immunohistochemical Studies of Furstenberg’s Rosette in Sheep and Goat
Abstract :

A total of twelve healthy adult Madras Red ewe and Boer local she-goat teats were histologically and immunohistochemically examined. In between the teat canal and teat cistern Furstenberg’s rosette was appeared as modified zone of mucosa thrown into primary and secondary folds. The mucosal folds were lined by a bilayered cuboidal epithelium. Subepithelial area of rosette was composed of numerous lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. Mucosa below the Furstenberg’s rosette was lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Immunohistochemical staining of rosette by CD3 antibody revealed the localization of intraepithelial ‘T’ lymphocytes in the mucosal folds. ‘T’ lymphocytes were also localized in the lamina propria region

Title: Biotechnological Approach to Improve the Nutritional Availability in Livestock and Consequence for Reduction the Environment Pollution by Implement of Transgenic Phytase in Animal Feed
Abstract :

Phytases are hydrolytic enzymes that initiate the release of phosphate from phytate In recent years the application of the phytase enzyme have been studied intensively. Phytase enzymes have a wide distribution in plants, microorganisms, and in some animal tissues. Many strategies have been developed for improving phosphate and mineral availability in feed. However in recent years, expression of transgenic microbial phytase in plants can be successfully applied as animal feed supplementation for innovative means of delivering phytases to non-ruminants to inflation of bioavailability of mineral such as calcium, magnesium, zinc copper, enhance the utilization of phytate bounded phosphorus and reduce P pollution of animal excreta. Moreover, improved biotechnological processes in the production of transgeneic plant contain microbial phytase can eliminate the costs associated with phytase production, purification, and supplementation for commercial use. In current study we discussed about the comprehensive descriptions on source of phytase, expression profiling and their potential application in animal feed. Hence it is concluded that molecular farming in the production from microbial sources of stable phytase in feed could open a new venture for commercial purposes.

Title: In vitro Efficacy of Emblica officinalis Against MRSA Isolated from Buffaloes Suffering from Subclinical Mastitis
Abstract :

The present study describes in- vitro efficacy of Emblica officinalis against Methicillin Resistant S. aureus mastitis. Diffusion technique was used to assess in-vitro efficacy of Emblica officinalis. Zone of inhibition was measured and used to compare the in-vitro efficacy. The zone ranged between 10-13 mm with maximum zone of 13 mm observed in 200 and 225 mg/ml DMSO disc, followed by 12 mm in 175 and 150 mg/ml DMSO disc, 11 mm in 125 mg/ml DMSO disc and 10 mm in 100 mg/ml DMSO disc. The results indicate that the sensitivity pattern for Emblica officinalis at 200 & 175 mg/ml DMSO concentration and was comparable with the standard antibiotics in Methicillin sensitive S. aureus. In Methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates, the zone of inhibition was in the order Oxytetracycline (15mm) followed by Emblica officinalis -200 (13 mm) and Methicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, ofloxacin were resistance.

Title: Influence of Season on Biochemical Attributes of Bhadawari Buffalo Bull Semen: Effect of Temperature and Humidity
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to establish the seasonal variations in semen biochemical indices in Bhadawari bull. Four fertile, healthy adult Bhadawari bulls aged between 2 to 4 years were used as semen donors. The study was conducted over a period of six months and divided into three seasons as winter season (February- March), dry summer season (April-May) and wet summer season (June-July). Sixteen semen samples were collected in each season (four ejaculates from each bull) by using Artificial Vagina and seminal plasma were harvested by centrifugation. The results of the study showed gradual and significant rise in values of ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol and triglycerides and decline in values of amylase with increase in ambient temperature and THI. Amylase showed negative correlation and other indices showed positive correlation with ambient temperature and THI. The ambient temperature and THI showed positive correlation with biochemical attributes except amylase while humidity showed negative correlation. It could be concluded from the study that temperature and THI of season significantly affects the semen biochemical attributes of Bhadawari bulls.

Title: Evaluation of the Heatsynch protocol in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during hot summer season
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Heatynch protocol on plasma estrogen concentration in Murrah buffaloes and to evaluate if the Heatsynch protocol induces estrus in Murrah buffaloes. All treated animals responded to the treatment by displaying obvious signs of estrus. The mean plasma estrogen concentration among the individual buffalo was 191.9 ± 68.3 pg / ml after Estradiol benzoate (EB) injection. The plasma progesterone profile of these animals indicated that out of 16 animals 8 animals were acyclic before Heatsynch treatment (8/16) as plasma progesterone concentrations in these animals were basal (<0.24±0.01 ng/ml) for most of the sampling period during the course of treatment. Following Heatsynch treatment only two buffalo out of sixteen were acyclic (2/16) on the basis of their plasma progesterone profile. These results indicated that Heatsynch protocol is useful in inducing cyclicity in acyclic buffaloes. The seven buffalo out of sixteen (7/16) were conceived after treatment with Heatsynch protocol in summer. So, the treatment might have potential field application value to overcome poor estrus symptoms in summer.

Title: Standardization of Shredded Potato and Added Water Levels in the Development of Chevon Cutlets
Abstract :

The objective of the present study was undertaken to standardize the levels of shredded potato and added water in the development of chevon cutlets. The lean meat was minced twice through 4 mm plate. The cutlets were prepared with the incorporation of shredded potato at 0, 5, 10 and 15% level and added water at 0, 3, 6 and 9%, respectively replacing the lean meat. A significant effect of mincing was observed with the highest scores for juiciness and texture for the products developed from twice minced lean meat. Cutlets prepared with the incorporation of 5% shredded potato were found to have better scores for almost all the sensory parameters. Incorporation of 3% added water significantly (p<0.05) increased the appearance and colour, texture, juiciness and rusk pick-up. Thus, good quality chevon cutlets could be prepared by incorporating 5% shredded potato and 3% added water.

Title: Age-Specific Peripheral Anti-Müllerian Hormone Concentration in Buffaloes
Abstract :

Anti- Mullerian hormone (AMH) is one of the important endocrine markers for the assessment of the age-related decline of fertility potential in animals. No baseline data is available on peripheral AMH concentrations at different ages in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The present study thus aimed (i) to examine the responsiveness of the ovary to gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) challenge to release plasma AMH into circulation to address the question whether ovarian secretion of AMH would be affected by gonadotrophic status and (ii) to determine plasma AMH concentrations at different ages in buffaloes (n= 154) using an enzyme immune-assay. Data on hormonal concentrations in GnRH-treated buffaloes and in different ages of buffaloes were analyzed by non-parametric one-way repeated measure ANOVA and one-way ANOVA, respectively. No change (p>0.05) of plasma AMH concentrations after GnRH challenge in experimental buffaloes was recorded. Plasma AMH concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) at 3 months of age (0.56 ± 0.29 ng/ ml) and thereafter it started increasing and reached at a level of 3.07 ± 0.44 ng/ ml at 3 years of age and then remained same (≥2 ng/ ml) up to 11 years of age and again declined progressively and reached at the level of 0.52 ± 0.12 ng/ ml at 15 years of age. A cubic model was the best fitted model to elucidate the change of plasma AMH level with age. Hence, the present study suggested that peripheral AMH concentration could be a candidate endocrine marker for the assessment of reproductive status in buffaloes.

Title: Omphalitis in ducklings with Staphylococcus aureus infection
Abstract :

Outbreak of Omphalitis was reported in the week old ducklings at a research duck farm of Regional centre. The clinical signs were swollen abdomen contains cheesy caseous content into yalk sac, oedema, redness, few cases of inflammation at abdomen, septicaemia, showed little interest in food and water resulting gradual severely dehydrated. The isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from Omphalitis of 20 ducklings. Of the 20 Omphalitis cases 13 were khakis and 7 were of white pekins. The isolation and identification of the isolates were accomplished by cultural, microscopic and biochemical characterization. The antibogram showed that the isolates were highly sensitive to Agithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Cloxacillin, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin and Floxidin. They were moderately sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin, Furazolidon and Doxicillin but were resistant to Neomycin, Kanamycin and Sulphamethizole, Cefixime/clavulinic acid.

Title: Retrospective Inspection and Dissemination Pattern of Common Metabolic Ailments among Hilly and Tarai Region Goats of Uttarakhand
Abstract :

Goats are considered as an important animal not in present scenario but also from ancient time. Due to increasing frugal interest of goat farming globally, profound animal husbandry practices are attaining importance under the target of obtaining quality products along with good animal health and welfare. During the transition phase of life, noticeable alterations in the endocrine and metabolic status of the dairy ruminants were registered. Among small ruminants i.e. goat’s hypocalcaemia, hypoglycemia/Pregnancy toxemia and hypomagnesaemia are the common metabolic disorders which normally precipitated during metabolic anxiety phase. The present study was conducted during the period of 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019. During this period we had registered total 957 goats at Kalsi, Chakrata areas of district Dehradun, Chorgalia, Kotabagh, Kaladhungi areas of district Nainital and Shetlai, Pantnagar, Bazpur areas of district Uddham Singh Nagar beside this we had also included the concerned cases from Government Veterinary Hospital Outpatient departments (OPDs) of the above said areas in Uttarakhand. In the present study, we had performed a prevalence study over common occurring metabolic diseases of goats like hypocalcaemia, hypoglycemia/pregnancy toxemia and hypomagnesaemia. Besides this, we had also studied the dissemination pattern of common occurring metabolic diseases on the basis of their age groups and parity.

Title: NEWS- DR. NEELESH SHARMA, BESTOWED WITH APPRECIATION AWARD
Abstract :

Dr. Neelesh Sharma, Founder Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Animal Research, bestowed for the “Appreciation Award” during International Conference on Animal and Dairy Science, 15-17 September, 2014, held at Hyderabad. He was a Co-Chairman of the Animal Biotechnology session. Dr. Sharma also delivered an invited lecture on Stem Cell Research in the Animal Biotechnology session. Delegates were attended the conference from different countries and shared their knowledge through presenting oral/poster presentations.

Title: Guided Tissue Regeneration with β-Tricalcium Phosphate and Platelet-rich Plasma for Fracture Repair in Dogs using Internal Fixation
Abstract :

The study was conducted on 19 adult dogs referred for treatment of fracture in diaphyseal region of three long bones, viz, radius-ulna, femur and tibia-fibula. These dogs were divided randomly into three groups viz T1, T2 and T3. In group T1, the diaphyseal fractures of the long bones were immobilized by an internal fixation technique using reconstruction plate or locking compression plate. In group T2, β- tri calcium phosphate granules were incorporated at fracture site after fixation. In group T3, one milliliter of PRP was administered locally at fracture site just before the closing the first suture line. Clinical and radiographic examination were also conducted during the study. There was a significant reduction in mean inflammation score at 7th day in groups T2 and T3 and at 30th day than 0 day in all the groups. At 90th day, the mean radiographic score was highest for group T3 and it was followed by the score in group T2. At day 90th, a radiograph in both the views was not able to delineate the granules from osseous tissue. The mean weight bearing score was also higher in group T3 than in group T2 at 30th, 60th and 90th post operative day showing that restoration of the function was better and earlier in groups T2 and T3 than in group T1

Title: Metabolic Profiling of Normal and Lame Karan Fries Cows and its Association with Lameness during Transition Period
Abstract :

In high yielding dairy cows, one of the major cause of lameness during transition period is the altered nutritional status of pregnant animal. Concentrations of essential nutrients get varied and often decrease around calving due to physiological factors and thus extra-supplementation is recommended in these animals. Blood measures are frequently used in assessment of the vital nutrients for predicting the risk of lameness during this period. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional status of healthy and lame Karan Fries (KF) cows and their association with lameness score during transition period. For this fifteen high-yielding crossbreed (KF) healthy cows and fifteen high yielding crossbreed (KF) lame cows were randomly selected from the Livestock Research Centre (LRC) of National Diary Research Institute, Karnal for pooled blood sample collection. Samples were collected 60d, 15d pre-partum, on the day of calving, and 60d, 15d post-partum. The results revealed that the mean plasma biotin, zinc (below critical level) and calcium (within range) levels were significantly lower (P<0.05) in lame KF cows while β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations was significantly higher, however no significant difference in plasma copper, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations was found in lame cows as compared to normal KF cows during this period. There was also significant (P<0.05) variation of blood biochemical profiles (glucose, NEFA and BHBA) and plasma biotin concentration among different lameness scores (1-5) whereas no relation of mineral profiles (calcium, zinc and copper) was seen with lameness score.

Title: Socio-economic Status, Sheep Husbandry Practices and Morphological Patterns of Macherla Sheep, a Lesser-known Sheep Breed of Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :

A study on socio-economic status of Macherla sheep rearing farmers, sheep husbandry practices, and morphological patterns of Macherla sheep was carried out on 92 shepherds and 1279 sheep in Guntur, Prakasam, and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh and Nagar Kurnool district of Telangana state. The study revealed that 79.34% and 20.65% of the farmers had primary and secondary school education respectively with an average of 5.44 members per family. Most of the sheep houses were of open type (61%) with kutcha type of floors (80.43%). The average land holding capacity was 3.41 acres and the mean annual income of the shepherds was ` 1,01,043 with a range of ` 75,000 to 2,00,000 and the mean flock size was 134.31 ± 4.60. The most common practice of feeding was grazing (70.58%). Major breeding season was July to September, while the minor breeding season was March to May. All the farmers in the study area immunized their sheep to protect them from infectious diseases and 79.41% of them followed a periodical deworming schedule. In most of the flocks, mortality of adult sheep was below 5% and in lambs 11-20%. The predominant color pattern was bi-colour of white and black (44.41%) followed by brown and white (35.65%), exclusive brown (18.64%), and exclusive black (1.88%). The most common head profile was convex (84.91%), majority of animals had pendulous ear pattern (96.79%) and 75.45% animals had wattles. Both sexes are horned and oriented backward, downward and forward. Further, 84.55% animals had slender type tail.

Title: Organ Weights and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Different Supplements
Abstract :

The present study was evaluated the effect of dietary inclusion of various feed supplements and their combination on the performance index, glucose and serum cholesterol for 6 weeks. Day-old broiler chicks (n=252) were randomly assigned to seven treatment groups, each with 3 replicates. The first treatment was designated as control (T0) in which no supplement was added to the feed, while in treatments T1; organic mineral mixture (Organomin forte), T2; organic mineral mixture (Vannamin), T3; probiotics (Microguard), T4; enzyme (Brozyme -XPR) and probiotics, T5; emulsifier (Lipigon) were provided through feed. In the T6 group, 3 percent less energy was given through feed. The weight of vital organs viz. heart, liver, gizzard, and spleen were significantly (P<0.05) increased by the feed supplements of which were in the normal range. The gut morphology was also favorably altered due to feed supplementations. This indicates that the organic mineral mixtures, probiotics, enzymes and emulsifiers, and their combinations can be used as a growth promoter in broiler diets and can improve gut health. These products show promising effects as alternatives for antibiotics as pressure to eliminate growth-promoting antibiotic use increases.

Title: Production Practices, Constraints and Opportunities of Abergelle Goat Breed, Northern Ethiopia
Abstract :

The study was conducted to assess the production practices, constraints and opportunities of Abergelle goat breed. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through focus group discussion and key informant interview by using tools of participatory rural appraisal. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS software and the qualitative data ware narrated. The mainstay of livelihoods of the people of Abergelle district was found highly dependent on production of goats. Two types of goat housing were practiced during dry and wet seasons in the study area. Females were not supposed to herd goats and women were culturally prohibited to consume whole goat milk in the study area. The major supporting institutions in the study area to enhance the productivity of the goat breed were Save the Children (UK), Office of Agriculture and Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center. The major constraints faced for the production of Abergelle goat breed were lack of supplementary feed during dry seasons, low level of production, inflexible credit services, shortage of animal health extension workers, lack of transportation facilities, the prevalence of diseases and parasites, shortage of veterinary drugs and equipment. On the other hand, the major opportunities for the production of Abergelle goat breed in the area were availability of adaptable improved forage species, presence of water bodies and the existence of vast communal grazing areas. To improve the production and productivity of Abergelle goat breed in the study area, concerned stakeholders should give an emphasis on the aforementioned major constraints and opportunities.

Title: Phenotypic Time Trend in Performance Evaluation of Dahlem Red Chicken under Intensive Management in Himachal Pradesh
Abstract :

A study was conducted to evaluate the production performance of Dahlem Red chicken over three consecutive generations maintained in intensive system. Dahlem Red birds were initially procured from CPDO Chandigarh and further produced through selective breeding. Performance traits evaluated were growth (day old chick weight, 4th week body weight (BW), 8th week BW, 12th week BW, 20th week BW and 40th week BW), age at sexual maturity, hen housed egg production (HHEP), hen day egg production (HDEP) and survivor egg production (SEP) at 40, 52 and 72 weeks of age and egg weight at 28, 40 and 52 weeks of age. Analysis revealed positive phenotypic trend in 4 week (17.58 g), 8 week (56.35 g), 12 week body weight (133.5 g), age at first egg (5.5 days) and age at 25% HHEP (2.0 days). The hen housed and hen day egg production at 40, 52 and 72 weeks revealed positive phenotypic trend of 4.79 and 1.93, 15.83 and 8.31, 31.6 and 13.98 eggs respectively. Further, survivor egg production also showed positive trend estimates at 40 and 52 weeks. Declining trends were observed in SEP at 72 week, day old chick weight (-0.89 g), 20 week BW (-37.99 g), 40 week BW (-141.2 g) and egg weight at 28 week (-1.7 g), 40 week (-3.3 g) and 52 week (-2.3 g). The results indicated the effectiveness of the selection along with improved management for bringing improvement in production traits in successive generations.

Title: Transcriptional Abundance of Myosin Light Chain 2 Gene in Cardiac Differentiated Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Abstract :

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are promising cell source for cardiac tissue engineering and cell based therapies for heart repair as they can be expanded in vitro and differentiated into most cardiovascular cell types, including cardiomyocytes. During embryonic heart development, this differentiation occurs under the influence of internal and external stimuli that guide cells to go down the cardiac lineage. The aim of this study was to characterize the cardiac differentiation potential of a canine iPS cell. With the use of a standard embryoid body–based differentiation protocol for iPS cells were differentiated for 24 days. In vitro differentiations of canine iPSCs via embryoid bodies (EBs) were produced by ‘Hanging Drop’ method. EB’s were differentiated using 5-azacytidine (5-Aza). During differentiation, EBs were collected on day 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 to evaluate the expression of cardiomyocyte specific marker. Analyses on molecular, structural, and functional levels demonstrated that iPS cell– derived cardiomyocytes show typical features of ES cell– derived cardiomyocytes. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated expression of marker genes. The differentiated cells expressed cardiac-specific gene myosin light chain 2 (MYL2) which started from day 8 of differentiation and highest expression was observed on day 16. Immunocytochemistry and relative expression of cardiac specific genes revealed that iPS cells differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes and allow to derivation of autologous functional cardiomyocytes for cellular cardiomyoplasty and myocardial tissue engineering.

Title: Clinical Study on Comparative Evaluation of Diagnostic Modalities in the Diagnosis of Hepatic Affections in Dogs
Abstract :

A clinical study was conducted on 13 dogs including six apparently healthy dogs (Gp I) and seven dogs with symptoms of hepatobilliary involvement (Gp II) to evaluate different diagnostic modalities in making diagnosis. After recording signalment and history various hemato-biochemical parameters were estimated. Radiography and ultrasonography of liver was performed in all dogs. Thereafter, fine needle biopsy and histopathology were performed in Gp II dogs. The Hb and PCV were significantly low in Gp II as compared to Gp I whereas the TLC of Gp II was significantly higher than that of Gp I. The clotting time and bleeding time were significantly higher in Gp II as compared to Gp I. The ALT, AST and ALP values of Gp II were significantly higher than that of Gp I. The A:G ratio was significantly lower in Gp II as compared to that of Gp I. Sensitivity of radiography and ultrasonography were 57.14% and 100% and respectively. Accuracy of ultrasound guided biopsy was 100 % and different diseases diagnosed on histopathology were cholangiocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, papillary adenocarcinoma, cystic adenocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma and fibroadenoma. From the present study it was concluded that all the diagnostic modalities viz. laboratory tests, radiography and ultrasonography complimented each other in making diagnosis and predicting prognosis but the final diagnosis was obtained only with histopathology.

Title: Prevalence of Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs
Abstract :

The study was aimed to study the prevalence of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Forty dogs with history of acute onset of vomiting, abdominal pain and anorexia were screened for acute pancreatitis by radiography, abdominal ultrasound and confirmed by SNAP cPL (Canine pancreatic lipase) kit test. Fourteen (0.375 per cent of gastrointestinal cases) dogs found to be positive for acute pancreatitis by abdominal ultrasound, out of which SNAP cPL was positive in nine dogs (64 per cent). Among this 64.3 per cent was secondary acute pancreatitis and 35.7 per cent being primary acute pancreatitis. Highest prevalence was observed in male, Non-descriptive dogs, irrespective of age group. The common history and clinical findings recorded were anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, tachycardia, tachypnea, praying posture and pyrexia.

Title: Estimation of In-vitro Plasma Protein Binding of Ampicillin in Horses Based on Spectrophotometric Method
Abstract :

Estimation of plasma protein binding (PPB) is of paramount importance in the pharmacokinetics characterization of drugs, as it can cause significant change in volume of distribution, clearance and half-life of the drug. Ampicillin (α-amino benzyl penicillin) is most commonly used drug in equine practice. This study was conducted to determine the extent of PPB of ampicillin in apparently healthy horses (n=6). A simple spectrophotometric method was applied for the determination of ampicillin at 320 nm wavelength, based on acid degradation product of penicillin at 75°C in presence of citrate buffer (pH 5.2) and traces of copper salt. In the study, it was observed that this method permits the detection of ampicillin to a level not beyond 1.0 μg/ml. Various concentrations of ampicillin (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μg/ml) were prepared in triplicate in pooled plasma collected from healthy animals. In vitro binding of ampicillin to plasma proteins was determined by employing the equilibrium dialysis technique. The study revealed that the plasma protein binding of ampicillin was to the extent of 12.8 ± 0.07 %. Binding capacity of ampicillin to plasma protein (βi) and dissociation rate constant of protein-drug complex (Kβ) in the present study were 0.34 × 10-6 ± 0.02 × 10-6 mol.gm-1 and 0.003 × 10-9 ± 0.0003 × 10-9 mol, respectively in horses. Hence, the study concluded that usage of spectrophotometric method helps in quick, cost effective and efficient results in estimation of PPB for ampicillin.

Title: Isolation, Identification and Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Bacteria from Leaves of Acacia catechu
Abstract :

Drug resistance in bacteria is becoming an alarming problem in recent years. Post-antibiotic era is not so far. The need for novel antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents and agrochemicals are utmost. Endophytes are microorganisms that reside in the tissues of living plants which are relatively unstudied and are potential sources of novel natural products for exploitation in medicine, agriculture and industry. The endophytes of medicinal plants participate in biochemical pathways and produce novel bioactive compounds. The aim of the study was to isolate, identify and to assess antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria from leaves of Acacia catechu. 18 endophytic bacteria had been isolated and identified by sequencing 16S rRNA gene. The isolated endophytic bacteria were identified as Bacillus humi. Considerable in vitro antibacterial activities against a panel of human pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli) were recorded. Among 18 isolates, 15 isolates had shown inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhimurium and 10 isolates had shown inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Title: Financial Analysis of Broiler Production Units
Abstract :

The present paper entitled “A Study of Income and Investment Pattern of Broiler Production Units” was carried out on the basis of primary data collected through pre-tested schedule-cum-questionnaire with personal interview method. For purpose of the study, three groups of broilers units were selected purposely and classified as per bird size. Group I included birds below 2000 in numbers, group II included birds 2001-5000 in numbers and group III included birds 5001 & above in numbers. 15 broiler units were selected from each group, thus a total of 45 broiler units were studied. Kathua district of Jammu Kashmir Union Territory was selected purposively as the district has highest numbers of broiler production units. The cost of production includes variable cost and fixed cost, on first group broiler farms per lot cost of broiler production comes to ` 147112.45 for 1486.66 birds, on second group ` 367243.52 for 3666.66 birds and ` 959446.94 for 9466.66 birds respectively. The benefit-cost ratio per farm/lot observed highest on third group farms i.e. 1:52 followed by 1:35 on second group, 1:17 on third group, while it is 1:44 on overall on sampled farms.

Title: Influence of Eugenia jambolana and Psidium guajava Leaf Meal Mixture Supplementation on Carcass Characteristics and Economics of Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

Present study was conducted in 120 day-old unsexed broiler chicks. They were randomly distributed into 4 dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) supplemented with leaf meal mixture (LMM) of Eugenia jambolana and Psidium guajava@ 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 % of diet, respectively of 30 birds per treatment, each having 3 replicates (10 chicks per replicate) in a complete randomized block design (CRD). Significantly (P<0.05) higher mean body weight was observed in T1 as compared to T2, T3 and T4 groups. Carcass yields viz. live weight, de-feathered weight, slaughtered weight and eviscerated weights (in gram and % LWt.) were statistically non significant (P>0.05) with and without LMM supplemented diets. However, weights of spleen and liver were significantly (P<0.000, P<0.026) higher in LMM supplemented groups as compared to un-supplemented control (T1). Dietary supplementation significantly reduced abdominal fat content in T4 compared to T1, whereas, T2 and T3 have an intermediate values between T1 and T4 and increased the net profit, it ranged from ` 30.41 to 34.24 per bird.

Title: Treatment of Idiopathic Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anaemia in Dogs
Abstract :

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most common autoimmune disease in dogs. This study was conducted to evaluate prednisolone and azathioprine therapeutic protocols for the management of idiopathic IMHA in dogs. The anaemic dogs brought with clinical signs such as pale or icteric mucous membranes were screened for IMHA by saline agglutination and spherocyte count and confirmed by flow cytometry. The positive cases were further subjected to haematology, biochemistry, coagulation profile, MAT and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of underlying secondary causes like Babesia spp, Ehrlichia canis and Leptospira spp (secondary IMHA). Thirty two cases were positive for IMHA, out of which thirteen cases were primary (Idiopathic) IMHA (17.3 %) and remaining nineteen cases were secondary IMHA (82.7 %) due to underlying causes such as Babesia gibsoni (13), Ehrlichia canis (3) and Leptospira spp. (3) respectively. Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and prednisolone in combination with azathioprine and specific therapy of etiological agent with supportive therapy was used. Significant increase in Hb, PCV, RBC and thrombocyte count, significant decrease in leucocyte, neutrophil, monocyte and total protein and significant increase in ALT activity was recorded after therapy. Prednisolone was found to be effective in the management of canine IMHA than prednisolone combined with azathioprine.

Title: Dose Sparing Effects of Butorphanol and Diazepam or Midazolam Premedication on Propofol Total Intravenous Anaesthesia in Dogs
Abstract :

The objective of the study was to evaluate & compare the dose sparing effect of atropine-butorphanol-diazepam (A-B-D) and atropine-butorphanol-midazolam (A-B-M) combination as basal anaesthesia on induction and maintenance dose of propofol used as Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in dogs. Thirteen dogs were randomly divided into group I (n=7) & group II (n=6), wherein atropine, butorphanol, diazepam/midazolam were given as preanaesthetic drugs, while, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia was done with propofol. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded after induction of anaesthesia, at regular 15 minute intervals, up to 45 minutes. The physiological parameters were recorded before giving any drug and thereafter at regular 15 minute interval post induction. In midazolam-butorphanol group, the induction and maintenance dose of propofol was non-significantly higher than in diazepam-butorphanol group. Both diazepam-butophanol and midazolam-butorphanol have dose sparing effect on induction and maintenance dose of propofol, however, diazepam-butorphanol combination is slightly better than midazolam-butorphanol combination.

Title: Role of Bacterial and Parasitic Pathogens in Occurrence of Neonatal Diarrhoea in Goat-Kids
Abstract :

Infectious diarrhoea in neonates of animals is one of the most common and economically important conditions encountered in the livestock industry. Faecal samples (n=210) from diarrhoeic neonatal goat-kids of different livestock sheds of ICAR-CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura (U.P.), were aseptically collected, and immediately processed for isolation of bacterial pathogens and parasitic evaluation. A total of 178 isolates of E. coli from 210 samples were identified on the basis of cultural, morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. Out of 178 E. coli isolates, 3.93 % (7/178) isolates were identified as STEC by PCR amplification of stx-1 and stx-2 gene. A total of 64 isolates of E. coli were sent to National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli for the serotyping. The common serogroups of E. coli responsible for neonatal diarrhoea in goat-kids were identified as O36, O26, O59, O29, O43, O91, O82, O9 and O171, out of which, 46.15% were O36, O26 and O59. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was detected in 46 samples out of 148 faecal samples by ZN staining and nested PCR.Based on cultural, morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics,16 isolates of Salmonella spp. and 5 of Klebsiella spp. were identified from 210 fecal samples. The present study concluded that E. coli followed by Cryptosporidium spp. and Salmonella spp. were the prevalent infectious agents associated with neonatal diarrhoea in goat-kids.

Title: Effect of Shatavari Root Powder (Asparagus racemosus) Supplementation on Milk Composition of Sahiwal Crossbred Cows
Abstract :

The present investigation was conducted to assess the effect of Shatavari root powder (Asparagus racemosus) supplementation on milk composition of Sahiwal crossbred cows during summer season on twenty lactating Sahiwal crossbred (H.F. × Sahiwal) cows in early stage of lactation were selected for the experiment. All the cows were randomly divided into two groups T1 (control) and T2 (Treatment) of 10 in each group. The treatment group was provided Shatavari root powder @ 50 g/head/day for 90 days post partum. Data related to milk composition takes fortnightly interval. The overall average milk fat, Protein and Lactose percent during the experimental period in T1 and T2 groups were 3.77 ± 0.01, 3.84 ± 0.03, 3.43 ± 0.01 and 3.46 ± 0.01, 4.54 ± 0.06 and 4.69 ± 0.06 percent respectively, there was no significant (P<0.05) differences between T1 and T2 groups. The overall average solid not fat (values) and total solid (values) differed significantly (P<0.05) between T1 and T2 groups 8.84 ± 0.04, 9.11 ± 0.11, 12.66 ± 0.03 and 13.02 ± 0.14% in T1 and T2 groups was significantly (P<0.05).

Title: Comparative Efficacy of PercollTM Discontinuous Density Gradient Centrifugation and Glass Wool Filtration Techniques for Spermatozoa Selection in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract :

Dead and damaged spermatozoa cells present universally in the ejaculates of all eutherian mammals exert toxic effect on contemporary healthy cells mostly through generation of excessive free radicals. This is much more evident during extended period of processing, resulting in poor ejaculate quality. The solution lies in depletion of dead/damaged spermatozoa from the neat ejaculates itself. Thus the objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of the protocols such as discontinuous PercollTM density gradient centrifugation (PDGC) and glass wool filtration (GWF) for depletion of dead/damaged spermatozoa from fresh semen in buffalo. Random ejaculates (n=6) of Murrah buffalo bulls were divided into two aliquots after quality assessment: PDGC and GWF protocols (Group I and II, respectively). At the end of the purification protocol, efficiency of the protocols in depleting dead/damaged spermatozoa as reflected by certain quality parameters were evaluated. The mean efficiency (%) of purification protocols based on recovery of spermatozoa was 44.68 and 40.02% for PDGC and GWF, respectively. Moreover significantly (p<0.05) greater values for quality parameters was observed in the Group II (26.4+6.8 vs 68.8+4.4 for acrosome integrity (%); 12.68+6.6 vs 57.7+7.5 for functional plasma membrane integrity (%); 20.3+5.8 vs 80.75+6.7 for viability (%) in Group I and II, respectively). It was concluded that GWF is a better technique than PGDC to filter out dead/damaged spermatozoa from fresh semen with improvement in semen quality and can be a valuable tool in assisted reproductive technology.

Title: Assessment of Ichthyofaunal Diversity of River Sutlej in District Ludhiana, Punjab (India)
Abstract :

The aim of the present paper was to describe the first complete and comprehensive picture on ichthyofaunal diversity of river Sutlej. The findings of the investigation will be an imperative part of the ecological database from river Sutlej. The field data were collected fortnightly from the fish market. The different diversity indices viz., univariate and multivariate analyses were analyzed by PRIMER-E statistical package. A total of 60 species belonging to 43 genera, 17 families and 7 orders were recorded during the investigation. The Margalef richness index (12.14), Shannon-Wiener index (3.871) and Simpson index (0.979) was observed to be highest during Nov. 2019 and seasonally during post-monsoon season. The present study provides a baseline database with respect to fish species diversity for planning effective conservation measures to obtain sustainable fish production.

Title: Effect of Seminal Zinc, Calcium, Oxidative Stress and Protein Profile on Semen Quality of Crossbred Bulls
Abstract :

The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of endogenous minerals (Zn and Ca), seminal proteins and oxidative stress on semen quality of crossbred bulls. Two crossbred bulls with history of good initial quality, high sperm motility percentage, and freezable ejaculates and poor initial quality, low sperm motility percentage, and donating mostly non-freezable ejaculates (Bull B), respectively were utilized. Six ejaculates from each bull were used and categorized into high progressive motile as good quality and low progressive motile as poor quality ejaculates groups. Total 24 ejaculates were taken during entire period of study. The level of Zn, Ca in seminal plasma and Ca in sperm pellets was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in good quality ejaculates of Bull A compared to poor quality ejaculates of Bull B; however, the level of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde was significantly higher (P<0.05) in poor quality ejaculates of Bull B compare to good quality ejaculate of Bull A. The 25 kDa protein band was prominent only in good quality ejaculate of Bull A. It was concluded that several proteinaceous antioxidant enzymes which may be present in 25 kDa band and minerals like Zn and Ca as a cofactors of these enzymes could be responsible for good quality semen ejaculates of Bull A.

Title: Evaluation of Wound Healing Properties of Herbal Medicaments on the Basis of Clinical and Haemato-biochemical Changes
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on 24 dogs irrespective of sex, breed and aged between 1year to 8 years with different types of wounds. The animals were randomly divided into four groups. Each group consisted of 6 dogs. The animals of group I were treated with povidone iodine (5.0%) and in group II, III, IV animals were treated with the herbal ointment which were prepared from hydroalcoholic extract of Marigold leaves, Guava leaves and 1:1 mixture of both extract for 7 consecutive days. Clinical and haematological parameters were recorded at different time intervals in all four groups. The study revealed better wound healing properties of the Ointment of 1:1 mixture of Marigold and Guava (10% w/w) leaves extract without any side effect as compared to povidone iodine 5%, ointment of Marigold leaves extract (10% w/w) and ointment of Guava leaves extract (10% w/w) on the basis of clinical and haematological parameters

Title: Cadmium (Cd) and Chlorpyrifos (CPF) Induced Pulmonary Toxicity in Wistar Rats
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to know the pulmonary toxicity by individual toxicities of cadmium, chlorpyrifos and their combination in albino wistar rats. The experiment was carried out for 28 days. Group 1 - Control. Group 2 - Cadmium chloride (Cd) @ 22.5 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral / day. Group 3 - Chlorpyrifos (CPF) @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral / day. Group 4 - Cadmium chloride (Cd) @22.5 mg + Chlorpyrifos (CPF) @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral / day. Lungs showed mild to moderate congestion in groups 2 and 3 and moderate to severe in group 4 on 15th and 29th day of the experiment. Lung sections of control rats showed normal architecture. Lung sections of group 2 rats on 15th day showed hemorrhages in the interstitium spaces with infiltration of lymphocytes, On 29th day, mild hyperplasia and desquamated bronchial epithelial cells, peri bronchial and peri vascular lymphoid aggregates were noticed. The sections of lung on 15th day of group 3 rats showed exudate and desquamated epithelial cells in the lumen of secondary bronchiole , on 29th day, emphysematous alveoli with loss of architecture of alveolar epithelium, interstitial edema with infiltration of lymphocytes, mild hyperplasia of bronchial epithelial cells were also noticed. In group 4 rats, similar lesions as described in groups 2 and 3 were observed with severe intensity on 15th and on 29th day of the experiment. In combined toxicity group, the severity of lesions were more thus suggesting synergistic effects of these components.

Title: Effect of Rendering Temperature on Collagen Content from the Poultry Skin
Abstract :

While looking for an alternate source of commercial collagen the deserted poultry sleeves from wet poultry market appears promising. The present study was envisaged with objective of evaluating effect of the rendering regime on quantity of collagen in rendered poultry skin. The deserted poultry sleeves were custom processed for separation of feathers from skin. The skin was subjected to different rendering temperatures viz: 40, 50 and 60°C for 2 hr. The yield of rendered fat, fat recovery rate, amount of defatted skin, hydroxyproline and collagen content in differently rendered skin were quantified to know the effect of rendering regime. Results revealed a gradual increase in yield of rendered fat and fat recovery rate with increase in temperature, while the amount of defatted skin, hydroxyproline and collagen content in rendered skin decreased with increase in rendering temperature. The yield of rendered fat at 40, 50 and 60°C rendering temperature were 25.50%, 30.97% and 35.08% with corresponding fat recovery rates of 61.59%, 74.80% and 84.74%, respectively. The hydroxyproline content was highest in skin processed at 40°C and least in skin rendered at 60°C. The percentage recovery of collagen from skin rendered at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C were 96.37%, 77.22% and 62.01%,respectively. The study indicated that dry rendering at 40°C temperature is optimal for rendering of fat while processing the poultry skin for extraction of valuable collagen.

Title: Nutrient Composition, Metabolites and Microbial Counts in Litter Material of Broiler Chicken Fed Condensed Tannins Containing Guava Leaf Meal Supplemented Diets: Reduce Environmental Pollution and Alternate Feedstuffs for Ruminants
Abstract :

Present study was conducted in 240 day-old broiler chicks to assess the effect of condensed tannins (CT) containing guava leaf meal (GLM) supplemented diet on nutrient composition, litter metabolites viz. pH, moisture and ammonia concentration) and microbial counts after completion of feeding trial of 42 days. Chicks were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments, with 4 replicates of 15 chicks in each pen in a completely randomized block design (CRD). Chicks were fed basal diets supplemented with GLM @ 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 percent, in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively, while, T0 group fed only basal diet. Litter materials of chicks showed good nutrient profiles and properly sterilized litter material act as alternative feed ingredient for ruminants feed. Supplementation of GLM in the diets of chicks significantly (P<0.05) reduced moisture, pH, NH3 concentration, harmful Eschericia coli and Clostridia spp. counts in the litter materials and reduced environmental pollution. The litter material of GLM supplemented (T1, T2 and T3) chicken showed significantly higher (P<0.05) CP contents as compared to un-supplemented control. It can be concluded that properly sterilized litter material of GLM supplemented chicks act as cheaper alternative feedstuffs for ruminant’s ration and reduce environmental pollution by lowering NH3 concentration, harmful E. coli and Clostridia counts in broiler litter material.

Title: Age Wise Histological Studies on the Major Lymphoid Organs in Various Chicken Genotypes
Abstract :
A total number of eighteen day old Hansli chicks and eighteen day old Vencobb broiler chicks were divided into three age groups viz. group I (up to 1 month), group II (1-3 months) and group III (3-6 months) with six birds in each age group. It was revealed that the thymus was surrounded by a capsule and comprised of peripheral darker cortex and central lighter medulla. There was presence of lymphocytes, reticular cells, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, dendritic cells and erythrocytes in both the cortex and medulla of thymus in both the birds in all the age groups. The spleen was surrounded by a dense irregular connective tissue capsule. The splenic white pulp had lymphocytes of various sizes, dendritic cells, macrophages and blood vessels. The splenic red pulp consisted of splenic cords and venous sinuses. The splenic cords had erythrocytes, reticular cells, lymphocytes of various sizes, heterophils and plasma cells. The wall of the bursa consisted of innermost tunica mucosa, middle tunica muscularis and outermost tunica serosa. The follicle-associated epithelium of the plicae was pseudostratified ciliated columnar type with areas of simple cuboidal cells. There was presence of lymphocytes of various sizes, reticular cells, plasma cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and fibroblasts in both the cortex and medulla of bursal follicles. The collagen, reticular and elastic fibres were reported in different regions of thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius in both the birds.
Title: Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies on the Skin of Goat (Capra hircus)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on skin of goats of either sex to study the age wise changes in the ultrastructure of different components of skin. It was observed that the epidermis consisted of keratinocytes and non-keratinocytes. The stratum corneum was a multicellular structure in lateral neck region. The cell membrane was serrated and arranged in an over lapping manner giving compactness to the skin. The cells of stratum granulosum had oval to oblong nuclei. The cytoplasm showed ample amount of keratohyaline granules mostly located in the peripheral zone. The cells of stratum spinosum had oval nuclei with numerous secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The skin at ventral thoracic region showed presence of melanocytes in the cells of stratum basale. The plasma membrane of stratum basale cells showed gap junction, tight junction and intermediate junction. Electron microscopically, the cells of stratum spinosum in ventral neck region showed indented nuclei with one broad pole and another narrow pole. The special cells such as Merkel cells and melanocytes were located in the deep epidermal or epidermo-dermal junction. The papillary layer of dermis of dorsal neck region during the present study showed circular axons. The acini of the sebaceous gland were composed of large central cells and peripheral small cells, surrounded by connective tissue. The sweat glands were composed of columnar cells with elongated nuclei and euchromatin. The present study would form a baseline data on the transmission electron microscopic study of skin of goat which would be helpful in future research prospective.

Title: Novel Granulocytic Colony Stimulating Factor-based Therapy for Morbidity Reduction in Pancytopenic Dogs with Babesia gibsoni
Abstract :

Vector borne pancytopenia is emerging as a life threatening entity in animals. In India babesiosis is one among the most prevalent tick-borne parasitic diseases of dogs caused by either Babesia gibsoni or Babesia canis. Bleeding due to thrombocytopenia and the concurrent anaemia and leukopenia were difficult to manage. This study assessed the efficacy of Filgrastim in pancytopenia associated with Babesia gibsoni in dogs presented to the Small Animal Medicine Referral Clinic, Madras Veterinary College. The therapeutic practices included Injection Filgrastim @ 10 µg/kg, SC, SID in combination with the standard triple therapy to manage the pancytopenia and the infection. Twenty numbers of PCR positive Babesia gibsoni dogs were used for this study. The animals were divided in to two groups based on therapeutic practices. First group consisted of dogs treated with triple therapy and the second group consisted of dogs treated and evaluated with Filgrastim along with triple therapy. The study showed that there was a significant increase in leukocyte count in Filgrastim treated group when compared to the other group. Integration of G-CSF along with standard triple therapy helped in better survival in pancytopenic dogs with Babesia gibsoni.

Title: Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Multidrug Resistant E. coli from Rabbit
Abstract :

In the present study a lung sample was collected from autopsied rabbit, which was suspected to have died due to E. coli infection and cultured on MacConkey agar. Itrevealed typical cultural and biochemical characteristics of E. coli. Molecular confirmation of E. coli was carried out using 16s RNA (ECO1) universal eubacterial primers with positive 585 bp amplicon. A total 26 Antibiotic disc used for antibiotic sensitivity test. Out of 26 Antibiotic disc, only two antibiotics (Imipenem and Cefoxitin) sensitive against isolated E. coli. Phenotypic characterization of ESBL by combine disk diffusion method. The difference between zone of inhibition is 20 mm around the combined disk containing clavulanic acid then the corresponding disk with Ceftazidime and cefotaxime is indicate positive for ESBL producing E. coli. Upon genotypic conformation of ESBL, the isolate was found positive for CTX-M1, CTX-M2, and TEM and negative for CTX-M9, SHV and OXA genes.

Title: Incidence of Colibacillosis in Poultry in Gonda District in North Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken with the objective to study the incidence of E. coli infection in broiler chicken in Gonda district of Uttar Pradesh. For this study a total number of 483 naturally dead broiler chickens from 8 different private farms of Gonda district were collected during June 2018 – May 2019. The overall incidence of colibacillosis was 38.09% (184 samples were positive out of 483 samples). The gross change of liver was found as enlarged, congested and covered with thick yellow/white serofibrinous covering. Heart was also covered with thick yellow/white serofibrinous covering. Among tested 483 samples from 8 private farms from Gonda district, 184 (38.09%) were found to be suggestive of E. coli giving typical large (2-3 mm) lactose fermenting pink coloured colonies on Mac Conkey’s agar plate. They again produced characteristic ‘metallic sheen’ on EMB agar. On Gram staining during morphological study, they produced pink coloured, rod shaped ones (that is gram negative) with characteristic arrangement. All these isolates (from district Gonda) showed typical biochemical reaction which were positive to Indole test, M.R. test, T.S.I. agar test, nitrate reduction test and negative to VP test and H2S production test. Among 184 E. coli isolates 98.36% were negative to citrate utilization test and 97.82% to urease activity test. Out of 184 isolates of E. coli 179 were motile. They all fermented D-glucose, lactose, manitol. Among 184 isolates of E. coli, 154 (83.69%) isolates, 158(85.86%) isolates and 144 (78.26%) isolates had shown fermentation of sucrose, dulcitol and salicin respectively.

Title: Contents Volume 10 Issue 2
Abstract :
Title: Conservation Priorities for Indian Goat Breeds Based on Microsatellite and Analytical Data
Abstract :

The demographic and microsatellite data on 25 markers along with non genetic information such as distribution, adaptation and utility pertaining to 24 Indian goat breeds were used to assess their conservation priorities. The effective population size (Ne) of Gohilwadi, Jharkhand Black and Sangamneri was greater than 200 and that of Black Bengal, Kutchi, Mehsana, Sirohi, Malabari and Zalawadi ranged from 100 to 200 but it was below 100 for rest (60%) of the breeds with Ganjam having the least value of 17.5 based on microsatellite data. All goat breeds whose effective population size is greater than 100 based on markers did have population size between 0.1 and 0.2 million except in few cases. The Ne based on microsatellite and demographic data revealed almost same order of ranking of goat populations. It was also revealed that Attappady and Kutchi were at highest risk of extinction probability (0.63) and more than half of the Indian goat breeds were having less than 50% extinction probability. Therefore, Attappady and Kutchi should be given top priority for conservation.

Title: Hematological Alterations Induced by Imidacloprid and Ameliorative Effect of Withania somnifera in Female Albino Wistar Rats
Abstract :

Present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of imidacloprid on weekly body weights and hematological parameters in female rats and also to determine the protective role of Withania somnifera against imidacloprid induced toxicity. Forty eight (48) female albino Wistar rats were divided into four (4) groups of twelve (12) animals each. Group 1 served as control, groups 2 was given with imidacloprid at the rate of 30 mg/kg b.wt/day, group 3 was maintained as Withania somnifera (WS) control (1g/ kg feed) and group 4 was treated with both imidacloprid + Withania somnifera (dose as above). The experiment was carried out for a period of 30 days and the test compound was administered daily by oral gavage. Blood samples were collected on 15th and 30th day for hematological analysis. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in weekly body weights were observed in group 2. Hematology revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC and increase (P < 0.05) in TLC in group 2. The DLC revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in neutrophil count and significant (P < 0.05) decrease in lymphocyte count in group 2. Administration of Withania somnifera along with imidacloprid brought moderate protection in all the above parameters.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Herbal Regimen for the Treatment of Post-partum Anestrus in Water Buffaloes
Abstract :

A study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of combinations of different brands of herbal uterine cleansers, estrus inducers and mineral supplements in the treatment of anestrus in water buffaloes. Thirty she-buffaloes with a history of anestrus were randomly assigned to either of five equal groups. Group T0 served as untreated control, Group T1 was treated with a combination of Exapar bolus (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India), Janova capsule (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India) and Mintrus caplet (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India). Group T2 was treated with AV/UTB/26 bolus (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India), AV/OIP/22 powder (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India) and Mintrus caplet. Group T3 was treated with a combination of Brands A, B and C. Group T4 was treated with a combination of Brands X, Y and Z. The best estrus response was recorded in the Group T2 and the highest conception rates in Groups T2 and T4. The time interval between treatment and onset of estrus was significantly lowest (P<0.05) in Group T1 as compared to the other groups.

Title: Effect of Area Specific Mineral Mixture Feeding on Reproductive Performance and Milk Yield in Crossbred Cattle Reared under Intensive Farm Condition
Abstract :

The present study to find out the effects of supplementation of the area-specific mineral mixture on productive and reproductive performances of crossbred cows during pregnancy to lactational transition phases including the birth weight of calf, first postpartum estrus, conception rates, milk yield, and milk composition. For these purposes, 18 pregnant crossbred cows were selected and divided into two groups viz., Control-T0 (N=9) and Treatment-T1 (N=9) supplemented with 0 and 30 g ASMM/animal/day starting from 3 months prior to the expected date of parturition to till first post-partum oestrus, respectively. Milk samples were taken fortnightly. Overall mean birth weight of calf born in T0 and T1 group was 20.14 ± 1.70 and 19.56 ± 1.09, respectively and there was non-significant (P>0.05) difference between the two groups. The onset of first post-partum heat was 108.13 ± 16.23 days and 92.29 ± 9.95 days respectively. Conception rate post-partum heat was 22.22% and 77.78% respectively. The overall mean of total fat % in T0 and T1, was 4.01 ± 0.20 and 5.40 ± 0.22, total solid % was 13.03 ± 0.31 and 14.72 ± 0.37 %, solid not fat 9.02 ± 0.14% and 9.22 ± 0.31% and total ash was 0.62 ± 0.03% and 0.65 ± 0.02%, crude protein was 3.35 ± 0.10% and 3.63 ± 0.14%, respectively and was statistically non-significant (P>0.05) among the groups. Overall Milk yield was 9.42 ± 0.54 and 10.76 ± 0.37 kg/days, respectively, and was statistically significant (P < 0.001). This study indicated that dietary supplementation of the area-specific mineral mixture in the crossbred cattle, improved the productive and reproductive performances during last trimester to first post-partum oestrus.

Title: Tracheobronchoscopic Evaluation of Bacterial Pneumonia in Cattle
Abstract :

Seventy two cattle with bacterial pneumonia and twelve healthy cattle were studied in detail for haemato-biochemical examination, radiography and tracheobronchoscopy. Haematobiochemical examination revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Radiographic examination showed increased pulmonary infiltration. Tracheobronchoscopic examination of affected animals revealed inflammation, haemorrhage, mucus to mucopurulent exudates in nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) collected through endoscope was subjected to cytology and cultural examination. Cytology of the affected animals showed increased total cell counts and predominant neutrophils. Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were isolated from BAL and confirmed with PCR studies.

Title: Comparative Economical Analysis of the Treatment Adopted for Canine Parvo Virus Infected Dog
Abstract :

In the present study, 50 dogs screened using Scan Vet Parvo rapid diagnostic kit for canine parvovirus (CPV) Infection and 34 (68%) found positive among them. Out of 34 CPV-positive dogs, 28 dogs were randomly divided in four different treatment groups for determining the efficacy of treatments along with its economies. The groups I, II, III and IV dogs were treated with antimicrobial agent Inj. Cefotaxim, Metronidazole, acyclovir and Inj. Cefotaxim + Acyclovir, respectively with similar supportive drugs in all the groups for five days. The case fatality rate was recorded 0% in group I and IV whereas it was 57.14% and 42.85% in groups III and II. Based on statistics, it was found that the treatment with cefotaxim alone was found more economical and equally efficient besides the combined use of cefotaxim + Acyclovir but combine treatment could also be hasten the recovery from the CPV infection.

Title: Carcass Traits and Leather Quality Characteristics of Blackhead Ogaden Sheep Fed Different Proportions of Roughage and Concentrate Ratios
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of varying level of roughage to concentrate ratios on carcass traits and leather quality characteristics of Blackhead Ogaden sheep aged 2 years (20.8±1.8 initial body weight). Twenty four lambs were blocked into 6 groups of four lambs based on initial body weight and randomly assigned within group to 4 diets. Roughage composed of natural grass hay and haricot bean hauls (50:50 ratio) and concentrate mixture composed of wheat bran (69%) and 31% of oil seed meal (noug seed cake and cottonseed meal in the ratio of 1.1:1) were offered at roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios of 60R:40C, 50R:50C, 40R:60C, and 30R:70C. Roughage and supplement were offered separately and percentages of the two feeds were determined based on ad libitum consumption of individual animal on dry matter (DM) basis. After the completion of stall feeding, animals were slaughtered for carcass parameters and leather quality evaluation. Slaughter body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage as a proportion of slaughter body weight, empty body weight, and total usable products are greater in group consumed 30R:70C than 60R:40C ration (P<0.05). Fat content and elongation percentage of leather produced from sheep consumed 60R:40C was higher (p<0.05) than 30R:70C. However, the other chemical and physico-mechanical quality of leather were not affect by the treatment diet (P>0.05). Thus, we conclude that feeding of roughage and concentrate at the ratio of 30R:70C could be recommended as better feeding strategy for better performances of finishing sheep.

Title: Effect of Thuja occidentalis and Levamisole on Sperm Motion Characteristics and Morphology in FMD Vaccinated Holstein × Sahiwal Bulls
Abstract :

To assess the effect of Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) and Levamisole on the spermiogram of FMD vaccinated crossbred bulls, 24 adult Frieswal (Holstein × Sahiwal) bulls were divided into four groups viz. GC (control; no vaccination), GV (vaccinated), GL (vaccinated + Levamisole) and GH (vaccinated + Thuja). The bulls of GV, GL and GH groups were vaccinated with FMD vaccine. Four injections of levamisole were administered to the bulls of GL group at weekly interval starting from one week prior to the FMD vaccination. Homoeopathy medicine (Thuja) was given orally to the bulls of GH group consecutively on four days (on 4, 3, 2 & 1 day, respectively) before FMD vaccination. Average rectal temperature in vaccinated bulls increased significantly than in non-vaccinated bulls after 24 hrs of FMD vaccination. In GH, it was similar to GC in 36 h, however, became normal in all groups in 48 h of vaccination. Average VAP and VSL values were higher (p<0.05) in GC than in the other groups. Bulls of GH had higher (p<0.05) initial sperm subjective and CASA progressive motility and linearity than in GV. After six weeks VSL values continued to be significantly higher in GC than in GL but it was similar in GV and GH. Total sperm abnormalities were within the prescribed limit of semen preservation up to first week after vaccination in all the groups. The results of the present study indicated that Thuja was able to prevent deterioration in sperm kinetic parameters subsequent to FMD vaccination in crossbred bulls.

Title: Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Desi Chickens in Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :

A total of 150 cloacal swabs were collected from desi chickens, 217 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified. The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae was studied for 14 selected antibiotics by disc diffusion method. The selection of antibiotics was based on usage of antibiotics in commercial poultry farms and also based on priority of critically important antibiotics in humans. All Enterobacteriaceae isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR - I and II for detection of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaOXA genes and blaCTX-M, group 1 and 2 genes. Predominant β- Lactamase genes in gut microbiota of desi chicken include blaTEM (90.55%) followed by blaCTX-M group I (25.86%) and blaSHV (9.44%) genes. All the samples were found to be negative for blaOXA and blaCTX-M group 2 genes.

Title: Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Test-Day Milk Yields and First Lactation Milk Yields in Holstein Friesian × Sahiwal Cattle
Abstract :

The present study was carried out using first lactation monthly test-day milk yield records of 466 crossbred (HF × Sahiwal) cattle calved from 2000 to 2018 sired by 89 bulls maintained at Directorate of Livestock Farms, GADVASU, Ludhiana. Mixed model analysis was carried out by least-squares maximum likelihood programme to study the effects of non-genetic factors on first full lactation milk yield (FFLMY), first lactation 305-day milk yield (FL305MY) and monthly test-day (TD) milk yield records of crossbred cattle. The least squares means of different monthly TD milk yields (1st to 11th) were 12.05 ± 0.42, 15.65 ± 0.42, 15.38 ± 0.44, 14.44 ± 0.43, 13.79 ± 0.41, 12.88 ± 0.40, 12.27 ± 0.42, 11.83 ± 0.37, 10.85 ± 0.42, 10.64 ± 0.45 and 10.28 ± 0.50 kg, respectively. For FFLMY and FL305MY the means were 4979.60±184.45 and 3818.17±103.26 kg. The effects of different AFC groups were non-significant on TDs and FL305MYs, whereas it was significant (p≤0.01) for FFLMY. The season was significant (p≤0.01) for all the monthly TDs whereas it was non-significant for FFLMY and FL305MY. The sire was significant (p≤0.01) for most of the TDs and FL305MYs except the later TDs (9th, 10th and 11th TD) and FFLMYs. The present investigation revealed the importance of non-genetic factors in performance evaluation of crossbred cattle based on monthly test-day milk yield, FL305MY and FFLMY records.

Title: Immunohistochemistry of Canine Hair Follicle Stem Cells (cHFSCs) by using CK15 and CK19
Abstract :

Adult body harbors powerful reservoir of stem cells that maintains homeostasis by tissue regeneration and in response to disease and injury. Hair follicle is a dynamic mini organ supporting important biological functions of the body in maintaining homeostasis and skin tissue self-renewal. This study was carried out with the objective of finding the adult stem cells in canine hair follicular tissue. To conduct this study, adult canine skin samples (n=12) irrespective of breed and sex were collected. To characterize the hair follicle stem cells, paraffin sections of canine hair follicles were immunostained with positive hair follicle stem cell markers like Anti- cytokeratin 15 (CK15) and Anti-cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and FITC conjugated and HRP conjugated secondary antibodies were used. Immunoreactivities for CK15 and CK19 were observed in the bulge/isthmus region of hair follicles in between the infundibulum and suprabulbar regions and occupied most part of the peripheral layer of outer root sheath cell. Immunophenotyping of canine Hair Follicle Stem Cells (cHFSCs) in the bulge region of hair follicle helps in confirmation of in vitro culture of cHFSCs from the bulge region which will be further used for translational research.

Title: Comparison of Decellularized Bubaline Diaphragmatic Scaffold with Synthetic Polygalactin and Polypropylene Composite Mesh for Perineal Hernioplasty in Dogs
Abstract :

Present study was planned to compare xenogenic decellularized bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold with synthetic polygalactin and polypropylene composite mesh for repair of perineal hernia in dogs. Twelve dogs suffering with perineal hernia were randomly divided in to two equal groups. In group I perineal hernioplasty was done with Synthetic polygalactin and polypropylene composite mesh while in group II, with decellularized bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold (dBDS). Mean surgical time was 59.17 ± 14.04 and 57.50 ± 6.15 minute in group I and II respectively. Swelling, redness and warmth increased significantly (p<0.05) on day 3 in both the groups. In group II initially significantly (p<0.05) increased exudation was observed on day 3 which reduced gradually. Degree of pain after surgery was significantly (P<0.05) decrease on day 3 in both the groups. Neutrophil count was significantly (p<0.05) increased and correspondingly lymphocyte count significantly (p<0.05) decreased on day 7 in group I while in group II no significant difference within the group was observed. Colour Doppler ultrasonographic examination revealed no vascularization on 0 day in both the groups. Neovascularization was observed on day 30 in group I and day 14 in group II on Colour Doppler ultrasonographic examination. It was increased on day 90 in both the groups. The complication encountered in the present study includes local seroma, suture dehiscence due to self mutilation, constipation and fistula formation. Decellularized bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold was well accepted by all the animals and showed less complication than synthetic mesh.

Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Critical Amino Acids and Multi-Enzyme with Low Protein and Energy Diet on Carcass and Blood Biochemical Performance of Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of critical amino acids and multi-enzyme with reduced levels of energy and protein diet on carcass and blood biochemical performance in broiler chicken. Three hundred broiler chicks were allotted to five dietary treatments of three replications and 20 birds in each replication. The control (T0) were fed with standard diet, T1 (5% low CP and energy than standard with balancing of lysine and methionine), T2 (T1 + Multi-enzyme), T3 (10% low CP and energy than standard with balancing of lysine and methionine), T4 (T3 + Multi-enzyme).The dressing percentage and edible meat percentage were significantly more in T2 group. The breast meat percentage of the control group was comparable with T2 group. The result showed that the significantly higher (P<0.05) gizzard weights in groups receiving enzyme combination supplementation as compared to control group (T0) irrespective of the energy-protein levels. The mean value of total protein, albumin, globulin and blood urea nitrogen of all the experimental birds were found to be statistically similar with that of the control group. The treatment group T2 found to be effective and economical.

Title: Evaluation of Selected Essential Oils as Biocontrol Agents Against Listeria monocytogenes
Abstract :

The increased concern towards food safety led to application of natural extracts as antimicrobial agents to control food borne pathogens. The aim of the present study was to determine antimicrobial activity of the four essential oils viz., cinnamon bark, cinnamon leaf, clove bud and garlic oils against Listeria monocytogenes by agar well diffusion method. All these essential oils were characterized by Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) to know the chemical constituents present in them. Out of these four oils, L. monocytogenes was found to be sensitive to cinnamon bark oil, followed by cinnamon leaf oil, clove bud oil and garlic oil. Further, all these oils were evaluated to know minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the cinnamon bark oil alone was found to be effective with a MIC of 1% against L. monocytogenes. The present study findings suggest that plant based natural extracts might be used as antimicrobial, flavouring and food biopreservative agent.

Title: Occurrence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Dogs and their Handlers in Jammu
Abstract :

The study explored the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in dogs and their handlers. Samples comprised of dogs wound (n = 50), dogs nasal (n = 22), dogs skin behind ears (n = 50) and hand swabs of dogs owners (n = 40). Out of these 162 samples, 2 (1.23%) were positive for S. aureus, of which 1 (0.61%) was MRSA. S. aureus isolates were of wound and skin samples each and isolate from wound was MRSA. None of the dogs nasal and owners’ hand swabs were positive for S. aureus and MRSA. Study revealed resistance of S. aureus to ampicillin (100%) while sensitivity to clindamycin (100%), doxycycline (100%), vancomycin (100%), linezolid (100%), teicoplanin (100%) and amoxyclav (100.0%). MRSA observed high resistance to cefoxitin (100%) and vancomycin (100%) while isolates were sensitive to clindamycin (100%), amoxyclav (100.0%), ceftriaxone (100%), gentamicin (100%), ampicillin (100%) and linezolid (100%).

Title: Azolla Cultivation to Produce Sustainable Feed Ingredient: Chemical Composition and its Impact on Performance of Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

Present study was conducted in two phases. In phase 1, fresh azolla was cultivated, harvested and analysed for nutrient composition, condensed tannins (CT) and obtained dried azolla meal (DAM) for incorporation in broiler ration. In phase 2, feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of DAM supplementation as alternative feed ingredient in broiler ration. Day-old broiler chicks (180) were purchased, weighed individually and allocated into six treatments(T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) groups supplemented with DAM @ 0.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 percent, respectively. Each group has 3 replicates and 10 chicks per deep litter pen. Experimental birds were fed their respective diets for 35 days. The DAM contains 86.94, 22.98, 3.13, 13.64, 13.06, 40.37, 1.23, 0.79 and 0.09 percent of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), total ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and condensed tannins (CT), respectively. The weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at weekly intervals did not differ significantly (P>0.05) irrespective of groups except feed intake. It was concluded that DAM incorporation up to 5.5% of diet is a good source of nutrients and as an alternative sustainable feed ingredient for broilers without affecting performance.

Title: Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli from Milk
Abstract :

Milk plays a major role as a source of nutrition in the diet but contaminated milk can be a source of harmful bacteria. Escherichia coli is opportunistic pathogen and is responsible for a wide range of infections. The prevalence of pathogenic multi-drug resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli is increasing and becoming a global concern. A study was carried out to isolate ESBL producing E. coli from 150 milk samples from Anand and around villages. Total 94(62.66%) samples were found positive as E. coli by isolation on MacConkey and Eosin Methylene Blue agar which were confirmed by primary & biochemical tests including Gram’s staining. Antibiotic sensitivity test (ABST) was performed against 6 antibiotics and isolates found resistant to Aztrionem: 58(61%), Cefoxitin: 20(21%), Ceftriaxone: 56(59%), Ceftazidime: 62(65%), Cefpodoxime: 34(44.73%) & Ceftazidime + Clavulanic acid: 8(8.5%). A total 34(36.17%) ESBL producing E. coli were phenotypically confirmed by ABST and Epsilometer test. Genotypic confirmation of 34 isolates was done by PCR and isolates found positive for bla CTX M-3 gene: 18(52.94%), bla CTX M-9 gene 6(17.64%), bla SHV gene: 5(14.70%) and bla TEM gene: 5(14.70%). In summary, analyzed milk samples were found to have a health risk for consumers due to contamination by ESBL producing E. coli, their pathogenicity and treatment failure as a result of antibiotic resistance.

Title: Histological Changes in Archived Piglet Tissues from a Herd Sub Clinically Infected with Porcine Circo Virus Type 2 (PCV2) Preceding a Fulminant Episode of Stillbirths and Neonatal Mortality
Abstract :

This study reports the histological lesions in archived formalin fixed piglet tissues from a herd subclinically infected with PCV2 that progressed to showing PCV2 associated systemic disease and later experienced a major fulminating episode of PCV2 induced reproductive failure characterized with abortions, mummified fetuses, still births and neonatal mortality. Lymphoid cell depletion in one or two lymph nodes were observed in subclinical infection. In PCV2 associated systemic disease multiple lymph nodes revealed variable degree of lymphoid cell depletion and necrosis with multinucleate giant cells, syncytia formation and intracytoplasmic inclusions. Histopathological changes in other organs included multifocal, severe lymphoid depletion and extensive necrosis in spleen; multifocal coagulative necrosis in Peyer’s patches; diffuse lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia in lungs; multifocal necrotizing hepatitis in liver. A progressive shift in lesion type was noticed when the infection progressed from subclinical infection to PCV2 associated systemic disease. PCR assay performed with DNA extracted from formalin fixed tissues showed specific amplification product of 620 base pairs, confirming the presence of PCV2 ORF2 genome in the tissues

Title: Storage Quality and Shelf-life of Native Desi Chicken Meat Pickle at Room Temperature (32 ± 5 ºC)
Abstract :

Pickle from native desi chicken meat was prepared and stored at room temperature (32±5ºC) in polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) bottles. The samples were evaluated for physico-chemical parameters, microbial quality and sensory attributes at regular intervals of 0, 5, 15, 30, 45,60, 75 and 90 days of storage. Non significantly increase in pH values were observed with increasing storage period and value remained below 5.0 up to 60 days of storage period. Non significantly increase in titrable acidity (% acetic acid) and free fatty acids (as % oleic acid) values were observed with increasing storage period. However, significantly decreased in moisture (%) values were observed with increasing storage period. A significant (P<0.05) and progressive increase in Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) values (mg malonaldehyde / kg) were observed with increasing storage period and increase in TBA values between 0 and 60 days of storage did not turn out to be statistically significant. Microbiological counts were nonsignificantly increased between day 0 to 60, thereafter significantly (P<0.05) increased with the advancement of storage period and throughout the storage period, all microbial counts were within the acceptable limits. Sensory evaluation scores indicate that native desi chicken meat was very acceptable up to 60 days of storage and thereafter native desi chicken meat pickle was moderately acceptable between 60 to 90 days of storage at room temperature (32±5°C).

Title: Effect of Gooseberry Pulp and Seed Coat Powder as Natural Preservatives on the Storage Quality of Chicken Nuggets
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of Gooseberry pulp powder (GPP) and Gooseberry seed coat powder (GSCP) treatment on the quality attributes of vacuum packaged spent hen meat nuggets stored at 4±1°C for 25 days. On the basis of preliminary trials and relevant literature, three different levels of incorporation i.e. 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were incorporated in chicken nuggets formulation replacing lean meat and samples were evaluated for physico-chemical, microbial, proximate and sensory qualities at periodic interval of 5 days. Vacuum packaging in combination with GPP and GSCP treatment had significantly (P<0.05) inhibited lipid oxidation in spent hen meat nuggets. The treated samples exhibited significantly (P<0.05) low total plate count, pyschrophilic, yeast and mould, coliform count as compared to control. Based on sensory evaluation, at the end of storage study on 25th day 0.5% GPP added nuggets exhibited higher overall acceptability than other samples. It can be concluded that GPP, GSCP and vacuum packaging have a potential for development of functional spent hen meat nuggets.

Title: An Online Survey of Consumers of Maharashtra Concerning the Expected Change in the Meat and Meat Product Business
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to understand non-vegetarian consumer behavior, preferences, hygienic considerations and their expected changes in meat selling business. A questionnaire in Marathi language was designed with Google form for this online survey. Under these 194 (172 Male and 21 Female) respondents from all regions of Maharashtra state were surveyed. The study revealed that majority of consumers (90.21%) preferred hot, freshly slaughtered chicken meat (77.32%) which include all body parts of the carcass (56.19%) and them (70.62%) usually preferred to eat non-vegetarian food once or twice in a week. About 68.59% consumers preferred skinless chicken carcass slaughtered by any ritual method (53.76%). The study indicates that most of the consumers (70.62%) usually buy meat from the meat shop near to their residence and nearly 42.78% consumers showed concern about cleanliness and hygienic condition of the meat selling shop where from they buy non-veg products. Most of the consumers (82.38%) showed their willingness to purchase home delivery of minimal handled hygienic meat and for this they (86.17%) are ready to pay a slightly higher price. It indicates consumer concern about safety of food, but surprisingly, they are unaware of the food laws, quality guidelines, food safety standard. Almost all consumers (96.89%) agreed that there is a need to raise awareness and to educate consumers regarding this issue.

Title: Effect of Eugenia jambolana and Psidium guajava Leaf Meal Mixture Supplementation on Performance, Biochemical Profile and Histopathological Changes of Broiler Chicks
Abstract :

Present study was undertaken in 120 day-old broiler chicks, randomly distributed into 4 dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4 supplemented with leaf meal mixture (LMM) of Eugenia jambolana and Psidium guajava @ 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 % of diet, respectively) each having 3 replicates (10 chicks/ replicate) in a complete randomized block design (CRD). Experimental chicks were fed basal diets (starter and finisher) supplemented with graded levels of LMM. Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded at weekly intervals. Two birds from each replicate were slaughtered at the end of feeding trial (42 days). Blood samples were collected and serum separated for biochemical profiles. For histopathological examination, representative tissue samples were collected in 10% neutral buffer formalin and then processed for paraffin embedding employing alcohol as dehydrating agent and xylene as clearing agent. Sections were cut at 4-5µm thickness and stained by routine haematoxylin and eosin method. On histopathological examination of liver, kidney, heart and intestine of T1 and T2 groups showed normal integrity, mild to moderate histopathological changes in T3 group, while, T4 showed drastic histopathological changes. It was concluded that E. jambolana and P. guajava LMM supplementation (2.5% or even 5%) maintained birds performance, minor histopathological changes and producing healthy low cholesterol broiler meat. The LMM incorporation (2.5%) in the diet of broiler chicks may be recommended as socioeconomic, alternative functional feed resource.

Title: Toxinotyping of Clostridium perfringens in Poultry from Necrotic Enteritis Cases
Abstract :

Clostridium perfringens is well known causative agent of necrotic enteritis in poultry and is mainly caused by Type A toxin. NetB toxin is found to be one of the newly emerging virulent toxin gene which is also responsible for necrotic enteritis. The present study was carried out to characterize and to type the different toxins associated with C. perfringens in NE cases of poultry. For the present study total 125 samples were collected from poultry birds, out of which 50 samples were of intestinal content from diseased birds, 50 cloacal swabs and 25 intestinal content from healthy birds. These samples were further processed for isolation, identification, and toxinotyping of Clostridium perfringens isolates. Onisolation of C. perfringens on blood agar total 43 isolates were found positive showing a pattern of double hemolysis on blood agar. The positive isolates of C. perfringens were further confirmed by using 16S rRNA species specific PCR. After confirmation isolates were processed for toxinotyping mainly targeting cpa, cpb and cpb2 toxins by using multiplex PCR. On toxinotyping it was found that NE in poultry birds were mainly caused by C. perfringens type A. On virulent gene detection of netB toxin, total 4 isolates were found positive for netB toxin. This study pointed out that C. perfringens type A is responsible for development of NE in poultry along with net B toxin which is a new key virulent factor. Further studies of netB toxoid and C. perfringens type A for vaccine production could minimize the clostridial problems in broiler farms.

Title: Phytosomes - A Novel Approach for Herbal Drug Delivery
Abstract :

The potential uses of large number of herbal drugs are limited due to their poor absorption and poor bioavailability after oral administration. The bioavailability can be improved by formulating an appropriate drug delivery system, which can enhance the rate and the extent of drug absorption across the lipid biomembrane. Novel drug delivery system aims to provide some control in temporal or spatial nature of the drug release in the body. The phospholipid molecular structure includes a water-soluble head and two fat-soluble tails, because of this dual solubility, the phospholipid acts as an effective emulsifier, which is also one of the chief components of the membranes in our cells. Phytosomes are advanced forms of herbal products that are absorbed and utilized in improved manner to produce better results than conventional herbal extracts. “Phytosome” is formed by complexing the polyphenolic phytoconstituents in molar ratio with Phosphatidylcholine. As far as the potential of phytosome technology is concerned, it has a great future for use in formulation technology and applications of hydrophilic plant compounds. Many areas of phytosome are to be revealed in future in the prospect of pharmaceutical application.

Title: Influence of Alteration of Dry Period Feeding Management on Body Weight and Body Measurements of Jersey Crossbred Cows at Lower Gangetic Region
Abstract :

Alteration during far off dry period feeding management was done to see its effect on body weight and body measurements of Jersey cross bred cows. This study was conducted on 14 healthy dairy animals which were separated into two comparable groups on the basis of almost similar age groups, parity, body weight, and body condition score. Statistically analyzed data revealed that there was significantly higher (p<0.01) tail head thickness in overall dry period and at calving in control group animals than treatment group animals. Significantly higher (p<0.01) overall abdominal girth after 4 months of lactation was found in control group animals as compared to treatment group animals. Significantly higher (p<0.01) body length during overall dry period and at calving was noticed in control group animals. Non significant (p>0.05) difference was reported in body weight and heart girth among control and treatment group animals. The coefficients of correlation indicated high and significant (P<0.01) correlation among body condition score, tail head thickness, body length, heart girth, abdominal girth in this study. It can be concluded that alteration of feeding management practices during far-off dry period does not significantly change body weight during dry period and post partum period but can lead to significant difference in some body measurements of Jersey crossbred cows at tropical lower Gangetic region. Correlation of parameters suggested that the larger body sized animal of same breed may produce more milk.

Title: A Study on Growth Performance of Weaned Kids of Sirohi Goat Fed with Different Levels of Concentrates
Abstract :

The present investigation was conducted a study on growth performance of weaned kids of Sirohi goat fed with different levels of concentrates for the effect of concentrate feeding on body weight gain. Twenty four kids of Sirohi breed between 3-4 months age were randomly selected on the basis of uniform body weight, age and divided into 3 groups of 8 kids each at the goat farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. Group T1 served as control supplemented with 50 g concentrate per kid per day for 3 months. Group T2 (treatment) supplemented with 50, 100 and 150 g concentrate and T3 (treatment) with 100, 150 and 200 g concentrate per head per day for 1st, 2nd and 3rd month, respectively. Other management practices were similar for each group. Fodder of khejri loom was offered ad-libitum to all groups. Body weight of kids was recorded weekly. Group T3 fed with more quantity of concentrate achieved the highest (85.77 g/day) average weekly weight gain followed by T2 (69.22 g/day) and control group T1 (61.33 g/day). Maximum average total weight gain per kid was observed in group T3 (7.72 kg) followed by T2 (6.23 kg) and least was found in T1 (5.52 kg). Thus, from above findings it can be concluded that T2 and T3 treatments showed significantly improved growth performance in Sirohi kids and higher level (T3) was relatively the best level in terms of both biological and economical returns.

Title: Karyomorphological Studies of Kangayam, Pulikulam, Crossbred Jersey and Crossbred Holstein Friesian Bulls
Abstract :

The present study was carried out in four genetic groups of cattle, viz. Kangayam, Pulikulam, crossbred Jersey and crossbred Holstein Friesian, to compare the karyomorphological pattern between Bos indicus and Bos taurus x indicus bull calves. Metaphase chromosomal spreads obtained by short term lymphocyte culture technique revealed chromosomal complement (2n) of 60, with 29 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes in four groups. All the autosomes were acrocentric, X-chromosome was sub-metacentric and Y-chromosome was acrocentric in Bos indicus and metacentric in crossbred bulls. There was no significant difference in relative length, arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological index of autosomes and X-chromosome between indicine and taurine groups; but Y-chromosome differed significantly (P˂0.01) in relative length between Bos indicus and Bos taurus x indicus crosses. Y-chromosome polymorphism could help in the determination of breed origin and male lines used in the breeding programmes in order to prevent the possible interferences in the process of reproduction.

Title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in African Grey Parrot and its Antibiogram Study
Abstract :

Case study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a seven years old, male African grey parrot reared in aviary in Meerut, died 48 hours after exhibiting clinical signs is reported. The gross examination of carcass revealed heavy ectoparasitic infestation and necropsy examination revealed inflammed respiratory tract, airsaculitis and congestion of liver, spleen and intestine. Microbiological examination of the tissue samples revealed Pseudomona aeruginosa infection, which was found susceptible to quinolones i.e. ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, intermediately susceptible to aminoglycosides i.e. gentamicin and streptomycin, but resistant to cephalosporins i.e. ceftriaxone and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, β-lactam/ β-lactamase inhibitor combinations i.e. amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin/cloxacillin, tetracyclines i.e. oxytetracycline, macrolides i.e. erythromycin and chloramphenicol in culture sensitivity test. These antibiotic resistant bacteria can pose threat to in contact immunocompromised aviary workers. Thus necessary biosecurity measures should be implemented in the aviaries to avoid environment associated infectious diseases.

Title: Effect of Cage or Deep Litter Housing on Production Performance of White Leghorn Chickens
Abstract :

The effect of cage or deep litter housing on production performance of White Leghorn was investigated in this experiment. A total 144 pullets of White Leghorn were randomly assigned to two treatments as; Cage housing and Deep litter housing. Results revealed that body weight at sexual maturity was significantly (P<0.05) lower in birds reared in cage than the deep litter housing. Moreover, lower feed intake was observed in birds kept in cages than that of deep litter housing. Feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake/dozen eggs or feed intake/kg egg mass was better in birds reared in cages than the deep litter housing. The average hen day and hen house egg production were not affected due to different housing systems. Egg quality traits like albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit score were significantly (P<0.05) higher for eggs produced by birds reared in cage housing than the deep litter housing. The profit of about 20% was observed in cage housing over deep litter housing. It was concluded that the lower feed consumption and body weight at sexual maturity, better feed conversion, egg quality and economic returns were achieved in cages compared to deep litter housing. However, cage or deep litter housing had no effect on egg production.

Title: Effect of Levels of N-fertilizer and Cutting Height on Nutrient Content and Nitrogen Recovery Rate of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum L.) in Mersa, Ethiopia
Abstract :

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates (NFR) and cutting height (CH) on the nutrient contents and nitrogen recovery of elephant grass when grown in Eastern Amara Region of Ethiopia. The experiment consisted of two factors: Factor A: Nitrogen (4 levels) and Factor B: Cutting height (3 levels). Experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The results indicated that nitrogen and plant height significantly affected dry matter yield (DMY) of Pennisetum purpureum L. in which N application of 161 kg ha-1 and cutting height of 15 cm showed the highest leaf while leaf to stem ratio did not affected due to these two factors. Similarly, application of N and cutting height significantly influenced on nutrient contents in which N application at the rate of 69 kg ha-1 and cutting at the height of 15 cm brought the highest crude protein content whereas NDF and ADF contents were higher at cutting height of 22.5 cm with the lowest application of N (69 kg ha-1). Nitrogen recovery rate did not positively correlated with increased levels of N fertilizer applications as the maximum value (473.79 %) was recorded for those treated at the rate of 69 kg ha-1. Therefore, from this study it can be conclude that N application at the rate of 69 kg ha-1 and harvesting at a cutting height of 15 cm might be optimum for better nutrients content, greater DM yield and efficient N recovery rate of Pennisetum purpureum L.

Title: Effect of Pre and Postpartum Alpha-tocopherol Supplementation on Body Condition and Some Udder Health Parameters of Jersey Crossbred Cows at Tropical Lower Gangetic Region
Abstract :

Alpha-tocopherol supplementation to dairy cows has beneficial effect on udder health and maintenance of body condition which needs to be studied for Jersey crossbred cows under tropical lower Gangetic region. Survey was conducted on a total of 191 respondents and out of which 19 healthy animals were selected for this experiment. This experiment was done to see the effect of pre and post Alpha-tocopherol supplementation for Jersey crossbred cows @ 1g/day/cow. Three comparable groups viz. T1 (30 days pre and post partum period; 7 dairy cows), T2 (30 days pre and 60 days post partum period; 6 dairy cows), however, no supplementation was done in control group (6 dairy cows) animals. Statistically analyzed data revealed significantly (p<0.01) lower body condition in control group than T1 and T2 group animals during post partum period, but T1 and T2 were statistically similar (p>0.05). However, animals of group T2 recovered body condition of cows numerically earlier followed by T1 and control group. There was no significant difference between body condition of dairy animals of all group during dry period (p>0.05). Statistically analyzed data revealed significantly (p<0.01) higher pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in control than T1 and T2 groups during post partum period but T1 and T2 were statistically similar (p>0.05). In addition to this correlation coefficient also suggested that better udder health (p<0.01) and reduced body condition loss post partum (p<0.01) can be achieved by Alpha-tocopherol supplementation @ 1g/day/cow for 30 days pre and 60 days post partum period for Jersey crossbred cows at tropical lower Gangetic region.

Title: Survey of Calf Rearing Practices Followed at Rural Dairy Farms in Surat District
Abstract :

A field survey was conducted purposively in Surat district of Gujrat to ascertain the calf rearing management practices followed by rural dairy animal owners during March, 2013 to January, 2014. Data were collected from randomly selected 300 dairy animal owners through personal interview with the help of pre-tested structured schedule from five talukas selected at random. The present study revealed that majority (95.33%) of the respondents attended calving and cleaned the calves soon after parturition. Majority (96.33%) of respondents did not practice ligation, cutting and disinfection of the naval cord and it was left to fall off itself naturally. Only 35.05% of the respondents fed colostrum to new born calf within one hour of birth. Majority (58.67%) of the respondents followed weaning practices at the age of three months and 23.33% of the respondents allowed calves to suckle their dams till lactation ceased. Majority (82.33%) of the respondents provided green fodders from two months of age and only 2.67% of the respondents provided calf starter to the calves. Only 37% of the respondents followed dehorning during 3-4 week of age of their calves, 17% of respondents practiced castration of male calves, 48.67% of the respondents gave anthelmetics to the calves regularly and 12.33% of the respondents provided jacketing as well as bedding in order to protect their calves from cold during winter season.

Title: Adult Body Weights and Morphometric Traits of Ganjam Goats of Odisha and Prediction of Body Weights from Body Measurements
Abstract :

Present study was carried out in Chhatrapur, Rambha, Khallikote and Jirabadi clusters of All India Coordinated Research Project on goat improvement in Ganjam district of Odisha from 2015 to 2017 to study the body weight and measurements of Ganjam goats, their correlations, and predictability of the body weight from body measurements. Data on body weight (kg), body length(cm), wither height(cm) and chest girth(cm) were recorded in adult Ganjam goats having one to four pairs of permanent incisor (PPI) teeth. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used. The mean body weight ranged from 22.5 kg to 30.6 kg, mean body length ranged from 63.0 to 69.6 cm, mean wither height ranged from 67.3 to 71.8 cm and mean chest girth ranged from 68.6 to 78.0 cm. All the correlations were found to be positive, moderate to high in magnitude and statistically significant (P<0.01). All the predictive models developed with each of the three body measurements were found to be statistically highly significant (P<0.01). The best-fitted regression equations were -23.68+0.29*BL+0.16*WH+ 0.25*CG for 1 PPI age group, the equation: -34.82 + 0.48 *BL + 0.42*CG for age group 2 PPI, the equation: -28.13+0.47*BL+0.33*CG for age group 3 PPI and the equation: -33.33+ 0.14*BL+0.18*WH+0.54*CG for 4 PPI age group. Chest girth was the dominant predictor variables among the three linear body measurements for all age groups except 1 PPI age group which had body length as the principal predictor.

Title: IGF-1 Gene Polymorphism in Migratory Gaddi Goats of Western Himalayan Region, India
Abstract :

Goat production is a predominant livestock activity in harsh climatic regions of the country particularly hilly regions. ‘Gaddi’ is a prominent goat breed of Himachal Pradesh constituting 60-65% of total goat population of 11.20 lakh (19th Livestock Census, 2012). The somatotropic axis has a key role in postnatal growth and metabolism. IGF-1 gene encodes the protein that is structurally and functionally similar to insulin and regulates cellular synthesis of DNA as well as cellular growth and development, especially in neurons and also mediates the effect of GH gene. The present study was carried onÊ»Gaddiʼ, a distinct goat breed of high altitude areas of Western Himalayan region, for molecular characterization of IGF-1 gene and further analyse its association with growth traits. Blood samples from 63 genetically unrelated animals of Gaddi goat breed were taken from the migratory flocks under AICRP and Gaddi goat unit of CSKHPKV, Palampur and subjected to DNA isolation. 363 bp amplicon was generated and PCR-RFLP analysis using HaeIII restriction enzyme (RE) revealed two variants (AB and BB) however, no significant association could be established. Allele frequencies for A and B alleles were 0.25 and 0.75. The estimates obtained for Ne, Hobs, Hexp and PIC were 1.61, 0.51, 0.38 and 0.31, respectively. PIC value of 0.31 implies the effectiveness of the marker in population studies and also revealed median level of polymorphism. Sequencing confirmed one nucleotide mutation (C264G), however, no significant association were found at IGF-1 genotype with biometric traits in screened Gaddi goats

Title: Effect of Incorporation of Corn Bran, Dried Carrot Pomace and Dried Tomato Pomace on Quality Attributes of Chicken Nuggets
Abstract :

A study was conducted to improve dietary fibre content of chicken nuggets by incorporating corn bran (CB), dried carrot pomace (DCP) and dried tomato pomace (DTP) as dietary fibre sources. Lean meat was replaced with each dietary fibre source at 3%, 6% and 9% level. One product from each fibre source was selected on the basis of sensory evaluation. Sensory acceptability of 3% fibre treated nuggets was comparable with control and further increase in fibre level resulted in a decline in sensory acceptability. All CB and DCP treated nuggets were harder and firmer than control while 3% DTP treated nuggets were harder than control. Fibre addition resulted in less springier and less cohesive nuggets. Yellowness increased in DCP added nuggets while both redness and yellowness increased in DTP added nuggets. Fibre treated nuggets had less moisture and cholesterol content and higher protein, ash, crude fibre, emulsion stability and cooking yield. pH of DCP and DTP treated nuggets was lower than control. Drastic increase in total dietary fibre and insoluble dietary fibre content was observed in treated nuggets. Sensory scores of nuggets declined significantly while thiobarbituric acid reacting substance value (TBARS) and microbial counts increased significantly during refrigerated storage. It is concluded that incorporation of dietary fibre at 6% level resulted in healthier and fibre enriched nuggets with higher cooking yield and acceptability upto 15th day of refrigerated storage.

Title: Occurrence of Carbaryl, DDT and Deltamethrin Residues in Bovine Milk in Chhattisgarh, India and Risk Assessment to Human Health
Abstract :

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of pesticide residues in bovine milk and associated health risks in human. To assess the pesticide residues, a total of 200 milk samples were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Photo Diode Array Detector (PDA).The residues of carbaryl, 4’4’ DDT and deltamethrin pesticides were found in the 27.5%, 11% and 5% milk samples, respectively. The spatial distribution of pesticide residues in milk samples indicated that carbaryl was wide spread over the entire study area. The non-significance differences in mean residual concentrations of all three pesticides in cow and buffalo milk samples were recorded. The human health risk assessment in terms of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health hazard was calculated based on both lower bound [LB (mean residue levels)] and upper bound [UB (95th percentile level)] limits at current levels of pesticides in bovine milk samples. The estimated average daily dietary intake (EADDI) of studied pesticides was found below the acceptable dietary intake (ADI) for both adult and children, at mean as well as 95th percentile upper bound (UB) levels. The values suggesting lower carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk to adult however children are at greater health risk.Keywords: Bovine milk, carbaryl, deltamethrin,

Title: Gross Morphological and Morphometrical Developmental Studies on Harderian Gland in Chicken
Abstract :

The present gross morphological and morphometrical study was conducted on the Harderian gland of chicken. A total of 32 numbers of healthy birds were procured from the Poultry Farm of Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur. The chicks were divided into 4 groups viz. 3, 10, 17, and 24 days of age with 8 chicks in each group. It was seen that the Harderian gland was found directed towards ventro-medial aspect of the eyeball in chicks and loosely attached by periorbital fascia to the underlying muscle. The average biometrical observations of left and right Harderian gland in respect of weight, length, width and area of gland were found increased with the advancement of age. Area of the gland increased on its length from 17th day to 24th day of age which resulted into more elongated glands.

Title: Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Bovine Mastitic Milk Sample Along with Antibiogram Study
Abstract :

A total of 4378 cattle and buffalo were screened during period of study (July 2018-June 19). Out of which 27 Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated. The isolates were confirmed phenotypically based on pigment production on nutrient agar. These were then confirmed by PCR amplification of species specific oligonucleotide sequences. All the 27 isolates amplified 956bp amplicon 16srRNA Pseudomonas aeruginosa species specific nucleotide sequence. The isolates were also checked for exo and aglD virulence associated genes. All of them amplified 540bp and 313bp amplicon of exo gene and aglD gene. All the isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing. Most of the isolates showed highest sensitivity for levofloxacin, streptomycin and enrofloxacin followed by gentamicin, moxifloxacin and amikacin. Neomycin, cefoperazone and ceftriaxone were intermediate in action.

Title: Surveillance of Major Canine Pathogens in Feral Dogs and Big Cats at the Domestic-Wildlife Interface in Panna Tiger Reserve, India
Abstract :

The present study was conducted at Panna Tiger Reserve of Madhya Pradesh for sero-surveillance for canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) infections in feral dogs. Biological samples were also collected from the wild carnivore species which were immobilized or died during the study period. Serum samples were subjected for detection of IgG antibodies against CPV, CDV and CAV infections. Additionally biological samples of wild carnivores were subjected to molecular diagnosis of CPV and CDV genes. Seroprevalence for CPV, CDV and CAV infections was observed as 3.5%, 4.4% and 0.89%, respectively, whereas for mixed infections of CPV+CDV, CPV+CAV, CDV+CAV and CPV+CDV+CAV, it was observed as 48.2%, 1.7%, 4.4% and 36.6%, respectively. Sex wise, age wise and distance wise seroprevalence was non-significant in the present study. Seroprevalence for CPV, CDV and CAV infections in cats was observed as 50%, 100 % and 0%, whereas in wild carnivores, it was observed as 100%, 90% and 0% respectively. PCR based diagnosis in the wild carnivore also revealed CDV positive cases. Serological and genomic evidence of pathogens in dogs-cats of buffer villages and wild carnivores of Panna tiger reserve indicated that the viruses may pose a high risk of spillover to wild carnivores. Study also indicated that dog population is immuned to major infectious diseases but can be a threat to the compromised wild carnivore species including tigers.

Title: Absence of Polymorphism in Booroola (FecB) Gene in Indian Muzzafarnagari Sheep Breed
Abstract :

Booroola (FecB) gene is also known as Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B (BMPR1B) gene, expressed in oocytes and granulosa cells. BMPR1B gene has been characterized by a point mutation at 746th position (A to G) leading to a non-synonymous substitution of Glutamine with an Arginine at 249th position (Q249R) produced ‘hyperprolific’ Booroola sheep. This mutation was associated with prolificacy in sheep with increase ovulation rate. In the present study, DNA was isolated from blood samples collected from the Muzzafarnagari sheep breeds (n = 200) maintained at LFC (Livestock farm complex) of DUVASU, Mathura, U.P. The AvaII/PCR-RFLP assay of 190 bp amplified product of FecB gene revealed only ++ genotype (190 bp uncut, 100%) with + allele (1.0) in screened sheep population. The studied region of the FecB gene showed monomorphic pattern revealed that FecB A (wild type; +) allele seems to be fixed in screened sheep population. Consequently, we could not perform association analysis with reproduction trait. Therefore, it would be suggested to further screening the status of this SNP along with other fecundity genes in large diversified population to exploit it under marker assisted selection.

Title: Egg Production and Egg Quality Characteristics in Direct and Reciprocal Crosses using CARI Nirbheek and CARI Shyama
Abstract :

The present study was carried to study the direct and reciprocal crosses of native breed chickens namely Kadaknath (KN), Aseelpeela (AP), and CARI Red (CR) by comparing the efficiency of egg production, egg weight, and external and internal egg quality traits at 40th week of age. The reciprocal crosses CR×KN and CR×AP showed significantly (P<0.01) lower egg weights compared to their counterpart cross KN×CR (CARI- Shyama) and AP×CR (CARI- Nirbheek). Egg quality traits such as albumen index, Haugh unit, albumen weight, and yolk index were significantly (P<0.01) higher in the reciprocal cross at 40th week of age, whereas, others such as shape index, shell thickness, and yolk weight were comparable (P>0.05) among the crosses. Reciprocal crosses CR × KN and CR × AP had almost similar total egg production to their direct crosses KN × CR and AP × CR at almost all ages except 36th to 40th week of egg production which was significant (P<0.05). It was concluded that, reciprocal crosses have similar egg production with almost equal or better egg quality parameters to their direct crosses. The present study aims at the elucidating effect of reciprocal crossbreeding by using CARI Red as the male line in producing elite crosses for improvement in the production capacity of rural poultry in India.

Title: Treatment of Secondary Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anaemia of Dogs in Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Abstract :

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most common autoimmune disease in dogs. This study was conducted to evaluate prednisolone and azathioprine therapeutic protocols for the management of secondary IMHA in dogs. The anaemic dogs brought with clinical signs such as pale or icteric mucous membranes were screened for IMHA by saline agglutination and spherocyte count and confirmed by flow cytometry. The positive cases were further subjected to haematology, biochemistry, coagulation profile, MAT and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of underlying secondary causes like Babesia spp, Ehrlichia canis and Leptospira spp (secondary IMHA). Thirty two cases were positive for IMHA, out of which thirteen cases were primary (Idiopathic) IMHA (17.3 %) and remaining nineteen cases were secondary IMHA (82.7 %) due to underlying causes such as Babesia gibsoni (13), Ehrlichia canis (3) and Leptospira spp. (3) respectively. Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and prednisolone in combination with azathioprine and specific therapy of etiological agent with supportive therapy was used. Significant increase in Hb, PCV, RBC and thrombocyte count, significant decrease in leucocyte, neutrophil, monocyte and total protein and significant increase in ALT activity was recorded after therapy. There was an apparent clinical improvement in all the dogs which survived till day 28 days, with significant improvement in hemato-biochemical profiles. Prednisolone was found to be effective in the management of canine secondary IMHA than prednisolone combined with azathioprine.

Title: Quality Characteristics of Chicken Meat Cutlets Incorporated with Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Flour
Abstract :

In view of continuously growing demand of snacks foods worldwide due to rapid changing lifestyle, industrialization and urbanization, the present study was conducted to standardize the incorporation level of finger millet flour for preparation of chicken meat cutlets. Chicken meat cutlets were prepared with different levels of finger millet flour viz. 5, 10, and 15%, and different levels by replacing the lean meat in chicken cutlets formulation. The optimum (mention) level of finger millet was standardized as 5% for incorporation in chicken meat cutlets. Crude fiber and calcium content of chicken cutlets prepared with finger millet flour was significantly higher as compared to control thereby depicting marked improvement in the desirable food trait with health benefits. The product yield of chicken meat cutlets with optimized level of finger millet flour was significantly higher as compared to control. It did not show significant effect on any of the sensory parameters. Storage stability of aerobically packaged chicken meat cutlets with optimum level (mention level) of finger millet flour along with control was further evaluated during refrigerated storage (4±1oC) at regular intervals of 0, 3, 6 and 9 days with respect to physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics. Chicken meat cutlets could be stored safely in aerobic packaging for 6 days at refrigeration condition (4±1oC).

Title: Evaluation of Various Enzymes Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization and Efficiency Parameters on Rice Gluten Meal Based Diets in Broilers
Abstract :

A biological experiment of 42 days duration was undertaken in day old chicks (n= 384) divided into 12 dietary treatments as per 3x4 factorial design having 4 replicates per treatment with 8 birds in each. Twelve experimental diets were prepared by incorporating control, two different levels of rice gluten meal (RGM) consisted of (15 and 17.5%), without and with three different types of enzymes xylanase, protease and multienzymes. The nutrient utilization in terms of nitrogen retention, apparent metabolizable energy of the diets, dry matter and gross energy metabolizability were significantly (P<0.01) lower at 17.5% level as compared to 0 and 15% RGM levels. The dry matter metabolizability and nitrogen retention of the birds were significantly (P<0.01) better in protease enzyme supplemented groups compared to control and other enzyme supplemented groups. The interaction of RGM and enzymes showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in nutrient utilization between different dietary treatments and control in gross energy metabolizability, calcium and phosphorous retention. The protein and energy efficiency ratios of birds were not influenced by RGM feeding, whereas significant (P<0.05) improvement were observed in protease supplemented birds. Thus, it may be concluded that protease enzyme supplementation was found best in RGM diet to improve their feeding value and it may be used to increase the effective and safe inclusion level from 15 to 17.5% in broiler diets.

Title: Effects of Loose Housing Designs on Expressions of Milking Parlour Behaviours and Milk Yield of Crossbred Jersey Cows
Abstract :

Milking behaviour of dairy cows has serious impacts on their production efficiency. A number of genetic and environmental factors controls and influences milking behaviour of dairy cow. The aim of present study was to investigate the influence of housing comfort on expressivity of milking behaviours of cows in parlour, milk yield and compositions. Forty Jersey crossbred cows of similar production levels were selected and divided into 2 groups based on age, production and parity. Subsequently, cows were kept in two different types of loose house; each containing 20 animals. Two types of housing patterns were compared - (i) Traditional shed (T0) and (ii) Thermo-comfortable shed (T1). Impact of housing comfort significantly transformed the expressions of dairy cows behaviour even in milking parlour. Milking temperament scores and stepping during milking were significantly lower in cows kept in T1 compared to that of T0. Cows of thermo-comfortable shed showed more docile, calm and less nervous behaviour than those kept in traditional shed. Housing patterns significantly influenced daily milk yield (kg) being 2.86% more in T1 as compared to T0. Similarly milk compositions were better and significantly higher in T1 group of cows than that of T0. It was concluded that staying comfort of living by resignificantly modulated the expression of dairy cows behaviours even in milking parlour, demonstrated favourable milking temperament, reduced nervousness, enhanced milk yield and showed better milk compositions in Jersey crossbred cows.

Title: Occurrence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Raw Milk in Chennai
Abstract :

Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presence in milk is of significant importance as they are often involved in food borne intoxications. Effective surveillance and detection are the most important tools in outbreak investigation and control. Our study was designed to ascertain the occurrence Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from raw milk collected from apparently healthy cattle in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 89 (89/258; 34.49%) positive isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from 258 raw milk samples screened. Of which 24 (24/258; 9.3%) isolates positive for MRSA. Studying the antimicrobial resistance and its patterns in foods of animal origin will be of immense help to various regulatory agencies and authorities to devise and implement control measures and to note the compliance of our foods with the prescribed standards.

Title: Amelioration of Acrylamide Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats
Abstract :

Present study was undertaken to study the neurotoxicity of oral acrylamide (ACR) and its amelioration using α-tocopherol, reduced glutathione (GSH) and hot aqueous extract (HAE) of Ocimum sanctum. Forty five male Wistar rats were divided into 12 groups. The study showed a significant reduction in the body weight of the rats fed with ACR in comparison to the other groups while body weight was restored in the rats fed with α-tocopherol and HAE. Neurotoxicity in rats fed with ACR was evident with the results of histopathology and oxidative stress (high MDA and decreased activities of GSH, SOD, GST and CAT in brain). Co-administration of α-tocopherol and HAE lowered these changes however, there was no marked improvement seen in neural damage but improvement was evident in behavioral as well as physiological changes at a marked point. Histopathology of brain in ACR alone fed group showed extensive neural degeneration and massive deposition of fibrin which was substantially decreased and ameliorated with the co-administration of α-tocopherol and HAE. These results support the oxidative stress results as well. Our results suggests that α-tocopherol and HAE can be useful for protecting brain tissue against ACR induced neurotoxicity through minimizing the free radical mediated oxidative stress.

Title: Application of Caslick’s Index in Predicting the Mare Fertility
Abstract :

Vulva acts as the first effective barrier to combat the external environmental infections and to protect the internal reproductive organs from ascending infections. Any abnormality in the shape and structure to the vulva may compromises the mare’s healthy reproductive status and may lead to the infertility. Vulvar conformation plays a major and crucial role not only during selection and purchase of mares but also in predicting the future fertility status. Caslick’s index gives estimation about the calculation of good vulval conformation. In the present study, we applied the same to our breedable mares present at the farm and correlated with fertility. The study confirms the positive correlation between the vulval confirmation and fertility status of the mares.

Title: Doppler Echocardiographic Reference Parameters in Healthy Labrador Retriever Dogs
Abstract :

Thirty-one clinically healthy Labrador retriever dogs of both sexes (18 males and 13 females) were selected for determining Doppler echocardiographic reference values. 2 D and Pulse wave Doppler echocardiography was carried out by using GE Logiq P5 Color Doppler machine. The effect of body weight, age and sex on various doppler echocardiographic parameters were recorded. Twenty four dogs were in body weight range of 20-40 kg and 7 dogs in 40-60 kg range. To study the effect of age on various Doppler echocardiographic measurements, dogs were divided into 4 age groups (1-2, 2-3, 3-5 and >5 years of age). The mitral A wave peak velocity (MA) and ME:MA ratio were significantly (p<0.05) affected by body weight. The pulmonic valve velocity and pulmonic valve pressure were significantly (p<0.05) affected and there was significant negative correlation of pulmonic valve peak velocity (Pulmonary V max) and pulmonary pressure with body weight with r2 values of 0.160 and 0.120 respectively. Mitral valve (MV) deceleration time was significantly (p<0.05) affected by age. The tricuspid valve deceleration time (TVDecT) was significantly (p≤0.01) higher in dogs > 5 years of age. Tricuspid A velocity was significantly (p≤0.01) higher in 2-3 year age group dogs as compared to dogs belonging to age group 3-5 years and > 5 years of age group. The pulmonic valve velocity and pressure were significantly affected by age. The tricuspid valve TE: TA ratio was significantly (p≤0.05) affected by gender and the ratio was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in males as compared to females.

Title: Influence of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks having Bentonite as Binder on Haemato-Biochemical and Serum Mineral Profile of Crossbred Calves
Abstract :

The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplement of UMMB containing variable levels of urea and bentonite on haemato-biochemical and serum mineral profile of crossbred calves. Twenty four male crossbred calves were divided into four equal groups following complete randomized design and fed individually for 120 days. In group T1, 70% of CP requirement was met through feeding of concentrate mixture and remaining CP was fed through urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) and ad libitum wheat straw (control). In group T2, T3 and T4, the feeding regimen followed was same as that of control except that UMMB was replaced with UMMB-A, UMMB-B, UMMB-C which vary in physical. Blood samples were collected at 0, 60, 120 day of experimental feeding to determine haemato-biochemical and serum mineral concentration. The mean values for Hb (mg/dl), PCV (%), glucose (mg/dl), total protein (g/dl), albumin, globulin (g/dl), A:G ratio, urea (mg/dl), creatinine, SGOT (IU/L), SGPT (IU/L) level was comparable (P>0.05) among the different dietary treatments. the serum minerals (Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Zn) concentration was also statically similar among the different groups. However, periodical significantly (P<0.05) higher values were observed for Hb (mg/dl), PCV (%), glucose (mg/dl), total protein (g/dl), albumin, globulin(g/dl), A:G ratio, urea (mg/dl), creatinine, Ca and P at 60 and 120 days of post feeding but it was comparable and lies in the normal physiological range. It was concluded that haemato-biochemical parameters of cross bred calves were not influenced by supplementation of urea molasses mineral blocks.

Title: Traditional Health Management vis-à-vis Rearing Practices Followed By the ‘Black Bengal Goat’ Farmers in Nadia District of West Bengal, India
Abstract :

For securing the livelihood of the farmers, the role of small ruminant especially the goat are well established fact. The farmers of Nadia district of West Bengal, which is also the native tract of the Black Bengal goat, reared goats by following traditional practices. A study was conducted to find out the practices followed by the farmers for rearing goats in Nadia district. Data had been collected from 150 respondents belonged to three blocks of Nadia district in West Bengal state of India. Semi-structured interview schedule and PRA techniques were used to collect primary data. ‘Effectiveness Index Scores’ were calculated to identify the effectiveness of several traditional practices followed by the farmers for controlling ailments of Black Bengal goats. Majority of the activities pertaining to goat farming was performed by women farmers but in terms of ownership, the male dominance was observed. Farmers were following different traditional knowledge for curing and/or suppressing ailments of goats. Documentation of locally available plant’s leaves, herbs or material for treating ailments like goat diarrhea, PPR, bloat, FMD etc., was done through the study and their effectiveness as perceived by the farmers were also analyzed. Farmers used to rear their animals in the close confinement of their own household. From the study it can be concluded that, the farmers of Nadia district were maintaining goats as a safeguard of financial insecurity and utilizing locally available ingredients effectively to cure common ailments of the goat.

Title: Nesting Preferences of Birds in Relation to Exotic Trees in Ludhiana, Punjab
Abstract :

Birds have very close association with trees. Trees offer a platform to birds for nesting, roosting, foraging, breeding and feeding purposes. The introduction of exotic (non-native) flora can effect or modify inherent species richness, communal alignment and species abundance, as well as species relationships and communal structure. Birds are exclusively sensitive to alterations both in terms of environmental and ecological. Introduction of exotic trees and human disturbance have also affected the bird diversity. The main objective of the present study was to find out the nesting preference of avian species in relation to exotic trees at two selected locations i.e. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Location I) and Gurpal Nagar, Ludhiana (Location II) from June 2018 to July 2019. Five different exotic trees species selected were Safeda (Eucalyptus tereticornis), Poplar (Populus deltoides), Bottle brush (Callistemon viminalis), Monkey Puzzle (Araucaria araucana), Silver Oak (Grivillea robusta). A total 31 nests (6 on Bottle brush tree, 2 on Silver oak tree, 7 on Poplar tree, 16 on Eucalyptus tree) were recorded. Out of these, 5 nests were of Baya weaver Ploceus philippinus, 4 nests were of Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri, 20 nests were of House Crow Corvus splendens and 2 nests were of Common Myna Acridotheres tristis. Four bird species were observed nesting at location I while only one was observed at location II. Less bird diversity recorded was at location II (8) as compared to location I (23) because of the anthropogenic activities which disturbed the natural habitat at that location.

Title: Meat consumption in North-East India: Pattern, Opportunities and Implications
Abstract :

Meat is an important and common source of animal protein in the NE (North-Eastern) states as seen from the expenditure estimates which shows that 15 per cent in rural areas and 18 per cent in urban areas is devoted to meat out of the total food expenditure. The study is based on NSSO data on household consumption expenditure in 2009-10 pertaining to the 66th round. The study showed that the proportion of meat out of total food expenditure is almost two to three times more than the national average. Manipur is an exception where the rural households’ proportionate expenditure is more than urban households. Chevon/mutton and chicken have lesser supply than demand in most NE states. Beef and pork are relatively cheaper in rural areas and therefore consumed more whereas urbanization may be the factor that influence liking for chevon/mutton consumption in urban areas. Export policy, Infrastructure development, feed sector, and establishment of modern slaughter houses are some of the issues which need attention of the government to sustain meat consumption in the region.

Title: Prevalence of Egg Shell Apex Abnormalities in Commercial Layer Chicken of Namakkal Region of Tamil Nadu
Abstract :

Egg shell plays a major role in determining the quality of commercial layer chicken table eggs. Many factors are involved in causing abnormalities of egg shells, particularly in the apex part of eggs. The present investigation was aimed to study the prevalence of Mycoplasma associated eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) in commercial layer chicken of Namakkal poultry zone of Tamil Nadu. Flock history and clinical samples from live and dead birds were collected from 24 flocks belongs to 14 different farms with the history of showing egg shell abnormalities. Collected clinical samples were subjected for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) and Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Among the 24 flocks Ms and Ms + Mg infection were observed in 16.6 and 12.5 per cent of flocks respectively. In EAA affected flocks 0.65 to 1.35 per cent of eggs showed shell defects at the apex (pointed end). The incidence of the condition was increased in large flocks (ie., above 10,000) under peak production of laying from 25 to 40 wk of age and winter seasons.Egg production drop and mortality were ranged from 2.0 to 7.7 and 0.05 to 0.35 per cent respectively. Four out of 14 farms experienced EAA like defects in their previous flocks. Antimycoplasmal drugs were given periodically however periodic mycoplasmalmonitoring was not carried out. The study indicates the prevalence of mycoplasma associated EAA in commercial layer flocks is increasing and should be controlled by proper monitoring and enhancing biosecurity measures.

Title: Cyto-Differentiation of Pyloric Part of Glandular Stomach in Prenatal Goat
Abstract :

The study was conducted on 36 developing abomasum of healthy and normal embryos/ foeti of goat. Embryos/foeti were assigned into three group viz. group I (0-50 days of gestation), group II (51-100 days of gestation) and group III (101-150 days of gestation). The wall of glandular stomach, the pyloric part, was composed of epithelium, pleuripotent blastemic tissue and serosa upto 44 days of gestation. Tunica muscularis became separable at 46 days of gestation. The epithelium was stratified type up to 50 days and gradually changed to pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar type from 76 days of gestation. However, stratification of the epithelium was noticed at few places till term. Thin strands of muscularis mucosae were observed at 82 days of gestation. Gastric pit, the fore runner of gastric gland was reported first at 70 days. The body of the gastric glands were very short. Process of proliferation, coiling and lumen formation were faster in pyloric gland. The cells of pyloric gland contained undifferentiating, mucous secreting and sporadic parietal cells. Well differentiated mucous secreting cells were noticed at 121 days of gestation. Reticular, collagen and elastic fibers came into sight at 38, 100 and 100 days of gestation, respectively. Combined thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosae and submucosa and tunica muscularis was more in pyloric gland region than other region of the abomasum.

Title: Histomorphochemical Characterization of Harderian Gland of Goat (Capra hircus)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on six young goats of local mixed breed of either sex to study the histology and histochemistry of the Harderian gland. The Harderian gland was tubulo-acinar gland, consisting of both serous and mucous secretory end pieces. The secretory units were surrounded by myoepithelial cells. Aggregates of lymphoid tissue and a patch of hyaline cartilage were noticed in the interstitial tissue. The duct system was comprised of intralobular and interlobular ducts. The histochemical studies showed a positive reaction for presence of glycogen, both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides and presence of weakly acidic sulfated mucosubstances, hyaluronic acid and sialomucins in the secretory units and goblet cells in the interlobular ducts.

Title: Effect of Season on Biochemical Profile of Osmanabadi Goat under Agro-Climatic Conditions of Chhattisgarh Plains
Abstract :

The current study was undertaken at Goat Unit of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Durg located within the campus of College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg. Blood samples were collected from 20 adult female goats every month during summer (n=80), rainy (n=80) and winter (n=80) season to investigate the blood biochemical parameters in Osmanabadi goat. The results obtained during the investigation revealed the significant seasonal variation (P< 0.01) in all the biochemical parameters studied, i.e. serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, Albumin: Globulin ratio and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The mean total serum protein for summer was significantly higher (P< 0.01) than rainy and winter season. A similar trend was recorded in case of serum globulin and BUN values, but the reversed trend was observed in the mean values of serum albumin, A:G ratio and serum glucose. Thus, the observations of the study could able to establish the seasonal variation in biochemical parameters and could serve as reference values for Osmanabadi goat reared under the agro-climatic conditions of Chhattisgarh plains lies in the central zone of India.

Title: Comparison of Serum Biochemical and Mineral Profiles of Cattle Reared Under Island and Coastal Ecosystem
Abstract :

The present study was conducted in the Department of Animal Reproduction Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, BBSR in collaboration with ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Portblair (Andaman and Nicobar Island). Crossbred cattle with the history of anoestrus and repeat breeding were considered for the present investigation. The basic difference in serum biochemical and mineral profiles of cattle reared under two quite different ecosystems namely Island and coastal ecosystem was estimated which might be due to the variability in rainfall, ambient temperature, day light length and humidity. The incidence of different infertility conditions in both the ecosystems also might vary as per the environment. Serum samples were collected for estimations of biochemical parameters like total protein, glucose, cholesterol, Ca, P and Ca:P ratio. The overall incidence of infertility was recorded to be 47.62 % in island and 45.90 % in coastal ecosystem. No significant difference in serum levels of total protein, glucose, cholesterol, zinc, copper and manganese could be observed in between cattle reared in both ecosystems. It was concluded that the variations in humidity, ambient temperature, rain fall and day light length between Portblair, Andaman and coastal climate of Odisha, did not have much effect on reproduction of cattle.

Title: Histoarchitecture and Histochemical Studies on the Lacrimal Gland of Pig (Sus scrofa)
Abstract :

The fresh tissues were collected from five pigs of either sex and processed for histomorphological studies. The gland was located on dorso-lateral aspect of the eye in the orbital cavity. The gland was multilobar tubulo-acinar with predominance of acini. It was covered by a thick connective tissue capsule and connective tissue septa, which penetrate into the glandular parenchyma and divided the gland into lobes and lobules. The acini were of mixed type but predominantly sero-mucous in nature. The secretory units were followed by a duct system. The excretory duct system was made up of intercalated, intralobular, interlobular and large excretory ducts. The strong presence of glycogen in the acini was demonstrated with the help PAS (McManus’) stain. The ducts showed very weak reaction for the presence of glycogen but goblet cells in the stratified ducts showed strong positive reaction for PAS. The acini showed strong reaction for acidic mucosubstances with PAS-AB. The goblet cells in the stratified ducts also showed strong positive activity towards the PAS-AB. The intense activity towards the Alcian blue showed presence of sialomucins and hyaluronic acids in glandular parenchyma of the lacrimal gland

Title: A Study on Different Dairy Farming Systems and Their Productivity in Kerala
Abstract :

The study conducted was among farmers who were members of dairy co-operatives in different agro- climatic zones of Kerala with the objective to identify dairy farming systems and to document productivity. It was observed that small holders operated 83.80 per cent of the farms. Eight farming systems based on cropping patterns were identified. Mixed farming was the largest system with 50.0 per cent of the sampled units while systems based on mono cultures of paddy, coconut or rubber constituted 27.20 per cent and homestead farms accounted to 20.6 per cent of the studied farms. The average peak yield ranged from 14.63±0.37 (litres) in small farms to 18.64±0.54 (litres) in large farms. Test day yields were 9.61±0.30 in small farms and 12.58±0.68 in large farms. Peak yields, test day yields and predicted lactation yields differed significantly between types of farms (P<0.01). Service period (128.53±7.96 days) and inter calving period (408.53±7.96) were significantly shorter (P<0.01) in large farms than in small or medium farms.

Title: Quality Evaluation of Preferred Meat Product in Bareilly City
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the existing quality of the most preferred meat product in Bareilly city in Uttar Pradesh. According to survey of 15 road side shops and restaurants in city, chicken and mutton Seekh Kabab was found most preferred RTE meat product, agreed by 66.66% of the retailer. The Kabab samples were collected aseptically and their quality was evaluated, and found that the protein and fat percentage varied significantly (P<0.05) among samples and ranged between 11.13-13.12% and 7.34-9.55% respectively. The oxidative stability of fat is reflected by TBARS value which was found significantly (P<0.05) variable among samples, raged between 1.64-2.28 mg malonaldehyde/kg. The total plate count (TPC) observed ranging between 5.62-6.53 log10 CFU/g, which were above acceptable standard limits for processed meat products for all the samples. Therefore it could be concluded that, there is need to improve the processing and handling practices involved in Kabab preparation and marketing in Bareilly City to secure public health.

Title: Morphological and Morphometrical Studies on the Skull of Binturong (Arctictis binturong)
Abstract :

The binturong or bearcat is the largest species of the family Viverridae. It is uncommon in much of its range and has been assessed as vulnerable on the IUCN red list. The size of the head was small, narrow and light in proportion to the body. The skull of the binturong was dolichocephalic as per the cephalic index (56.25). There was no prominent internasal suture and the orbits were incomplete with optic foramen present near the ventral surface. The mean skull length, skull width, skull base length, cranial length, cranial width, cranial height, were 14.95±0.10 cm, 8.47±0.10 cm, 15.07±0.02 cm, 11.16±0.09 cm, 6.56±0.11 cm, 3.16±0.08 cm, respectively. The mean facial length, facial width, maxilla length, maxilla height, distance between infraorbital foramen, diameter of infraorbital foramina, nasal length, nasal width were 4.95±0.08 cm, 6.14±0.12 cm, 4.46±0.01 cm, 3.83±0.02 cm, 4.68±0.10 cm, 0.49±0.07 cm, 2.94±0.03 cm, 1.97±0.11 cm, respectively. Scanty literature available on morphological and morphometrical studies of the skull of binturong. Therefore this present study was aimed to establish a morphometric database that will eventually guide the use of these measurements for diagnosis and treating different disorders.

Title: Effect of Ovsynch Estrus Synchronization Protocol on Fertility in Crossbred Ewes
Abstract :

The present study was designed to test the comparative efficacy of Ovsynch estrus synchronization protocols during two different phases’s i.e. breeding and out-of-breeding season in crossbred ewes. During both phases a total of 60 ewes were randomly divided into four groups (n=15 in each group) viz. Group I (Control out-of-breeding season), II (Treatment out-of-breeding season), III (Control breeding season) and IV (Treatment breeding season). The Ovsynch protocol (Group II and IV) consisted of buserelin acetate on day 0, cloprostenol sodium on day 5 and buserelin acetate on day 7 intramuscular (im). Blood sampling was carried out for estimation of plasma progesterone concentration in due course of study. Trans-rectal real-time B-mode ultrasonography (USG) was done for early pregnancy diagnosis at day 25 post-mating with reconfirmation on day 45. The results of the present study showed that the Ovsynch protocol was almost equally effective in induction of estrus resulting in better pregnancy rate and subsequent fertility during both seasons. The progesterone concentration did not vary significantly among all groups (P<0.05) on day 14, 25 and 45 post-mating. Thus, the Ovsynch protocol could be advised for improvement of reproductive efficiency during breeding as well as out-of-breeding season in crossbred ewes throughout the year.

Title: Urine and Milk of Dairy Animals as an Indicator of Hydrofluorosis
Abstract :

The South-Western region of Punjab is endemic for hydrofluorosis and the livestock consuming fluoride rich water exhibit dental mottling and skeletal fluorosis. The present study was conducted in fluoritic areas of Mansa district of Punjab with an aim to find out the concentration of fluoride in urine and milk of dairy animals in relation to varying levels of fluoride concentration in drinking water of fluorotic areas and non fluoritic areas. For this, eight urine samples and six milk samples were collected from livestock consuming water having fluoride concentration upto 8 ppm. Urinary and milk F level was significantly high in dairy animals from the fluorotic area, ranging from 10 to 30 mg/l and 0.4 to 0.8mg/l respectively as compared to animals from non fluorotic area that varied from 3-4 mg/l F in urine and 0.04 to 0.08mg/l F in milk.

Title: Age Specific Role of Myostatin Intron-2 Gene on Body Weight of Magra Sheep
Abstract :

The economic success of small ruminant based livestock production system depends on the factors affecting the muscular growth. Therefore, the present study was carried out in one of the potential ovine meat genotype, i.e., Magra sheep breed, to investigate the role of growth regulating myostatin (MSTN)gene on body weight of Magra lambs at different stages through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP’s) based marker.Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood of randomly selected Magra sheep (N=74) maintained at Livestock Research Farm, CSWRI, Bikaner campus through spin column method. A 311bp fragment comprising intron 2 region of MSTN gene was amplified through designed homologous primers (GenBank accession number JN856480) at an annealing temperature of 54°C. Initial screening of collected specimen was carried out through single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) based marker on 8% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels to detect the polymorphic individuals. Sequencing and clustal analysis was carried out in order to detect SNP’s responsible for genetic variation among individuals. The three conformational patterns detected were observed to be the result of substitution of five different nucleotides substitution in the amplified fragment. Association analysis revealed significant role of heterozygotic SNP’s conformation (CTAAA/TATGT) on body weight of Magra sheep at 3 and 6 months of age in comparison to homozygotic genotypic pattern, TATGT/TATGT. The present study concluded that genetic variability in intron- 2 region of MSTN gene in Magra lamb significantly affects body weight at specific stages of life.

Title: Influence of Alteration in Far-Off Period Feeding Management on Water Intake, Water and Dry Matter Efficiency, Relative Immunoglobulin Level in Dairy Cows at Tropical Climate
Abstract :
Proper changes in feeding management during dry period in periparturient dairy cows have shown better performances in terms of health, production, and dry matter intake. A study was performed on 14 healthy Jersey crossbred dairy cows which were separated into two groups viz. treatment and control group. Alteration in feeding management was done during far off period in treatment group than control group cows however, the cows of both the groups received similar feeding regimes in close up period as per the standard farm management practices. The statistically analyzed data revealed significantly higher (P<0.001) water intake, ratio of water to dry matter intake in treatment group animals as compared to that of control group cows. Data revealed numerically higher blood plasma Brix% in treatment group animals however, there was significantly no difference (P>0.05) among treatment and the control group animals. Correlation coefficients suggested positive and high correlation (P<0.01) among water intake, dry mater intake, and milk yield and udder health status of dairy cows. In conclusion, based on this study it can be stated that the alteration in far-off period may be suitable for increased water intake, thereby increasing dry matter intake, reducing negative energy balance of dairy cows. In conclusion, it can be stated that proper reduction of concentrate supply during far-off dry period may be done to achieve improved performance of dairy cows in tropical region.
Title: Development of Fibre Enriched Chicken Nuggets Using Combination of Wheat Bran with Dried Apple Pomace or Dried Carrot Pomace
Abstract :

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of incorporation of wheat bran (WB) with dried apple pomace (DAP) or dried carrot pomace (DCP) on quality attributes of chicken nuggets. Raw emulsion was stuffed in rectangular moulds, cooked in electric oven at 165°C for 40 minutes and nuggets were prepared by slicing cooked emulsion to 2-3 cm3 size. Colour scores increased with increase in DAP level in WB + DAP treated nuggets. A steady decrease in scores for all other sensory attributes was noticed in both WB + DAP and WB + DCP treated nuggets with increase in fibre level. Hardness and shear press value increased whereas springiness and cohesiveness decreased with increase in fibre level. Gumminess and chewiness of WB + DAP treated nuggets increased with increase in fibre level while gumminess and chewiness of WB + DAP treated nuggets showed a variable trend. Cooking yield and emulsion stability of fibre enriched nuggets were significantly higher whereas moisture, protein, cholesterol content and pH were significantly lower than control. Insoluble, soluble and total dietary fibre content increased drastically in treated nuggets. Thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS) value and microbial counts increased significantly during refrigerated storage in all the products. It is concluded that healthier and dietary fibre enriched chicken nuggets with refrigerated storage stability up to 15 days can be prepared using combination of wheat bran (2%) with dried apple pomace (6%) or dried carrot pomace (4%) each

Title: Appraisal of Feeding Practices Followed by Dog Owners in Ferozepur and Fazilka Districts
Abstract :

The present study, was conducted on 132 dog owners,sixty eight (38 from urban and 30 from rural), andsixty four (32 from urban and 32 from rural) from Ferozepur and Fazilkadistricts respectively and views regarding the feeding and management of their pets were recorded. Quantity of food items fed to dogs such as milk, veggie, and dal were higher (P<0.05) in urban areas of Fazilka whereas rice consumption was higher (P<0.05)in urban area ofFerozepurdistrict. In rural areas of Ferozepur, the quantity of rice, veggie and meat offered to the pet dogs was higher (P<0.05) than that offered in rural Fazilka.The amount of bone offered was higher (P<0.05) in the rural Fazilka.Consumption of milk is significantly (P≤0.05) higher in rural area and is 113% higher than urban area of FerozepurVeggies is the only food item which was fed significantly (P≤0.05) in higher amount to the dog of urban areas (45.94g) in contrast to rural areas (15.63g) of Fazilka district.Milk, milk product, curd, sweet and dal given by rural dog owners to their dog was highest in Ferozepur district than Fazilka district. The microbiological parameters such as SPC and Coliforms were also well below the prescribed limits of the cooked dog foods.Based on the data available, it is clearly indicated that feeding practices followed by the dog owners in both districts has variable trends. Moreover, significant variations were observed in rural and urban area of the same district.

Title: Effect of Orientation, Ventilation, Floor Space Allowance and Cooling Arrangement on Milk Yield and Microclimate of Dairy Shed in Goa
Abstract :

Ten farmers consisting of large, medium, small and marginal from each of six talukas ie Pernem, Bicholim and Ponda taluka of North Goa district; Salcete, Canacona and Sanguem talukas of South Goa district in total sixty farmers were considered based on cattle population for this study. Farmers were interviewed for collecting information on housing and production aspect of dairy cattle. Subsequently farmers were grouped according to type of dairy house. Data on microenvironment of cattle shed and milk yield of cows were recorded on daily basis. Data analysis revealed that the orientation, ventilation, floor space provision and cooling arrangement had a significant effect on average daily milk yield and microenvironment of dairy shed. Significantly higher milk yield and lesser heat stress were observed in east – west orientation, good ventilation and standard floor space of minimum 5 m2 per cattle. Further cooling arrangement in cattle shed had a highly significant (P < 0.01) effect on average daily milk yield and microenvironmental parameters revealing that if false ceiling is made inside cattle shed besides manual and mechanical cooling animals would feel more comfort resulting in higher milk production.

Title: Comparative Study of Ultrasonography Techniques in Predicting Histopathological Lesion of Canine Tumours
Abstract :

Present study was to evaluate and standardize different ultrasonography techniques to predict malignancy of canine tumours. The study was conducted on 28 canine patients (20 females and 8 males) with visible tumour masses with age ranging from 5 to 13 years of age and body weight from 11 to 37 Kg, for a period of 8 months. The ultrasonographic variables for different techniques (B-mode, Colour Doppler and stress elastography) were measured and recorded. The tumour masses after excision were submitted for routine histopathological examination. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and paired “t” test using IBM SPSS statistical packages. The B-mode and Colour Doppler ultrasonography had a low to moderate sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in predicting the malignancy of canine tumours. The stress elastography was a reliable and non-invasive technique to predict the malignancy in case of canine tumours with highest level of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.

Title: Seasonal and Periodical Rhythmicity of Economic Traits and Various Genetic Parameter Analysis in Sahiwal Cows Under Sub-Tropical Environment
Abstract :

The immediate response of animals to fluctuations in any managemental practices or environmental temperature is an alteration in their physiological responses. For those who failed to deal with, their production performance is affected to a great extent. In the present investigation, seasonal and periodical rhythmicity of economic traits and genetic parameters analysis for growth and first lactation traits of Sahiwal cows were performed. Analysis of variance revealed significant effect of period on all growth traits (P≤0.01) and first lactation traits under investigation. Effect of season of birth was significant (P≤0.05) on W6, W12, W18 and W24 whereas BW, W30 and WFC were not significantly affected. Furthermore, season effect was found to be non significant on different first lactation traits except FCI (P≤0.05). The estimates of heritability for BW, W6, W12, W18, W24, W30, WFC, AFC, FL305DMY, FLL, FCI and FSP were 0.12 ± 0.28, 0.67 ± 0.34, 0.49 ± 0.33, 0.19 ± 0.29, 0.19 ± 0.30, 0.42 ± 0.32, 0.43 ± 0.22, 0.11 ± 0.09, 0.26 ± 0.11, 0.09 ± 0.02, 0.02 ± 0.05 and 0.03 ± 0.03 respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations amongst most of the growth and first lactation traits were higher in magnitude. Therefore these results indicated that genetic associations and effect of environmental variations could be effective for formulating selection criteria on the basis of early expressed economic traits in Sahiwal cattle.

Title: Expression of L-Selectin in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Crossbred Cows Affected with Subclinical Mastitis
Abstract :

L-Selectin (SELL) linked with innate immune mechanism involved in neutrophil migration through endothelium to the site of inflammation. Early recruitment of neutrophils at the site of infection is essential to counteract infection at the earliest in conditions like sub-clinical mastitis (SCM). The present study was framed to evaluate the expression pattern of SELL in naturally occurring SCM in crossbred animals using real time PCR technique. Analysis of data on total leukocyte count indicated leucocytosis condition in SCM affected crossbred cows. Relative expression of SELL on peripheral blood leukocytes revealed a significant 3.16 folds down regulation in SCM affected cows when compared with healthy crossbred cows (P<0.05). The possible reason for leukocytosis in SCM animals might be due to down regulation of SELL on leukocytes reducing their ability to transmigrate through blood vessel to infection site. The result of present study revealed a definite role of SELL in SCM which could be explored for therapeutic aspects in near future.

Title: Pharmacokinetics of Amikacin after Repetitive Intravenous Administration in Healthy Goats
Abstract :

Pharmacokinetic of amikacin was carried out in clinically healthy female goats of Sirohi breed following multiple once daily dose (@ 10 mg/kg bwt I/V) for five days. Concentrations of amikacin in blood plasma were estimated by microbiological assay technique and various kinetic parameters were calculated using two compartment open model. The minimum therapeutic concentration (≥ 1.0 μg/ml) was maintained up to 12 h in both 1st and 5th day of drug administration. The drug was detectable up to 24 h. Significantly higher plasma concentrations of the drug appeared at 0.042, 0.83, 0.50, 0.75, 2, 4, 8, 12 h except 0.166, 0.25, 1.0, 1.5, 6, 24 h on 5th day as compared to 1st day of drug administration. Following multiple once daily I/V administration, the values of the extrapolated zero time concentration of the drug during distribution phase (A), theoretical zero time concentration (Cpo), mean residential time (MRT) and elimination of drug from central compartment (Kel) remained non-significant, while significantly lower value of elimination rate constant (β), significantly increased value of elimination phases (B), area under curve (AUC), area under first moment curve (AUMC) and total body clearance (ClB)were observed in 5th day as compared to 1st day of amikacin administration. From these kinetic parameters, the loading (D*) and maintenance (D0) doses of 07.02 ± 0.36 and 05.91 ± 0.15 mg/kg bwt I/V, respectively were calculated for maintaining the therapeutic concentration (Cp∞ min = MIC) of 1.0 μg/ml at the dosage interval of 12 h.

Title: Diagnostic Evaluation of Immunoassay Kits for Early Pregnancy Detection in Cattle
Abstract :

Diagnosis of pregnancy at an early stage is important for profitable dairy enterprise. The objective of present study was to evaluate diagnostic performance of immunoassay kits used for early pregnancy detection in cattle. Two ELISA based kits were used for detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins-1 (PAG-1) and pregnancy-specific protein B (PSP-B). Another RIA based kit was used for the estimation of serum progesterone (P4 ). Ultrasound examination was done in all cows under controlled experimental conditions and used as a reference method. Based on availability of assay points, two pregnant groups of dairy cattle i.e. 30-35D (n=16) and 45-50D (n=10) were included for PAG-1/PSP-B estimation. However, all four Pregnant groups viz., 7-10D (n=11), 17-20D (n=8), 30-35D (n=16) and 45-50D (n=10) and three non-pregnant groups viz., Heifer (n=6), Cyclic Non-AI (n=13) and Post-partum (PP; n=13) were included for progesterone estimation. Ultrasound examination was done at 30- 35D and 45-50D of pregnancy to screen the experimental animals and early pregnancy samples were confirmed retrospectively. Sensitivity of all three immunoassay kits for PAG-1, PSP-B and P4 was reported 92.31%, 96.15% and 84.44%, respectively. Specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and Accuracy for P4 kit were observed 90.63%, 0.93, 0.81 and 87.01%, respectively. However, lack of values in non-pregnant animals in study for the estimation of PAG-1/ PSP-B limits full reflection of diagnostic performance of respective kits. Henceforth, it is recommended to include large number of pregnant as well as non-pregnant animals to conclude comprehensively on the diagnostic performance of these assays

Title: Effect of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) Leaf and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Powder as Feed Additives on Haemato-biochemical Parameters of Broiler Chicks
Abstract :

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of tulsi and ginger as feed additives on haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. Two hundred and ten day-old chicks divided into 7 groups and each group having 30 chicks. Control group was fed on basal diet and T1 and T2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of tulsi leaf powder in the ration, respectively. Likewise, G1 and G2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of ginger powder in the ration, respectively. T1G1 and T2G2 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of both herbs in combination, respectively. Approximately 5 ml blood sample was collected aseptically from wing vein of six randomly selected birds from each group at 42nd day of experiment for haemato-biochemistry. Highly significant (P<0.01) effect of tulsi leaf and ginger powder was observed on Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, total protein, AST and ALT at 42nd day of age. Serum albumin was significantly (P<0.05) increased in treatment groups G2 and T2G2. The serum glucose and triglyceride level was significantly (P<0.01) reduced in all treatment groups except T2 as compared to control group. Highest reduction in cholesterol level was observed in T2G2 group which showed non-significant difference with G2 and T1G1 group as compared to control and other treatment groups. However, creatinine and globulin showed non-significant difference among the treatment group. It may be concluded that supplementation tulsi leaf and ginger powder as feed additives improves haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chicks.

Title: Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Isolated from Flies Trapped at Animal and Poultry Farm Premises
Abstract :

The aim of this study was to explore antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella species from flies trapped at livestock and poultry farm premises. A total of 36 pools of flies and 72 rectal/cloacae swabs were collected. All the flies were Musca domestica except one fly was Calliphora erythrocephala. E. coli were recovered from all the flies (100%) and fecal (100%) samples. Whereas, Salmonellae were obtained from 21 (58.33%) flies and 15 (20.83%) fecal samples. E. coli and Salmonella isolates were multi-drug resistant strains. E. coli exhibited resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), cefotaxime (93.57%), aztreonam (59.63%), cefpodoxime (58.71%) and imipenem (48.62%). Salmonellae were also 100% resistant to ampicillin-clavulanic acid followed by cefotaxime (91.66%), cefpodoxime (94.44%) and imipenem (91.66%). Colistin resistance was recorded more in Salmonella (61.11%) than E. coli (12.84%) by phenotypic assays, however, mcr1 to mcr5 genes could not be detected in any of the E. coli and Salmonella isolates. Bacteria studied were ESBL (21.10%) and MBL positive. Present study is suggestive of the fact that flies harbor multidrug resistant, ESBL, MBL and colistin resistant E. coli and Salmonella strains. Extensive monitoring of indicators organisms of AMR in unconventional reservoirs like flies is needed.

Title: Clinico-pathological Evaluation of PPR in a Flock of Ganjam Sheep and Goat in Odisha
Abstract :

Present study was aimed to investigate the mortality among a flock of Ganjam sheep and goat during December, 2016 in Odisha. These breed of small ruminant mostly reared in nomadic pattern by certain “Gola” community with native tract mostly in south-eastern and eastern-ghat of agroclimatic zones in Odisha with hot and humid climate. Clinical signs and gross lesions as observed among the animals were indicative of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). There was nearly 90% morbidity and 42.22% mortality. Higher mortality was recorded among the weaners (~ 63%) followed by kids (~ 42%). Blood examination revealed anemia with significantly (p ≤0.05) decrease in total erythrocyte counts (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) through t-test. Affected animals showed leucocytosis with nutrophillia and lymphopaenia. Statistically significant (p ≤0.05) alterations in various serum biochemical parameters were evident in morbid animals. At necropsy, typical lesions were erosive as well as hemorrhagic lesions in buccal mucosa, abomasums and intestine along with fibrinous bronchopneumonia. Histopathological changes were mostly infiltrations of inflammatory cells, syncytia and presence of intranuclear and /or intracytoplasmic eosinophillic inclusions in epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, lungs and hepatocytes.

Title: Prevalence of Sub-clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cow of Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :

Among myriads of factors causing huge loss to the dairy industry, mastitis occupies major cause of concern. Sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) is an inflammation of udder without any visible changes in the udder and milk. In this study, 242 no. of cows were screened by modified California Mastitis Test (mCMT), milk pH, electrical resistance (ER) and somatic cell count (SCC). Apparently healthy cows had the mean value of milk pH, ER, and SCC was 6.57±0.04, 356.67±13.33 and 1.52±0.12×105 cells/ ml, respectively, while the corresponding values in SCM infected cows were 7.55±0.04, 315.00±19.45 and 17.22±3.12×105 cells/ml. The overall prevalence of SCM infected cow was found to be 31.40% on animal wise, 7.85% on quarter wise, and 2.48% on blind teat wise. The individual quarter wise prevalence was found to be highest in left hind quarter (15.70%) and left fore quarter (5.78%), while lowest in right hind quarter (5.37%) and right fore quarter (4.54%). The prevalence of SCM in relation to stage of lactation in cows revealed highest (36.54%) in early stage of lactation followed by late (34.38%) and mid (27.78%) stages of lactation. The variable prevalence of SCM was observed at different stage of parity. The highest prevalence was observed at 2nd parity (66.67%) followed by 1st parity (43.33%), 4th parity (40.75%), 3rd parity (30.00%), 5th parity (19.44%), 6th parity (13.04%) and lowest at 7th and above parity (8.57%). Losses incurred due to mastitis can be minimized by improving management and milking practices.

Title: Down-Regulation of Rho GTPase-Activating Protein 7 (DLC1) in Tear Film and Modulation of Rho GTPase Dynamics by Rosuvastatin in Dogs Suffering from Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Abstract :

Rho GTPases activity in tear fluid as well as ocular surface epithelium (OSEC) during progression of Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and their modulation with Rosuvastatin in dogs was studied. Based on Schirmer’s tear test, KCS cases were staged as early (n= 21) and late KCS (N=14). Tear and ocular surface epithelial cell samples were collected from all cases for protein and gene expression studies. Rho GTPase activity in different stages of KCS was evaluated by tear fluid 1D-SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF/MS, western blotting and corneal tissue immuno-histochemistry (IHC). Protein expression studies showed increased expression of Rho GTPases in early and late KCS. Effect of Rosuvastatin on progression of KCS was evaluated on 12 client owned dogs divided into two groups A (control group) and B (treatment group) having six dogs in each. Group A dogs were treated with topical eye drops alone whereas, group B animals were treated with topical eye drops and Rosuvastatin orally @ 0.2 mg/kg B.W. 14 days. Tear proteomic study revealed significant down-regulation of Rho GTPase-activating protein 7 (DLC1) and up-regulation Rho modulators and Ras-related Rab proteins in KCS cases. Group B dogs showed better response in terms of corneal clarity both clinically and photographically compared to group A. Expression of Rho GTPase proteins was increased in group B compared A post treatment. On Real-Time PCR assay, mRNA expression of RhoA and GDI2 was contained post Rosuvastatin treatment in OSCEs. Rosuvastatin treatment reduced the gene expression of Rho GTPases and blocked the progression of KCS in dogs.

Title: Importance of Bovine Mastitis Associated Gene Expression Analysis – A Review
Abstract :

Bovine mastitis has for a long period severely restrained production performance in the dairy enterprise. Despite improved management approaches and veterinary services, mastitis is still responsible for a major loss of the economy to the extent of worldwide. Genetic control as in development of protective immune mechanism and disease tolerant animal is considered an economic and prophylactic technique for health improvement management. We, therefore, need to recognise thoroughly the factors regulating the association between both the etiological agents and the host’s mammary gland cells. Consequently, we need to determine differentially expressed genes during particular conditions in regard to mastitis. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing technique (RNA-Seq) has evolved as the main option for the analysis of differential gene expression setting the foundations for modern genetic research.

Title: Efficiency of Dietary Supplementation of Flavonoid (Quercetin), Vegetable Oil and Its Combination on Growth Traits and Feed Conversion in Broilers
Abstract :

The study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of dietary supplementation of Flavonoid (Quercetin) compound, vegetable oil and its combination on feed intake, growth traits and feed conversion in broiler chickens. Four dietary treatments were assigned in to 192 Vencob-400 strain broiler chicks for the 35 days duration (7th-42nd days). The treatments were control (T1) without any supplementation, whereas T2, T3 and T4 supplemented with Quercetin (1g kg-1), vegetable oil (>10% of ME recommendation) and combination of Quercetin with vegetable oil, respectively. Each group comprised of four replicates (12 birds in each). All the treatment groups were fed similar corn soya based basal diet. Daily and weekly feed intake throughout the experimental period was found comparable among the dietary treatment groups except the period of 4th week, where higher (P<0.05) feed intake was observed in control (T1). During starter phase weekly body weight gain (g/bird/week) and weekly growth rate (g/bird/d) was significantly (P<0.01) differ amongst the group, which was highest in T4; while these parameters were found comparable in finisher phase. However, the cumulative weight gains and cumulative growth rate were significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 and T4 group. Similarly, Quercetin supplementation (T2) had also revealed higher cumulative weekly weight gain and growth rate over control group (P<0.01). The feed conversion ratio was revealed better (P<0.05) in T4 group during 4th and 6th week and also for overall experiment. Thus, the supplementation of Quercetin or vegetable oil or its combination in broilers had shown a better growth performance and improvement in feed conversion ratio.

Title: Mode of Inheritance of Immunocompetence Traits in Three Japanese Quail Populations
Abstract :

In order to assess genetic attributes on immune traits of three varieties of domesticated Japanese quails developed by CARI (CARI-UJJAWAL, CARI-SUNEHERI AND CARI-BROWN) were chosen at random from the base populations and reared in individual cages to maintain sire and dam pedigree record system. Records of 160 progenies from 180 sires and 180 dams of each variety analysis carried using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) animal model. The progenies (480 birds) were exploited to predict the genetic variations in immune traits at 5th (Humoral) & 7th (cell mediated immunity) week of age. Analysis of data revealed that HA titre values was significantly (p<0.01) differed among the varieties and also the hatches. Sex had a no significant impact on the immune traits. For foot pad index test, varieties had significant (P<0.01) effect. But there was no significant effect between sex and also between hatches. Heritability estimates of the immunological traits based on the sire component of variance for antibody titre (HA) ranged from medium to high (0.25 to 0.44), and estimates were low in Foot pad index (0.011 to 0.171) in all the varieties.

Title: Effect of Replacement of Conventional Feeds by Prosopis juliflora Pods and Citrullus lanatus Seed Cake on Nutrient Utilization in Marwari Goats
Abstract :

A study was organized to evaluate the effect of replacement of barley and cottonseed cake by mesquite Prosopis juliflora pods (PJP) and watermelon seed (WMS) cake, respectively in complete feed with sixteen Marwari buckling goats. They were divided into four groups of four animals in each. Four complete feed designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 were prepared. T1 served as control having all the conventional ingredients whereas barley of control was replaced by mesquite PJP in T2, cottonseed cake was replaced by WMS (Citrullus lanatus) cake in T3 and both barley and cottonseed cake were replaced by mesquite PJP and WMS cake in T4, respectively. The DM intakes, digestibility of DM and gross nutrients, digestible nutrient intake, feed efficiency, were worked out for all the groups. Significant effects of treatment on DM intake, digestibility of CP were observed whereas effects on digestibility of DM, EE, CF and NFE were non-significant. It is concluded that both barley and cottonseed cake could be safely and effectively replaced by the mesquite PJP and WMS cake alone or in combination in the complete feed of goats.

Title: Phenotypic Characterization of Macherla Sheep- A Lesser-Known Sheep Breed of Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :

The status of lesser-known sheep cannot be ignored as they comprise 75 Per cent of the total Indian sheep population. The Macherla sheep is one of the lesser-known sheep breeds of Andhra Pradesh with medium to heavy sized body. Because of superior performance over Nellore and the characteristics such as good resistance and adaptability to local climatic conditions, the Macherla sheep attained considerable importance among sheep herders. A stratified random sample survey was conducted in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states populated with huge number of Macherla sheep. The data was measured on 1279 sheep from 27 villages of nine mandals in four districts of two states. The predominant colour pattern in Macherla sheep was bicolour with combinations of white and black or brown and white. Rams are horned and ewes are polled. A gradual increase in the body measurements was observed from milk tooth to full mouth stage. Males recorded significantly higher body measurements than females. District has significant influence on the body measurements with higher recordings in Guntur district. The influence of district on body weight of Macherla sheep are found to be significant at all ages studied except for two-toothed and six-toothed ages. Among sexes, males recorded heavier body weights compared to females. The reproductive performance of Macherla sheep was ideal and within the range of species. The lambing Percentage was quite good in Macherla sheep. The Phenotypic correlations of body weight with the linear body measurements were positive and high.

Title: Biometrical Changes in Reproductive Organs of Bakharwal Goats with Age
Abstract :

To study the biometry of genital organs of Bakharwal goats, twenty reproductive tracts were collected from slaughterhouses of Jammu during October 2014 to December 2014. Based on the age of slaughtered animals, the reproductive tracts were divided into two groups (group A, age between 12-18 months and group B, age between 24-30 months). For cervix length and width and thickness, the average measurements of group A were 4.31 ± 0.02 cm, 1.24 ± 0.03 cm, 0.54±0.02 and in group B were 4.44 ± 0.03 cm, 1.37 ± 0.01 cm, 0.61± 0.02, respectively. Similarly in group A, the average size of body of uterus was 3.31± 0.03 cm, 1.53 ± 0.01cm, 0.56 ± 0.02 cm and in group B, 3.47 ±0.11 cm, 1.60 ± 0.03 cm, 0.64 ± 0.01 cm. The average size of the right horn of uterus in group A was 13.98 ± 0.39 cm, 1.83 ± 0.02 cm, 0.57 ± 0.03 cm and the size of the left horn of uterus was 14.62 ± 0.30 cm, 1.02 ± 0.04 cm, 0.45 ±0.03 cm while the average size of the right horn of uterus in group B was 15.51 ± 0.19cm, 1.90 ± 0.02cm, 0.62 ± 0.26 cm and the size of the left horn of uterus was 15.6 ± 0.35 cm, 1.01 ± 0.04 cm, 0.57 ± 0.02 cm for length, width and thickness, respectively. Mean length of right and left fallopian tube in group A was 18.18 ± 0.25 cm, 17.70 ± 0.28 cm while in group B was 19.11 ± 0.10 cm, 17.90 ± 0.20 cm. In group A the average size of the right ovary was 1.98 ± 0.05cm, 1.00 ± 0.04 cm, 0.66 ± 0.03 cm while in left ovary 1.88 ± 0.26 cm, 1.15 ± 0.15, 0.64 ± 0.04 cm for length, width and thickness, respectively. Similarly, in group B the average size of the right ovary was 2.11± 0.05 cm, 1.10 ± 0.05 cm, 0.60 ± 0.02 cm while in left ovary 2.00 ± 0.02 cm, 1.30 ±0.11 cm. 0.66 ± 0.03 cm, for length, width, and thickness, respectively. It was concluded that the size of genital organs of Bakharwal goat increases with age during 12-18 months to 24-30 months of age.

Title: Therapeutic Evaluation of Levofloxacin and Lugol’s Iodine for Subclinical Endometritis
Abstract :

Study was conducted in cross-bred cows (>60 days-in-milk) to evaluate various therapeutic regimens for Subclinical Endometritis (SCE). A total of 60 animals tested positive for SCE by Endometrial Cytology (EC) were divided into five groups with equal number. Therapeutic regimens viz. 0.3% Lugol’s iodine I/U (G-I), Lenovo-AP I/U (G-II), Meriflox I/M (G-III), Meriflox I/M + AI (G-IV) and No treatment + AI as control (G-V), each treatment opted for 3 days. In G-I, II and III, Whiteside test (WST) of Estrual Mucus and Artificial Insemination (AI) was done on subsequent estrus to evaluate recovery and conception rates, respectively. However, in G-IV and G-V, AI was performed on concurrent estrus to evaluate conception rate. Treatment efficacy was analyzed by recovery rate based on negative WST at next estrus (G-I, II, III) and conception rate evaluated based on pregnancy diagnosis after two months of AI in all groups. Group-I, II and III revealed recovery rate of 83.3%, 50% and 100% as well as conception rate of 50%, 50% and 66.7%, respectively. However, no difference was found in conception rate of G-IV (33.3%) and G-V i.e. control (33.3%). Further, treatment cost calculated per animal was `-9 for Lugol’s iodine, `-135 for Lenovo-AP and `-230 for Meriflox. In conclusion, Meriflox (Levofloxacin) by intramuscular route and AI on subsequent estrus can be recommended for treatment of SCE, and to improve conception rate. Apart from being economical, Lugol’s iodine laden with enormous benefits can be advocated as alternative treatment option via intrauterine administration for SCE.

Title: Effect of Feeding Rice Based Distillers Dried Grains Solubles with and without Enzymes on Gut health of Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

A biological experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding rice based distillers dried grain with solubles (rDDGS) without or with different enzymes on gut health in broiler chickens for 42 days. The experiment was conducted as per 3x4 factorial completely randomized design. A total of 384 broiler chicks were divided into twelve different treatments with 4 replicates for each treatment and each replicate consisted of 8 chicks. Two levels of rDDGS were taken (12.5 and 15%). Protease, xylanase and multienzymes supplementation under different treatments were done. The jejunum histomorphometry in terms of villus height (VH) and their ratio with villus depth (VD) were found significantly (P<0.01) lower at 15% rDDGS level compared to control and 12.5% levels. The xylanase and protease enzyme supplementation significantly (P<0.01) increased the VH and their ratio with VD as compared to control and multienzymes supplemented group. The interaction effect rDDGS and enzyme supplementation was found on VH and VD ratio, where higher ratio was observed at 12.5% rDDGS level with protease enzyme and lower ratio was observed at 15% rDDGS level without enzyme supplementation. The microbiology of the gut in terms of total viable count (TVC) of crop and jejunum significantly (P<0.01) decreased upon increasing rDDGS levels compared to control, whereas reverse effect was observed on Lactobacillus. Thus, it may be concluded that enzymes supplementation improved histomorphometry and microbiology of the gut in broiler chickens at inclusion level of 12.5% rDDGS.

Title: Circulative Oxidative Stress Indices and Ameliorative Potential of S-Adenosyl Methionine in Canine Sarcoptes Infestation
Abstract :

Present study describes the rhythm of oxidant/antioxidant status of dogs affected with sarcoptic mange and ameliorative effects of antioxidant (S-Adenosyl Methionine) supplementation on oxidant/antioxidant status of dogs affected with sarcoptic mange. Study was undertaken on twelve client owned dogs presented at TVCC, DUVASU, Mathura, confirmed to be suffering from sarcoptic mange, which were randomly divided in two groups (group 1 and 2) irrespective of age, sex and breed, comprising of six dogs each, while six healthy dogs were taken as control. Group 1 dogs were treated with only Doramectin @ 0.4 mg/kg body weight subcutaneous weekly for 5 treatments along with standard treatment of pyoderma, whereas group 2 were additionally given S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) @ 20 mg/kg body weight orally for 28 days. In the present investigation dogs with sarcoptic mange were found in a state of oxidative stress as indicated by significantly elevated Total Oxidant Status (TOS) and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) values and significantly reduced Total Antioxidant Capacity (T-AOC) values as compared to healthy dogs. The dogs of group 2 showed better clinical recovery and marked ameliorations in TOS, T-AOC and OSI values in comparison to group 1 at the end of therapy. On the basis of findings of present investigation, it is concluded that administration of SAMe in addition to standard therapy can mitigate these alterations expediting the clinical recovery of diseased dogs and therefore can be recommended as an adjunct therapy with miticides for management of canine sarcoptic mange.

Title: Comparison of Calving and Conception Rate after Timed Artificial Insemination (AI) with Estrus Synchronization Protocols in Crossbred Cows under Field Conditions
Abstract :

This study was performed in 48 cross bred cows to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different estrus synchronization protocols with fixed time artificial insemination. Animals were allocated into four groups i.e. Group I: (n=12, Two Injection Prostaglandin system) Cloprostenol Sodium 500 μgm on day 0 and day 14 and AI was done 48 and 72 hours from second dose. Group II: (n=12, Heat-synch) day 0 Buserelin acetate 20 μgm, day 7 Cloprostenol sodium 500 μgm, on Day 8, Estradiol benzoate (1 ml) and AI on day 10. Group III: (n=12, Ov-Synch) day 0 Bruserelin acetate 20 μgm, day 7 Cloprostenol sodium 500 μgm, Day 9 Buserelin acetate 20 μgm and A.I. on day 10. Group IV: (n=12, Ov-Synch plus Indigenous progesterone sponge) on day 0 Buserelin acetate 20 μgm along with insertion of progesterone sponge with 1.20 gm natural progesterone, day 7 Cloprostenol sodium 500 μgm and removal of progesterone sponge, day 9, Buserelin acetate 20 μgm and AI on day 10. Inj. Buserelin acetate 20 μgm was administered on day 6th from AI in Group II, III and IV. Pregnancy was detected per rectally on day 40 after AI. In present study, estrus ratio was higher in Group II (91.66%) followed by group IV and Group III. Conception rate was significantly higher in Group III (100%). The calving percentage was significantly lower in group I and highest in Group III (100%), the difference in conception and calving rate suggests the minimum embryonic losses in Group I, but no embryonic loss was recorded in Group III, IV and II.

Title: Impact of Dietary Supplementation of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Powder on Performances in Broilers
Abstract :
Use of antibiotics has been found to have negative effects on broiler health and its production therefore; there is a need for supplementation of herbal ingredients in broiler feed. An experiment was conducted on herbal dietary supplementation of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder to study its effect on growth performance in caged broilers. A total of 48 day old broiler chicks of same hatch were procured and randomly divided into four groups with three sub groups comprising of 3 chicks in each to serve as replicates T0 (control) had standard ration as per NRC; T1 ration was supplemented with 5g Shatavari root powder /kg feed; T2 ration was supplemented with 5g Ashawagandha powder /kg feed and T3 ration was supplemented with 2.5g Shatavari +2.5g Ashawagandha powder/ kg feed. The birds were reared in battery type cages under standard managemental practices from day-old to five weeks of age. Statistically analyzed data shown that the average body weight gain, final body weight, and feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) highest in T3 group followed by T2, T0 and T1 group. Overall FCR suggested that supplementation of these feed additives did not negatively affect the FCR of caged broiler chicks. From this study it can be concluded that caged broilers supplemented with 2.5g Shatavari + 2.5g Ashawagandha powder/ kg feed may perform well in caged conditions without having negative impact on FCR of caged broiler chicks.
Title: Nutritional Value and Physico-chemical Properties of Dog Diet in Sub-mountainous Zone of Punjab
Abstract :

A total of 50 samples of dog diet were collected from six districts i.e. Gurdaspur, Pathankot, Ropar, Mohali, Hoshiarpur and Nawanshahr of sub-mountainous zone of Punjab. These samples comprise of milk, chapatti, pulses, fruits, meat, eggs, vegetables etc. The collected samples were evaluated for proximate analysis (Crude protein (CP), ether extracts (EE), total ash (TA), acid insoluble ash (AIA) and crude fiber), minerals (calcium and phosphorus), physiochemical properties (pH, free fatty acids and peroxide value) and microbiological counts (total plate count, coliform count and staphylococcus count). The crude protein (CP), ether extracts (EE), total ash (TA), acid insoluble ash (AIA) and crude fiber values were in the range of 11.37-27.1%, 2.45-15.07%, 1.5-9.47%, 0.01-0.85%, 1.4-6.0% respectively. The pH, free fatty acids, peroxide value, total plate count, coliform counts, staphylococcal counts were in the range of 3.68-5.06, 0.08-0.41%, 0.29-1.13 meq/Kg, 2.14-2.51 cfu/gm, 1.07-1.53 cfu/gm and 0.22-0.64 cfu/gm respectively.

Title: Effect of Phytogenic Mixture Supplementation on Carcass Characteristics and Cost of Production in Broiler Chickens during Winter Season
Abstract :

In present experiment 288 day-old commercial broiler chicks were subjected to eight dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of twelve chicks in each replicate were reared for a period of 6 weeks in winter season. The dietary treatments includes: T0- Negative control, T1-control, T2-0.5 % Amla + 0.5 % Ashwagandha + 0.25 % Turmeric powder, T3-0.25 % Amla + 0.5% Ashwagandha + 0.25% Turmeric powder, T4-0.125% Amla + 0.5 % Ashwagandha + 0.25 % Turmeric powder, T5- 0.5 % Amla + 0.25 % Ashwagandha + 0.25 % Turmeric powder, T6-0.5 % Amla + 0.125 % Ashwagandha + 0.25 % Turmeric powder and T7-0.5 % Amla + 0.5 % Ashwagandha + 0.125 % Turmeric powder. Standard managemental practices were followed during the experimental period. Supplementation of phytogenic mixture consisting of 0.5 % amla and 0.5 % Ashwagandha with 0.25% or 0.125 % turmeric powder (T2 and T7) gave best results and improved the giblet percentage, eviscerated weight percentage and drawn percentage in winter season. The cost of production of drawn weight (`/kg) of broilers at six weeks of age was reduced as much as ` 10.23 (T2) and ` 9.48 (T7) in winter season. The study concluded that addition of 0.5 % amla and 0.5 % Ashwagandha with 0.25% or 0.125 % turmeric powder can be effectively supplemented as an alternative to antibiotics growth promoter in poultry ration in winter for improving the carcass characteristics and such ration was found more economical in comparison to that having antibiotic growth promoter

Title: Effect of Melatonin Supplementation on Physiological Observations in Buffalo Calves under Summer Stress
Abstract :

A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of melatonin supplementation on physiological parameters in buffalo calves under summer stress. Twelve healthy Murrah buffalo male calves of 6 month to 1 year age group were taken for the study. Buffalo calves were divided into control (CG) and treatment (TG) group. In TG, Melatonin (18 mg/50 kg BW) was injected subcutaneously, two times at 1st and 20th day. Rectal temperature (RT) (°F), respiratory rate (RR) (breathes per minute) and pulse rate (PR) (beats per minute) was recorded by a clinical thermometer, flank movement and by palpating the coccygeal artery respectively. RT, RR and PR differed significantly (P<0.05) in CG and TG between morning and afternoon. RT, RR & PR were increased significantly (P<0.05) from morning to afternoon in both the groups. During afternoon the rectal temperature was significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatment group. In conclusion, melatonin affected the fluctuation in physiological activity

Title: Time Series Investigation of Milk Production in Major States of India Using ARIMA Modeling
Abstract :

In India, white revolution was started during 1970’s with Operation flood programme. After this revolution, production of milk in India had tremendously increased. Contribution of diary sector has continuously increased in Indian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Livestock sector has emerged as an essential growth driver of the Indian wealth. This study is associated with time series data of five major milk producing states in 2017-18 in India. The milk production projection has been made using Auto Regressive Integrated Moving average model (ARIMA) for year 2024-25. From the forecasted figures, Uttar Pradesh would be leading states of India in milk production with 37.68 MMT in year 2024-25. Whole India milk production would reach 252.948 MMT in year 2024-25. This projection helps in formulating national agricultural policy as well as proper planning for products into dairy sector.

Title: Association of Flooring Materials with Milk Yield and its Composition in Crossbred cows
Abstract :

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of concrete or rubber surface, in combination with open yard with either brick paving or sand bed on milk production and composition in crossbred dairy cows under loose housing system. Total 20 crossbred cows, were assigned to four treatment groups (5 per group) viz. Control group (T0): Concrete floor (in covered feeding area) + Brick paving (in loafing area); Treatment 1 (T1): Concrete floor + Sand bed; Treatment 2 (T2): Rubber mat + Sand bed; Treatment 3 (T3): Rubber mat + Brick paving. Milk yield did not differed significantly (P>0.05) among groups, but it was higher in T2 followed by T3, T0 (control) and T1. Fat %, SNF % and Total Solids % were almost similar (P > 0.05) in all the groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that provision of rubber mat or sand floor alone does not affect milk production and composition. However, floor combination of rubber mat and sand bed in loose houses showed higher production.

Title: Risk Factors Associated with the Lameness in Crossbred Dairy Cattle Maintained Under Field Conditions
Abstract :

A cross-sectional study was conducted with the objective to identify various risk factors associated with lameness in crossbred dairy cattle under unorganized production system in the state of Karnataka, India during November 2017 - May 2018. A total of 204 crossbred dairy cattle were investigated for lameness. The overall incidence of lameness was found to be 13.2%. The Holstein Friesian crossbred dairy cows (18.2%) were more prone to lameness than Jersey crossbred dairy cows (5.2%) The age of the animals greater than 6 years (36%), parity greater than three (21.4%), body condition score less than three (19%), animals affected with hoof disorders (35.5%), animals having white-colored hooves (41.2%), shallow foot angle (19.0%), injured hocks and knees (48.3% and 21.6% respectively) and animals maintained under unhygienic conditions (22.9%) were significant risk groups for higher incidence of lameness. Among herd management level risk factors animals kept on dirty floors (17.5%), free-stall housing (46%) and cemented floors (44.8%) had a significantly higher incidence of lameness. Results of binary logistic regression model (sensitivity 93.01%, specificity 77.8% and accuracy 97.67%) revealed a significant set of risk factors and also provided adjusted odd ratios. The results showed that hoof disorders (OR= 16.98; CI=4.67-61.66), hock injury (OR=11.99; CI=3.243-44.337) and lower body condition score (OR=6.99; CI=1.72-28.37) were the significant predictors of lameness.

Title: Effect of Supplementing Butyric Acid on Growth Performance and Carcass Quality Traits in Broiler
Abstract :

The effect of supplementing different levels of butyric acid on the growth performance and carcass characteristics traits on broiler chickens was observed in the present experiment. One hundred and eighty day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 400) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (Control, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of Butyric acid). Each treatment was replicated three times with15 birds/replicate. Growth performance e.g. feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio were observed. Carcass characteristics traits and development of digestive organs were observed by sacrificing four birds per group at the end of the trial. Weekly body weight gain was found to increase significantly in all supplemented groups on 6th week. Overall body weight gain was found higher in T3 group than other groups. The eviscerated yield (gm) and eviscerated yield (%) were represented to highest in T4 supplemented group whereas ready to cook yield (gm) and ready to cook yield (%) is also highest in T4 supplemented group than control. Digestive organ except proventricular (%) and cecal length (%) were found to differ significantly in all experimental groups. Small intestine (%), small intestine length (%) and large intestine (%) were observed to highest in T4 supplemented group than control. The results indicated that supplementation of butyric acid up to the level of 1.5% of feed improves the growth performance and feed utilization in commercial broiler without having any adverse effect on carcass quality traits in commercial broiler.

Title: Investigation and Therapeutic Management of Hymenolepiosis in Wistar Rats from Chhattisgarh
Abstract :

The present investigation was aimed to know the cause of sudden mortality among Wistar rats in a rat colony. The dead rats (n=20) were subjected to necropsy examination. Intestinal lumens were examined to know the presence of parasites or parasitic body parts. Intestinal faecal contents were collected for identification of the parasitic eggs. Intestinal tissues were collected for histopathological examination. Necropsy revealed the presence of cestodes in the intestinal lumen. The intestines were found to be haemorrhagic and filled with serous and blood tinged contents. The cestode worms were identified as Hymenolepis diminuta based on gross morphological examination of the adult worms and microscopic examination of the eggs. Histopathology revealed necrosis of enterocytes, blunting of villi, degeneration and necrosis of villous and crypt epithelium. The diseased rats were observed for clinical signs and symptoms. Clinically, the rats showed inappetence, dullness, depression, loss of body weight, rough hair coat and a typical hunchback posture. The affected rats were treated by oral administration of Praziquantel, Pyrantel Pamoate and Febantel combination (kiwof plus tablet, Savavet) at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg body weight. The rats were cured after anthelmintic treatment. The present study highlighted the occurrence of hymenolepiosis that caused high mortality among Wistar rats. This study emphasizes the necessity of rapid and specific disease diagnosis and treatment to control the mortality among affected rats and to prevent and control the further spread of parasitic infection among susceptible rats and in the personnel in close surroundings of the infected rats.

Title: Prevalence of Various Reproductive Disorders in the Foothills of Himalaya
Abstract :

The study was carried out to investigate the incidence of reproductive disorders in Assam region of India. A total of 554 crossbred cows were screened and survey was made to rule out prevalence of reproductive diseases. The risk factors such as age and parity were also taken into account to find the relation with occurrence of reproductive disorders. The anestrus (51.12%), repeat breeding (RB; 33.71%), retention of fetal membrane (RFM; 5.06%), dystocia (4.50%), abortion and cervico-vaginal prolapse (2.81%) were recognized as major reproductive disorder in Assam. Age had non-significant (P>0.05) effect in the prevalence of the diseases. However, incidences of anestrus, dystocia and RB, abortion, cervico-vaginal prolapse and RFM were found highest in age group of ≤ 3 and 4-7 and ≥ 8 years, respectively. Parity had significant effect on incidences of anestrus (P<0.05) and RB (P<0.01) however, had no significance effect on other disorders. The result specified adverse climatic condition, low pH of soil, poor managemental practices by dairy producers had contributed in the occurrence of reproductive disorders. Therefore, knowledge regarding the prevalence and factor associated with reproductive diseases could be fruitful to alleviate the problem.

Title: Effect of Different Levels of Rice Gluten Meal with and without Enzyme Supplementation on Duodenal Morphology of Broilers
Abstract :

Rice Gluten Meal availability is more, and it is also a low-cost feed source that can be used as substitute for protein sources in broiler diets. Present study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of rice gluten meal (RGM) with and without enzyme on duodenal morphology. 240-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to six groups with four replicates. During this experiment starter, grower and finisher period, experimental diets were fed to birds which were isonitrogenous and isocaloric formulated with different levels of RGM. They were T1 (control, without RGM and enzyme), T2 (control, without RGM and with cocktail of enzyme @100g/q feed), T3 (10% RGM), T4 (10% RGM with cocktail of enzyme @100g/q feed), T5 (15% RGM), T6 (15% RGM with cocktail of enzyme @100g/q feed). The birds of equal body weight were slaughtered on 42nd day. After thorough examination sections of duodenum were collected and processed for histomorphology. Images were taken to measure villi height and crypt depth. The present study showed the villus height was greater in the duodenum while there was a tendency for increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum of broilers supplemented with 15% rice gluten meal. These results indicated that rice gluten meal enhanced the villus development in the small intestine of broilers

Title: Management of Ocular Setaria in Horses: A Review of 16 Cases
Abstract :

Sixteen cases of horse presented with the worm in the anterior chamber of eyes were managed surgically in xylazine sedated standing horses using either blade incision (n=14) or needle paracentesis (n=2), near limbus. Vision was completely restored in all the cases with complete resolution of symptoms like corneal opacity, corneal oedema and epiphora within 25-30 days, post operatively.

Title: Incidence of Decreasing Population of House Crow (Corvus splendens) in Some Pockets of Malwa Region of Punjab, India
Abstract :

Not long ago, House Crow was the most wide-spread member of the Corvidae family in Punjab. Then, scattered observations revealed a decline in the population of this species, even so, that very few could be seen in many parts of Punjab. Till now there is no study on the House Crow disappearance from Punjab or any other part of the world. The present study was conducted for two continuous years from June 2015-May 2017 to obtain data on the current status of the House Crow population and to determine the possible reasons for their decline in three selected locations, viz. Ludhiana, Sangrur, and Bathinda districts falling in the Malwa region of Punjab. The survey showed that the population of House Crow in some pockets of Punjab has shown a considerable decline. These declines are troubling because the disappearance of House Crow means loss of cost-free scavenger services provided by them. This study could be used to predict and investigate the population of House Crow in other parts of Punjab and provide the baseline information for conservation practices to be adopted for the species in the state

Title: Impact of Bio-preservatives on Sensory Quality of Milk Solids Incorporated Khoa Stored at Room Temperature (23±2°C)
Abstract :

The study was conducted to find the effectiveness of bio-preservatives and packaging method on the shelf life of milk solids based khoa. Khoa samples were prepared individually by combinations of SMP (skimmed milk powder) with ghee and whey protein concentrates and SMP with cream (50% fat). The control sample was prepared utilizing full cream buffalo milk (6% fat). Natamycin at 10 ppm and nisin at 100 IU/g were incorporated while khoa was still hot (85-90°C). The samples without biopreservatives were packaged in simple and vacuum packaging separately. The all treatments were evaluated for sensory quality during storage at room temperature (23±2 °C). The study revealed that vacuum packaged and bio-preservatives treated samples were organoleptically acceptable up to 20th day storage.

Title: Changes in Hormones of Somatotropic Axis during Transition Period in Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Supplemented with Vitamin E
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to assess the effect of vitamin E supplementation on GH-insulin–IGF-1 axis in Murrah buffaloes during transition period. The Murrah buffaloes (n = 12) were selected during their late gestation from National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) livestock herd and divided randomly into two groups, comprising of 6 each. Buffaloes of group I were given only the control diet, while group II were supplemented with 2000 IU/day/head vitamin E along with control feed. Blood sample were collected from each buffalo at weekly interval from day -21 to day +21 relative to parturition by jugular vein- puncture. Growth hormone (GH) -IGF-1 and insulin were quantified by bovine specific ELISA test kit. The results revealed non significant difference in circulatory concentration of insulin and GH during transition period between the two groups. However, insulin and IGF-I magnitude of decline was significantly greater in Group I. It was concluded that decline in the levels of these hormones during transition period was a physiological phenomenon that was associated with negative energy balance. Dietary supplementation of Vitamin E had no direct influence on peripheral profiles of these hormones during transition period

Title: Retention of Magnet in Reticulo-rumen for the Prevention of Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis in Dairy Cattle
Abstract :

The present work was aimed to study retention time of magnet in reticulo-rumen for prevention of traumatic reticulo-peritonitis in cattle. A total of 32 stall fed cattle from an organised dairy farm were screened for foreign bodies in reticulum with the help of stud finder. Metallic foreign bodies were detected in 37.5 per cent of the cattle. The animals were orally administered a cylindrical bar magnet of 70 mm length rounded at both ends. Subsequently, the animals were evaluated for the presence of magnet in their reticulum, twice at 6 months interval with the help of magnetic compass, as well as with reticular radiograph once at six months. The magnet was retained for 6 months in 78.1 per cent and for 1 year in 51.8 per cent of the animals. Yearly evaluation of reticulum with compass is recommended to detect retention of magnet in cattle.

Title: Seroprevalence of Newcastle Disease, Chicken Infectious Anemia and Avian Influenza in Indigenous Chickens in Grenada, West Indies
Abstract :

This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) and Avian influenza virus (AIV) in indigenous chickens in Grenada, West Indies. Indigenous chickens are kept for eggs and meat for either domestic consumption or local sale. These birds are usually kept in the backyard of the house with little or no shelter. The mean size of the flock per household was 14 birds (range 5-40 birds). Blood was collected from 368 birds from all the six parishes of Grenada and serum samples were tested for antibodies against NDV, CIAV and AIV using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The seroprevalence of antibodies against NDV, CIA and AI was 66.3% (95% CI; 61.5% to 71.1%), 59.5% (95% CI; 54.4% to 64.5%) and 10.3% (95% CI; 7.2% to 13.4%), respectively. Since indigenous chickens in Grenada are not vaccinated against poultry pathogens, these results indicate exposure of chickens to NDV, AIV and CIAV Indigenous chickens are thus among the risk factors acting as vectors of pathogens that can threaten commercial poultry and other avian species in Grenada

Title: Assessment of Livestock Production Technologies and Package of Practices through Multivariate Typology: A Case of Maharashtra, India
Abstract :

The study was carried out in four different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra. A typology was developed applying multivariate statistical techniques i.e. Cluster analysis (CA) to classify groups of farm households with similar farm characteristics into four homogenous clusters, (i) households possessing small landholding, a larger high yielding dairy stock with small goat flock size (37.5%), (ii) households having small landholding with a small stock of high yielding dairy animal and small goat flock size (39%), (iii) households having large landholding with large high yielding dairy stock and small flock size (13.5%) and (iv) households possessing small landholding with small high yielding dairy stock and large flock size (10%). An assessment in terms of awareness, knowledge and adoption of dairy technologies and goat production practices were carried out across the clusters which was found significantly high within the household of cluster 3 and 4. The overall adoption index was found to be 65.16 per cent across the whole clusters. Multiple regression analysis revealed that total SAU, flock size, occupation, innovative proneness, scientific orientation, awareness of technology and knowledge of technology contribute positively (P<0.01, P<0.05) to the adoption of technology. The coefficient of determination was found (R2 =0.66) across the whole clusters.

Title: Studies on Productive Performance and Biometry in Traditionally Reared Indigenous Goats of Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :

Data collected on body weights and biometrical measurements i.e., height at withers, chest girth, body length, hip width, paunch girth, face length, ear length and tail length of 1421 goats at milk teeth, 2, 4, 6 and 8-teeth of age reared under field conditions in Rayalaseema region (Chittoor, YSR Kadapa, Anantapur and Kurnool) of Andhra Pradesh were subjected to least squares analysis to study the effect of district and sex. The least squares analysis of variance revealed significant effects of district and sex on body weights and measurements at one or the other ages studied. The overall least squares mean body weights (kg) at milk teeth, 2, 4, 6 and 8-teeth ages were 13.97 ± ± 0.16,20.57 ± 0.38, 26.56 ± 0.68, 30.66 ± 0.62 and 34.64 ± 0.85, respectively. The overall least squares means for height at withers, chest girth, body length, hip width, paunch girth, face length, ear length and tail length at milk teeth age were 66.60 ± 0.29, 61.08 ± 0.25, 53.24 ± 0.25, 13.02 ± 0.08, 61.05 ± 0.27, 16.65 ± 0.10, 14.66 ± 0.08 and 14.51 ± 0.09 cm, respectively and the corresponding means at 8 teeth were 84.07 ± 0.72, 82.83 ± 0.69, 69.66 ± 0.99, 18.05 ± 0.56, 83.50 ± 0.95, 20.78 ± 0.24, 16.39 ± 0.30 and 16.56 ± 0.32 cm. The least squares mean were higher in males than in females and increased as age advances

Title: Contents Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2020
Abstract :
Title: Detection and Molecular Characterization of Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Isolated from a Breeder Flock
Abstract :

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important viral respiratory disease in poultry. Recently, re-emergence of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) has been reported in several countries. This study reports the severe form of ILTV outbreak in a breeder flock located at Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Morbidity and mortality rate observed in the current outbreak were 70% and 12% respectively. On post mortem examination haemorrhage and caseous plug were noticed in the trachea. PCR for ICP4 gene was targeted for initial screening and ILTV was isolated from positive samples. Molecular characterization was carried out by gJ gene sequencing, one of the virulent gene responsible for viral egress. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the study isolate is genetically related to Australian virulent virus, Italy virulent virus, Russian virulent virus, USA virulent virus and CEO vaccines.

Title: Effects of Kefir on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Pekin Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica)
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of kefir as a probiotic on growth performance and carcass characteristics in Pekin ducks. For this purpose, 42 ducklings at 2-week-old age were randomly and equally divided into 1 control and 2 treatment groups. All groups were fed with the same diet during the 6 week study period. Group 1 served as control and received normal drinking water. For group 2 and 3, 2.5% and 7.5% kefir was applied in drinking water. Feed and water was offered ad libitum. All birds were individually weighed at the start and then weekly intervals until the end of the experiment. At the end of the study, a total of 30 ducks, 5 male and 5 female from each group was randomly selected for slaughter. The results showed that after a 6 week feeding period, the total body weight in group 2 and 3 were significantly lower than group 1 (P < 0.05). Despite the numerical variations, no statistical difference was seen among the groups in terms of body weight gain, feed intake and FCR values (P < 0.05). Group 3 with high kefir percentage was significantly lower and different than the other experimental groups in terms of liver and gizzard weights, hot carcass (g), cold carcass (g) and abdominal fat (%) (P < 0.05) parameters. Despite the numerical variations, no statistical difference was seen among the groups in terms of meat composition values (P > 0.05). Our findings showed that, the decrease in total body weight, abdominal fat ratio, liver and giblets weights based on the increased kefir rates attracted attention. In conclusion, kefir usage as a supplement in ducks does not provide an economical benefit but kefir could be used for human consumption for antiobesity.

Title: Detection and Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis from Blood and Milk of Bovines
Abstract :

Bovine tuberculosis, a chronic disease of animals is caused by species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and it remains a potential threat to animals as well as humans. Differentiation of the species of MTC is required for epidemiological and diagnostic purpose. The present study evaluated the presence of different species of MTC in bovines using gyrB-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. In this study, blood and milk samples from 50 milch animals which were positive reactors of comparative intradermal tuberculin test were collected. Screening of MTC was done by IS6110-PCR using primers INS1/INS2 specific for MTC. The positive samples were further identified using gyrB- Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Out of 50 positive reactors to CITT, only 4 (8%) animal were positive for MTC by IS6110-PCR. And gyrB-RFLP analysis using RsaI and SacII showed two positive for M. bovis and two animals for M. tuberculosis. Thus, gyrB-RFLP could be used as an additional tool in differential diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases thereby able to differentiate species of MTC

Title: Ecology of Gastrointestinal Parasites Interactions in Wild Gaur (Bos gaurus)
Abstract :

The Gaur (Bos gaurus), or the Indian bison, is native to South and Southeast Asia and has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1986. Diseases manifestation may reduce the body potentials leading to morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the health parameters and gastrointestinal parasites infection in free-ranging gaurs as well as other wild animals. A detailed study was conducted to know the epidemiology and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild Gaur (Bos gaurus) at Satpura Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 90 fecal samples from wild Gaur were collected from the grazing area of the tiger reserve. Detailed coprological examination for the presence of parasitic eggs/oocysts by direct smear examination, standard sedimentation, and floatation techniques was performed. Out of the 90 fecal samples of wild Gaur, 41.11% were found positive for single or mixed parasitic infection. The overall prevalence rate of Strongyles was maximum 13 (14.44%) followed by that of Eimeria sp. 11 (12.22%), Moniezia sp. 10 (11.11%), Amphistomes 6 (6.66%), Trichuris sp. 5 (5.55%), and Fasciola sp. 3 (3.33%). Wild gaurs at Satpura Tiger Reserve were exposed to parasites having pathogenic significance.

Title: Gastrointestinal Helminthic Challenges in Sheep and Goats in Afro-Asian Region: A Review
Abstract :

Sheep and goats, being hardy and prolific in their growth, play a crucial role in cultural and socioeconomic life of rural poor under privileged people in Afro-Asian countries by providing meat, milk, wool and hide to them. Gastrointestinal helminthic infections are worldwide problem in ruminants. They results considerable loss in them causing mortality and poor production. Various helminthes types like trematodes, cestodes and nematodes are prevalent in different climates and geographical regions depending on rearing systems, intermediate host’s availability and management practices. Epidemiology of helminthic diseases, though variable at times, is determined by various factors like treatment, climate and poverty (socio-economic and traditional practices). The study oversees gastrointestinal helminthic challenges in goats and sheep faced in Afro-Asian region in last decade. Methodology involves exhaustive exercise of screening and massive literature hunt which included published research, both abstracts and full length papers on the subject in last 10 years in addition to authors own observations. The diseases like Fasciolosis, Dicrocoelosis, Amphistomosis in trematodes, Monieziosis, Avitellinosis in cestodes and Haemonchosis, Trichostronglylosis, Oesophagostomosis, Trichuriosis, Strongyloidosis in nematodes were still serious challenges in the region threatening the small ruminant production. Frequent reports on Marshallgia, Ostertagia, Nematodirus, Stilesia, Thysaniezia spp. from this region showed emerging threats. Infections like Camelostrongylus, Graphidiops, Parabronema and Skrjabinema spp. were scarcely distributed. The paper reviews scientific work and developments of last 10 years on occurrence, distribution and epidemiology of common gastrointestinal helminthic infections of sheep and goats in Afro-Asian region with future research prospective in light of newer scientific approaches

Title: Secondary Sex Ratio in Gir Cattle and Assessment of Risk Factors
Abstract :

Present study was conducted to assess the influence of calf, dam and sire factors on female calves born in Gir cattle. Records pertaining to calf sex (n=1307), spreaded over 10 years (2010-2019) and various calf factors viz. period, month, season and sex of calf; dam factors viz. age, parity and gestation period and sire factors were used for the study. Female calf born in Gir cattle was 49.96%. Calf sex was not affected by period of birth (p=0.26), but significantly higher proportion of female birth than male (60.22% vs. 39.78%) occurred in 2013 (p<0.05). Odds of female calf being born was 1.75 times higher in 2013 as compared to 2010 (OR=1.75, p=0.04). Month (p=0.31) and season (p=0.41) of birth did not affect calf sex. There was significantly higher chances of female birth during February (OR=1.66, p=0.05) and March (OR=1.67, p=0.04) as compared to January. Calf sex was not affected by age (p=0.44) and parity (p=0.85) of dam. With increase in gestation length the birth frequency of female calf decreased significantly (p<0.001). Compared to gestation period of >290 days, the odds of female calf born increased by 2.25 (OR=2.25, p=0.001) and 2.27 (OR=2.27, p=0.001) times with gestation period of <275 and 275-290 days, respectively. Sire wise data showed that proportion of female birth ranged from 22 to 90%, but female calf born from different sires did not differ statistically (p=0.13). Chances of female birth was significantly higher (OR=3.79-31.5, p<0.05) in 12 sires. The results indicated that gestational length had significant effect on secondary calf sex ratio in Gir cattle and dam with shorter gestation period delivered more number of female calves.

Title: Screening and Association of Polymorphism in Alpha-Lactalbumin Gene in Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cattle
Abstract :

This study was done to monitor milk protein variations in α-lactalbumin gene (LALBA) and to determine possible associations with various performance traits in Holstein Friesian (HF) crossbred cattle. Present study was conducted on 546 records of 60 HF crossbred cattle maintained at livestock farms, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The records consists of data pertaining to weight at first calving (WFC), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation 305-days milk yield (FL305-dMY), first lactation length (FLL), first peak yield (FPY), days to attain peak yield (DPY), age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first dry period (FDP) and first calving interval (FCI). PCR-RFLP technique was used to categorize the different alleles in the population. Genetic polymorphism was recognized by using MnlI restriction enzymatic digestion followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The test revealed occurrence of two genetic variants “A” and “B” for LALBA gene which was further confirmed by performing sequencing of amplified fragments. Sequence alignment revealed 2 SNP’s in the whole 166 bp fragment, one SNP is present in the 5’UTR region of exon and one in promoter region. Gene regulation study revealed “Antp” transcription factor not binding at 35 to 44 bp due to point mutation at 37 bp of A>G, suggesting modulation of transcription. Association study showed significant (p≤0.05) relation of LALBA gene “BB” genotype with high first lactation peak yield (FLPY). Further investigations are required to elucidate the biological and practical relevance of these SNP’s and change in transcription factor.

Title: Leptospirosis a Neglected Re-emerging Zoonoses in India: An overview
Abstract :
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease of worldwide economic importance affecting both humans and animals. It is bacterial disease caused by spirochete of genus Leptospira. The symptom ranges from flu-like illness to acute kidney failure, jaundice in humans while it causes abortions, stillbirths, reduced milk production in animals. Rodents, domestic and wild animals act as carrier and excrete live organism is their urine. It is an occupational disease affecting farmers, veterinarians, slaughterhouse workers, etc those who are in direct or indirect contact with the carrier animals. The diagnosis is done by direct and indirect laboratory methods for detection of infectious agent and its antibodies. The disease can be controlled through vaccination of domestic animals, control of rodents, strict and proper environmental hygienic measures.
Title: Modeling Vaccination Programs in Outbreaks of Hemorrhagic Septicemia in India
Abstract :

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is an acute septicemic endemic disease of buffalo and cattle in India with a case fatality rate of up to 80%. This disease causes an estimated economic loss of USD 792 million per year in India. Vaccination and control programs of HS can be understood by mathematical models. The main objective of our study was to design a mathematical model to analyze the effect of vaccination in controlling outbreaks of HS in India. We used posteriori model building approach to create and run the model for HS with the help of an outbreak data from Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. The best possible transmission coefficient (β) to imitate the outbreak was found to be 0.335 and the best possible basic reproduction number (R0) was found to be 1.011. Introduction of the vaccination campaign from 5th to the 20th day of the HS outbreak reduced the proportion of the susceptible animals from 0.99 to 0.40 on the last day of the campaign. We concluded that animal vaccination modelling for eradication of HS by mass regional or nationwide vaccination campaigns can be understood by simple mathematical models.

Title: Propagation of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) Virus in Vero Cells for Vaccine Production using Tide Motion Bioreactor
Abstract :

Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is considered as one of the major constraints to the productivity of small ruminants in India. Currently PPR control is done by vaccination with an attenuated PPR strain (Sungri/96) produced in monolayers of vero cells grown in roller bottles or static flasks. This work focuses on the production of PPR vaccine using tide motion bio reactor as an advanced option for process scale-up. Both the roller and bio reactor cultures were propagated under same cultural conditions and infected with same multiplicity of infection of PPR vaccine virus. Assessment of infectivity titres determined at periodic intervals in both cultures revealed that the bio reactor culture produced higher amount of virus than the stationary cultures post infection. The results provide further insights into the feasibility of applying tide motion bio reactor cell culture technology to produce PPR vaccine in vero cells significantly simplifying the existing production process.

Title: Comparative analysis of cultural isolation and PCR based assay for detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in foods of animal origin
Abstract :

The present study was designed to determine the occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli in chicken meat, chicken offal, chevon and milk samples from Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh (India) to elucidate the role of these products in transmission of Campylobacter to humans. The samples were examined using both cultural as well as polymerase chain reaction based detection method. Out of 280 samples examined, 29 (10.36%) samples were found positive by cultural method, where as 68 (24.29%) samples showed presence of Campylobacter species by polymerase chain reaction. All the samples depicted positive by culture were also found positive by PCR. The highest occurrence rate was observed in chicken meat (46%), followed by chicken offal (20%), chevon (18%) and milk (3.75%). The results depicted the superior efficacy of PCR for rapid screening of samples owing to its high rapidity, specificity and automation potential. The study suggested the potential of transmission of Campylobacter species to humans due to the consumption of raw or contaminated meat or milk.

Title: Multi-Nutrient Blocks with and without Tanniferous Leaf Meal Mixture: Formulation and Preparation under Sub-Tropical Environment of Jammu
Abstract :

An experimental study was conducted on formulation, preparation and production of two types of multi nutrient blocks (MNB) with and without tanniferous leaf meal mixture (LMM) for supplementation of goats fed on wheat straw based diet. The condensed tannins (CT) containing multi nutrient blocks (MNB-CT) and MNB were formulated, prepared and developed where MNB-CT had CT containing LMM of Psidium guajava and Eugenia jambolana in 70:30 ratio while MNB had no CT source. Other ingredients used included mustard oil cake, molasses, urea, limestone powder, di-calcium phosphate, mineral mixture, wheat bran and common salt were 875, 825, 181.25, 175, 193.75, 100, 112.5, 37.5 and 487.5, 825, 212.5, 162.5, 200, 100, 62.5, 37.5 (g/block), respectively in MNB and MNB-CT blocks. Nutrient composition (g/ block) of MNB and MNB-CT for organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total ash, acid insoluble ash, calcium and phosphorus were 1939, 867.25, 17.25, 561, 20.5, 140.75, 62.25 and 1965.5, 861.75, 23.75, 534.5, 21.75, 130.75, 59 g, respectively. The MNB-CT blocks had good binding ability, compactness, hardness, less brittle and remained fit for licking to the animals compared to MNB blocks. The acceptability and intakes of both types of blocks were equally good. The LMM incorporation in MNB-CT reduced the cost of production as well as deworming in H. contortus infected goats so it directly curtailed the cost of goat rearing. Therefore, farmers could be benefited by supplementing MNB-CT blocks to improve health and productive performance of goats in sub-tropical region of Jammu (J & K), India.

Title: Effect of Feeding Formaldehyde Treated Rapeseed and Cottonseed Cakes on Milk Yield and Composition at Various Stages of Lactation and Parity in Jersey Cows
Abstract :

The aim of this study was to document the response of lactating Jersey cows to feeding of formaldehyde treated oil cakes of rapeseed and cottonseed on milk yield and composition at various stages of lactation and parity. Formaldehyde treatment of oil cakes was performed at 1% of crude protein, and these treated cakes were used in preparing treatment concentrate mixture. The experiment was carried out for 40 days using 27 lactating Jersey cows differing in parity 1-3, 4-6 and ≥7 with different stages of lactation i.e. early (1-3 m), mid (4-6 m) and late (7-9 m) in each lactation groups. The animals were grouped into Control and Treatment. For first 10 days, cows of Control group were offered with a control concentrate and thereafter same animals were grouped as Treatment group and fed the same concentrate having both the protein meals treated with formaldehyde, along with ad libitum access to barley green fodder and wheat straw. The milk yield and its component yield were decreased linearly as lactation advanced and the differences were significant (P<0.05) between early and late lactation. The highest increment (P<0.05) in milk yield was noted in early lactation (0.69 kg/d) and least during late lactation (0.56 kg/d). Milk SNF yield was improved (P<0.05) up to the tune of 40 g/d in mid lactation cows only. With respect to parity, the highest (P<0.05) milk yield was observed in 1st-3rd parity and lowest after 7th parity, while milk fat% followed the reverse trend upon feeding formaldehyde treated oil cakes, while other parameters like fat and SNF percentage did not differ due to treatment. Furthermore, milk fat yield was increased (P<0.05) to the extent of 50 g/d and 20 g/d in 1st-3rd and above 7th parity cows, respectively. It was concluded that feeding of concentrate mixture containing formaldehyde treated oil cakes (rapeseed and cottonseed) economically improved yield of milk and milk components. Furthermore, the treatment effect was more pronounced during early lactation and in lower (1-3) parity Jersey cows.

Title: Secular Analysis of Domestic Animals Composition in Indian Context: Recent Evidence
Abstract :

India is a developing country, where livestock sector is highly dynamic due to rapidly increasing demand for animal products in various sectors. Livestock sector contributes about 37 and 4.1 percent in agriculture and gross domestic product (GDP) respectively, of the country. It contributes in the socio-economic development of rural livelihoods. It is revealed from the investigation that in India, about 50 per cent of bovine (buffalo and cattle) population is maintained by the marginal farming households. We have argued that women have predominant responsibility for animal rearing. The productions of milk, meat and wool have increased tremendously with the increase in livestock composition. Despite the fact that exports of livestock sector have expanded in numerous times over the study period. India held strong position in exports of livestock products as poultry and dairy produce and buffalo’s meat. Study purposes that the Central Government of India should recognize and agree to implement the new programmes to expand the production behaviour of livestock products particularly in drought areas.

Title: Effect of Body Condition Score (BCS) on Production Performance of Sahiwal Cattle
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out with the total of 18 Sahiwal cattle of 1st to 4th parity were selected for the study and distributed into three different groups based on their pre calving BCS (before 15 days of expected date of calving) namely G1 (2.50 - 3.00), G2 (3.25 - 3.75) and G3 (4.00 and above) with six animals in each group. The average fortnight milk yield increased up to 60th day and thereafter declined up to 90th day in G1, G2 and G3 group of animals, which was significant (p<0.05) up to 75th day. G3 group animals had highest average fortnightly cumulative Milk yield (Kg) in entire study period. Highest 305 days predicted lactation milk yield (2462.66 Kg /lactation) and average peak yield (16.50 Kg/ animal) was obtained in G3 group animals and the lowest predicted lactation milk yield (1870.68 Kg/lactation). The 305 days predicted lactation milk yield in G2 group animals was 2356.75 Kg /lactation and average peak yield was 14.90 Kg/ animal. The G3 group animals also attained their peak yield in 46 days compared to G2 and G1 group animals with 51 and 54 days, respectively. The persistency of milk production was highest in G2 group animals with 65.63 % followed by G3 and G1 group animals. The studied revealed that BCS had a significant (P<0.05) effect on post-partum estrus and service period in experimental animals

Title: Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Butea frondosa (Koeing ex Roxb.) Seeds Extracts Against Benzimidazole Resistant Caprine Gastrointestinal Nematodes
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of crude aqueous and methanolic extract of Butea frondosa seeds extracts against benzimidazole resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of goats through in vitro and in vivo methods. In vitro investigation was carried out by egg hatch assay (EHA), larval paralysis test (LPT) and adult mortality test (AMT) against different stages of gastrointestinal nematodes whereas, in vivo by faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test in goats naturally infected with benzimidazole resistant GI nematodes. In in vitro trial, methanolic extract showed better ED50 in egg hatch assay and larval paralysis test as compared to aqueous extract. Moreover, in adult mortality tests, the methanolic extract gave better average corrected mortality as compared to aqueous extract. In vivo results revealed that the group treated with methanolic extracts showed the significant reduction (p<0.05) on 21st day whereas, the group treated with aqueous extract showed the highest and significant reduction (p<0.01) on 14th day. The results of both in vitro and in vivo trials suggest that B. frondosa possess anthelmintic activity and could be considered as one of the alternatives to the chemical anthelmintic.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Therapeutic Modules for Treatment of Parvoviral Gastroenteritis in Dogs
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on 18 clinically affected dogs of different breeds and age. All the dogs were divided into three groups A, B and C consisting of 6 animals in each one. Group A dogs were given standard therapy. In group B dogs were treated with immune plasma besides standard therapy. In group C dogs were treated with amino acid infusion besides standard therapy. In group A 3 out of 6 dogs (50%) showed complete recovery from dehydration and other clinical signs on day 4 post-treatments, while remaining 3 dogs (50%) recovered on day 5 post-treatments. In group B 4 dogs (66.66%) recovered completely from dehydration and other clinical signs on day 3 post-treatment, while remaining dogs (33.33%) recovered on day 4 post-treatment. In group C 5 dogs (83.33%) recovered completely from dehydration and other clinical sign on day 2 post-treatment, while remaining dogs (16.66%) recovered on day 3 post-treatment. It has been concluded that among various treatment groups, group C (Amino acid + Supportive therapy) was found to be superior as all six (6) dogs recovered day 3 post-treatment.

Title: Adaptive Capability as Indicated by Redox Status and Endocrine Responses in Crossbred Cattle Exposed to Thermal Stress
Abstract :

A series of studies were conducted to assess the effect of increasing environmental temperatures on redox status and endocrine responses in crossbred cattle under simulated conditions. In present study four non-lactating crossbred cattle were exposed to 25, 30, 35 and 40°C temperature with relative humidity of 40-50% in psychrometric chamber for 5 hours/day from 10:00 to 15:00 hours for 21 days. The physiological responses, feed and water intake were recorded and blood samples were collected at 15:00 hours on day 1, 6, 11, 16 and 21 of the experiment. Blood serum was harvested to estimate superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and cortisol concentration. The temperature exposures of 25 and 30°C did not affect physiological responses, feed intake, water intake, T3, T4, cortisol concentration and SOD activity in serum. The dry matter intake (DMI)/day decreased significantly (p<0.05) whereas water intake, respiratory rate and rectal temperature increased progressively at 35 and 40°C as compared to 25 and 30°C temperature exposure. The serum ROS level increased progressively with increase in exposure temperature and a corresponding increase in serum SOD activity was also observed up to a temperature exposure of 35°C however, SOD activity declined at 40°C exposure. Serum T4 concentration decreased whereas cortisol level increased significantly at 35 and 40°C exposure as compared to 25 and 30°C temperature exposure. It can be concluded from the present study that the crossbred animals can readily adapt to a temperature exposure of 25 and 30°C and can acclimatize up to 35°C with compensatory physiological, biochemical and endocrine changes but fail to do so at the temperature exposure of 40°C.

Title: Haematological Parameters and its Relationship with Faecal Egg Count and FAMACHA© Score in Haemonchus contortus Naturally Infected Goats
Abstract :

Haemonchus contortus is considered as main gastrointestinal parasite causing anaemia and hypoproteinemia in ruminants. The aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between haematological parameters with duo of faecal egg count and FAMACHA© score in goats predominantly infected with Haemonchus contortus. A total number of 100 goats were divided into five groups [Group I (EPG 100-300), II (EPG 400-600), III (EPG 700-1000), IV (EPG 1100-1200) and V (EPG 1300 and above)]. Results revealed a highly significant (P<0.01) negative correlation between EPG and FAMACHA© score with haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and total erythrocyte count (TEC). Mean values of Hb, PCV and TEC were declined in groups with increase in EPG and highly significant (P<0.01) differences were observed between all groups. Highly significant (P<0.01) and negative correlations were observed between TLC, lymphocyte, monocyte with duo of EPG and FAMACHA© scores whereas correlations between EPG, FAMACHA© score with both of neutrophil and eosinophil were highly significant (P<0.01) and positive. However, EPG and FAMACHA© score with basophil were showed significant (P<0.05) and negative correlation. The mean values of TLC were declined in groups having higher worms load. In DLC, the mean values of both neutrophil and eosinophil were elevated but lymphocyte and monocyte values were decreased with the increase in worm burden. Significant (P<0.01) differences were observed in values of TLC and DLC between all groups but, no significant difference was observed for monocyte between group-I and II and for basophil between group-II and IV; and group-III and V.

Title: Association Analyses of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Leptin Receptor Gene with Reproduction and Production Traits in High Yielding Indian Cow Breed
Abstract :

The present study was designed with the aim to identify the polymorphism of bovine leptin receptor gene and their association with production and reproduction traits in population of Sahiwal cows. Blood samples were collected from 69 Sahiwal cows and genomic DNA was harvested for analyzing the genetic polymorphism in LEPR gene by PCR-RFLP (LEPR/BseGI) method. The results revealed three genotypes CT, CC, and TT in the population with 47.83, 36.23 and 15.94% gentotypic frequency, respectively and two alleles C and T with 0.60 and 0.40 allelic frequency, respectively. The LEPR/BseGI assay revealed significant association of genetic polymorphism on LP, TMY, MY300, and PY in third lactation in Sahiwal cows while PCR-RFLP assay did not reveal association of genetic polymorphism on reproductive traits. In conclusion, SNP identified in the LEPR gene and its association with production traits advocates that this gene might serve as a candidate genetic marker for selection of Sahiwal cattle with better milk yield. However, further studies are needed to validate this SNP of the LEPR gene in another breed and population of dairy cattle and its association with other production and reproduction traits further needed to be verified.

Title: Intrinsic Risk Factors for Bovine Tropical Theileriosis in Indian Cattle:A Meta-Analysis
Abstract :

Meta-analysis of systematically selected studies published during 2015-2020 on the prevalence of bovine tropical theileriosis from Indian cattle was done. It was found that age, sex and breed of cattle are important risk factors to get infected with Thieleria sp. Adult cattle are found at higher risk of getting infected with BTT than the younger stocks with an odds ratio of 2.062, however as regards sex of the cattle is concerned cows are little more susceptible to BTT than bullocks / bulls with an odds ratio of 1.632. The breed factor of cattle has shown that exotic/ crossbred cattle are more prone to contract BTT with an odds ratio of 2.113. The meta-analysis showed no publication bias.

Title: Study on Alteration of Critical Water Quality Parameters and Selected Metabolic Response of Labeo rohita Fingerling Subjected to Transportation Stress
Abstract :

The changes in physico-chemical characteristics of ambient water during transportation of fish causes stress and mortality. In this prelude, the present investigation involved the measurement of Physico-chemical characteristics of water (TAN, pH, and dissolved oxygen), biochemical parameters (serum total protein; serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, SGOT) during simulated transportation of Labeo rohita fingerlings using water additives. Four treatments of water additives were used in combination as T1 (1g glucose + 2g sodium chloride)/L, T2 (2g glucose + 2g sodium chloride)/L, T3 (1g glucose + 4g sodium chloride)/L, and T4 (2 g glucose + 4g sodium chloride)/L along with a control group, an experiment was conducted in triplicate. Before and after 12 h transportation, water quality and serum sampling were carried out. The analysis of the water quality parameters and serum sample showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) level of total ammonia nitrogen, lower pH, lower serum total protein, and higher SGOT activity in the control group after transportation. Whereas, a significantly (p<0.05) lower stress response and water quality values were observed in the treatment group indicating the potency of water additives in ameliorating the transportation stress, and in turn increases the survival rate of the IMC, Labeo rohita fingerlings after the transportation.

Title: Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Powder and Synbiotic as Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoter on the Growth Performance and Mortality of Broiler Chicks
Abstract :

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder and synbiotic as alternative to antibiotic growth promoter on growth performance of broiler chicks. Total 150 day-old chicks were purchased and randomly divided into 5 treatments having 30 chicks in each group with three replicates of 10 chicks in each. The five dietary treatments were designated as T1 control group (basal diet), T2 supplemented with antibiotic @ 0.02% level, T3 supplemented with turmeric @ 0.5% level, T4 supplemented with synbiotic @ 0.05% level and T5 supplemented with turmeric @ 0.25% + synbiotic @ 0.025% in the diet. Highly significant (P<0.01) effect of dietary treatment was observed on growth performance and mortality percent as compared to control and antibiotic supplemented group. Highest body weight was observed in T5 group and lowest in control group. Body weight gain, daily weight gain, feed consumption and performance index was found significantly (P<0.01) higher in T5 group which was comparable with T4 group and lowest was recorded in control group which showed non-significant difference with T2 group i.e. antibiotic supplemented group. Significantly (P<0.01) lowest feed conversion ratio and highest protein efficiency ratio was observed in T5 group as compared to control group. Mortality was reduced in all treatment groups as compared to control group. It can be concluded that as an alternative to antibiotics, turmeric plus synbiotic supplementation can be used to increase the growth performance and livability of broiler chicken in the post-antibiotic period.

Title: Evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in Comparison to Taurine against Experimental Hepatotoxicity due to Cisplatin in Rats
Abstract :

Toxic effects of cisplatin (CP) and protective role of Terminalia arjuna (TA) and taurine were assessed on hepatic biomarkers using a total of 36 male Wistar albino rats that were grouped randomly into six groups (n=6). Group 1 acted as normal control. Groups 2, 5 and 6 were treated with CP @ 5 mg/kg b.wt, intraperitoneally on day 1 for cisplatin exposure. Thereafter, groups 3 and 5 were treated with TA @ 400 mg/kg b.wt. and groups 4, 6 with taurine @ 1000 mg/kg b.wt. orally for 14 days. Later rats were euthanized for histopathology of liver. Serum ALT was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. The tissue enzyme assays revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in TBARS and protein carbonyls and significant (P < 0.05) decrease in GSH in group 2 as compared to other groups. The concentration of cytokines showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in TNF-alpha and IL-10 in group 2 when compared with group 1. Sections of liver tissue showed marked changes i.e., central vein dilation with oedema, congestion and degenerative changes with pyknotic and condensed nuclei in few hepatocytes. The groups 5 and 6 treatedwith respective dose of TA and taurine showed mild to moderate improvement in all the parameters in comparison to group 2. It is concluded that supplementation of Terminalia arjuna and taurine was found beneficial in countering the toxic effects of cisplatin on liver.

Title: Quality Characteristics of Spicy Paneer with Oleoresins at Different Storage Temperatures
Abstract :

Spicy paneer with oleoresins is the novel approach to develop tailorable ready-to-eat snack food. Oleoresins were explored to replace the original ground spice with a standardized taste and aroma as per the requirement of the product. The storage life of the developed spicy paneer was assessed at different temperatures; ambient (25°C) and refrigeration temperature (4°C) under aerobic packaging conditions on the basis of various sensory and physico-chemical characteristics. All the sensory attributes viz., colour and appearance, texture, flavor, chewiness and overall acceptability decreased both at the ambient and refrigeration temperature during storage. There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in water activity whereas increase in FFA, tyrosine and pH during storage at ambient and refrigerated temperature. The microbial load (SPC, Yeast and mold and coliforms) followed an increasing trend during the storage. Results concluded that the paneer was stable for a single day at ambient condition (25°C) whereas 6 days at refrigeration temperature (4°C) with respect to sensory and microbiological quality.

Title: Identifying the Factors Affecting Birth Weight and Conception Rate in Sahiwal Bulls
Abstract :

The data on growth and fertility traits of 43 Sahiwal bulls during 27 years (1987-2013) belonging to 8 sets of Sahiwal Breeding Project at ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India were analysed using fixed linear model to assess the effect of non-genetic factors on birth weight and fertility traits in Sahiwal bulls. The average birth weight (BW), conception rate based on first AI (CRFAI) and overall conception rate (OCR) in Sahiwal bulls was estimated as 22.19 ± 0.05 kg, 45.95 ± 1.37% and 46.38 ± 1.55%, with coefficient of variation of 13.42%, 21.84 % and 22.32%, respectively. The overall least-squares means for birth weight, conception rate based on first AI and overall conception rate was estimated as 22.04 ± 1.08 kg, 46.24 ± 0.35% and 46.86 ± 0.27%, respectively in Sahiwal breeding bulls. Period of birth had not influenced the birth weight of Sahiwal bulls, though period of conception had significant (P < 0.01) effect on fertility traits. Season of birth/AI, parity and age of female did not influenced the birth weight and fertility traits of Sahiwal bulls.

Title: Evaluation of PRP drop and L-PRF Membrane for Aggressive Ulcerative Keratitis in Dogs
Abstract :

Melting ulcer, moderate and severe aggressive ulcerative keratitis pose a threat for staphyloma formation, perforations and blindness. The only resort to correct such condition remains corneal transplantation. Due to various shortcoming of transplantation procedure the present pilot trial was conducted to evaluate efficacy of platelet concentrates in such conditions. Platelet rich plasma drop was prepared and 1-2 drops were instilled 4 times/day for 15- 30 days in affected eye. This treatment group was compared with application of Leucocyte Platelet Rich Fibrin membrane which placed over the corneal ulcer and affixed with conjunctiva under general anesthesia. It was found that homologous PRP drops served the purpose of healing of moderate or grade II corneal ulcer satisfactorily; moreover, it prevented their advancement to severe or aggressive form. On the other hand, homologous L-PRF membrane provided sufficient scaffold for sealing of severe or grade III corneal ulcers with or without perforations and staphylomas.

Title: Modulation of Stocking Densities in California Cages to Enhance the Production and Welfare of Commercial Laying Hens
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out to investigate the optimum stocking density in conventional California cages depending on the production performance and welfare of commercial white leghorn hens. To achieve the objectives of the designed experiment total 270 commercial white leghorn layer strain of BV 300 were maintained into four stocking densities that is 60 sq. inch (T1), 75 sq. inch (T2), 85 sq. inch (T3) and 100 sq. inch per bird for 20 weeks period, with 18 replicates in each treatment. At the end of the experimental period the birds reared in 85 sq. inch and 100 sq. inches had significantly (P<0.001) higher percentage of hen day egg production, better feed conversion ratio, minimum cost of production per egg & higher egg weight (P<0.05) compared to the birds reared in 60 and 75 sq. inches group. Physiological indicators of welfare i.e. H/L ratio and Corticosterone was significantly better in birds reared at stocking density 85 sq. inch when compared to 60 sq. inches group. Laying hens maintained in California cages at stocking density of 85 and 100 sq. inch per bird recorded the best production and welfare parameters. Therefore, considering best utilization of the space with due weightage to welfare, the commercial layer birds reared at stocking density 85 to 100 sq inch per bird performed well.

Title: Comparison of Radiography, Ultrasonography and SNAP cPL in the Diagnosis of Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs
Abstract :

The study was aimed to compare various diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Forty dogs with history of acute onset of vomiting, abdominal pain and anorexia were screened for acute pancreatitis by radiography, abdominal ultrasound and confirmed by SNAP cPL (Canine pancreatic lipase) kit test. Fourteen (0.375 per cent of gastrointestinal cases) dogs found to be positive for acute pancreatitis by abdominal ultrasound were selected and further subjected to radiography to rule out the underlying causes of acute pancreatitis and confirmed by SNAP cPL test. Out of fourteen dogs, four dogs (29 per cent) having specific radiographic changes gas filled intestinal loops with loss of serosal details, SNAP cPL was positive in nine dogs (64 per cent). Abdominal ultrasonography revealed hypoechoic pancreas, hyperechoic surrounding fat saponification, enlarged or irregular pancreas and dilatation of biliary or pancreatic duct as the major changes in acute pancreatitis dogs. Ultrasound was found to be superior to radiography in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and SNAP cPL was found to be effective in confirming only in acute stages of pancreatitis

Title: Effect of Heat Stress on Reproductive Performance, Blood Biochemical and Physiological Parameters of Sows Following Mating
Abstract :

The experiment was conducted with a total of 12 sows of different breeds (Pure Hampshire, Khasi local and Ghungroo) for evaluating the effect of heat stress on reproductive performance, blood biochemical and physiological parameters of sows following mating. The experiment was conducted at Livestock Production Farm, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India for a period of 3 months. The animals were divided into 2 groups viz. experimental and control groups consisting 6 sows in each. The animals of experimental group were kept in continuous exposure to direct sunlight daily for 6 hours (from 9 A.M. to 3 P.M.) up to 20 days following mating and after that, they were kept separately. The animals of the control group were also kept separately in normal condition in shaded room with temperature average 71.6 oF following mating. The serum protein (9.2 ± 0.87 g/dl) and glucose values (112.25 ± 0.75 mg/dl) & the physiological parameters like rectal temperature (41.9 oC ± 0.10 per minute), respiration rate (30 ± 0.07 breaths per minute) and heart rate (82 ± 0.15 beats per minute) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in experimental group of animal than the control but the value recorded in relation to the litter size number (5.97 ± 0.19) at weaning was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) in control than that of the experimental group and serum cholesterol concentration (116.65 ± 0.05 mg/dl) also increased significantly (p<0.05) in control group than that of the experimental.

Title: Therapeutic Management, Genital Changes versus Blood Biochemical Constituents of Repeat Breeder Crossbred Cows
Abstract :

The study was aimed to determine the genital changes, blood biochemical profile and efficacy of different treatment protocols in addressing repeat breeding in crossbred cattle with prolonged oestrus which was usually associated with ovulatory defects such as anovulation and delayed ovulation. For this a total of 48 repeat breeder cows with the history of prolonged oestrus and with apparently normal oestrual discharge were selected and divided into 4 groups and each comprising 12 animals. Various commonly used therapeutic techniques like administration of hCG drug with or without supportive treatment, multiple A.I. and supportive treatment alone was used in the present study. Efficacy of treatment was based on post treatment conception rate and found that the hormone hCG was the choice of drug for treatment of repeat breeding without uterine infection resulting in post treatment conception rate of 83.33 per cent which increased to 91.66 per cent when fortified with supportive treatment. In terms of genital changes occurring in repeat breeder cows under different treatment regimens in the present study it could be mentioned that there was no much variation between treatment regimens

Title: Epidemiological Studies on Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infections in Dairy Animals of Transitional Plain in Luni Basin of Rajasthan
Abstract :

A total of 625 faecal samples were collected from dairy animals of transitional plain in Luni basin of Rajasthan during winter, summer and rainy season from November 2018 to October 2019. Coprological examination revealed an overall prevalence of 66.88% for gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) with mixed infection of 26.24%. Among helminths, strongyle (60.00%) showed highest prevalence followed by Strongyloides sp. (17.60%), Trichuris sp. (8.16%), amphistome (5.76%), Moniezia sp. (4.00%) and Capillaria sp. (0.48%). Native cattle (76.78%) showed a significantly higher (p<0.01) prevalence followed by crossbred cattle (67.93%) and buffaloes (55.76%). Seasonal dynamics revealed a highly significant statistical seasonal variation (p<0.01) with maximum infection in rainy season (74.29%) whereas, a non significant statistical difference in district wise prevalence was reported with the highest prevalence rate in Sirohi district (74.66%). Coprolculture analysis revealed the presence of larvae of genera Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Trichostrongylus, Bunostomum and Strongyloides in the decreasing order of prevalence.

Title: Association between Plumage Colour and Body Weight in Native Chickens
Abstract :

A study was conducted using 800-day old native chickens were procured from Veterinary College Hebbal. The chickens body weight was weighed, wing banded and reared under same environmental condition under deep litter system. The vaccination was performed against Newcastle Disease (ND) on 7th day and Infectious Bursal  Disease (IBD) on 14th day and booster on 21st and 28th day, respectively. The two hundred (200) each chick of White, Brown, Black and Mixed Plumage pattern of native chicks were selected for the study. The average day-old body weight was 31.10 ± 1.10, 30.20 ± 1.32, 31.08 ± 0.89 and 28.70 ± 1.40 gm white, brown, black and mixed plumage pattern, respectively. The body weight was recorded in 2nd, 4th and 6th week of age showed an average body weight of 106.44 ± 11.97, 111.68 ± 11.53, 118.36 ± 9.08 and 108.68 ± 11.53 gm in 2nd week, 204.60 ± 27.60, 212.40 ± 27.07, 225.90 ± 21.00 and 202.12 ± 18.40 gm in fourth week and 361.80 ±56.00, 382.50± 54.00, 407.12 ± 35.76 and 366.48 ± 54.36 gm in sixth week of age for white, brown, black and mixed plumage pattern respectively. The highest body weight was observed in black plumage-coloured birds followed by brown plumage and there was no significant difference between white and mixed coloured plumage birds. This study revealed that the darker coloured plumage chickens could be selected for future breeding programme at an early age and also increase the body weight of the birds.

Title: Utilization of Wine Industry Waste (Red Grapes) as Natural Antioxidant for Development of Functional Mutton Rolls
Abstract :

This study was conducted with an objective to utilize the red grapes powder and its extracts as natural antioxidant for development of functional mutton rolls. Incorporation of red grapes powder at 1, 2 and 3 per cent levels, and red grapes aqueous and ethanolic extracts at 5, 10 and 15 per cent levels were compared with control, and selected on the basis of sensory evaluation. The total phenols and TBARS value of selected products were compared with control. The sensory scores including overall acceptability increased with the incorporation levels of red grapes powder and aqueous extracts, but decreased with addition of red grapes ethanolic extract. Addition of 3 per cent red grapes powder and 10 per cent of its aqueous extract were found suitable for incorporation in mutton rolls indicating very good acceptability scores (round 7.00). The addition of red grapes powder and its aqueous extract increased the total phenols while TBARS values were found significantly lower as compared to control and BHT added products. It was concluded that red grapes powder (3%) and red grapes aqueous extracts (10%) can be used for development of very well acceptable functional mutton rolls with improved total phenols and lower TBARS vale.

Title: Invitro Effect of Zinc Treatment on the Antioxidant Status of Heat Stressed Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Periparturient Sahiwal and Karan Fries Cows - A Comparative Study
Abstract :

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the invitro effect of zinc treatment on the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase status in the heat stressed Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) of periparturient indigenous and crossbred cows. Twelve pregnant cows, six each from Sahiwal and Karan Fries in their second parity were selected for the experiment. Blood samples were collected at -21, 0 and +21 days with respect to calving from each animal. The 48 hour long cultured PBMC were exposed to three levels of treatment viz., 37oC, 42oC to induce thermal stress and 42oC+Zinc to minimize the effect of high temperature. SOD and Catalase showed a significant (P<0.05) difference between the two breeds, more concentration being found in Karan Fries. While comparing the days, the concentration of both SOD and Catalase was found to be more on the day of calving though non-significantly in case of SOD but the difference was significant (P<0.05) vis-à-vis Catalase. Zinc treatment caused a decreased production of both SOD and Catalase which were otherwise increased due to thermal stress. The antioxidant concentration was highest due to thermal stress in Karan Fries on the day of calving. The oxidative stress supervenes during peripartum and heat stress which could be alleviated by zinc treatment.

Title: Influence of Biopreservatives and Vacuuming Packaging on Sensory Quality of Milk Solids based Khoa during Frozen Storage (-18±2 °C)
Abstract :

The study was carried out to find out the effectiveness of biopreservatives and vacuum packaging on the shelf-life of milk solids based khoa. Khoa samples were prepared individually by combinations of Skim milk powder (SMP) with ghee and whey protein concentrates and SMP with cream (50 % fat). The control khoa sample was prepared utilizing full cream buffalo milk (6 % fat). Natamycin at 10 ppm and nisin at 100 IU/g were added when khoa was still hot (85-90 °C). The samples without biopreservatives were packaged in simple and vacuum packaging. It was found that vacuum packaged as well as biopreservatives incorporated samples were organoleptically acceptable up to 5 months of storage at freezing temperature (-18±2 °C).

Title: Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Growth and Production Traits in Dorper Crossbred Sheep
Abstract :

Data on growth traits of 401 animals used in the present study were collected from history sheet of crossbred sheep maintained at Government Sheep Breeding Farm Panthal, Reasi, J&K, India. Traits included in the study were birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), 6-month body weight (6-BW), 12-month body weight (12-BW), mature body weight (MBW) and annual wool production (AWP). The statistical analysis was carried out using LSMLMW computer programme. The overall least-squares means were 2.857 ± 0.058 kg, 15.269 ± 0.296 kg, 17.034 ± 0.258 kg, 22.315 ± 0.298 kg, 29.375 ± 0.237 kg and 0.651 ± 0.012 kg, respectively for BWT, WWT, 6-BW, 12-BW, MBW and AWP. The co-efficient of variations for different traits were low to moderate. Period of lambing had significant effect on all the traits except for BWT. Moreover, there was no definite trend for different traits over different periods except for 12-BW, where increasing trend was obtained. Season of lambing had significant effect only on WWT and MBW. Genetic group had non-significant effect on all the traits under study although, 50% genetic groups were superior for most of the traits. Sex had significant effect on all the traits except for 6-BW and 12-BW. It can be concluded from the study that growth traits and production traits are influenced by different non-genetic factors like period, season and sex.

Title: Effect of Area Specific Mineral Supplementation on Biochemical Profile in Female Black Bengal Goats
Abstract :

To discern the effect of area specific mineral supplementation (ASMS), on some plasma parameters viz. glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), alpha amino nitrogen (AAN), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), the intensive study was conducted on 24 female Black Bengal goats at around of 4-5 months of age. The animals were divided into four groups viz. Group I (control), II, III supplemented with 0, 1 and 2% area specific mineral supplementation, respectively. Whereas, in another group (Group-IV), commercial mineral mixture fortified concentrate was given. Blood samples were collected at monthly interval and estimated five prime plasma parameters. Present study revealed that plasma glucose concentration was in normal range and differed significantly (P < 0.05) in groups. Highest plasma glucose concentration was observed in group IV and lowest in control group. Whereas, NEFA differed significantly in different groups. Plasma AAN level was higher in Group IV followed in Group III, II and I respectively. AAN did not differ significantly in groups. Plasma ALT and AST level differed significantly but highest Plasma ALT and AST level observed in Group II. Present study revealed that ASMS improved plasma biochemical profile in Black Bengal goats.

Title: Differentiation of Sheep and Goat Species by PCR-RFLP of Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Gene
Abstract :

The present study was carried out with an aim to develop a method for differentiation of sheep and goat meat using PCR-RFLP. Tissue samples were collected randomly from ten animals of each species and used for mitochondrial DNA extraction. PCR amplification of 600 bp fragment of 16S rRNA gene was done using universal primer. RFLP studies were carried out by digesting the amplicons using restriction enzymes viz. AluI and HhaI. Amplicons of Goat 16S rRNA gene was fragmented to 460bp and 140bp fragments by HhaI while the amplified gene of sheep was digested by AluI into two fragments of 360bp and 240bp each. This resulting RFLP pattern of 16S rRNA could easily identify and differentiate meat of sheep and goat species.

Title: Wnt Target Proteins Up-Regulated in Tear Film of Corneal Ulcer Mediates YAP1 Activation and Corneal Pathology in Dogs Suffering from Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Abstract :

The study was performed to identify Wnt and YAP1 target proteins and regulators in the tear fluid and the role of Timolol (0.5% w/v) in corneal wound healing by mediating YAP1 activation in dogs suffering from corneal ulcer due to Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Complete clinical examination, the staging of KCS cases, and tear fluid collection were done. Protein identification from tryptic peptides of tear fluid of KCS cases was done through Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/ MS). Dynamics of YAP1 and its downstream targets CTGF and E-Cadherin in Tear fluid through immuno-blotting and in-situ detection through Immuno-histochemistry (IHC) was done. The role of Timolol (0.5% w/v) in the corneal healing through activation of YAP and CTGF was studied. Wnt target proteins like Frizzled-6 (FZD6), Catenin beta1(CTNNB1), G1/S-specific cyclin-D1(CCND1), Vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1), and Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were found significantly up-regulated (p<0.05) in corneal ulcer (KCS). YAP1 regulators Tyrosine-protein kinase Yes (YES1) was found significantly up-regulated (p<0.05) whereas Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Rho GTPase-activating protein 7 (DLC1) (p<0.001), Tight junction protein ZO-3 (TJP3), and Cadherin-1 (CDH1) (p<0.05) were significantly down-regulated in corneal ulcer compared to normal tear. Increased expression of YAP1 and CTGF was observed in the tear film and corneal tissues of corneal ulcer cases. Up-regulation of the Wnt target proteins and YAP1 activation occurred in corneal ulcer due to KCS and orchestrated characteristic corneal pathology. Timolol enhanced cell proliferation and thus was helpful in corneal healing but augmented KCS pathology in corneal tissue.

Title: Sero-epidemiological Study of Equine Piroplasmosis in Horses of South Gujarat (India)
Abstract :

Equine piroplasmosis is considered a notifiable disease of worldwide significance and endemic in many countries of the world. This study was designed for the sero-detection of equine piroplasm and to investigate the associated risk factors of EP. A total 295 horse’s serum samples were screened for T. equi and B. caballi infection by cELISA and result of the study indicated that 62.71% of horses having presence of antibodies by cELISA. Sero-prevalence of piroplasmosis in horses was found significantly (P<001) associated with different breeds of horses whereas non-significant difference was observed between age and sex of the horse. Highly significant (P<0.01) difference was observed in horses rear in pacca house and tick control adopted by owner for prevention of EP as compared to horses rear in kachcha house and ticks control not adopted by horse owner whereas significant (P<0.05) difference noticed in presence of tick infestations and absence of tick infestations on body of horses. Moreover, there was no any significance differences observed in presence of equine piroplasmosis from organized farm and unorganized farm, horses kept with other animal species and horses kept without other animals.

Title: Assessment of Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Production and Reproduction Traits in Badri Cattle
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to assess the effect of non-genetic factors on production and reproduction traits in Badri cattle. The study assessed the production and reproduction traits of 147 calving records of Badri cattle , spread over a period of 7 years from 2014-2020, at Instructional Dairy Farm, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. Least-square maximum likelihood programme was used to analyse the effect of non-genetic factors (NGF) viz. parity number of animal, season of calving and period of calving on production and reproduction traits viz. total milk yield (TMY), peak yield (PY) and daily milk yield (DMY), service period (SP), dry period (DP) and calving interval (CI) respectively. Effect of animal’s parity number was significant (P <0.05) on TMY, PY, DMY and SP. Season of calving was found to be significant on PY (P <0.05). Effect of period of calving was significant (P <0.05) on DMY and (P <0.01) on TMY. Thus, it can be asserted that non-genetic factors have significant effect on the production and reproduction traits in Badri cattle. It is pertinent to pre-adjust the data of environmental factors for evaluating genetic parameters of production and reproduction traits in dairy cattle.

Title: Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Helminths of Sheep in Aeolian Plains of Haryana
Abstract :

The epidemiological study of gastrointestinal parasites was carried out in unorganized sheep farms in aeolian plains of Haryana from March, 2018 to February, 2019. A total of 1080 faecal samples were examined, out of which 899 (83.24%) were positive for helminthic infections. The different helmiinths observed were strongyles (80.93%), Strongyloides spp. (28.24%), Trichuris spp. (7.31%) and Moniezia spp. (1.02%). Infection was non-significantly higher in adults (83.34%) as compared to young (76.67%). Males showed a non-significantly higher infection (89.79%) as compared to females (82.59%). Significantly higher (p<0.05) infection was observed in monsoon (98.88%) as compared to winter (74.17%), spring (78.88%) and summer (82.72%) season. Significantly higher (p<0.05) infection (100%) was observed during month of August and September while lowest infection was observed during month of November (56.67%). Coproculture studies revealed that Haemonchus contortus was predominant parasite during all the seasons, followed by Strongyloides spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. No trematode eggs were identified during study period

Title: Effect of Partial Substitution of Sodium Chloride with Potassium Chloride on Quality Characteristics of Buffalo Calf Meat Rolls
Abstract :

The study was carried out to develop low salt buffalo calf meat rolls partially substituting sodium chloride with potassium chloride (maintaining equivalent ionic strength) at the levels of 10% to 50%. Substitution up to 30% level did not result in any significant variations in sensory attributes but further increase in potassium chloride level caused significant decline in flavor, tenderness, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability. The replacement did not cause any significant difference in proximate composition, water holding capacity, emulsion stability of developed meat rolls. Increase in pH and decrease in cooking yield values was observed with enhancement in level of potassium chloride but significant effect was noticed only at 50% replacement. Texture profile and instrumental color of KCL treated rolls were comparable to control. Firmness and toughness declined with increasing incorporation of KCl but significant impact was noticed only at 50% level. The replacement up to 30 % was optimum to develop low salt buffalo calf meat rolls.

Title: Effect of Tomato Pomace Supplementation on the Nutritional Value of Dog Diet as Assessed by In-Vitro Digestibility
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect on different processing techniques on nutritive value of dog food and to determine appropriate supplementation level of tomato pomace (TP) in dog food. Standardized diets were subjected to different processing techniques viz. raw, boiling and extrusion. Proximate analysis of feeds revealed that boiling of feed decreased the ether extract content of diets. The in-vitro analysis was done with two incubation phases, first gastric phase of 2 hours duration in the presence of pepsin, gastric lipase and HCl and a second intestinal phase with 4h duration in presence of pancreatin and bile salts. TP was included in diet at 0, 2.5 and 5% level. Results revealed that among different processing techniques, irrespective of level of TP in diet, best results were observed in case of extruded diets. DMD and OMD of boiled diets was lower (<0.001)than extruded diets and higher than raw diets. As far as level of TP is concerned, best results were obtained in diet without TP. However DMD and OMD was (<0.001) higher at 2.5 % inclusion level than at 5% inclusion level while CPD and EED were non-significant at 2.5 and 5% inclusion level. Parameters viz.pH, FFA, PV and aflatoxin content of prepared dog diets was with in permissible limits.

Title: Carcass Traits and Leather Quality Characteristics of Blackhead Ogaden Sheep Fed Different Proportions of Roughage and Concentrate Ratios
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of varying level of roughage to concentrate ratios on carcass traits and leather quality characteristics of Blackhead Ogaden sheep aged 2 years (20.8±1.8 initial body weight). Twenty four lambs were blocked into 6 groups of four lambs based on initial body weight and randomly assigned within group to 4 diets. Roughage composed of natural grass hay and haricot bean hauls (50:50 ratio) and concentrate mixture composed of wheat bran (69%) and 31% of oil seed meal (noug seed cake and cottonseed meal in the ratio of 1.1:1) were offered at roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios of 60R:40C, 50R:50C, 40R:60C, and 30R:70C. Roughage and supplement were offered separately and percentages of the two feeds were determined based on ad libitum consumption of individual animal on dry matter (DM) basis. After the completion of stall feeding, animals were slaughtered for carcass parameters and leather quality evaluation. Slaughter body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage as a proportion of slaughter body weight, empty body weight, and total usable products are greater in group consumed 30R:70C than 60R:40C ration (P<0.05). Fat content and elongation percentage of leather produced from sheep consumed 60R:40C was higher (p<0.05) than 30R:70C. However, the other chemical and physico-mechanical quality of leather were not affect by the treatment diet (P>0.05). Thus, we conclude that feeding of roughage and concentrate at the ratio of 30R:70C could be recommended as better feeding strategy for better performances of finishing sheep.

Title: Comparative Study of Automation and Conventional System on Production Performance in Poultry Farms
Abstract :

The study was conducted to compare the productivity performance of Layer breeder under conventional house and automatic house. Both houses were studied under small farms with an average of 250 birds. This study covered a period of 22 weeks with five replicates. Based on the results, the effect of different rearing systems on the mean body weight and FCR from week eighteen to forty weeks of age on weekly and cumulative basis were significantly (P≤0.05) influenced among the various treatment groups in HH-260 birds. Egg production, Hen housed and hen day egg production in experimental birds in automatic rearing system was significantly different from birds reared in conventional rearing system. The study also concluded that ARS birds had better liveability as compared to birds under conventional rearing systems. Litter quality analyzed based on the proximate analysis and E. coli count and found significant (P≤0.01) difference among the two-rearing systems. The proximate analysis of built up litter was significant higher (P≤0.01) in CRS than the ARS. The higher proximate values like crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, total ash and energy value were mainly due to feed wastage in conventional rearing system which leads to elevation of these values. There was highly significant difference (P≤0.01) in working time measurement of automation over conventional system of rearing. It accepted the hypothesis of the study that ARS housing have better productivity and profitability over conventional, this is testified by the general better FCR, egg production, liveability and litter quality in CCS houses.

Title: Male Buffalo Calf: Potential Emerging Meat Animal- A Review
Abstract :

With 109.85 million heads, India ranks first in world buffalo population. Because of its extremely nutritive milk, leaner meat and top draught power for wet conditions, buffalo proposes extreme ability for the enhancement of living standard of mankind. Buffaloes are well known for their diet versatility, remarkable defiance to disease and flexibility to a wide range of dwelling, feeding and managemental circumstances. Meat of buffalo calf; have no religious prohibitions and is lean and liked by most of the segments of populations. The meat obtained from young male buffalo calves has more tenderness than that from higher age and connective tissue in the meat contributes to its toughness. Despite, the little toughness of buffalo meat than corresponding beef owing to existence of substantial proportion of connective tissue in buffalo, yet emulsified products like sausages, patties, loaf, nuggets, patties etc. can be nicely prepared from buffalo meat. The deliciousness of buffalo calf meat is almost identical to that of buffalo meat. Thus, rescue of buffalo calf for meat production can enhance the employment, revenue and export prospective.

Title: Differential Expression Profiling of Myogenic Regulatory Factor Genes in Postnatal Longissimus dorsi Muscle of Indigenous and Large White Yorkshire Breeds of Pigs
Abstract :

Pigs form a very important component of the Indian livestock. It has immense potential to ensure nutritional and economic security for the weaker sections of the society. Pork is a nutritious food that is commonly consumed worldwide. The current study was planned to investigate the distinction in the relative expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) genes (MyoD, Myf5, Myf6, Pax7 and Pax3) and their role in the postnatal myogenesis Longissimus dorsi muscles of indigenous and Large White Yorkshire (LWY) breeds. These genes help in muscle differentiation and regeneration of skeletal muscles. MyoD has shown significantly (P<0.05) higher quantitative transcript levels in indigenous pigs than in LWY. There is no significant difference in the transcript levels of Myf5 and Myf6 have been observed in the indigenous pigs whereas both the genes have shown significantly (P<0.05) higher quantitative transcript levels in LWY. Further, no statistically significant (P<0.05) difference for Pax3 and Pax7 have been recorded for both the breeds. The current study on relative expression of transcript levels of MRFs in LWY and indigenous pigs presents them as candidate genes for body growth rate. The current study will aid in understanding the genetic basis for myogenesis in postnatal stage. Moreover, it may act as steppingstone for the identification of marker genes related to body growth and meat quality in indigenous breeds.

Title: Evaluation of Morphometric Measurements to Estimate Body Weight in Crossbred Landly Pigs (Landrace*Desi)
Abstract :

Weight is an important index in swine meat industry. Indirect method of weight measurement involves usage of body measurements. Heart girth is known to be better correlated with body weight in pigs. A study was carried out to determine the relationship between different girths like the heart girth (measured just behind the forelimbs), middle girth (measured around mid-region of the body) and tail girth (measured just in front of the hind limbs) and live weight in Landly pigs (Landrace* Desi). Data was collected for body length, girths, and live weight in 39 pigs, both male and female and 9-10 months of age, reared in the IVRI Swine farm. Multiple linear regression method was used for analysis under GMP9. The results showed high positive correlations of weight with middle girth. Area calculated using middle girth and heart girth had the best fit and the lowest error. This can be applicable to pigs reared under field conditions.

Title: Gross and Biometrical studies of Placentome in Goat (Capra hircus) during Different Stages of Pregnancy
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on the 18 healthy and normal goat uteri of non-descript breed (Capra hircus) varying from day old to 150 days of gestation. The uteri were assigned in to three groups according to their gestational age; Group I (0-50 days), Group II (51 -100 days) and Group III (101-till term). The length, diameter and thickness of gravid horn, non gravid horn, body and cervix were significantly increased with the advancement of pregnancy. Weight of uterus was also significantly increased as pregnancy progressed. The thickness of endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium and total thickness of uterine wall in gravid horn was significantly increased with advancement of pregnancy. The numbers of placentomes ranged from 92 to 153, which were significantly increased from early to mid pregnancy and subsequently significantly decreased during late pregnancy. In the late pregnancy, the placentome were disc like with a shallow depression and had relatively thinner margin. The length, width and thickness of the placentome were significantly increased with the advancement of pregnancy.

Title: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antibiofilm Potential of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Essential Oil for Application in Meat Products
Abstract :

The current study was carried out to examine in-vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibiofilm efficacy of Peppermint essential oil (PEO) for its potential application in meat products. Antimicrobial activity was measured by using zone inhibition assay (ZOI) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against ten food borne pathogens including four Gram-positive viz. Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and six Gram-negative viz. Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa whereas antioxidant assay was measured using 1,1 diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2- azinobis-3 ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Maximum zone size was observed for Proteus mirabilis whereas, MIC values ranged from 5000-20000 ppm for all tested organisms. The oil was found to be more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Antibiofilm activity (%) was also performed against pure cultures of two pathogens i.e. Listeria monocytogenes and Proteus mirabilis as positive control. The results exhibited that with application of PEO, biofilm formation of both Listeria monocytogenes and Proteus mirabilis was inhibited by 45.80% and 73.01%, respectively in contrast to their respective controls. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity of PEO was measured at five different concentrations and values were ranging from 17.24-49.07% for ABTS whereas 35.16 – 60.70% for DPPH under investigation. It can be concluded that peppermint essential oil possesses potent antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibiofilm activity and can be further used as a natural alternative for preservation in meat industry

Title: Effect of Transglutaminase and Egg White on Functional Properties and Microstructure of Fish Paneer from Tilapia and Common Carp
Abstract :

In this research study a high value restructured surimi gel product fish paneer was developed from the fish mince obtained from commercially low value fishes like tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The effect of protein additives (transglutaminase and egg white) on functional properties and microstructure of fish paneer was studied. Functional properties such as gel strength (23.7 kgf), water holding capacity (142%), expressible moisture content (26%) were highest in fish paneer prepared with transglutaminase (0.5%) added in surimi (tilapia: common carp, 1: 1). Folding test also revealed the highest quality of gel prepared from surimi containing transglutaminase. The egg white (1%) influenced the functional qualities positively but had lesser effectiveness than transglutaminase. The microstructure study using scanning electron microscopy images of fish paneer confirmed better effectiveness of transglutaminase (0.05%) in binding the protein molecules than egg white (1%).

Title: Detection of Virulence Genes in Salmonella Species Isolated from Chevon and Chicken Meat
Abstract :

The aim of present study was to investigate the detection of virulence factors encoded Salmonella enterotoxin (stn) and plasmid encoded fimbriae (pef) genes in isolates of Salmonellae isolated from chevon and chicken meat samples collected from different districts of Chhattisgarh. A total of 32 Salmonella isolates were recovered, among them 18 and 14 isolates were recovered from chevon and chicken meat samples, respectively. All the Salmonella isolates were tested for the presence of virulence associated genes viz., stn and pef by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols, standardized separately for each gene. All 32 (100%) Salmonella isolates were found to carry the enterotoxin determinant stn gene where as none of the Salmonella isolate was found positive for pef gene, indicating that the stn gene is widely distributed among the Salmonella isolates irrespective of source of sample, species, serovars and location. The stn gene in Salmonella was found to be highly conserved. Thus, stn gene may be used as a target gene for detection of Salmonellae in different types of field samples.

Title: Effect of Inclusion of Dried Garlic (Allium sativum) Powder in the Diet on Serum Biochemical Profile of Japanese Quail
Abstract :

An investigation is carried out to study the effect of inclusion of dried garlic powder at varying levels on serum biochemical profile of Japanese quails. One hundred and fifty, day old quail chicks distributed randomly to five dietary groups each with three replicates of ten quails and were offered broiler quail diets (starter and finisher) to meet the nutrient requirements (ICAR, 2013). During the experiment, dried garlic powder is included at 0.0% (T1 : Control), 0.50% (T2 ), 1.0% (T3 ), 1.5% (T4 ) and 2.0% (T5 ) level by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Results indicated that the serum total protein (P<0.05), HDL-C and phosphorous (P<0.01) contents increased while serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and creatinine levels decreased (P<0.01) with increase in the level of inclusion of dried garlic powder from 0 to 2.0% in the diet. However, inclusion of dried garlic powder up to 2.0% in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on serum albumin, globulin and calcium levels. The study indicated that dried garlic powder can be incorporated up to 2.0% level in the diet as natural feed additive for production of low cholesterol meat without any adverse effect on performance of quails.

Title: Epidemiological Studies on Physical, Chemical, Zoonotic and Psychological Hazards among Veterinarians
Abstract :

The veterinary profession is complex and the demand of this profession expose veterinarians to various risks like traumatic injuries, zoonotic diseases and mental health hazards. This study reports physical, chemical, biological, psychological health hazards and awareness relevant to Indian veterinarians as obtained by self administered questionnaire. As many as 392 veterinarians were surveyed. Physical injuries reported were Bite (31.8%), scratch (65.1%), kick (62.8%), horn wound (14%), needle prick (89.2%), fracture (3.8%) and injuries due to falling/ lifting animals/ moving heavy equipments (61.3%). Majority of veterinarians experienced some form of allergy. Incidence of skin irritation was highest among (50.2%) veterinarians. Ringworm (13.5%) and fungal infection (26.5%) were most common zoonotic infection. Low level stress was reported in 45% of participants, 34% had moderate and 21% felt high level of psychological stress. The proportion of participants using protective equipments include 60% gloves, 1.1% goggles, and 39.8% apron The study showed that 171(43.6%), 122 (31.1%), 67 (17.1%), 32 (8.2%) veterinarians followed deworming at 6 month, 1 year, 2 year and more than 2 year intervals respectively. The awareness levels concerning occupational hazards among the veterinary health professionals was near optimal but the need was felt to implement efforts aimed at addressing deterrence of occupational hazards.

Title: Prevalence of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Live Bird Markets of Eastern Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :

A cross sectional study was carried out to know the status of H9N2 LPAI virus in retail poultry shops (RPSs) established in live bird markets (LBMs) of eastern Madhya Pradesh, India. A total 288 samples were collected from 4 districts of eastern Madhya Pradesh following cluster sampling method. Samples included 120 tissue samples and 168 environmental samples of live bird markets. All the samples were analysed for virus isolation by embryonated chicken egg inoculation, Hemagglutination (HA), Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) and Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RTPCR). A prevalence of 9.2 % was found in tissue samples and that of 20.8 % was found in pooled environmental samples. Out of four districts in the study, samples from three districts were found positive for H9N2 AIV. A strong positive correlation (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r = 0.92) was found between tissue and environmental samples. This study indicated presence and possible spread of H9N2 AIV in these LBMs. These LBMs might impose risk of acquiring infection to occupationally exposed individuals. Therefore, a proper vigilance is needed over the poultry supply chain especially the poultry retail shops along with general awareness about basic biosecurity measures for prevention and control of H9N2 infection.

Title: Seasonal Prevalence and Antibiogram Studies of Bovine Mastitis in Southern Haryana
Abstract :

Mastitis in bovines causes huge economical loss to the dairy industry. It affects the public health due to the transmission of pathogenic bacteria and the toxins produced by them through the food chain. The timely diagnosis of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and its proper treatment based on antibiogram have significant impact on reducing the economical loss to the dairy farmers. Therefore the present study was conducted to find out the prevalence and antibiogram pattern of the mastitis causing bacteria in Southern Haryana. A total prevalence rate of 65.79% was observed for subclinical mastitis in Southern Haryana by the screening test. The highest prevalence was observed in winter (59.49%), followed by rainy season (69.61%) and cattle were found as more susceptible to SCM when compared to buffaloes. The major Gram negative pathogens isolated were belonged to E. coli, followed by Klebsiella species and Pseudomonas species, the common organisms responsible for environmental mastitis. The antibiogram patterns of the isolates were also studied and the maximum sensitive antibiotic against mastitis was found as Chloramphenicol, followed by Enrofloxacin, Amikacin and Ampicillin. The most resistant antibiotics in the study area was found as Ceftizoxime followed by Amoxicillin as these antibiotics were frequently and indiscriminately used for the treatment of mastitis in the study area without subjecting to in vitro antibiotic sensitive test. This emphasis the need of awareness among dairy farmers regarding the hygienic managemental practices to be followed at farm level as well as necessity of conducting antibiotic sensitivity test for the treatment.

Title: Evaluation of Sorghum Stover Based Complete Rations with Different Roughage to Concentrate Ratio for Efficient Microbial Biomass Production by Using In Vitro Gas Production Technique
Abstract :

An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the optimum roughage to concentrate ratio in complete rations using sorghum stover (SS) as a roughage source since it is a main feed resource for urban and peri-urban dairies. Eight complete rations were prepared with roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratio of 100R:0C to 30R:70C. In vitro gas production (ml) at 24 h incubation, in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy, truly digestible organic matter and ammonia nitrogen production were increased linearly (P<0.01) as the proportion of concentrate was increased in the ration. Significantly higher (P<0.01) total volatile fatty acid concentration was observed in 50R:50C, 40R:60C and 30R:70C compared to other rations. Significantly (P<0.01) highest partitioning factor, microbial biomass production and efficiency of microbial biomass production were recorded at 60R:40C ratio followed by 50R:50C. Therefore, the present study suggested that SS can be included in complete rations for ruminants at the level of 60 per cent for economic milk and meat production.

Title: Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing for Fracture Repair in Dogs
Abstract :

The study was conducted on 12 dogs of either sex, breed, aged between 1-8 years which were randomly divided into two groups. In group I, fractures were repaired with intramedullary interlocking nailing using open method and in group-II, closed method of fracture repair under C-arm guidance was used. The occurrence of fracture was found to be 1.04%. The non-descript, young male dogs were most commonly affected with fracture. An automobile accident was the most common cause of fracture. Intra-operative haemorrhage was significantly less with closed method. Rectal temperature and heart rate decreased after induction of anaesthesia in both the groups. In both the groups, the exudation decreased on 7th day and no exudation was observed at 14th postoperative day. The mean value of weight bearing score was significantly (p˂0.05) lower in group-II as compared to group-I. Animals started to take weight from 3rd postoperative day in group-II. Significant increase in radiographic score was observed at different intervals in both the groups. The blood loss was recorded more in group-I as compared to group-II. Thus, on the basis of clinical and radiographic findings, it can be concluded that the closed method of intramedullary interlocking nailing was better than the open method.

Title: Effect of Taurine and Methionine Supplementation on Leukocyte Profile of Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

The animal protein sources are rich in essential amino acids but transmission of zoonotic diseases and their high cost limits its use. Therefore it becomes necessary to supplement the synthetic amino acids in plant proteins based broilers diet. A study was conducted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of three levels of taurine (0, 0.025%, and 0.05%) and two levels of methionine (0 and 0.15%) to determine the effect of taurine and methionine supplementation on leukocyte profile of broiler chickens. The study showed significantly (P < 0.01) increased total leukocyte count (TLC) in taurine and methionine supplemented treatments. As the taurine level increased in the diet heterophil and eosinophil count significantly (P < 0.01) increased whereas, lymphocyte and monocyte count significantly (P < 0.01) decreased . The result reveals that graded level of dietary taurine and methionine plays significant role in reducing the oxidative damage by altering the leukocyte profile.

Title: Effect of Poly herbal Phytobiotic on the Growth, Immunocompetence, Development of Digestive Organs and Carcass Characteristics of Commercial Broilers
Abstract :

Seventy two, one week old, Cobb 400 broiler chickens were distributed into two experimental groups having four replicates. The birds of the control group were fed a basal diet (22.5% CP & 2830 K cal/kg ME) while the other group was offered a basal diet supplemented with a polyherbal phytobiotic, AV/SSL/12 in drinking water@ 4 ml/100 birds/ day during 1-2 weeks, 8 ml/ 100 birds/ day during 2-4 weeks and 15 ml/100 birds/ day during 4-6 weeks of age. AV/SSL/12 birds had a significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight compared to the control at 2nd week of age. The body weight gain of the birds in the liver tonic fed group was significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to the control group at 2nd week of age. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly better (P<0.05) in the phytobiotic group compared to the control group during 3-6 weeks and 1-6 weeks of age. Total immunoglobulins and mercaptoethanol sensitive (IgM) antibody titer (log 2) values in response to sheep red blood cells was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the phytobiotic compared to the control group. The herbal supplemented group had significantly higher (P<0.05) large intestine length compared to the control group at 6 weeks of age. However, there was no significant difference between the treatment groups in the carcass characteristics and yield of cut up parts of the broilers after 6 weeks of age. Hence, it may not be unreasonable to infer that poly herbal liver tonic, AV/SSL/12 possesses promising immunomodulatory potential and supplementation of poly herbal liver tonic may elicit growth of commercial broilers.

Title: Effect of Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus Nobilis Lour x Citrus Deliciosa Tenora) Fruit Waste Silage on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility and Performance of Goat Bucks
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the feeding Kinnow mandarin fruit waste (KMW) silage viÅ›-a- viÅ› oat silage on nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, utilization and general performance of adult male goats. Twelve local adult male goats were randomly allotted into two equal groups namely oat silage (OS) and Kinnow silage (KS) group. Animals were offered weighed quantities of respective silage (Oat silage to OS and KMW silage to KS) on ad lib. Silage intake (g/d), DM intake (DMI), digestible DMI, digestible organic matter (OMI) and digestible CP intake was comparable (P>0.05) among the two dietary groups. The per cent digestibility of all the analysed nutrients was analogous (P>0.05) in both the groups irrespective of the diet. Total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake (g/d) of goats kept on KMW silage was significantly (P<0.05) higher than OS group animals. Balance of nitrogen and phosphorus was positive in both the groups without any significant (P>0.05) difference between dietary groups. There was no significant difference in analysed blood bio-chemicals and serum enzymes level between different periods and groups, suggesting general well-being of goats. On the basis of results of present study, it can be concluded adult male goats can be maintained on the silage of Kinnow waste without affecting nutrient intake, utilization and general performance of animals

Title: Effect of Feeding Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles on Nutrient Utilization and Blood Biochemical Profile of Buffalo Calves
Abstract :

A 90 day growth trial was conducted on 10-15 month old male buffalo (Murrah) calves (average initial body weight 252.92+17.0 kg). Twelve calves were randomly distributed into three groups of four animals each. The animals in control group were fed with basal diet consisting of chopped wheat straw, berseem fodder and SBM based conventional concentrate mixture and animals in experimental groups 2 and 3 were fed wheat straw, berseem and concentrate mixtures in which SBM was replaced with DDGS at 50% and 75% levels on N basis, respectively. Digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance was comparable in all the groups, indicating RDDGS did not have any adverse effect on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. RDDGS inclusion as a partial replacement of soybean meal had no deleterious effect on blood profile (total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, glucose) and the values of all parameters were within the physiological range. Therefore, from the present study, it was concluded that RDDGS can replace soybean meal upto 75 percent in the concentrate mixture of buffalo calves on N basis without any adverse effect on palatability, digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen balance and health of the animals.

Title: Altered Immune Response to Decellularized Porcine Small Intestinal Sub-Mucosa (DPSIS) Graft in Dogs Suffering from Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Abstract :

Study was conducted to explore immune response to decellularised porcine small intestinal sub-mucosa (DPSIS) graft though clinical evaluation and mRNA expression of selected genes of ocular surface epithelium after corneal surface reconstruction in dogs suffering from Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Sixteen client-owned dogs that underwent deep lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) and DPSIS graft for corneal surface reconstruction were selected; seven dogs with corneal ulcer were included in group A as control and nine dogs with corneal ulcer as a complication of KCS were included in group B as treatment group. Healing of corneal ulcer under graft was evaluated clinically and by digital photographs. Gene expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, PD-L1 and FASL before and after grafting was done by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at definite intervals post graft. DPSIS graft promoted effective healing of corneal defect of partial/full thickness in group A and preserved corneal integrity whereas fibrosis and corneal pigmentation ensued in group B post DPSIS graft. Gene expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were found elevated in group B before and after PSIS grafting. PD-L1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in group B. Protein and gene expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 varied with severity of inflammation in corneal surface post DPSIS grafting. Enhanced mRNA expression of PD- L1 and inflammatory mediators ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the ocular surface epithelial cells suggested an altered immune response to DPSIS graft and warranted strategies to modify them for successful repair of corneal epithelial defects in KCS affected dogs.

Title: Biochemical Parameter Derangement in Commercial Broilers during Heat Stress and Their Mitigation using Ascorbic Acid Supplementation
Abstract :

Poultry production suffers huge losses due to heat stress, which is caused by high temperatures in many areas during the summer. Therefore, maximum production requires the elimination of the deleterious impacts of environmental stressors. The aim of this study was to check the amelioration of heat stress in commercial broilers by ascorbic acid supplementation on biochemical parameters viz., effect on plasma ascorbic acid, plasma albumin, plasma glucose, breast muscle pH, thio-barbituric acid value. A total number of 96 birds were randomly divided into 8 groups, 4 groups of birds were kept at (37±5.0°C) in heat stress conditions, while 4 other groups of birds were kept at 26±1.0°C (comfort temperature) using an air conditioner and each group consist of 12 birds. G1 was taken as control whereas G2, G3 and G4 were supplemented with 100 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg of ascorbic acid respectively. G4 group supplemented with 300 mg of ascorbic acid showed better results with overall plasma ascorbic acid values (6.84 ± 0.14) as compared to other supplemented and non-supplemented groups. However, G3 group supplemented with 200 mg of ascorbic acid showed better results with overall plasma glucose (310.39± 3.60) and plasma albumin (4.07±0.14) values. On 45th day, G3 group supplemented with 200 mg of ascorbic acid showed better results with respect to Breast muscle pH (6.2) and thiobarbituric acid (2.18) values. This shows Vitamin C/Ascorbic acid has potential antioxidant effect able to modulate physiological adjustments to mitigate the undesirable effects of exposure of broilers to high temperatures.

Title: Pharmacokinetics of Cefquinome on Single Intravenous Administration in Marathwadi Buffalo Calves by Microbiological Assay Technique
Abstract :

Experiment was performed on six healthy Marathwadi buffalo calves of either sex of age above 6 months and weighing between 80 to 120 kg to study the different pharmacokinetic parameters after single intravenous administration @ 2 mg/kg body weight by microbiological assay technique. After intravenous administration of the drug, blood samples (4 ml each) of buffalo calves were collected from external jugular vein using disposable needles in clot activator tubes at different time intervals. The schedule of blood collection for pharmacokinetic studies after intravenous administration was at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hrs. The serum levels of cefquinome were estimated by microbiological assay technique using large glass plate. Different Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated as described by different scientists. The peak serum concentration, elimination half life, volume of distribution, total body clearance, absorption half life and area under curve values found were 1.74 ± 0.151 mcg/ml at 2.5 min of sampling time, 1.97±0.14 h, 3.97 ± 0.83 L/kg (Vd(B)) and 2.86 ± 0.34L/kg (Vdss), 1.11 ± 0.13 L/kg.h-1, 0.10 ± 0.02 h, and 1.93 ± 0.23 μg/ml/hr respectively. The bioavailability of cefquinome in buffalo calves was found to be 100 %. It may be concluded that the elimination half life of cefquinome was 2.54 h in Marathwadi buffalo calves indicating the repeating of doses at 12 to 15 h intervals in Marathwadi buffalo calves and the loading dose would be double than the maintenance dose of cefquinome after intravenous administration.

Title: Identification of Differentially Expressed Tear Proteins after Corneal Reconstruction with DPSIS Graft in Dogs Suffering from Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Abstract :

Differentially expressed tear proteins after corneal reconstruction with decellularized porcine small intestinal sub mucosa (DPSIS) in Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) affected dogs was explored through Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) followed by Peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). Anterior lamellar keratoplasty followed by DPSIS graft was performed in seven dogs with corneal ulcer (group A) and in nine dogs with corneal ulcer as a complication of KCS (group B). Tear was also collected from 12 healthy dogs with no ocular pathology. PMF based protein identification was performed on tryptic peptides of tear film trapped in major bands of ID-SDS PAGE (in duplicate) using MALDI-TOF/MS. PMF revealed 432 unique tear proteins from major gel bands of DPSIS treated dogs (group A and B) and normal tear from healthy dogs. Based on MOWSE score, relative abundance of proteins in both groups were compared with that in normal tear. Proteins USP37, KRT1, Major allergen Can F1, CCDC39, PRKCD, Serum albumin, TERT and CD163 were found to be significantly (p<0.001) down-regulated in group A and group B compared to normal tear from healthy dogs. Protein INVS was found significantly up regulated (p<0.001) in Group B post DPSIS graft compared to pre-operative tear. ZNF252 was found significantly up regulated (p<0.001) in Group A tear film post-operatively compared to pre-operative tear. Intrinsic cellular stress disrupting DNA replication and cell division, cellular senescence and apoptosis were found as key events underlying corneal pathology in KCS which needs consideration while attempting surgical reconstruction of cornea using DPSIS graft.

Title: Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Production Potential of Staphylococci from Bovine Mastitis in Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :

Bovine mastitis is a frequent cause of economic loss to dairy farmers. This study is aimed at investigating the biofilm formation ability and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococci from bovine mastitis. Among a total of 125 Staphylococcal isolates obtained from cows and she buffaloes with clinical and subclinical mastitis, 45 were coagulase positive (CPS) and 80 were identified as coagulase negative (CoNS) by tube coagulase test. Considerably high proportion of Staphylococcal isolates (56/125, 45%) formed biofilms on Congo red agar and when these isolates were screened for biofilm genes (icaA, bap, icaAB, aap), only four (7.2%) were found to possess bap gene. The icaA, icaAB and aap genes were not detected in any of the isolates. Majority of the CPS and CoNS isolates from our study (around 96%) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, but most of them were resistant to gentamicin (100% of CPS and 92.5% of CoNS). The isolates (49/125, 39.2%) that showed resistance to cefoxitin were phenotypically identified as methicillin resistant, out of which 10 were MRSA and 39 were CoNS. In PCR for mecA and mecC genes, only eight isolates (8/125, 6.4%) of Staphylococci were found to possess mecA gene. None of the isolates carried mecC gene. The results suggest that the CoNS isolates (44.8%) from bovine mastitis had the potential to form biofilms and has considerably high (49%) methicillin resistant phenotype though only 6.25 per cent of them carried mecA gene and could be confirmed as MRCoNS.

Title: Heat Shock Protein70 (HSP70) Gene Expression Pattern in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) during different Seasons in Sahiwal Cows (Bos Indicus)
Abstract :

Thermal stress alters the normal body homeostasis and causes severe detrimental effects on production and productivity of animals. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved family of proteins that are ubiquitously expressed in animal’s body during thermal stress. Out of all the members present in this family, HSP70 is regarded as the most significant indicator of thermal stress. The present study was therefore conducted to demonstrate the relative mRNA expression pattern of HSP70 gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during different seasons in Sahiwal cows (Bos Indicus). Apparently healthy, non - lactating and non - pregnant sahiwal cows (above two years of age) were taken for study (n = 6). Blood samples were collected thrice i.e. once in December-January (THI <72), between February - March (THI = 72) and June (THI > 72). Blood sample collected in thermo - neutral zone (THI = 72) was taken as control. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) study was undertaken to investigate the variation in relative mRNA expression profile of HSP70 gene during different seasons. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a housekeeping gene. The relative expression values of HSP70 during summer season were found statistically significant in comparison to winter. These results suggest that HSP70 gene expression varies with THI and this variation may play an imperative role in conferring thermo tolerance against heat stress during different seasons of a year.

Title: A Guide on Hemato-Biochemical Profiles of Indigenous Manipuri Cattle
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to establish a reference value of hematology and serum biochemical parameters of indigenous Manipuri cattle. The blood samples were collected from ten numbers (n=10) of apparently healthy indigenous Manipuri cattle from College Livestock Farm Complex (LFC), Jalukie, Nagaland. The hematology and serum biochemical parameters were estimated by utilizing an automated blood cell and biochemical analyser, respectively. Differential Leukocytes Count (DLC) was evaluated after staining the slides with Leishman’s stain. The overall value (Mean ± SEM) for Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), Total Leukocyte Count (TLC), Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils were recorded as 32.24 ± 1.40%, 13.15 ± 0.77g/dL, 7.47 ± 0.28 ×106/μL, 43.3 ± 1.42 fL, 17.64 ± 1.02 pg, 40.64 ± 1.13 g/dL, 14.11 ± 0.44, 14.05 ± 0.94 × 103/μL, 56.75 ± 4.80 %, 31.48 ± 3.49 %, 8.75 ± 0.84 %, 5.25 ± 0.96 %, 0.625 ± 0.32 % respectively. Similarly, the overall mean value (Mean ± SEM) of Glucose, Calcium, Albumin, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, Bilirubin, Cholesterol, Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) and Alkaline Phophatase (ALP) were 55.53 ± 3.35 mg/dL, 11.23 ± 0.23 mg/dL, 2.72 ± 0.05 g/dL, 14.96 ± 1.14 mg/dL, 31.99 ± 2.45 mg/dL, 0.49 ± 0.11 mg/dL, 0.86 ± 0.07 mg/dL, 0.10 ± 0.007 mg/dL, 143 ± 9.78 mg/dL, 27.94 ± 1.76 U/L, 71.39 ± 4.19 U/L, and 62.4 ± 6.89 U/L respectively. The hemato-biochemical values were within the physiological normal ranges of cow except TLC. It can be concluded that the data of this study will be act as a guide on hemato-biochemical profiles of indigenous Manipuri cattle.

Title: Clinico-Biochemical Alterations and Therapeutic Management of Canine Gastroenteritis
Abstract :

The clinical investigation was done on 45 dogs suffering from gastroenteritis. The affected dogs showed diarrhoea, vomition, depression, anorexia and dehydration. Significant decrease in plasma glucose, albumin, potassium and chloride were observed. The affected dogs were randomly divided into three groups. In group-I (n = 15), levofloxacin was given along with antiemetic, vit B-complex and fluid therapy. In group-II (n = 15) and group-III (n = 15), cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were used instead of levofloxacin. The present investigation showed that therapeutic regimen in group-I (levofloxacin) was most effective for the treatment of gastroenteritis as compared to group-II (cefotaxime) and group-III (ceftriaxone).

Title: Determination of Herd Prevalence of Brucellosis using Rose Bengal Plate Test and Indirect ELISA
Abstract :

The present study was aimed at diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle and buffalo using RBPT and iELISA and comparing the two tests. The animals belonged to a cattle shelter house (Gaushala). Out of 303 sera samples collected, 125 (41.25 %) were positive by RBPT and among 125 positive samples, 2 were of male and other 123 were of female animals. On the other hand the results of ELISA were tripartite and 142 (46.86%), 22 (07.26 %) and 139 (45.54%) samples were found as positive, moderately positive and negative, respectively. Overall by combining the both type of positive results, 164 (54.12%) samples were found positive by iELISA. On herd level, this was much higher than reports from most of earlier workers. On taking iELISA as reference test, the sensitivity and specificity of RBPT were calculated as 80.78% and 100%, respectively and the level of agreement between two tests was 0.871. But three categories of variations were observed between two tests, i.e. eighteen samples were positive in RBPT but negative in ELISA, 49 were negative in RBPT but positive in ELISA and 12 were negative in RBPT but moderately positive in ELISA.

Title: Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Clinically Ailing Bovine
Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to carried out seroepidemiological study of leptospirosis in clinically ailing cattle and buffaloes of South Gujarat where cases of leptospirosis in human is increase every monsoon since last decade. To determine clinical pattern of bovine Leptospirosis in this area a total of 130 serum samples of cattle and buffaloes were collected randomly from different age groups of cattle and buffaloes of either sex reared in this area and tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using different serovars of Leptospira spp. The prevalence of leptospiral antibodies was detected in 15.84 and 17.24 % in clinically ailing cattle and buffaloes, respectively. In clinically ailing seropositive cattle history of mastitis/agalactia/oligolactia was recorded in maximum number of cases (24.00 %) followed by abortion (20.00 %), fever (14.81%), repeat breeding (11.76%) and anorexia (5.88%) in different combinations. In seropositive clinically ailing buffaloes the clinical signs included mastitis (30.00%), fever (16.66 %) and abortion (14.28%). In clinically ailing cattle highest prevalence was noted in animals above 4 years of age (20.00%) followed by 1-4 years of age (4.76%) whereas in clinically ailing buffalo seropositivity was recorded only in above 4 years of age (20.00%). The most prevalent serovar pomona has been reported from different clinical conditions in both cattle and buffaloes. Based on present and few past investigation reports the sero-epidemiological condition of bovine leptospirosis that need due attention as South Gujarat region is endemic zone for leptospirosis.

Title: Physicochemical Analysis and Sensory Evaluation of Burfi Enriched with Dried Date
Abstract :

The study was aimed at evaluating the quality of burfi enriched with dried date. Three samples of khoa-dried date blends viz. T1 (90:10), T2 (85:15), T3 (80:20) and control (T0) burfi was analyzed for physicochemical parameters and sensory attributes. The physicochemical composition of burfi was affected due to addition of dried date. The moisture, fat and protein contents decreased with increase in the amount of dried date while that of total solids and total sugar content recorded an increasing trend. Based on sensory analysis, the dried date burfi prepared with 15% dried date in treatment T2 scored highest sensory score. The cost of production of highly acceptable burfi enriched with dried date (T2) was `. 156.50 per kg.

Title: Clinical and Rumen Fluid Evaluation of Ruminal Disorders in Cattle
Abstract :

Clinical and rumen fluid changes in various ruminal disorders were studied clinically in 13 cattle at University of Gondar veterinary clinic, Gondar town, Ethiopia from September 2013 to May 2014. History, clinical signs, physiological and rumen fluid parameters were studied in all the cattle. The comparisons of the means between different stages of physiological parameters of different ruminal disorders were determined by repeated measure ANOVA to evaluate pre and post rumenotomy changes. The predominant clinical observations were, abdominal distension in non potential foreign bodies; grunt with bruxism in potential foreign bodies; bloat along with colic signs in ruminal tympany; and fluid splashing sound with palpable mass in the rumen in ruminal impaction. Poor quality roughage and excess concentrate were found to be the predisposing factors in ruminal disorders. In physiological parameters significant increase in temperature and decrease in rumen motility from the presurgical values up to 24 hrs and 48 hrs after rumenotomy were observed. Heart, pulse and respiratory rates revealed none significant changes between pre and post surgical intervals. The rumen fluid of cattle with different ruminal disorders on analysis before rumenotomy showed brownish colour, watery consistency, aromatic odour, pH range 4.9-8.0, increased MBRT and sedimentation activity time in most of the cases.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Different Lactation Curve Models in Prediction of Monthly Test-Day Milk Yields in Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :

Present investigation was undertaken to compare the different lactation curve models for describing the shape of the lactation curve in Murrah buffaloes. Data for the present study included 9071 monthly test-day milk yield (MTDMY) from 965 Murrah buffaloes calved during 1977 to 2012 at the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. A total of 10 monthly test-day milk yield records were taken at an interval of 30 days. The data were used to estimate lactation curve parameters for four lactation curve models viz. Gamma type function (GF), Exponential function (EF), Mixed log function (MLF) and Polynomial regression function (MLF). The mean monthly test day milk yields (MTDMY) increased from 5.91±0.13 kg on TD1 to a peak yield of 7.41±0.12 kg on TD3. The estimates of coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) for GF, EF, MLF, and PRF were 96.42%, 98.65%, 98.48%, 99.86% and 0.077, 0.049, 0.052, 0.015, respectively. PRF fitted best to the test day data followed by EF on the basis of higher R2 and lower RMSE estimates, whereas GF fitted least.

Title: Age Related Anatomical Changes in Articular Cartilage of Femoral Head in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract :

Present study was conducted to study the anatomical features of femoral head AC in twenty four intact hip joints of apparently healthy buffaloes procured from GHMC Abbattoir, Hyderabad. They were divided into four groups viz., Group I (prenatal), Group II (Birth - 3yrs), Group III (3 – 6 yrs) and Group IV (6 yrs and above). Morphological features of AC of femoral head revealed that articular surface was covered by a strip of AC made up of hyaline cartilage adjacent to sub-chondral bone in post natal groups, whereas in prenatal stage entire proximal epiphysis of femoral head was purely hyaline cartilage since AC was not yet differentiated. In post natal groups (II, III and IV) a layer of mature AC covered the hemispherical femoral head which blended peripherally with the epiphyseal cartilage. Thickness of femoral head AC reduced marginally with advancing age in various points of articular surface of femoral head viz., lateral surface, at neck and at midpoint. It was 1.89 mm, 1.38 mm and 1.49 mm thick in Gr-II which reduced to 1.64 mm, 1.37 mm and 1.36 mm in Gr-IV respectively. As age advanced, average length and width of femoral head increased fivefold from 2.83 and 2.43 cm in Gr-I (prenatal) to nearly 10.77 and 9.43 cm in Gr-IV (postnatal) specimens respectively. AC surface of young specimens was shiny pink in color in fresh state, whereas aged specimens it showed signs of yellowish discoloration and few indentations around the neck.

Title: Prevalence of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Captive Wild Animals of Kanan Pandari Zoo, Bilaspur
Abstract :

The present study was envisaged to record the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in captive wild animals of Kanan Pandari Zoo, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. For this investigation, a total of 145 faecal samples of different captive wild animals were screened, 54 were found positive for various helminth parasites, indicating 37.24% prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites. Among different helminthic infections, the prevalence of nematodal infection was higher than cestodal infection. Among different captive wild animals, the prevalence of parasites was higher in herbivores (45.68%) followed by carnivores (28.33%). The intensity of gastro-intestinal parasitic infection in captive wild animals was mild as eggs per gram ranged from 100-500.

Title: Epidemiological Study on Ticks infestations in Cattle of Jharkhand and Therapeutic Evaluation of Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin and Flumethrin
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to find out prevalence of ticks infestation in cattle and comparative therapeutic efficacy of cypermethrin, deltamethrin and flumethrin in dairy cattle of district Koderma, Jharkhand, India. Total 3890 cattle were examined out of them 1602 cattle were found infested with different species of ticks. The overall prevalence of ticks in cattle were recorded 41.18 %. Among them 876 (54.68 %) cattle were infested by Boophilus microplus followed by Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, 332 (20.72%), Haemaphysalis bispinosa 261 (16.29%) and 133 (8.30%) with multiple species of ticks. Round the year prevalence of tick were recorded in the cattle and highest (65.84%) prevalence were recorded during month of September and lowest (24.22%) prevalence were in March. Prevalence was noticed higher in monsoon/ rainy season (60.53%) followed by winter season (34.21%) and summer season (28.25%). Prevalence of ticks infestations were significantly higher in young cattle (up to one year), cross breed, female, reared under intensive system. The common sites of predilection of ticks were udder, perineum, groin, and dewlap and flank region. After 28 days post treatment by cypermethrin, deltamethrin and flumethrin, reduction in mean ticks population density were 74.94 %, 78.84 % and 100%, respectively

Title: Carcass Traits and Meat Composition of Hansli × CSML bird under Intensive and Semi-intensive Rearing Systems
Abstract :

This study was conducted to compare the carcass traits and meat composition of Hansli×CSML crossbred chickens reared under intensive and semi-intensive rearing systems. At 18th week of age, three birds per sex from each rearing system were slaughtered. Carcasses were dissected into primal cuts. Breast and thigh meat samples were used for chemical analysis. The dressing and eviscerated yield % of birds under intensive system was significantly (P≤0.05) more than under semi-intensive system. The thigh and drumstick yield % of semi-intensive bird was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that of intensive bird. The carcass traits of males were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that of females. The results from the meat analysis recorded a higher protein and lower fat content in breast and thigh meat of birds under semi-intensive system. The meat samples of female birds had a higher fat content and somewhat lower protein content as compared to males.

Title: Association of Semen Attributes and Seminal Plasma Proteins of Buffalo Bulls
Abstract :

This study was conducted to explicate the association of semen attributes with seminal plasma proteins of buffalo bulls. Total 108 ejaculates were collected from six sexually mature adult Bhadawari buffalo bulls aged 2-4 years in three seasons (rainy, winter and summer) of a year by using artificial vagina. Immediately after collection, semen samples were divided into two aliquots. One aliquots of neat semen were evaluated for ejaculate volume (EV), sperm concentration (SC), mass motility (MM), progressive motility (PM), percent live-dead (LD) count, percent Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), and percent acrosomal integrity (AI). The other semen aliquots were centrifuged for harvesting the seminal plasma. SDS-PAGE was performed for separation of seminal plasma proteins and gel images were analysed to determine molecular weights, IOD of protein bands and relative protein fractions (protein %) using the Gel doc system. The correlation results revealed positive correlation of SC with 70 and 72 kDa proteins while negative correlation with 86 kDa protein. The PM showed positive correlation with 24.5, 70 and 72 kDa proteins and negative correlation with 84 and 86 kDa proteins and AI showed positive correlation with 18.5, 24.5, 44.5, 70, and 72 kDa and negative correlation with 20 and 84 kDa proteins. The results of correlation among seminal plasma proteins showed positive correlation of 24.5 kDa with 35, 44.5, 70 and 72 kDa and negative correlation with 86 kDa proteins. The 70 and 72 kDa proteins showed positive correlation with 18.5 and 24.5 kDa and negative correlation with 20, 84 and 86 kDa proteins. The 84 kDa proteins showed negative association with 24.5, 70 and 72 kDa proteins while 86 kDa proteins showed negative association with 24.5, 35, 36.5, 70 and 72 kDa proteins. In conclusion, though significant correlations among seminal plasma proteins and semen characteristics were detected, yet it is noteworthy that correlation does not mean cause. Therefore, more refined studies that allow higher-resolution separation of seminal plasma proteins and more detailed characterization of those proteins, as well as investigation of their physiological role, will further advance knowledge in this area.

Title: Prediction of Breeding Value Using Bivariate Animal Model for Repeated and Single Records
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out on Karan Fries cows maintained at National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana. Data were collected on fertility and production performance spread over a period of 34 years (1978 to 2012). Breeding values estimated by univariate animal model were compared with univariate animal repeatability model on the basis of spearman’s rank correlation estimate. The rank correlation estimates ranged between 0.39 to 0.47 indicating that sires rankings on first lactation basis had moderate correlation with the rankings on the basis of breeding values estimated by repeatability model. Further the bivariate animal repeatability models viz. SP & 305MY, CI & 305MY and DPR & 305MY had lower error standard deviation 251.85, 254.92 and 249.93 kgs in comparison to bivariate animal model for single records for which the error standard deviation estimates were 281.84, 279.81 and 278.99 kgs, respectively. The error standard deviation estimates of SP & TMY, CI & TMY, DPR & TMY were 284.99, 294.35 and 285.47 kgs in comparison to bivariate animal model for single records for which the error standard deviation estimates were 272.01, 315.30 and 298.22 kgs, respectively. Results of the present study indicated that the repeatability model was superior in comparison to the animal model for single records and thus repeated records should be used for breeding value prediction in dairy cattle.

Title: Different Treatment Regimen for Eradication of Pinworm (Syphacia obvelata) Infection in Mice Colony
Abstract :

Syphacia obvelata infection was diagnosed in mice during routine health monitoring of rodent colony at Animal Facility, ILS-NISER, Bhubaneswar. Entire mice colony was treated with fenbendazole mixed in drinking water @70 mg / liter in combination with topical spray of injectable 0.1 % ivermectin solution to arrest the disease. At the same time mice were isolated and grouped (n=18) to compare other treatment regimens using ivermectin (oral & spray) and fenbendazole (oral) and chalk out an effective therapeutic strategy for large rodent colonies. Use of cocktail of oral fenbendazole and 0.1 % ivermectin spray was able to eradicate pinworm infection in mice colony but study with individual use of fenbendazole in drinking water was not able to treat the infection in group. Oral use of ivermectin was able to treat pin worm infection in mice but is not recommended for treatment due to its deleterious effects. Use of 0.1% ivermectin as spray alone resulted in complete eradication of Syphacia obvelata hence suggested to be safe and effective method for pin worm eradication in large rodent colonies.

Title: Growth Dynamics of Salmonella, Isolated from Different Sources, at different Temperature and pH
Abstract :

A total of 350 samples 50 each from raw poultry meat, poultry cloacal swabs and human diarrheic cases, besides 200 eggs were processed for the isolation of Salmonella. Effect of varying temperature and pH on growth of Salmonella isolates was evaluated by growing the organism in Brain Heart Infusion Broth at 4, 10, and 30°C with pH values of 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5. At 10°C, the mean generation time of the isolates at pH values of 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 was 44.23 ± 0.44, 15.51 ± 0.08 and 10.23 ± 0.10 hrs, respectively, while at 30°C, the generation time of the isolates at pH values of 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 was 126.10 ± 0.68, 59.96 ± 0.14 and 36.22 ± 0.07 min, respectively. No growth observed at 4°C, at any given pH value. As the temperature and pH were lowered, significant increase in generation time of the organism was observed.

Title: Impact of Haematobia exigua (Buffalo Fly) in Cattle in Namakkal Region, Tamil Nadu
Abstract :

The impact of Haematobia fly menace in dairy cows was studied in cattle farms maintaining different breeds of cattle, located in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India during the month of December 2019. The flies collected from each farm were identified as Haemtobia exigua. The fly avoidance activities include head throws, tail flicks, ear flicks, leg stamps (front and rear), and skin twitches were recorded for one minute and frequency of activities was correlated with fly intensity in animals. The frequency of tail flicks, skin twitches, ear flicks, head throws and leg stamps was 27.5, 20.3, 13.5, 3.0 and 2.8 respectively when the fly population was fairly high and also these activities were found to be higher in evening than morning. Of the 50 cows examined, 40 cows (80.0%) had skin lesions due to fly bites. Animals with dark colour skin had more lesions (90.32%) than medium (75.0%) and animals with light-coloured skin (42.85%). In addition, the prevalence of skin lesion in respect to breed was found to be the high in Jersey cross bred cows (89.18%) followed by Holstein Friesian cross (71.42%), but no such lesions were noticed in Tharparkar (0%) breed. The development of fly bite wound sore in relation to fly intensity in cattle was 85, 75 and 60 % in animals that had high (>150), moderate (100 &150) and low infestation (50 & 100) respectively. Approximately 50-100 flies were found to be sufficient to produce lesions, however the severity of lesions depends on level of infestation.

Title: Trace Minerals and Antioxidant Profile of Normo, Oligo and Ashthenozoospermic Crossbred Frieswal Bulls
Abstract :

The study was undertaken to assess the level of trace minerals, antioxidants and semen quality in normo, oligo and ashthenozoospermic breeding frieswal bulls. Semen samples were collected from breeding bulls (47) maintained at bull rearing unit of ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut. Trace minerals (Zn, Cu, Co and Fe) and oxidative stress parameters (SOD, Catalase and MDA) were determined in semen samples of breeding bulls. Sperm motility and concentration were measured in fresh ejaculates. The mean zinc and copper concentrations were significantly lower in blood and semen (p<0.05) in oligozoospermic and ashthenozoospermic bulls as compared to normozoospermic bulls. Cobalt and iron concentrations did not vary significantly in different group of breeding bulls. Significantly higher MDA and low SOD and catalase activities were present in seminal plasma of oligo and ashthenozoospermic bulls as compared to normozoospermic bulls. The MDA had significant negative correlation with motility (p<0.05, r = -0.303) and sperm concentration (p<0.001, r = -0.473) while SOD and Catalase had significant positive correlation with initial sperm motility (p<0.05, r = 0.273; p<0.001, r = 0.435) and sperm concentration (p<0.001, r = 0.575; p<0.001, r = 0.631). The study concluded that oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia are associated with an increased MDA concentration and decreased activities of SOD and Catalase in the seminal plasma of breeding bulls. Present findings suggested that determination of antioxidant status of semen during infertility investigation seems to be useful.

Title: Effect of Dietary Incorporation of Aniseed (Pimpinella anisum) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizome Powder and their Combination on Haemato-biochemical Parameters and Carcass Trait in Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

A feeding trial was conducted to discern the effect of aniseed and ginger rhizome powder as feed additive on haemato-biochemical parameters and carcass traits in Ven Cobb 400 strain of broiler chicken. Day old 120 chicks were procured and randomly distributed into four treatment groups. Each treatment had 3 replicates with ten chicks in each replicate. The control group (T1) were fed basal diet without any supplementation. In treatment groups T2, T3 and T4, basal diet was incorporated with 1.0 % aniseed powder, 1.0 % ginger rhizome powder and 0.5 % aniseed + 0.5 % ginger rhizome powder, respectively. The haematological parameters were not affected due to dietary incorporation of aniseed and ginger rhizome powder. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum cholesterol in treatment groups T4, T3 and T2 as compared to control T1 however, there was also considerable reduction in serum triglycerides content in T2, T3 and T4 group. Dressing percentage, weight of cut up parts and giblet showed no significant difference among the group but there was significant (P<0.05) increase in gizzard in broiler chicks due to aniseed and ginger rhizome powder supplementation. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in ether extract content of breast muscles in T2 group. There was significant increase in protein content of thigh muscle in T3 and T4 group. It is concluded that inclusion of 1.00 % aniseed or 1% ginger rhizome powder in the diet of broiler improved meat quality by reducing cholesterol level in meat of broiler chicken.

Title: Ultrasonographic Study of Testicular Development in Beetal Bucks
Abstract :

Two dimensional (2D) ultrasound imaging of testis was conducted on six prepubertal bucks from 1 month to 9 months of age. Testicular scanning was done through direct contact in longitudinal and vertical positions by using 6.0 MHz frequency with a real time ultrasound scanner. The testicular parenchyma (TP) appeared homogenous with a coarse medium echo-pattern which appeared anechoic at first month of age and then moderately echogenic as development occurred with advancement of age. The mediastinum appeared as a longitudinal structure in the middle of testis having greater echogenicity than TP in longitudinal plane and as an echogenic spot in centre of TP in transverse plane. The scrotal septum was seen as a hyperechoic structure in lateral sonograms from initial scanning onwards. The tunics of the testes appeared as a bright echogenic line. Inter-testicular septal depression also appeared between testes as anechoic linear band on transverse scanning. The length, width and circumference of the testes showed significant increase (P<0.05) with the advancement of age. Pixel value of testes showed an incremental pattern with slight deviations at few points. All testicular parameters increased linearly as age advanced, with maximum increase from third to fourth month.

Title: Comparative Efficacy of Nitazoxanide and Sulphadimidine in the Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in Bovine Calves
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to assess the therapeutic efficacy of oral Nitaxoxanide and Sulphadimidine treatment against Cryptosporidium infection in bovine calves reared under field conditions. A total of 18 diarrhoeic calves naturally infected with Cryptosporidium infection were evaluated. Nitazoxanide was found to be very effective on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs, restoration of altered haemato-biochemical parameters to their normal level and 78.89% reduction in Cryptosporidium oocysts shedding. On the other contrary, sulphadimidine was found almost ineffective in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in calves. Intravenous infusion of Ringer’s lactate and 5% Dextrose used as adjunct therapy for correction of fluid and electrolyte losses fastened the recovery.

Title: Characterization of Free-range Indigenous Chicken Production System in North-East India (Assam)
Abstract :

A survey was undertaken in four agro-climatic zones of Assam to explore the existing free-range indigenous chicken farming system. Data were collected from 200 farmers, selected randomly by personal interviews with structured questionnaire. Results on existing free-range chicken production system were analyzed and documented. The overall mean age of the chicken farmer was 37.95±0.77 years. The primary purpose of chicken rearing was to meet day to day petty expenses (49.50%) and selfconsumption (24.50%). The overall mean flock size recorded as 29.79±0.28 number per household and the flocks were mostly comprised of chicks. Majority (63%) of the chicken coop were constructed inside the dwelling house without any specifications with locally available materials. The study also indicated that indigenous chicken production was characterized by scavenging with supplemental feeds. Primarily home produced eggs were used for natural incubation by broody hen or duck. Newcastle (Ranikhet) disease was the most fatal disease that caused heavy mortality in indigenous chicken flock as reported by 84.5 per cent of the respondents. Farmers seldom vaccinated their birds against any diseases, but none of them practiced deworming. Chickens were mostly sold as live chicken. Eggs were mostly collected from farmers’ doorstep by hawkers. The study indicated that the indigenous chicken played a significant role in nutritional and livelihood of rural smallholders.

Title: Relationship Among Intramammary Infection and Raw Milk Parameters in Jersey Crossbred Cows under Hot-Humid Climate
Abstract :

The raw milk quality has increasing importance for producer and consumer as it is directly related to processing, production and price. The aim of present study was to determine the relationship among intramammary infection (IMI) and raw milk parameters in Jersey crossbred cows. Total 24 lactating Jersey crossbred cows were randomly selected and representative animal wise morning milk samples were collected in monthly interval for four month. The level of somatic cell count (SCC) and milk parameters (fat (%), solid non-fat (%) and pH) was estimated from the collected sample. Test day milk yield for individual animals was also recorded and then the data obtained were statistically analyzed. A significant (P<0.01) negative correlation of Log10SCC with test day milk yield, fat and SNF percentage was found, while, milk pH was highly positive correlated with Log10SCC in milk. The mean±SE values of milk yield, fat and SNF were significantly (P<0.01) lower in subclinical infected group except for SCC and pH, which were higher in subclinical infected group. It can be concluded that IMI and higher SCC adversely affect the milk production and raw milk quality parameters and these parameters can be used as useful indicator as complimentary to SCC to monitor udder health and for early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis at dairy farm.

Title: Elucidation of Molecular Basis of Neutrophil Apoptosis during Staphylococcal Mastitis in Crossbred Cows
Abstract :

Neutrophil apoptosis is a dynamic process following their recruitment to the site of infection that varies depending upon the type of challenge. The proposed study was designed to elucidate the role of classical mediators of apoptosis in neutrophils isolated from milk samples of crossbred Karan Fries cows suffering from subclinical (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM). Milk samples were collected from 12 KF cows suffering from clinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcal aureus. Clinical mastitis was confirmed on the basis of CMT scoring, bacteriological evaluation, gross and morphological changes in milk and by counting milk somatic cells (SCC). Milk Poly Morpho-Nuclear Cells (PMNs) were isolated and apoptosis was studied. Neutrophil apoptosis was evaluated by studying the exteriorization of phosphatidyl serine, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, Caspase 3, 7, 8 and 9 by fluorescent microscopy. Results showed that apoptosis in neutrophils were mediated through exteriorization of membrane phosphatidyl serine; increased mitochondrial transmemebrane potential and activation of caspases 3, 7, 8 and 9 like other somatic cells. From the study, it was evident that neutrophils undergo induced apoptosis during Staphylococcal mastitis. The findings of the study provide an insight into the molecular basis of neutrophil apoptosis and form a basis to enhance the host immunity by the process of apoptosis modulation to combat the infections caused by the pathogen. The study provided a base for future studies by which neutrophil apoptosis can be modulated so as to enhance the phagocytic clearance of the microbes from the site of infection.

Title: Effect of Epidural Administration of Promethazine With and Without Bupivacaine on Biochemical Attiributes of Canines
Abstract :

Six apparently healthy nondescript adult dogs weighing 15 to 20 kg were used for investigation on effects of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Promethazine as epidural anesthetic on Biochemical attributes. Nine serum samples from each dog were collected at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and at 96 h post treatment for the estimation of Blood Glucose, Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (SAP), Total Bilirubin and serum creatinine. It was observed that the Blood Glucose levels rise after administration of Promethazine alone and with Bupivacaine and achieved peak on 72 h post administration and then declined. Serum Total Protein levels remain unaffected after administration of Promethazine alone while along with Bupivacaine increase in total serum protein during different time interval with peak value recorded at 24 h post administration. SGPT levels increased and reached peak at 12 h post administration after administration of Promethazine alone and with combination with Bupivacaine. SAP values followed trends of SGPT and reached peak at 12 h post administration and then declining gradually in both treatments. The Blood creatinine values increased gradually post administration in both treatments and achieved peak at 48 h post administration and then declining gradually.

Title: Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Broilers Supplemented Mineral Premix without Cobalt, Iron and Copper
Abstract :

Ninety, day old broiler chicks were arranged into 5X3X6 pattern to investigate the effect of exclusion of Cobalt, Iron and Copper from the mineral mixture. Five dietary groups (T1 to T5) were assigned basal diets containing 2800 kcal ME/kg and 22% CP (Starter) and 20% (Finisher) for a total duration of 6 weeks. The chicks in T1 were fed commercial mineral mixture, T2 were supplemented with mineral mixture prepared with laboratory reagent grade minerals while chicks of T3, T4 and T5 were fed laboratory reagent grade mineral mixture without Cobalt, Iron and Copper, respectively. No significant difference was observed in weight gain, feed intake, FER and PI of broilers fed various mineral supplements. Significantly (p<0.05) higher nitrogen and energy retention (%) was recorded in broilers (T5) fed mineral supplement without Copper compared to broilers fed (T1) commercial mineral supplement (77.18±0.28 vs. 70.50±2.70 and 81.86±1.04 vs. 75.71±2.36). It was concluded that Cobalt,

Title: Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Endophytic Bacteria from Leaves of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
Abstract :

Endophytes are ubiquitous organisms that live within the host plants without causing any apparent symptom of disease. The aim of the study was to identify the various morphological characteristics of endophytic bacteria from leaves of Tamarindus indica. The preliminary identification of the endophytic bacterial isolates was done based on various morphological features of isolated endophytic bacteria from leaves of Tamarindus indica. Growth characteristics of endophytic bacteria isolated from Tamarindus indica on King’s B media showed that colonies were either irregular or circular in shape, either flat elevation on petri plate or of raised elevation, margin of colonies were either undulated or entire, the surface of the growth opaque and white in colour. All the endophytic bacterial isolates from leaves of Tamarindus indica were non-haemolytic in nature. Growth characteristic of isolated endophytic bacteria from Tamarindus indica in BHI broth showed turbidity and pellicle formation, either they form sediment or ring. The microscopic examination of endophytic bacterial isolates had shown that all endophytic bacterial isolates from Tamarindus indica were gram positive rods. Isolated endophytic bacteria were tested for various biochemical tests also. Based on the findings the endophytic bacteria were characterized and providing insights on the nature of microbiome present in the leaves of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica).

Title: In Silico Characterization of β-Defensin-1 Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Osmanabadi Goat
Abstract :

Beta-defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) involved in resistance against microbial colonization. In this study total RNA was extracted from tongue of Osmanabadi goats and used to synthesize β-Defensin-1 complementary deoxyribonucleic Acid (cDNA) using reverse transcriptase. In this study in silico characterization of Osmanabadi goat β-Defensin-1 cDNA and its deduced peptide was carried out using PCR, Sequencing and DNAstar programme. CDS of Osmanabadi goat β-Defensin-1 consists of 195 nucleotides encoding a protein of 64 amino acids. Multiple alignment at nucleotide level revealed that Osmanabadi goat β-Defensin-1 had high homology with goat bD1-Y17679, Assam Hill goat Defensin, goat XM_018042143, and goat bD2-AJ009877 sequence. Similarly, multiple alignment at the amino acid level revealed that Osmanabadi goat β-Defensin-1 had high identity with goat bD1- O97946, Assam Hill goat-AST23025, goat- XP_017897632 and goat bD2- 097942 peptides. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that β-Defensin-1 of Osmanabadi goat, both at nucleotide and amino acid level, is closely related to goat, sheep and Reindeer sequences. The Osmanabadi goat β-Defensin-1 cDNA sequence is identical to goat β-Defensin-1 reported from USA. No nucleotide substitution/ change was observed in Osmanabadi goat β-Defensin-1 compared to β-Defensin-1 of goat from USA. It also showed high percentage of identity with goat defensin-1 related molecules. Structure prediction using Phyre2 revealed goat β-Defensin-1 had structural similarity with bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 12.

Title: Gestational Age Estimation and Validation using Ultrasonic Measurements of Fetal Biparietal Diameter and Occipito Nasal Length in Nellore Brown Ewes
Abstract :

Gestational age estimation in small ruminants helps in nutritional management of pregnant ewes and optimizes the lamb survival. Nellore Brown ewes (n = 20) were subjected to short day estrus synchronization protocol and weekly once transabdominal ultrasonography from day 8 onwards until parturition. The biparietal diameter and occipito nasal length of fetal head measured from day 43 until day 113 of gestation. A positive correlation was obtained between gestational age and BPD (r = 0.9687) and ONL (r = 0.9873) and regression equations generated as y = 15.94x + 28.43 and y = 9.471x + 25.66 respectively for BPD and ONL where y is GA and X is respective head measurements. For validation of equations, BPD and ONL were measured in 21 and 12 pregnant ewes respectively, in field test. For linear relationship 61.9 and 71.4% of pregnant ewes delivered within ±7 and ±14 days of expected parturition dates for BPD and 58.3, and 100% of pregnant ewes delivered within ±3 and ±11 days of expected parturition dates for ONL. It was concluded that the ultrasonic measurements of fetal head diameters were well correlated with gestational age and can be used for estimation of pregnancy duration, however, ONL was precise over BPD in predicting parturition dates in Nellore Brown ewes.

Title: Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Ram Lambs Fed Concentrate Mixture Containing Varying Levels of Cashew Nut Kernel Meal
Abstract :

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding concentrate mixture containing varying levels of cashew nut kernel meal (CNKM) on growth performance and carcass characteristics in ram lambs. In a completely randomized design, 18 ram lambs were divided into 3 equal groups of six each. They were allotted in to three dietary treatments (T1 to T3) comprising of green fodder viz., Super Napier and concentrate mixture (20% CP) containing CNKM at 0, 10 and 20%, respectively. The body weight gain and average daily gain increased (P<0.05) linearly with increasing level of CNKM in concentrate mixtures from T1 to T3, while the feed cost per kg weight gain decreased by ` 1.46 in T2 and ` 19.81 in T3 as compared to control. Carcass studies in ram lambs fed concentrate mixtures had no effect (P>0.05) on various carcass parameters expressed as percentage of hot carcass weight. No significant differences were observed in the proportion of whole sale cuts (% carcass weight) and yield of visceral organs (% of pre slaughter weight) among the different treatments. It is concluded that CNKM can be included up to 20 % in the concentrate mixture for improved body weight gain, feed efficiency and economical meat production in ram lambs.

Title: Comparative Efficacy of different Antimicrobials Used in the Treatment of Colibacillotic Calves
Abstract :

Colibacillosis of newborn calves is characterised by rapid onset, watery white or yellowish diarrhoea and high mortality. In the present therapeutic study the efficacy of four highly sensitive in-vitro drugs viz., ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin and co-trimoxazole was evaluated. Ciprofloxacin at the dose rate of 4mg/kg body weight was found 100 per cent effective, gentamicin at the dose rate of 4mg/kg body weight was found 83.33 per cent effective where as neomycin @10mg/kg body weight and co-trimoxazole @ 25 mg/kg body weight were found 66.67 per cent effective in this study. Treatment regimen used in four different groups of clinical cases of colibacillosis indicated ciprofloxacin being most effective drug followed by gentamicin, neomycin and co-trimoxazole which was comparable with in-vitro studies.

Title: Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in Rural, Peri-Urban and Suburban Regions of Jaipur District of Rajasthan, India
Abstract :

A cross section study was carried out from June 2013 to May 2014 on a total of 110 lactating cows of rural, peri-urban and suburban regions of Jaipur District of state of Rajasthan, for sub clinical mastitis by using California Mastitis Test (CMT), White side test (WST), Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT) and Somatic cell count (SCC). Prevalence of subclinical bovine mastitis in animal level was recorded as 67.27, 64.55, 63.64 and 74.55 % by CMT, WST, SFMT and SCC, respectively whereas 39.55, 38.86, 37.95 and 45.23 % by CMT, WST, SFMT and SCC, respectively in the level of quarters. Staphylococcus species (46.3%) occupied the prime position among the bacterial isolates followed by Streptococcus species (9.76%), Escherichia coli (6.1%), mixed growth (32.96%) and sterile growth (4.88%). Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed highest sensitivity towards Enrofloxacin. However, antibiotics showing higher rate of resistance patterns were Streptomycin, Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Amoxicillin, Kanamycin and Lincomycin. This reflects the poor quality of milk available to the consumers, lack of adequate hygienic practices, pre-emptive prophylactic regimen and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials.

Title: Immunomodulatory Activity of Moringa oleifera in Albino Rats
Abstract :

The study was conducted to evaluate immunomodulatory property of hot aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera in albino rats. This study comprised of six groups containing six rats in each group. Group I served as control, received standard feed and water. Group II and IV received hot aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera @ 400 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 45 days. Group III and V received ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera @ 400 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 45 days. Group VI received standard immunomodulatory drug Levamisole @ 50 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 45 days. A significant increase (P< 0.05) in HA titre was observed in levamisole treated group VI, ethanolic extract treated group V and hot aqueous extract treated group IV of Moringa oleifera as compared to group I. In delayed hypersensitivity test a significant increase (P< 0.05) in paw volume was observed in response to Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC’s) in group II (hot aqueous extract), group III (ethanolic extract) and group VI (levamisole). Phagocytic index was also found to be non-significantly increased in levamisole treated group VI, ethanolic extract treated group III and hot aqueous extract treated group II as compared to group I. Thus the results showed that Moringa oleifera possess immunomodulatory property.

Title: Comparative Gross Anatomical Studies on the Sternum of Emu, Turkey and Duck
Abstract :

Study was undertaken to provide a reference for the gross anatomy of the sternum of emu as one of the ratite species and also to compare the structural differences with sternum of duck and turkey. The sternum from four adult emu, turkey and duck were collected and used for the present study. The sternum was a large unsegmented bone located on the antero-ventral aspect of the body cavity, bowl-shaped in emu, triangular in turkey and rectangular in duck. It consisted of deeply concave dorsal surface, more convex ventral surface without keel in emu, with prominent keel in turkey and duck and had two extremities and two borders. An upward and antero-laterally directed flat antero-lateral process was observed and was long in turkey, short and curved in emu and very small in duck. The posterior extremity or metasternum was triangular and flattened in emu. It had very long posterior process and carried ventrally a thin plate of bone called keel in duck and turkey. Single and divided postero-lateral process was noticed in duck and turkey respectively but was absent in emu.

Title: Contents Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2020
Abstract :
Title: Prevalence of β-lactamase Producing Shiga Toxigenic E. coli (STEC) in Retail Meats and Chicken Cloacal Swabs
Abstract :

Foodborne illness caused by multidrug resistant STEC is one of the most important global public health problems in the world. So, the present study was undertaken to know the prevalence of β-lactamase (ESBL and AmpC) producing STEC in retail meats and chicken cloacal swabs by PCR. A total of 183 samples (135 foods of animal origin and 48 chicken cloacal swabs) collected from retail meat shops and poultry farms in and around Krishna district were subjected to cultural isolation and confirmation of β-lactamase producing STEC by different PCR assays. The overall prevalence of E. coli was found to be 37.15% (68/183) by species-specific PCR. The STEC specific virulence genes stx1, hlyA and stx2 were detected in 10.29%, 2.941% and 1.470%, of E. coli isolates, respectively and no eae A gene was identified. ESBL and/or AmpC-producing E. coli were found in 80.88% (55/68) of isolates with blaTEM being the predominant gene (87.27%) followed by blaCTX-M-2 (9.09%), blaOXA (7.27%), bla DHA (3.63%) and CIT (1.81%). β-lactamase activity was detected in 66.66% of STEC isolates. These findings revealed that retail meats are the potential source of ESBL and/or AmpC-producing E. coli.

Title: Effect Trigonella foenumgraecum and Tinospora cordifolia feed additives on Carcass Traits of Broilers in Konkan Climatic Conditions of India
Abstract :

The different types of feed and combination of feeds are the major element in growth and getting high net return from the poultry. Feed additive plays important role in improving the efficiency of feed utilization and animal performance. The current study attempted to determine the influence of herbs i.e. fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) and in combinations of both at different levels in diet of broilers. The experimental trial was conducted with one hundred sixty two unsexed day-old Vencobb-400 broilers chicks. The nine treatments were given with three replication and each replicates had six birds. The herb stem powder were fed for six weeks at 0, 0.1 and 0.2 per cent level of each herb in combinations. In order to evaluate the seasonal variation it was conducted throughout the year viz. summer, rainy and winter. The chicks were fed with maize crumble at 0-4 days then starter feed from 5-21 days and 21-42 days with finisher feed. All the birds were managed under uniform managemental conditions in three seasons of Konkan climatic conditions. The experimental results showed that the significant increased dressed weight, dressing per cent, giblet, breast, drumstick thigh and meat to bone ratio in broiler fed with 0.2 per cent fenugreek seed and guduchi stem powder during winter season than rest of the treatments and seasons. It would be suggested that the supplementation of broiler chicks’ diets with 0.2 per cent fenugreek seed and guduchi stem powder improved the carcass characteristics of broilers.

Title: Effect of Feeding Artocarpus heterophyllus, Terminalia bellerica and Carica papaya Plant Leaves on Rumen Microbial Enzymes and Growth Performances in Assam Hill Goat
Abstract :

In this study, three medicinal plants viz. Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), Terminalia bellerica (Bhumura) and Carica papaya (Papaya) were investigated for their effect on the rumen enzyme profiles and growth performances in Assam hill goat. A total of eighteen (18) Assam Hill (local) goats of 3-4 months of age were procured and reared in the Experimental Animal Shed, Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India. The animals were divided into three groups viz. control receiving substrate ration, T1 with plant leaves @ 5 % level and T2 groups @ 10 % level of total mixed ration (TMR). The duration of the experiment was 90 days (from March, 2016 to May, 2016). The fibre degrading microbial enzymes viz. carboxymethyl cellulase, endoxylanase, ß- glucosidase were estimated in rumen liquor of the animals during the study period and rumen liquor analysis revealed that out of the three rumen fibrolytic enzymes, Carboxymethyl cellulase showed better (P<0.05) enzyme activity in T2 group (2.83 ± 0.01 μmol glucose/ml/h). The average body weight (kg per animal) recorded in the present experiment showed significant trend (P<0.01) from 0 to 90 days of experiment where higher value (9.62 ± 0.43 kg/animal) was obtained in T2 group. From this study, it can be concluded that these three medicinal plants viz., A. heterophyllus, C. papaya, T. bellerica do not have any harmful effect on normal functioning of the rumen. Thus, the plant leaves can be incorporated in the diet up to 10% of the total mixed ration.

Title: Effect of Season and Age on Bacterial Load in Fresh Semen Ejaculates of Buffalo Bulls
Abstract :

Fresh semen of 10 Murrah buffalo bulls of two different age group viz. 4-5 years and 8-9 years having five bulls in each, were evaluated for total viable bacterial load during three different seasons (summer, rainy and winter).Mean bacterial load in fresh ejaculates of buffalo bulls (three ejaculates per bull in each season) was measured using standard plate count method and expressed as mean (± SEM) CFU per ml of semen. Non significant (P > 0.05) but visible differences of mean bacterial load in bubaline semen was recorded between seasons. Comparatively higher bacterial count in bubaline semen was observed during summer season (18000 ± 4667 CFU/ml) as compared to rainy (16000 ± 3055 CFU/ml) and winter season (12000±3266 CFU/ml). Likewise, nonsignificant (P>0.05) seasonal influence was recorded over bacterial load in semen from bulls of two different age groups. However, appreciable variation was noticed within seasons. During summer season, younger bulls (aged between 4-5 years) showed higher bacterial load (22000±8000 CFU/ml) as compared to older bulls (14000±5099 CFU/ml) and vice versa during winter season. Variations recorded during present study was due to significant variation (P<0.05) among individual bulls within and between seasons. Bacterial load in bubaline semen during summer season was negatively correlated with that during rainy (r = -0.296) and winter season (r = -0.19), however positive correlation (r = 0.423) was noticed between rainy and winter season. In conclusion, the changing seasons during the period of study produced nonsignificant effect on microbial quality of the spermatozoa in Murrah bulls.

Title: Polymorphism of Deleted in Azoospermia-Like (DAZL) Gene in Ongole, Crossbred and Murrah Bulls used for Artificial Insemination in Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract :

Selection of elite crossbred bulls at young age is inevitable for uninterrupted supply of semen to vast bovine population for genetic improvement and production. Identification of sperm molecular biomarkers could be a better approach for selection of young bull for efficient use of resources. The present study was undertaken on 270 bulls of various genetic groups to assess the polymorphism at two loci of DAZL gene by PCR-RFLP. On restriction fragment analysis of 3’UTR/DedI polymorphism was observed in Ongole, Jersey, Jersey crossbred, Holstein, and Murrah bulls. HF crossbred bulls were monomorhic with fixation of A allele and CC genotype was evident only in Ongole bulls. In the bulls across the breeds studied the AA genotype was predominant (90.0 to 99.0). PCR-RFLP of region comprising missense variant in exon 3 was performed with BstY1 and the study revealed that all the bulls were monomorphic at the loci. Further studies to identify polymorphisms and evaluating their association might elucidate the role of DAZL SNPs as a marker for fertility traits in bulls.

Title: Histology of Fetal Ovary and Oviduct of One Humped Camel
Abstract :

The main aim of this work was to study the histological development of fetal ovary and oviduct. The samples were collected from abattoir accidental findings over a period of six months. The ovary and oviduct samples were fixed and routinely processed with Haematoxylin and Eosin and Periodic Acid Schiff. Cortical and medullary zones were not so distinct at the first trimester ovarian tissue. Scanty follicles were found scattered within the connective tissue. The zones were more distinct in the second and most distinct in the third trimester. The primary follicles were also numerous along side with vessels. The oviduct had long branching folds bearing the pseudostratified epithelium that was clearly demarcated in the third trimester. It was concluded that these features can be added to the existing literature and Ultrastructure is recommended in the future research of fetal female Camelids.

Title: Peanut Hull and Arjuna Tree Bark Powders as Potential Functional Ingredients in Development of Low-Fat, High-Fibre Pork Patties
Abstract :

The present study was envisaged to develop low-fat, high-fibre pork patties by incorporating optimum combinations of peanut hull powder (PHP) and arjuna tree bark powder (ATBP) in the basic formulation replacing lean meat. Five various combinations were prepared by using two different levels of peanut hull powder (PHP) viz. 0.5% and 1.0% and arjuna tree bark powder (ATBP) viz. 1.0% and 1.5% by using two-by-two factorial design viz. control (without PHP and ATBP), T1 (0.5% PHP and 1.0% ATBP), T2 (0.5% PHP and 1.5% ATBP), T3 (1.0% PHP and 1.0% ATBP) and T4 (1.0% PHP and 1.5% ATBP). The developed products were evaluated for various physico-chemical, proximate, instrumental colour, texture profile and sensory analysis. With increasing levels of PHP and ATBP in the developed products, mean fat and protein values exhibited decreasing trend whereas ash content showed increasing trend. Control exhibited significantly (P<0.05) lower crude fibre content as compared to treated patties. The lightness (L*) value of T2 and T3 was recorded comparable and significantly (P<0.05) higher than T4. The mean overall acceptability score of T2 was comparable to T1. The overall acceptability of control was recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1 and T2. Thus low-fat, high-fibre, functional pork patties with good organoleptic quality can be prepared by incorporation of 0.5% peanut hull powder and 1.5% arjuna tree bark powder.

Title: Steroid induced hyperadrenocorticism in dogs- A Short study
Abstract :

The present study screened ten dogs with the history of prolonged exogenous glucocorticoid administration. The dogs were subjected to detailed clinical examination and special diagnostic procedures to study the clinicopathological changes associated. The most common signs observed were thinning of skin and asymmetrical alopecia. Serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride and cholesterol were elevated. The adrenal glands were found to be atrophied on ultrasonography. The cortisol levels were within normal range in Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test LDDST. Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed in these dogs and were advised withdrawal of steroid. Initial improvement of clinical signs was observed at 8 weeks after corticosteroid withdrawal.

Title: Smart Phone Based Electrocardiography in Dogs – A Newer Concept in Veterinary Cardiology
Abstract :

With the advancements in veterinary cardiology, ECG has become a basic diagnostic aid and its role in primary diagnosis is becoming more and more important. Though there are multiple conventional electrocardiograms available with different specifications and price, use of smart phone based technology in recording ECGs in veterinary patients is a welcomed technology. This device is simple, handy and provides information that helps in assessment of heart rate, rhythm, conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias. In the present study, the smart phone device was used to trace ECG by placing onto the back of an iPhone or any android phone and / or by placing the phone close to the electrodes and recorded a single lead ECG for 30 seconds. Elevated R wave amplitude, deep S wave, deep Q wave, elevated T wave amplitude, electrical alterans, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular premature complex, deep Q and elevated R wave, wide P wave, low voltage QRS complexes, absence of P wave, wide QRS, ST coving, fine atrial fibrillation, bradycardia with low voltage QRS complexes, deep T wave were the significant abnormal tracings recorded using smartphone based ECG device. Hence, it may be concluded that the smartphone base ECG device might be an alternative for conventional ECG with cables to record various abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias.

Title: Haemato-biochemical and Immunological Study on NSAIDs Induced Acute Toxicity in Broiler Chicken
Abstract :
The present study was aimed to elucidate the effect of Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induced toxicity in the broiler chicken. For this purpose, 120 broiler chicks were utilized and divided into 4 major groups (C, D, B and N) and within each major group the chicks were divided into 3 sub groups having 10 chicks each. The control chicks received normal diet without any medicine. Diclofenac was used @ 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg b.wt. in D1, D2 and D3 group respectively. Ibuprofen was fed @ 15, 30, 45 mg /kg b.wt in B1, B2 and B3 group respectively. The nimesulide group viz. N1, N2 and N3 were given Nimesulide @ 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg b.wt respectively. NSAIDs induced toxicity showed no effect on the haematological parameters of broiler chicks in the present study, however, there was increase in the serum alkaline phosphatase level in intoxicated birds indicating hepatotoxicity compared to the control group with highest value of 173.33 ± 0.80 IU/L in B3. Further, atrophy of spleen and bursa of fabricius was observed in intoxicated birds. Highest atrophy of spleen (1.1 gm/kg body weight) was observed in N3 and D3 while as maximum bursal atrophy of 1.20 ± 0.06 gm/kg body weight was recorded in B3.
Title: Immunoreactivity of PAX 6, Recoverin and Calbindin Activity in the Retina of Buffaloes with Ageing
Abstract :

The present study was conducted in retina of 15 buffaloes and samples were categorized into group I (1-5 yrs), group II (6-10 yrs) and group III (10 yrs above). Immunopositive reaction for Pax6 in retinal pigment epithelium was strong in group I, mild to moderate reaction in group II buffaloes and no reaction in group III buffaloes. Strong immunopositive reaction against recover in was noticed in rods and cones, their nuclei of outer nuclear layer and binucleate cells of inner nuclear layer in group I and II buffaloes. Whereas moderate reaction was observed in the similar cells of retina in group III buffaloes. Strong Immunopositive reaction against calbindin was observed in the horizontal and amacrine cells of retina in group I and group II buffaloes and moderate reaction was observed in group III buffaloes

Title: Effect of Low Protein Diets on Blood Biochemical Parameters and Immunity in WL Layers
Abstract :

Two trials were conducted to assess the blood biochemical and immunity parameters in WL layers (25-44 weeks) at low protein and amino acid supplemented diets. First one is for assessment of digestible lysine and 2nd one is for digestible threonine at constant ratio of other essential amino acids at low protein levels. In experiment –I WL pullets (n=528) were randomly allotted into 11 treatment groups each with 6 replicates of 8 birds and fed with 2 levels of protein (13.36 and 15.78%) with five concentrations of d. lysine (0.50, 0.55, 0.60, 0.65 and 0.70%) and a control group with 17% CP and 0.70% lysine. In 2nd experiment pullets of 390 numbers were distributed into 13 treatment groups with 5 replicates of 6 birds. Basal diets with two d. lysine concentrations (0.65% and 0.60%) at two protein levels (from the experiment –I) and each lysine concentration was supplemented with 6 graded concentrations (60, 63, 66, 69, 72 and 75%) of crystalline threonine, and a control with 17 % CP, 0.70 % lysine and 66% threonine were fed to the birds. Results of these experiments revealed that there was no significant variation in total proteins, albumin globulin, A:G ratio, cholesterol, Alkaline phosphotase, Calcium, Phosphorus and HI titres in both the trials. It indicates that the levels of proteins 13.36 and 15.78% with 0.65%,0.60% lysine at 60% lysine as threonine are optimum for WL layers for production without altering health status.

Title: Screening of Non Tuberculous Mycobacterium Species from Farm Environment
Abstract :

The ubiquitous presence of NTM species in the environment is one factor which leads to misdiagnosis, treatment failure of tuberculosis throughout the world. The aim of the present study was to screen samples from farm environment to detect the occurrence of NTM species and to analyze their antimicrobial resistance pattern. A total of 218 samples of water, soil, milk, faeces and sewage were collected and processed as per standard isolation protocols for NTM species. Further, the isolates were subjected to biochemical characterization and molecular confirmation was done by PCR targeting genus specific primers like 16SrRNA and hsp 65. For species identification, the PCR products were sequenced and assessed the genetic relatedness. Antimicrobial resistance of the isolates was also studied by broth microdilution and disc diffusion method. The present study showed the presence of NTM species from farm settings and the isolates were found to be sensitive to antimycobacterial drugs.

Title: Development and Shelf-life Extension of Cranberry Infused Caramel Paneer Bites for School Going Children
Abstract :

The plenary investigation was based on the development and shelf life extension of cranberry infused caramel paneer bites for school going children. Caramel paneer bites were standardized on the basis of preliminary trials and after cooking for 10 minutes in sugar solution of 50° Bx strength, sensory evaluation was performed by P and K hedonic testing with 100 children (7-16 yrs) selected randomly from Jammu city. Thereafter, shelf life studies were conducted on four different formulations i.e. control (without cranberry extract), T1, T2 and T3 (with cranberry extract) at storage interval of 15 days up to spoilage at refrigeration temperature (4±1˚C). No significant change was observed in fat, protein and ash content of all the four formulations; however, moisture content of control formulation increased significantly throughout the storage period. In case of all the treatments, significantly lower TBARS and FFA values were analysed relative to control samples on all the days of storage. Total plate count and yeast and mould count increased above permissible limits on day 45 in control samples and on day 60 in cranberry infused treatments. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that caramel paneer bites were well accepted by school going children with maximum shelf life of 30 days at refrigeration temperature of 4±1°C without appreciable loss of freshness and sensory attributes, however, its sensory and microbial acceptability could significantly be improved up to 45 days by addition of cranberry extract.

Title: Insights into the Buffalo Housing Practices Followed by Farmers in the Non-Tribal Area of Chittorgarh District in Rajasthan
Abstract :

An effort was made to evaluate the existing housing practices followed by the farmers of Begun and Kapasan tehsils in Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan. In total, 160 respondents were randomly selected from four villages of each selected tehsil and interviewed regarding the various housing practices adopted by them. Our study revealed a largely traditional way of buffalo housing management, with scientific management adopted in certain sphere of housing like providing feed in manger, optimally ventilated housing, among others.

Title: Effect of Bypass Fat With and Without Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Herbal Galactogoue on Milk Yield, Fat Content and Serum Triglyceride Levels of Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :

60 buffaloes of early and 60 buffaloes of mid lactation stages are selected to study the effect of Bypass fat with and without combination of Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Herbal galactogogue on milk yield, fat percentage and serum triglyceride content. It was observed that combination of Bypass fat with Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Herbal galactogogue supplementation increased weekly average milk yield of supplemented buffaloes as well as fat content and serum triglyceride content compared to plain Bypass fat supplemented buffaloes which in turn performed better than non supplemented buffaloes. This effect is attributable to beneficial effect of Yeast on rumen metabolism and subsequent increased dry matter (DM) digestion,   propionic acid production, and protein digestion compared with  the control provides energy as well as yeast to balance and improve rumen metabolism which in turn improves milk fat and serum triglyceride level.. The increased energy supply to the animals in negative energy balance was responsible for increased milk yield and availability of low density serum triglyceride in plasma led to increased fat content and serum triglyceride levels.

Title: Use of Acidified Litter for Broiler Production in Winter Season
Abstract :

This experiment was conducted to compare the effect of litter amendments by using acidifier on growth performance, carcass characteristics and welfare of commercial broiler chicks along with its economical implication during winter season (December-January months). A total of 180, day-old (Vencobb) broiler chicks were equally and randomly assigned to two litter abatements with alum and sodium bisulphate (ATL and SBTL) treatment groups along with one Control group of 60 birds each for 6 weeks. All the chicks were reared under identical managemental conditions except the treatments. The result revealed that, average body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) highest in SBTL group (1860g) followed closely by ATL (1813g) than the Control group (1770g) at end of 6th week. The growing chicks significantly gained more body weight with better FCR, PER, EER and higher carcass yield with better immunity in the same order of succession. Findings proved that the pH of the acidified treated litter and the control litter had significant difference which clearly reveals the efficiency of litter treatment products to improve the quality of litter thus in turn enhances the productivity and welfare in broiler production.

Title: Effect of Different Fillers on the Physico-chemical and Sensory Attributes of Chicken Meat Caruncles
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of three different fillers i.e. rice flour, tapioca starch and potato starch, on the physico-chemical and sensory attributes of chicken meat caruncles, so as to find the best filler for chicken snacks. Four different batches were prepared as follows - control (35% refined wheat flour), T-1 (22.75% refined wheat flour + 12.25% rice flour), T-2 (14.00% refined wheat flour + 21.00% tapioca starch) and T-3 (35.00% potato starch). All the variants were assayed for physico-chemical, proximate composition, texture profile, colour profile and sensory attributes. The cooking yield (%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T-2 batch than control and other treated groups. There was continued and significant (P<0.05) increase in Water Absorption Index (WAI) of all the samples from control to T-3. In texture profile, hardness was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T-3 batch than control, T-1 and T-2. Adhesiveness, adhesive force and stringiness remained non-significant (P>0.05) in control and treated batches. L* value increased non-significantly in all the treated samples due to addition of fillers. Moisture (%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T-1 followed by T-2, control and T-3. Among the sensory attributes, colour/appearance, crispiness, after-taste, meat flavour intensity and overall acceptability were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T-2 (tapioca starch) batch than control, T-1 and T-3 batches. Hence 60% tapioca starch could be used in place of refined wheat flour along with 65% spent hen meat for the development of good quality chicken meat caruncles.

Title: Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on Growth Performance, Feed Conversion Ratio and Economics of Broilers
Abstract :

Two hundred and forty (n=240), day-old broiler chicks of strain ‘cobb400’ were divided equally into 3 groups of 80 chicks each in group to observe the effect of probiotics (Protexin) supplementation on growth performance and economics of feeding in broilers. Different dietary treatments were T1–basal diet without probiotics supplementation (control), T2–T1 + probiotics supplementation (50 g/ton of feed) and T3– T1 + probiotics supplementation (100 g/ton of feed). Average daily body weight gain (BWG) was significantly higher (P≤0.01) in T3 compared to T2 and T1 (41.63 ± 0.25 g vs 39.48 ± 0.15, 39.99 ± 0.10). Feed intake during starter, finisher and overall study period remained statistically (P≥0.05) at par. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (P≤0.01) improved with probiotics supplementation @100 g/ton of feed compared to control. Dressing percentage and organ weights (% Body Weight) remained statistically (P≥0.05) similar. Mortality (%) was lower for group T3 (1.25) compared to T2 (3.75) and T1 (5.00) but differences were non-significant (P≥0.05). The return over feed cost was significantly (P≤0.01) higher in T2 (`30.99) compared to T1 (` 27.82) and control (` 26.45). The profit per bird over control in group T2 and T3 was ` 1.37 and ` 4.54, respectively. Thus, the dietary supplementation of probiotics at 100 g/ton of feed significantly enhanced body weight gain along with better feed conversion ratio and profit without any adverse effect on feed intake, mortality and carcass characteristics.

Title: Process Protocol and Cost of Production of Functional Fiber-Enriched Pork Loaves
Abstract :

The objectives of the present study was to standardize the protocol for production of functional pork loaves and to assess the economics of production of the developed product.Four treatments were prepared with incorporation of inulin powder (IP) as fibre source viz. Control (0% IP; C), 1% (T1), 2% (T2) and 3% (T3) by replacing the amount of lean meat in the product formulation. Different batches were steam cooked at 110 ºC for 40 minutes, cooled, sliced and evaluated for different quality parameters. The cooking yield and emulsion stability improved with the increase in level of incorporation of inulin. The cost of production also increased with increase in inulin level in product and calculated as highest in T3. The net profit for the control and 1% IP enriched pork loaves was highest whereas lowest for 3% IP pork loaves. The break-even point was estimated on the basis of value ` marketed product and calculated as ` 1195188.00 for control whereas ` 1331576.00 for T3 and cost-benefit ratio 35% for control and T1. Net Income (`/month) after repayment of loan was highest for control and T1 as ` 77533.00 and lowest for T3 70033.00. The estimated details of economics of the developed product concluded that there is marginal increase about 1% in the price of functional pork loaves and this venture can a successful enterprise.

Title: Unveiling the Effect of Garlic and Black Cumin Oil on Egg Yolk Lipid Profile of Birds: A Comparative Study
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to assess the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil on egg yolk lipid profile of adult layer birds. Forty eight 40-weeks-old birds were randomly divided into two preparation trials of 24 birds each. Each trial was further divided into 4 groups of 6 birds each. Birds were caged individually and diets were supplemented with 0 (control), 250, 500 and 750 mg garlic and black cumin oil/kg of feed in groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively for 56 days. The birds of T4 group showed maximum reduction in egg yolk lipid profile on day 56. The present study revealed that Allium sativum oil @750mg/kg of feed is the most effective supplementation in reducing the egg lipid profile in birds.

Title: Water Quality and Nutrient Dynamics of Biofloc with Different C/N Ratios in Inland Saline Water
Abstract :

A study evaluating water quality and nutrient dynamics in inland saline water was carried out using biofloc technology with different C/N ratios employed to raise Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. The study was carried out for 60 days in FRP with no water exchange. Salinity, temperature, Dissolved oxygen, pH, nutrients, Biofloc Volume and Total Suspended Solids were monitored. All biofloc units indicated reduction in alkalinity at 40th day except the treatment with highest (25:1) C/N ratio, pH and alkalinity was not significant different among various treatments. Dissolved Oxygen was found to be significantly decreasing with increasing C/N ratios. The least Dissolved Oxygen was recorded at higher C/N ratios of 20:1 and 25:1 at the end of experiment. The Total Ammonical Nitrogen (TAN) and NO2–Nin C/N ratios 15:1 and 20:1 were found to have a significantly decreasing in trend after 20th and 18th day respectively. The NO3–N, PO43-–P, BVF and TSS in biofloc were shown an increasing trend in all the experiments. The present study elucidates the suitability of optimum C/N ratios in biofloc for maintaining the water quality to raise L. vannamei in inland ground saline water. The finding could help in reducing the environmental concern saline waste water discharge from the shrimp pond to the land.

Title: Supplementation of Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Antioxidants to the Extender improves Sperm Functionality during Storage at 4°C in Labrador Dog
Abstract :

Several extenders to preserve fertilizing capacity of preserved canine semen have been successfully tested, but further studies are requisite to improve its quality. Effect of supplementation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione (GSH) to Tris-citric acid-fructose-egg yolk extender on Labrador dog sperm survival during storage at 4° was evaluated. Different concentrations per antioxidant i.e. SOD (50-300 IU/ml), GPX (1.5-2.5 IU/ml), CAT (100- 400 µg/ml) and GSH (2.5-10 µM/ml) were evaluated to look for an optimum dose. Semen was analyzed for motility, viability and plasma membrane integrity (PMI) after every 24 hrs till 72 hrs of preservation. Semen was also analyzed for acrosome integrity (AI) at 0, 72 hrs and lipid peroxidation at 72 hrs of storage. Values for motility, viability, PMI, AI were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the presence of 200IU/ ml SOD, 2 IU/ml GPX, 200 µg/ml CAT and 7.5 µM/ml GSH compared to control and other tested doses. MDA concentration was non-significantly (p>0.05) less in the presence of all doses of SOD and 2.0 IU GPX compared to control at 72 hrs of preservation. MDA concentration in the presence of 200 µg/ml catalase and 7.5 µM/ml GSH was non-significantly (p>0.05) higher than control. It was concluded that SOD, catalase, GPX and GSH at a concentration of 200 IU, 2.0 IU, 200µg and 7.5 µM per ml were optimum concentrations to be supplemented to the extender for positive effect. Supplementation of antioxidants could improve sperm attributes by maintaining proportionate level of oxidative stress during preservation of Labrador dog semen at 4° for 72 hrs.

Title: Expression Profile of CXCL3 Gene in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Challenged in vitro with Theileria annulata in Crossbred Cattle
Abstract :

Bovine tropical theileriosis is a major haemoprotozoan disease associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality particularly in exotic and crossbred cattle. Recent studies suggest that a number of immune response genes, expressed differentially in exotic and indigenous breeds play an important role in breed specific resistance to tropical theileriosis. In the present study, expression of CXCL3 gene which has chemotactic activity for neutrophils, controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and ultimately mediates its effects on target cells by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2 was studied in crossbred cattle. The in vitro experimental result revealed significant difference in CXCL3 gene expression in Theileria annulata challenged peripheral blood mononuclear cells of crossbred animals as compared to healthy controls and a 2.53 fold increase (p < 0.05) was recorded. The results of current study indicate that CXCL3 may be involved in host-pathogen interaction during tropical theileriosis.

Title: Effect of Dietary Chromium, Vitamin E and Selenium Supplementation on Growth Performance and Cost Economics of Holstein Friesian Calves Under Heat Stress
Abstract :

A study was conducted in Holstein Friesian calves with an average body weight 172.79 ±4.39 kg and aged 7-8 months for a period of 90 days during the months of peak summer (April 15-July 15). Calves were distributed randomly into four dietary treatment groups of six animals each considering their body weights. The treatment groups were T0 (control), T1, T2 and T3. The calves of control group were fed total mixed ration (TMR). Other treatment groups were fed with TMR supplemented with chromium propionate @ 0.5mg/kg DM (T1); vitamin E @ 500 IU/animal/day and selenium @ 0.3 mg/kg DM (T2) and chromium propionte @ 0.5 mg/kg DM, vitamin E @ 500 IU/animal/day and selenium @ 0.3 mg/kg DM (T3). The mean THI values were 75.10±0.42 in the morning and 80.01 ±0.64 in the afternoon indicating that the animals were under mild to moderate heat stress. High THI was found in the month of May with a THI value 83.48±1.41 in the afternoon. Dry matter intake (kg/d), DMI per 100 kg BW and per kg BW 0.75 were comparable among the calves fed different experimental rations. DMI per kg weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) lesser in T3 calves. Weight gain and the average daily gain were significantly (P<0.05) higher with supplemented rations compared to control ration. Supplemented rations were found to be economic. However chromium fed rations proved to be more profitable.

Title: Constraints Perceived by the Gujjars regarding Adoption of Improved Animal Husbandry Practices
Abstract :

Gujjar is a major tribal pastoral community of India. In Jammu and Kashmir state, Gujjars that deal with dairy and animal husbandry practices are known as Dodhi Gujjars. Their herd mainly constitutes of local buffaloes, buffaloes of Nili-Ravi breed and in some cases they keep two or three indigenous cows also. The study was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir, with a view to find out the constraints faced by Gujjars in adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. The data were collected from 120 Gujjar respondents belonging to R.S Pura and Bishnah block of Jammu district with the help of structured interview schedule containing selected dependent and independent variable, through personal interview technique. In general, constraints related to awareness of the respondents and non availability of veterinary services were perceived as the most serious constraints in adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by the Gujjars. Lack of knowledge about; “keeping up to date management records, antibiotics in milk and their ill effects to human population, recommended feeding practices”, high cost of mineral mixture, perception of A.I. as an unnatural process and veterinary center/ dispensary functioning without a veterinary assistant surgeon were the most serious constraints perceived by the Gujjars.

Title: Molecular Detection and Pathomorphological Studies of Canine Distemper Virus Infection (CDV) in Dogs
Abstract :

In this study RT-PCR was used to detect CDV NP gene from the whole blood samples of dogs clinically suspected for CD followed by the study of pathomorphological alterations in different tissues. Clinical signs such as respiratory distress, purulent oculo-nasal discharge, biphasic fever, gastroenteritis, pustular dermatitis, prominent hyperkeratosis of the digital pads and nervous disorders were observed in the clinically suspected cases. The nervous disorder includes seizure, convulsion, paddling movement, tremor followed by posterior paralysis. On necropsy, bronchopneumonia, congestion and haemorrhages over the mucosal surface of the urinary bladder, stomach, intestine and brain were prominent lesions. Microscopically, both eosinophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were recorded in the neurons and glial cells, epithelial cells of the bronchioles, urinary bladder, kidney tubules and gastric glands. Congested vessels with haemorrhages were also found in the brain, lungs, stomach, intestine and lymphoid organs.

Title: Effect of Infrared Lamps to Ameliorate Morbidity and Mortality in Vrindavani Calves
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of Infrared lamps to ameliorate morbidity and mortality in Vrindavani calves. Ten newborn calves were randomly divided into two groups (G1 and G2) of five each. The calves of G1 were provided with no additional protection; however calves of G2 were protected against cold weather by using the Infrared lamps. The health status of calves was monitored daily both in the morning and evening. The blood samples collected within six hours of birth and then at fortnightly interval were analyzed for total leukocyte count (TLC, thousands/µl) and differential leukocyte count (DLC). The physiological parameters i.e. respiration rate (RR, breaths/min), heart rate (HR, beats/min) and rectal temperature (RT, °F) were recorded at weekly interval. The health performance was better in calves of G2 as compared to G1. The calves in G1 showed comparatively higher values of TLC and neutrophils and the differences were found significant (P<0.05) on 15th day for TLC and 15th and 45th day for neutrophils. The values of lymphocytes were found significantly (P<0.05) lower in calves of G1 than G2 on 15th and 45th day.The physiological parameters did not varied significantly between the groups except for RT which was most of the times significantly (P<0.05) lower in calves of G1 than G2. On the basis of the results, it could be concluded that the Infrared lamps are efficient in providing favourable microclimate and hence can be effectively used in calf shed to protect newborn calves from adverse conditions of winter.

Title: Comparative Study of Efficacy of Fenbendazole and Ivermectin against Haemonchus contortus in Goats of Jammu region
Abstract :

Parasitic disease constitutes 60-70% diseases affecting the animals and has serious economic implication in livestock entrepreneurship by direct and indirect production loss. Indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs has made the situation even more precarious. A similar problem was encountered in goat farm of SKUAST-Jammu, where goats with constant complain of diarrhoea and loss of body condition was reported despite of routine deworming. The present study was therefore conducted with the objective of determining the efficacy of conventional dewormer used and its comparison with some unexploited antiparasitic drug for the same reason. Twenty seven goats with above said problem were divided into three groups after qualitative examination Group I was treated with ivermectin at dose rate of 0.2 mg per kg body weight orally. Group II was treated with fenbendazole @5 mg/kg body weight orally and Group III goats were kept as untreated control. Quantitative examination for EPG was conducted on day 0, 7 and 14 by Stoll’s technique. FECRT percentage revealed 100% efficacy of ivermectin @ 0.2mg/kg b.wt. whereas FECRT percentage in fenbendazole treated group was found to be 57.44% on day 7 and 70.87% on day 14 post treatment. Coproculture revealed presence of only H.contortus larvae, post treatment. The study revealed low efficacy of fenbendazole and hence ivermectin is the better drug than fenbendazole to control GIT nematodes.

Title: Effect of Protein Supplements on Feed and Water Intake in Gir Cows
Abstract :

A study was conducted on 16 lactating Gir cows, which were divided into four groups on the basis of body weight and average milk yield/day at Dairy farm (LPM Deptt.) S.K.N. College of agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) and subjected to four dietary treatments i.e. Wheat straw ad-lib. + Green Lucerne (5 kg) + Concentrate (T1), T1 + Urea 75 g/cow (T2), T1 + Mustard oil cake 614 g/cow (T3) and T1 + Guar meal 505 g/cow (T4). The studied for their feed intake and water intake in Gir cows. Daily in kg DMI was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 (11.87) than T3 (11.76), T2 (9.83) and T1 (10.76). The Mean DMI/100 kg body weight was also higher (P<0.05) in T4 cows as compared to other groups. VWI (litre/animal) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 (32.80) than T3 (31.42), T2 (31.35) and T1 (29.91).

Title: Histomorphology and Histochemistry of Liver of Adult Bakerwali and Non-descript Goats of Jammu, India
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on the histomorphology and histochemistry of liver of Bakerwali and non-descript goats. Histologically hepatic lobules, portal lobules and liver acini were observed. Hepatic lobules were hexagonal with clear boundaries in Bakerwali goat whereas in non-descript goats, the interlobular connective tissue was minimal making it difficult to recognize the lobule as hexagonal. Portal lobule was triangular, functional unit of liver consisting of parenchyma of three adjacent hepatic lobules. Liver acini were diamond-shaped area having three zones. Hepatocytes of zone 3 were darker stained as compared to zone 1 and 2 in both the breeds. Hepatocytes were arranged in radiating cords (hepatic cords) approximately one to two cells in thickness. This pattern of radiating cords was seen prominently in Bakerwali goats but in non-descript goats these cords anastomosed with one another showing interconnected network of hepatic arch, enclosing spaces “the sinusoids”. The histochemical distribution of mucopolysaccharides, proteins and sudanophilic lipids didn’t vary among Bakerwali and non-descript goats but reactions was variable in different parts of liver parenchyma.

Title: Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacillus anthracis Strains Isolated from Clinical and Environmental Samples in Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :

Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, is a severe zoonosis with a great impact on animal and human health. In the present study, 15 out of 16 isolates from clinical ear piece and soil samples (16), 8,6 and one samples isolated respectively from bovine, sheep and goat were confirmed as Bacillus on amplification of rpoB gene, 22 isolates (ear piece13, soil-9) were PCR positive for PA gene of PXO and 10 isolates (ear piece) amplified CAP gene confirming Bacillus anthracis. Similarly, all 31 isolates (earpiece-15 and soil-16) were confirmed as Bacillus anthracis on amplifying rpoB gene and chromosomal Ba813 gene. On nucleotide analysis with genus specific rpoB gene of earpiece and soil isolates shown 99-100% identity, whereas nucleotide analysis with species specific genes; PA of PXO1, CAP of PXO2, rpoB and chromosomal Ba813 gene shown 98-100% identity with their respective reference strains of Genbank. On phylogenetic analysis, earpiece isolates and soil isolates from endemic districts of Andhra Pradesh shown close evolutionary relationship with each other. However, earpiece isolates of Sr6 (Accession No:MK310254) and N3 shared ancestral relation with global reference strains of USA (Accession No:CP012730) and Japan (Accession no: AP014833) respectively. Similarly soil isolate of VM9 also shared ancestral relation with global reference strain of Japan (Accession no: AP014833). This phylogenetic analysis deciphered that there is no strain variation among isolates of B. anthracis collected from different clinical and soil samples of different districts of Andhra Pradesh.

Title: Coagulation parameters in dogs with heat stroke – A short study
Abstract :

The present study was performed to detect the usefulness of coagulation parameters that helps in the diagnosing the severity of changes associated with heat stroke. Twenty five previously healthy dogs with the history of epistaxis, hyperthermia and dyspnea after exposure to high environmental temperature were selected and subjected to detailed clinical examination, physical examination, laboratory tests and coagulation analysis. Bilateral epistaxis, hyperthermia and respiratory distress were the common clinical signs recorded. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were significantly increased in affected dogs than normal. Dogs with normal coagulation parameters responded to the treatment.

Title: Contents Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020
Abstract :
Title: Biofilm Quantification in Listeria monocytogenes 4B Serotype isolated from Animals of Gujarat State, India
Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to assess slime production and quantification of biofilm in a set of well-characterized Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from healthy and clinically affected animal. In all 28 strains of L. monocytogenes belonging to serotype 4b having proved in vitro pathogenicity potential is included in the study. Slime production was determined by cultivation of the organisms on Congo red agar medium, while quantification of biofilm was performed with the help of microtitre plate assay. Out of 28 isolates, 22 (78.57 %) strains of L. monocytogenes produced slime. The rest of the 6 (21.43 %) isolates were negative for slime production. For biofilm production, out of the 28 strains, 5 (17.86 %), 18 (64.29 %), and 5 (17.86 %) were found moderate, weak and negative, respectively. Strains belonging to Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b showed inconsistent results regarding biofilm production. Biofilm productivity exhibited profound intra-strain variations irrespective of source of isolation. As L. monocytogenes are biofilm producers, this increases the probability of occurrence of animal and human infection. Further, as L. monocytogenes produces biofilm, infections caused by this bacterium may be underestimated because diagnoses in the presence of biofilm are difficult.

Title: Evaluation of Propofol Anaesthesia inMedetomidine-Pentazocine and Midazolam-Pentazocine Premedicated Buffalo Calves
Abstract :

Twelve buffalo calves of either sex presented to the college clinic with various surgical conditions were utilized to study the effect of continuous intravenous infusion of propofol after premedication with medetomidine – pentazocine and midazolam – pentazocine. The animals were divided into two groups of six animals each. Group I animals were premedicated with Medetomidine @ 2.5 µg/kg b.wt. – pentazocine @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt IV and Group II animals received midazolam @ 0.25 mg/kg b.wt. – pentazocine @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. IV.. Propofol was given @ 4 mg/kg b.wt. IV after premedication and maintained by continuous intravenous infusion of propofol @ 0.4 mg/kg b.wt. in 5 % dextrose normal saline in both groups. Induction quality was excellent, smooth and attained sternal recumbency rapidly without struggling in both groups. Anaesthetic character, Physiological & haematobiochemical parameters were studied at 0, 5,10,15,30 and 60 minutes following anaesthetic injections. No significant changes were recorded in both the groups. ECG studies did not reveal any abnormalities except slight variations in the amplitude of P wave, T wave and QRS complex in both groups. The study suggests that medetomidine – pentazocine premedication with continuous intravenous infusion of propofol provided better surgical anaesthesia and was compatable and safe in buffalo calves.

Title: Comparison of Growth Performance of Goat Kids Under Supplementation with Different Probiotics
Abstract :

This study was conducted to assess the comparative growth performance of goat kids supplemented with yeast as individual probiotic and yeast based combined probiotic preparation. Fifteen male crossbred Malabari goat kids of three months age and having body weights in the range of 8.5 kg to 10.5 kg were selected, dewormed and divided randomly into three treatment groups each having 5 animals (Average body weight of each group being 9.5-9.6 kg). The first group of goats (T1) was kept as control and was not supplemented with any probiotics. The second group of goats (T2) was supplemented with yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae while the third group (T3) was supplemented with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae based combined probiotic containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. The final body weights of both the probiotic supplemented kids (T2 and T3) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than unsupplemented kids in control (T1) group. The body weight among both the yeast (T2) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae based combined probiotic supplemented groups also differed significantly (P<0.05). Similarly, goat kids fed Saccharomyces cerevisiae based combined probiotic preparation had higher average daily weight gain over individual yeast fed and control goats.

Title: testing
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testing

Title: Induction of Estrus and Fertility Response in True Anoestrus Buffaloes Using Intravaginal Progesterone Sponge During Summer
Abstract :

Present study was carried out to study the efficacy of intravaginal progesterone sponge for induction of estrum in post partum anoestrus buffaloes during summer. True anoestrus animals were identified by repeated rectal examinations twice at 10 days interval apart having the small and smooth ovaries without any follicular activity. Out of 40 animals identified, 30 were treated with intravaginal progesterone sponge for 10 days and PGF2 injection was given one day prior to removal of sponge. Remaining 10 animals were kept as anoestrus control without treatment. The animals were watched closely for change in external gentallia after sponge removal and for estrus symptoms. The animals exhibiting estrus were inseminated artificially. Estrus was induced in 80% of animals (24/30) and the conception rate was 66.66% (16/24). This result indicates the better possibilities of inducing ovarian cyclicity in functionally anoestrus buffaloes by cost effective intravaginal progesterone sponge.

Title: Evaluation of Immune response to Enterotoxaemia Vaccine in Sheep reared under Experimental and Field conditions using ELISA
Abstract :

Immune response to enterotoxaemia vaccine (ET) was evaluated in sheep reared under laboratory and field conditions using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Under experimental condition, six sheep were vaccinated with booster dose on 14th day and evaluated for immune response; however in field conditions, serum samples from 386 ET vaccinated sheep (139 from organized farms and 247 from unorganized sector of Andhra Pradesh) were evaluated for protective antibody titre using ELISA. Highest protective titre was recorded in sheep reared under experimental condition; on day 30 after vaccination followed by gradual decrease up to day 90. Immune responses of sheep maintained under rural conditions were found to be low when compared with sheep maintained under experimental/laboratory conditions. The protective titers were maintained up to 3 months in sheep maintained under village conditions whereas up to 4 months in those maintained in experimental conditions. So, it can be concluded that good managemental practices along with booster vaccination of ET in farms could evoke better immune response in sheep against ET.

Title: testing asd
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asdtesting asd

Title: Minerals Profile of Soil, Feed, Fodder and Serum of Dairy Cattle in North Eastern Ghat (NEG) of Odisha
Abstract :

A survey based study was planned in North Eastern Ghat (NEG) of Odisha to analyse the mineral profile of soil, feed, fodder and serum of dairy cattle. This agro-climatic zone comprises of four districts namely Kandhamal, Ganjam, Raygada and Gajapati. Amongst those two districts viz Ganjam and Gajapati are taken for the study considering the density of dairy cattle population. In the similar manner two Blocks from Ganjam District namely Khallikote, Kukudakhandi and two blocks from Gajapati District namely Mohana, R.Udayagiri was considered for our experimental area with two villages from each of the block. Macro and micro minerals like Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn) and Iron (Fe) were estimated for soil, feed, fodder and serum. Soil Ca was estimated by rapid titration method and available soil phosphorus was determined by colorimetric analysis. The soil micro minerals like Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were analyzed as per the method of Lindsay and Lindsay (1978). Dry ash and Wet ash method were used for analysis of macro and micro minerals respectively for feed and fodder. The concentration of Ca and P in serum was estimated by using the kit method. The serum micro minerals like Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were estimated by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method. The findings depicted that cattle of this region are severely deficient in Ca, Zn, and Cu and marginally deficient in P and Mn with higher value of Fe content than the respective critical levels. Considering the importance of productivity and reproductive performance of dairy animal an area specific mineral mixture must be prepared and fed to the animals to meet the deficiencies of these minerals.

Title: Physicochemical Study of Livestock Farm Oriented Wastewater as a Source of Surface Water Pollution
Abstract :

The water from surface source provides sustenance to plants, animals, constituents of the habitat for aquatic animals and to meet importance of agricultural and industrial need. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the physicochemical properties of livestock farm oriented wastewater in and around Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam. Five farms were selected and wastewater samples from these livestock farms were analysed to find out bacteriological quality using standard analytical methods. The wastewater samples were collected on a monthly basis for a period of 7 months. In the present study temperature, total alkalinity, sulphate concentration, total suspended solids, total solids, chloride concentration, calcium concentration, turbidity,electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen were ranged from 18.21°C to 27.87°C, 45.00 mg/L to 50.25 mg/L, 145.99 mg/L to 165.65 mg/L, 840.24 mg/L to 875.40 mg/L, 1700.96 mg/L to 1720.81 mg/L, 148.19 mg/L to 164.53 mg/L, 155.99 mg/L to 175.81 mg/L,936.00 NTU to 943.52 NTU, 10.20 ms/cm to 18.00 ms/cm and 14.30 mg/L to 18.39 mg/L respectively. Out of 140 samples studied, most of the samples were found to have the different physicochemical parameters within the prescribed limits with exceptions such as Total Dissolved Solids (860.71 mg/l), Nitrate (248.98 mg/l), pH (12.20) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (18.25 mg/l). Significant difference between the samples in different months was observed during the study period. Thus, the present study on farm wastewater sources in and around Khanapara indicated that proper wastewater treatment is required in the livestock farms to prevent surface water pollution.

Title: Contents
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Contents

Title: Polymorphic Sperm Phenotype Suggesting Genetic Sperm Defects in a Jersey (Bos taurus) X Zebu (Bos indicus) Crossbred Bull
Abstract :

Data on semen collections from a Jersey X Zebu crossbred bull, consistently producing semen with high proportion of sperm abnormalities was collected and the semen characteristics were analyzed. Observation of the records of 58 ejaculations from the bull has revealed that 96.6% of the ejaculates were rejected for poor semen quality especially in sperm morphology. A representative semen sample from the bull also showed sperm abnormalities up to 72.9%, of which 14.9% and 14.5% of the spermatozoa exhibited loose heads and microcephalic heads respectively. Coiled tail (16.7%) and short tail (14.9%) were the main tail defects observed. Since sperm defects were consistently appearing in high proportions in almost all the ejaculates the genetic cause of the sperm defect was suspected.

Title: Characteristics of Geese Production and Management in the Valley of Kashmir
Abstract :

The study was conducted in geese-rearing districts of Kashmir valley, India with the aim of studying various characteristics of geese production and management. Geese-rearing was recorded to be the primary occupation of 6.56% of farmers. Out of the total, 23.73% rearers were landless and kept geese as a subsidiary source of income. Three diverse production-systems viz. backyard (56.45%), semi-intensive (33.87%) and extensive-system (9.68%), were being practiced. Different types of houses included separate-sheds (50.00%), separate pen/cage (26.67%) and pen underneath the farmers’ house/veranda (23.33%) with only 76.47% farmers using litter-material. Feed was offered in a large bowl, on floor and on a polythene-sheet by 8.62%, 29.31% and 62.07% farmers respectively. Types of incubation nests included grass-nest placed on floor (57.41%), basket-nest (27.78% farmers) and colony-nests (57.41%). Average number of eggs set for incubation was 9.531±0.282 and age of eggs kept for incubation averaged to 24.167±1.923 days. 88.24% farmers practiced custom of placing an iron-sickle underneath the straw-bedding of the nest. Goslings were allowed to go into the water after 10.878±1.497 days of hatching.. Eggs were mostly kept for incubation while geese were sold as well as consumed by the family. In villages geese were being marketed at the farmer’s door-step and in city, middlemen played a role in the marketing. It was concluded that geese-farming promises a good future in an area where water-bodies are available in plenty and rearing is carried out on a large scale adopting an extensive-rearing and free foraging feeding system.

Title: Sub Clinical Pregnancy Toxaemia Diagnostic Indicators and its Therapeutic Evaluation in Goats
Abstract :

A total of 516 adult non descriptive does brought to Veterinary University Peripheral Hospital, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 51, during the period October 2016 to September 2018. were treated for various medical conditions. Of this, 72 does were in their last six weeks of gestation carrying twins/triplets and presented with the history of off feed. They were subjected to determination of blood beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration by means of a portable blood ketone and glucose monitoring system and qualitative urinalysis using urine dip stick. Does with BHBA > 0.8 mmol/L and < 1.6 mmol/L were classified as sub-clinical pregnancy toxaemic group (n = 12) while the remaining does BHBA level were within normal range (< 0.8 mmol/L). The control animals were selected from adult Tellicherry does in the age group of 2 to 4 years maintained at Livestock Farm Complex (LFC), Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai – 600 051 and a private goat farm (ECR Goat Farm), Injambakkam, Chennai. The sub- clinical pregnancy toxaemic group were resorted to treatment with intravenous glucose therapy (5 per cent Dextrose) and oral administration of glycerine for 3-4 days @ 25 ml twice daily supported with parenteral Vitamin B1, B6 & B12 therapy with an overall cure rate of 100 %.. Reliable diagnostic indicators for sub-clinical form of pregnancy toxaemia include presence of ketone body in urine and BHBA > 0.8 mmol/L and < 1.6 mmol/L.

Title: Incidence of Cystic Liver Caused by Cysticercus fasciolaris in Laboratory Rat
Abstract :

Herein we are reporting about an incidence of Cysticercus fasciolaris infestation in a male and female Sprague Dawley housed for experimental purpose. The clinical finding includes anorexia and dullness. Post mortem examination of both the animals revealed cystic liver with irregular lump of hard tissue attached to left lateral lobe of liver in male rat. A thin, pale white segmented larva with distinct head was found lodged inside the cyst in both the animals. Based upon the morphological features, the larva was identified to be intermediate stage of Taenia taeniaeformis which is a tapeworm of cat with rodents acting as intermediate host. Most of the rodent facilities do not screen laboratory animals for presence of this parasite in regular health monitoring procedures. The findings are important due to impact of this parasite on animal health, research studies and sporadic zoonotic potential.

Title: Content
Abstract :

Contents February Issue 2020

Title: Polymorphism in Exon-40 of FASN Gene in Lesser known Buffalo breeds of India
Abstract :

Present study was aimed to discover the single nucleotide variation present in exon 40 region of the Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) gene. FASN plays a central role in de novo lipogenesis in mammals and variation in this enzyme may affect economic traits including fatty acid composition of buffalo milk. A total of 80 DNA samples in two riverine buffalo breeds namely, Gojri and Chhattisgarhi were screened using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). FASN gene was found to be polymorphic with an adenine to guanine transition. Three types of genotypes, viz. AA, AG and GG were observed in the studied breeds. Allele A was found to be more frequent than G allele. All the genotypes showed almost the same frequency across the breeds, indicating that there is absence of selection for FASN gene in lesser known buffalo breeds of India. The study will augment the information available and can be applied in future studies to determine the role of bovine FASN gene as a candidate gene marker for a milk-fat content.

Title: Effect of Different Cryoprotectants in Cryopreservation of Dog Semen: A Review
Abstract :

Several canine practitioners are facing limited success in canine artificial insemination using poorly assessed frozen dog semen due to unestablished set of semen evaluating parameters and semen diluents. The types of cryoprotectants plays import role in formulation of good semen diluents in canine semen cryopreservation which limits spermatozoa structure and viability in assisted reproductive technology. The cryopreservation process causes change in osmotic pressure and ice formation in spermatozoa which lead to cryoinjury and loss of viability and membrane integrity in post-thaw spermatozoa. This causes poor sperm quality and so poor fertility. The efficient cryoprotectants are those which penetrate deeper of spermatozoa and non-toxic. Glycerol and ethylene glycol are the most commonly used cryoprotectant for dog spermatozoa and other cryoprotective agents have been tested only sporadically. Hence, selection of better cryoprotectants based semen diluents and evaluation parameters of post-thaw semen is very much important for successful canine breeding to achieve dissemination of genetic material even after death, overcome quarantine restrictions, prevent venereal infections and semen exchange without moving stud dogs for breeding, etc. Therefore, establishing an efficient cryopreservation technique for dog sperm would be an essential resource for better dog breeding systems. The present article present the details reviews on cryopreservation of dog semen, different cryoprotectants and semen evaluation parameters for determining better production of quality dog semen.

Title: Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis for Biofilm Formation
Abstract :

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major contagious pathogen responsible for both the clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle all over the world. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilm is considered to be a major virulence factor influencing its pathogenesis. In addition, it often creates intricacy in treatment of bovine mastitis using conventional antibiotics and produce recalcitrant drug resistant infections. This indeed demands urgent remedial measures as outbreaks of livestock associated methicillin resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) and community associated methicillin resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) are on the rise and currently being implicated as a rapidly emerging cause of numerous life threatening and therapy refractory human infections as well. In this study, a total of 22 S. aureus isolates from bovine clinical mastitis were evaluated for their ability to form biofilm by using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Using Congo red agar method, 9.09 per cent and 22.72 per cent of S. aureus were considered as strong and intermediate biofilm producers respectively. The presence of icaA and eno genes associated with biofilm formation was confirmed by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This study indicates a high prevalence of the ica (63.63 per cent) and eno (100 per cent) genes among S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis.

Title: Effect of Storage Duration and Temperature on Hatchability and Egg Weight Loss of Kuroiler Breed of Chicken
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out to investigate egg weight losses and hatchability of eggs of Kuroiler breed of chicken at poultry farm SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan). Total 180 fresh eggs of Kuroiler chicken of 25-38 week age were collected for this study and stored for 0, 5 and 7 days at two different temperatures i.e. 30±2oC and 20±2oC as per treatment i.e. T1 (30oC+0d), T2 (30oC+5d), T3 (30oC+7d), T4 (20oC+0d), T5 (20oC+5d) and T6 (20oC+7d). Treated eggs tray are placed incubator to determine hatchability. Result shows that egg weight loss was maximum (2.06%) in treatment T3 followed by T2 and T1. The egg weight decreased with increase in storage duration and temperature conditions. In present investigation percentage hatchability (Fertile Egg Set Basis) was found significantly higher (90.70%) in 5 days stored eggs than 7 days storage (85.37%) and 0 day storage (77.50%) under cold temperature (20oC) with fumigation and hatchability of (Total Egg Set Basis) was found significantly higher in eggs that stored for 5 days (86.67%) and found lower in 0 days stored eggs (68.89%). Duration of storage and temperature significantly (P≤0.05) affected hatchability of eggs (both TES & FES). Hatchability declines when storage duration is beyond 5 days. Hatchability also found higher in eggs stored at 20oC temperature.

Title: The Ultra Structural Studies on Jejunum of Goat (Capra hircus)
Abstract :

The tissues from the small intestine containing jejunum were collected from six young goats and processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies. The jejunum villi were of different heights having a broad base with tapering to blunt ends. The surface of the villi showed slight corrugation in the initial part of the jejunum. These corrugations were very faint in this region and also showed orifices for goblet cells. The caudal segments of the jejunum showed some structural changes in the form of more prominent corrugations on the villi surface. The villi surface showed orifices with irregular boundaries for openings of goblet cells in between the dense areas of the microvilli. Whereas the transmission electron microscopy revealed that the epithelium of the jejunum was of a columnar type having goblet cells and no Paneth cells were observed in the villous part of the jejunum. A very few goblet cells were interspersed in between the columnar cells. The glandular epithelium consisted of different cell populations consisted of columnar, Paneth, endocrine and goblet cells.

Title: Risk Factors Associated with Porcine Leptospirosis in Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract :
Porcine leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease. Pigs act as reservoir host for various Leptospira serovars. A study aimed to pinpoint the risk factors of porcine leptospirosis was designed on pigs of three agro-climatic zones- Midwestern plain zone (Bareilly), Eastern Plain zone (Barabanki) and Southwestern semi- arid zone (Aligarh) of Uttar Pradesh. Risk factor analysis was done using pretested structured questionnaire. The univariate analysis of the variables of interest was done using Fisher’s exact test/Pearson’s chi-square. Further, multivariate analysis was done through logistic regression model using serological status of animal in Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) as dependent variable. The overall seropositivity of 23.81% (70/294; 95% CI: 18.94% - 28.67%) was recorded in MAT with Icterohaemorrhagiae as the leading serovar. Multivariate risk factor analysis
revealed that accessibility of swine to unsanitary wallowing ponds (Odds ratio: 8.58; 95% CI: 3.34-21.93; P<0.001), contact of domesticated pigs with wild/feral pigs and water buffaloes (Odds ratio: 12.83; 95% CI: 3.72-44.26; P<0.001) and accessibility of swine to garbage pits (Odds ratio: 3.97; 95% CI: 1.28-12.26; P<0.016) were statistically significant. Further, risk factor analysis revealed that mature pigs of >2 years age had higher chance of contracting leptospirosis than young pigs of <2 years (Odds ratio: 12.09; 95% CI: 2.92-50.03; P<0.001) owing to higher probability for exposure to above mentioned risk factors. Domesticated pigs reared under mixed farming system that gets access to wallow in unsanitary ponds frequented by feral pigs and water buffaloes and pigs that access garbage pits frequented by rodents were at high risk of contracting leptospirosis.
Title: Cross Sectional Study to Determine Apparent Occurrence of Protozoan Parasites in Cross Bred Cattle Inflicting Reproductive Failures
Abstract :
The study was carried out with an aim for detection of protozoan aetiology for infertility in cross bred cattle using conventional and molecular tools in Rayalaseema region, Andhra Pradesh. Blood and cervico-vaginal swabs of 85 crossbred cattle above 3 years of age with and without pyrexia and with the history of infertility/abortion and ten brain, sixteen liver tissue samples of aborted foetuses collected were subjected for the detection of Theileria annulata, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma evansi, Neospora caninum and Tritrichomonas foetus using Giemsa and Acridine orange staining techniques and species specific PCR.The overall prevalence of blood parasites was 17.6% by Giemsa staining with highest incidence of T. annulata (7.0%), A. marginale (5.8%) and T. evansi (4.7%) where as Acridine orange staining showed 36.4% with highest prevalence of T. annulata (15.2%), A. marginale (14.1%) and T. evansi (7.0%). PCR was standardized for detection of T. annulata, T. evansi and A. marginale, out of 85 blood samples subjected to PCR, 45 (52.9%) were found positive for blood parasites, at 25.8% (22/85), 20.0% (17/88) and 7.0% (6/85) were positive for A. marginale, T. annulata and T. evansi, respectively. The Nested PCR was found to be sensitive than primary PCR in detection of A. marginale. Blood parasites prevalence was higher in H.F cross (58.8%) and the animals with pyrexia (68.0%). The study indicates the marginal role of protozoan parasites in inducing infertility of cross bred cattle.
Title: Effect of Supplementation of Different Forms of Selenium on In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility and Microbial Biomass Production
Abstract :

Nano selenium was synthesized by wet chemical method at laboratory level. In this study particle size, particle shape, zeta potential and selenium content were characterized by using particle size analyser (PSA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The result revealed that selenium nano particle is spherical in shape with mean particle size of 31.8 ± 2.31 nano meter (nm) and concentration of selenium is 98.34 ± 2.8 per cent selenium that ensured the purity of nano selenium. The toxicity was analysed by MTT assay against Vero cell line. The nano selenium effectively inhibited the growth of Vero cells in a dose dependent manner. In vitro digestibility and microbial biomass production also evaluated on different form of selenium on basal diet at different levels. We used sodium selenite, selenocysteine and nano selenium. Based on the calculations, IC50 for nano selenium derived from selenium powder was 89.11 μg/ml. when selenium is added at graded level to the basal diet in any form resulted in significant increase (P<0.05) in digestibility parameter such as in vitro apparent dry matter digestibility, in vitro true dry matter digestibility and microbial biomass production at all levels of addition compared to when no selenium was added. From the results it can be inferred that spherical shaped, nano-selenium particles of size ranging 31.8 nm could be produced by wet chemical method at laboratory level.

Title: A study on Epidemiology and Haematological changes of Fascioliasis in Cattle and its Therapeutic Management with Indigenous Medicinal Plants
Abstract :

The present investigation has been carried out to study the epidemiology of fascioliasis in cattle and its therapeutic management with indigenous medicinal plants. Under the prevailing agro-climatic condition of four locations of Kamrup district of Assam, out of 551 nos. of randomly selected cattle, 46 number of animals were found positive for fascioliasis. The overall occurrence of fascioliasis was 8.35% out of which 8.28% local male, 8.23% local female, 8.33% crossbred male and 8.59% crossbred female cattle were found to be affected. In the present study, efficacy of Entada phaseoloides was found to be 87.50% and that of Azadirachta indica was 81.25%. However, triclabendazole showed 100% efficacy. Various blood parameters viz., haemoglobin, TEC and albumin level were found to be elevated following treatment with methanolic extract of E. phaseoloides, A. indica as well as triclabendazole in comparison to the Fasciola positive untreated group. The declining levels of TLC, eosinophil, monocyte count, total serum bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP and GGT could be observed after treatment with these drugs. However, the percentage of PCV did not increase significantly after the administration of all these drugs, singly. Also, no significant difference could be observed in basophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte count and ESR level following treatment with triclabendazole, E. phaseoloides and/or A. indica. Based on clinical recovery and improvement in haemato-biochemical parameters, the methanolic extracts of the indigenous plants were found to be highly effective against fascioliasis in cattle through their efficacy were not at par with that of standard commercial drug, triclabendazole.

Title: Alteration in Serum Concentration of Canine C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Associated with Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME) and its Amelioration by Conventional Treatment
Abstract :
Present investigation has recorded ehrlichiosis associated C-reactive protein status in dogs. Total 79 dogs were screened for ehrlichiosis based on the clinical diagnosis criteria. All the screened dogs underwent for blood smear examination followed by primary and nested PCR analysis which confirm total 64 dog positive for ehrlichiosis. These confirmed cases were taken for further analysis to assess the extent of inflammation caused by acute phase protein such as C-reactive protein. Results of present investigation revealed significant increase in serum concentration of canine C-reactive protein in ehrlichiosis affected dogs as compared to healthy ones. Conventional treatment of diseased animals reduces these values towards the reference values as assessed in healthy animals. It can be concluded thatserum level of C-reactive protein is significantly increases in case of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and can be used as potent clinical biomarker for assessment of extra cytokines induced inflammatory reaction.
Title: Growth Performance of Murrah Buffalo Calves under Humid Tropical Conditions of Kerala
Abstract :

Data obtained from Murrah buffalo herd maintained at Livestock Research Station, Thiruvazhamkunnu (Kerala) was analysed to determine average birth weight and average daily gain of calves. Mean body weight (±SE) at birth observed was 34.76 ± 0.54 Kg. Body weight at birth of female and male Murrah calves were 32.83 ± 0.63 Kg and 37.06 ± 0.73 Kg respectively. Significant difference was observed between sexes with respect to birth weight and body weight at 15 days of age (p<0.05). Average daily gain observed in male and female calves during 90 day period was 0.595 Kg and 0.612 Kg respectively. Difference in average daily gain was not statistically significant, except between 30-45 days during which female calves gained more weight than males (p<0.05).

Title: Successful Medical Management of Pregnancy Toxemia in Goats
Abstract :

Pregnancy toxaemia is a metabolic disorder that occurs in does and ewes during the late stage of pregnancy. Pregnant does that have low energy levels and having multiple numbers of fetuses are more susceptible to toxaemia. The present study was carried out in twenty five goats in advanced stage of pregnancy with the history of anorexia, torticolis, grinding of teeth, salivation and rigors. On clinical examination of animals, they were dull, depressed with tachycardia, tachypenia, opisthotonus and pale conjunctival mucous membrane. The biochemical parameters revealed hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia. Urine samples were collected and urine analysis revealed positive for ketone bodies. The goats were successfully treated with 25% dextrose i/v as a bolus, multiple electrolytes solution containing 5% dextrose i/v, glycerin orally and Vitamin B-complex injection intramuscularly and all the twenty five animals survived. Out of 25 animals medical termination of pregnancy was done in 21 cases and four animals delivered a live kid.

Title: Next-Generation Sequencing as Diagnostic Tool in Veterinary Research
Abstract :

The field of genomics has been revolutionized by next generation sequencing. NGS technology is likely to play an important role in the field of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. The feasibility of sequencing genomes at a much faster rate and with greater precision has been made possible with the advent of newer methods. In the current review, we describe the various sequencing methods available and also discuss select areas of biology where application of next generation sequencing would open a whole new avenue in veterinary research.

Title: Comparative Study of the Conventional Parasitological Methods for the Detection of T. evansi in Buffaloes
Abstract :
In this study four conventional parasitological methods like Wet blood film (WBF), thin and thick blood smear and Buffy coat technique (BCT) were compared for diagnostic sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected buffaloes. Out of 250 field blood samples collected from different places of Indore and Ratlam district of M.P., 1.2% were found positive by wet blood film, 4.4% by thin blood smear, 9.2% by thick blood smear and 14.8% by buffy coat technique for T. evansi. The sensitivity and specificity of the all methods were analyzed and it was observed that BCT is more sensitive than the other conventional methods of examination.
Title: Polymorphism of the Ovine Calpastatin (CAST) Gene and its Association with Productive Traits in Nellore Sheep
Abstract :

Calpastatin is a candidate marker for carcass and growth traits. The purpose of this work to study MspI polymorphism in the CAST gene in three strains of Nellore sheep breed viz., Jodipi, Brown and Palla and to find its relation with growth traits. The frequencies of M and N alleles in Nellore Jodipi, Nellore Brown and Nellore Palla were 0.83 and 0.17, 0.81 and 0.19, 0.76 and 0.24, respectively and genotype frequencies of MM, MN and NN genotypes were found to be 0.68, 0.31 and 0.01 in Nellore Jodipi; 0.64, 0.34 and 0.02 in Nellore Brown and 0.56, 0.40 and 0.04 in Nellore Palla, respectively. The PIC values for Nellore Jodipi, Nellore Brown and Nellore Palla are 0.24, 0.26 and 0.30 respectively, suggesting considerable amount of variation exist in these populations. Diversity estimates (FIS) were negative for the three populations of Nellore sheep i.e., Jodipi (-0.114), Brown (-0.105) and Palla (-0.097) indicating that there is no differentiation among the three populations. The χ2-test values revealed that all the three populations are in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. The association between genotypes and body weights revealed significant differences among three genotypes (MM, MN and NN) only for birth weight; while non-significant differences were observed among three genotypes for average daily gains

Title: Ocular Ultrasonography and Biometry of Healthy Eyes in White Leghorn Birds
Abstract :
Ocular ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool which permits precise assessment of the eyeball and orbital structures contributing to a quick diagnosis and better therapy. The objective of the study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal poultry eyes and to compare the biometric measurements of both the eyes. Hundred eyes from 50 poultry birds were assessed after a routine ophthalmic examination using an 10 MHZ linear transducer. Ultrasound examination could clearly differentiate different parts of the internal eye, including the pecten oculi in the vitreous. Ocular biometry was performed by B-scan of the following structures (in mm): Corneal thickness (CT) (RE: 0.13 ± 0.07, LE: 0.12 ± 0.07), Axial length (AL) (RE: 1.13 ± 0.01, LE: 1.05 ± 0.18), Lens width (LW) (RE: 0.33 ± 0.15, LE: 0.34 ± 0.19). Lens length (LL) (RE: 0.71 ± 0.02, LE: 0.65 ± 0.02). There was a uniform correlation between the ocular structures, however, no statistical difference was observed in the parameters of both the eyes. The anatomic and biometric assessment will be helpful in identifying routine clinical abnormalities.
Title: Salmonella Load in Rui Fishes and Suggestive Remedies in Cooking Process of Bangladeshi Dish
Abstract :

Bangladesh is a riverine country. At present we are 4th top producer of fish in the world Rice and fish in our main food. Among fishes, Rui (Labeo ruhita) is the most popular and tasty fish for Bangladeshi people. The major fisheries sectors of Bangladesh support not only the domestic needs but also contributes to world export markets. It fulfills a major portion of the protein requirement of the general mass. Bangladeshi people cooks this fish in several ways, without marinate and marinate it will salt & turmeric powder and then fry it and boil it and making most of their daily dish. But a lot of Bangladeshi specially the children are infected by typhoid for which Salmonella sp. is responsible. Food is one of the carriers of Salmonella

Title: Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) as Feed Additive for Buffalo Calves: Effects on Gut Parasites and Cost of Production
Abstract :
The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of two different doses of aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) supplementation on gut parasites and cost of production in Murrah buffalo calves. A total of fifteen buffalo calves (3-6 months age) were selected and maintained at the Buffalo Farm, Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar (Haryana), India. The duration of experiment was 90 days. The calves were placed into three treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 (based on nearness in body weight and age) and each group having five calves. The calves were fed with basal ration in all three treatment groups according to ICAR-2013 feeding standards along with supplementation of aloe vera leaves @ 2 g and 4 g per kg body weight in T2 and T3 group respectively. The calves fed basal diet supplemented with aloe vera @ 4 g per kg body weight were showed significantly lower (P<0.05) oocyst per gram (opg) and also showed less egg per gram (epg) but not significantly (P>0.05), in faeces as compare to control group. The cost of feeding per kg body weight gain was found lowest in T3 followed by T2 and was found highest in T1 treatment group. Thus, from above findings it can be concluded that aloe vera supplementation @ 4 g/kg body weight can be an effective herbal feed additive for buffalo calves and can increase the economic return to the farmers.
Title: Correlations among Egg Production Traits in IWD and IWF Strains of White Leghorn
Abstract :
Correlations are a measure of genetic factors shared between two traits. When two traits are highly genetically correlated, the genes that contribute to the traits are usually co-inherited. They contribute to understanding the development and pathways of traits, population-level gene flow and the co-occurrences of traits. They also play an important role in evolutionary biology. In the present investigation it was found that the genetic and environmental correlations of age at first egg with body weight were negative in IWD and positive in IWF strains. The genetic and environmental correlations of body weight with egg weight and egg production were positive in IWD and negative in IWF strain. The genetic and environmental correlations of egg weight at 40 weeks with EP40 and EP64 weeks were found negative. The genetic and environmental correlations of egg production upto 40 weeks with EP64 weeks were positive in magnitude in both the strains.
Title: Production Performance of Kathani Cattle in Mul Tahsil of Chandrapur District
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The study was undertaken to record the production performance of 50 Kathani cattle in Mul tahsil of Chandrapur district. The cows were mostly found with bowl shaped udder, cylindrical shaped teats and small size of milk vein. The lactational milk yield of Kathani cows was found to be 658.26 ± 4.95 kg, average lactation period was of 229.72 ± 0.90 days and average milk yield per day was 2.862 ± 0.025 kg. The milk production performance of Kathani cattle is fair, hence, it can be considered as the draught breed of cattle and by adopting better management and nutrition practices its production can be increased.
Title: Effect of Protein Supplements on Nutrient Utilization and Production of Lactating Gir Cows
Abstract :
A study was conducted on 16 lactating Gir cows, which were divided into four groups on the basis of body weight and average milk yield/day at Dairy farm (LPM Deptt.) S.K.N. College of agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) and subjected to four dietary treatments i.e. Wheat straw ad-lib.+ Green Lucerne (5 kg) + Concentrate (T1), T1 + Urea 75 g/cow (T2), T1 + Mustard oil cake 614 g/cow (T3) and T1 + Guar meal 505 g/cow (T4). The studied for their nutrients utilization of protein supplements and milk yield of Gir cows. Average daily intake of CP and DCP in kg/100 kg body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4 compared to other groups. Average daily TDNI kg/100kg body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4 (1.56) compared to T3 (1.41), T2 (1.32) and T1 (1.24) groups. The nutrient utilization as DM, CP, EE and NFE was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 compared to T3, T2 and T1 groups. Crude fibre was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 compared to T4, T2 and T1 groups. Average daily milk production (litre/cow) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 (7.85) than T3 (7.13), T2 (7.05) and T1 (6.67). It can be inferred from this experiment that feeding of concentrate mixture on Wheat straw diet with Guar meal supplement increased the milk production.
Title: High Definition Oscillometric Blood Pressure Measurement in Apparently Healthy Dogs: A Clinical Study
Abstract :
Present clinical study was conducted in 170 apparently healthy dogs for monitoring of blood pressure (Systolic Arterial Pressure: SAP, Diastolic Arterial Pressure: DAP and Mean Arterial Pressure: MAP) by non-invasive (indirect) technique using a high definition oscillometric method. Blood pressure was measured in calm animals in lateral recumbency using appropriate size cuffs placed around the median artery of distal forelimb. The average of at least five measurements from each dog was recorded as the final blood pressure. Among breeds, higher SAP, MAP and DAP was recorded in Grey hound. Blood pressure was not influenced by age and sex. End organ risk categorization using value of systolic blood pressure revealed that out of 170 dogs, 42.35%, 20.59%, 31.18% and 5.88% dogs were at minimum risk, mild risk, moderate risk and severe risk respectively. Routine blood pressure monitoring using high definition oscillometer could be helpful in preventing cardiac and renal diseases by assessing end organ risk categorization.
Title: Relative Risk and Odds Ratio of Risk Factors Associated with Digestive Diseases in Ganjam Goats of Odisha
Abstract :
A two-year study on the morbidity and mortality in Ganjam goats of Odisha associated with digestive diseases was carried out in Ganjam district of Odisha and the effects of year, season, sex, age group and rearing management on morbidity and mortality rates due to these diseases were examined using suitable statistical techniques. Morbidity and mortality data of 5845 Ganjam goats of 71 goat keepers and 5205 Ganjam goats of 104 goat keepers from four clusters of Ganjam district were recorded from April 2018 to March 2019 and April 2019 to March 2020, respectively, each year divided into three seasons: summer (March- June), rainy (July-October) and winter (November-February). These goats reared under both range system and semi-intensive rearing system were divided into three groups: kids (0-3 months), young stocks (3-12 months) and adults (above one year) based on age. Overall morbidity and mortality due to digestive diseases were higher in 2018-19 (11.3%, 1.6%) as compared to 2019- 20 (8.2%, 0.7%). Morbidity was the highest in young ones followed by kids and adults whereas mortality was the highest in kids followed by young ones and adults. In rainy season, morbidity was the highest followed by summer and winter. However, mortality occurred mostly in summer followed by rainy and winter season. Both morbidity and mortality were more prominent in male goats than females. Morbidity and mortality in Ganjam goats reared in range system were higher as compared to those reared in semi-intensive system.
Title: Galactagogue- Its Effect on Milk Yield and Composition
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a galactagogue Milkease®, on the yield and composition of milk. Three multiparous crossbred cows in mid-lactation stages were selected for this study. It was given at the rate of 30 g twice daily and was fed to the animals for a total period of 2 months. Milk sampling for analysis was done in morning and evening hours once every week during the experimental period. At the end of the trial, it was observed that the galactagogue supplementation resulted in an increase of quality (composition) as well as quantity (Milk yield) of milk in all the three animals. Hence, it is concluded that Milkease® is a combination of all those essential nutrients which helps in increasing the milk yield as well as its composition.
Title: Withdrawal Period of Enrofloxacin and its Primary Metabolite Ciprofloxacin Residues in Broiler Chicken after Pulse Water Medication
Abstract :
The administration of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials to broiler chicken without an adequate withdrawal time may lead to violative concentrations of residues in edible tissues destined for human consumption. To ensure food safety and human health, withdrawal period of enrofloxacin antimicrobial administration, before slaughter need to be studied based on maximum residue limit values in the target tissues. Hence, the present study has been undertaken to evaluate the withdrawal period and depletion of enrofloxacin and its primary metabolite ciprofloxacin residues in broiler chicken in accordance with MRLs set by various regulatory agencies. Group I (6 birds) was kept as untreated control received non medicated water, and Groups II, III, IV, V and VI each 6 birds were administered with enrofloxacin at recommended therapeutic dose 10 mg per Kg body weight, through drinking water for five consecutive days from 43rd to 47th day of age. The plasma and edible tissues viz., liver, kidney, muscle (breast & thigh) and skin were collected and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction followed by enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin quantification by a validated HPTLC-Fluorescent densitometry assay. Enrofloxacin was well distributed from plasma into tissues and the metabolic conversion of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was observed in all the tissue samples; however the ciprofloxacin concentrations were always lower than that of the parent drug enrofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin was found to be rapidly depleted from the chickens’ body compared to that of enrofloxacin. The withdrawal period for enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin residues in broiler chicken was found to be 5 days and 9 days as per European Union and Japan MRLs respectively.
Title: Postnatal Histomorphological Studies on the Gall Bladder of Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
Abstract :
Gall bladder is a small pouch found attached to the liver and stores bile. A total of 24 guinea pigs of four different postnatal ages with six animals each were collected from the Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine as per the Ethical committee approval. Gall bladder were dissected, fixed and processed for paraffin embedding. Sections of 4-5 μm thickness were cut and used for the routine and special histological staining techniques. The wall of the gall bladder consisted of tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa in all the postnatal ages. The tunica mucosa of gall bladder consisted of irregular folds with primary, secondary and tertiary folds. All the folds were visible in the gall bladder of postnatal ages with the folding increased as age increased. Guinea pigs of 0-2 weeks of age showed only primary folds of less height. The tunica mucosa consisted of lining epithelium and lamina propria. Mucularis mucosa was not observed in all ages. Lamina propria and submucosa formed a continuous layer. The lining epithelium was simple tall columnar epithelium with irregular microvilli at the luminal border. Lamina propria – submucosa consisted of loose of connective tissue with collagen, reticular fibres, fibroblasts, lymphocytes and blood vessels. Tunica muscularis was a fibromuscular coat, consisted of loose arrangement of smooth muscular layers in longitudinal and circular fashion. Tunica serosa covered the external surface of the gall bladder in all ages and consisted of loose connective layer which was upcovered by a single layer of mesothelium.
Title: Contents Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2021
Abstract :
Title: Expression and Purification of Exposed Outer Domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Opr86 protein
Abstract :
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogen that can form a biofilm that provides crucial drug resistance components. The bacteria have many immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMP) including, Opr86. The Opr86 is essential for the viability of bacterium, as it has a significant role in OMP assembly and its depletion leads to alteration of cellular morphology. Therefore, Opr86 may serve as a vaccine candidate. Moreover, Opr86 may be used for raising hyperimmune serum, which may be a potential therapeutic candidate in P. aeruginosa infection. In the current study, gene fragment encoded exposed outer domain toward extracellular side of Opr86 (E-Opr86) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned into pJET1.2 vector, and sequenced. The gene was inserted into pET302/NT-His vector and was expressed in Rosetta-gami 2(DE3) pLysS cells. The recombinant E-Opr86 protein expression was confirmed by the sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and subjected to purification using His-tag affinity chromatography. The purified protein (~18kDa) was confirmed by SDS–PAGE and by the Western blotting. This study successfully cloned and characterized Opr86 protein of P. aeruginosa.
Title: Pulsed Wave Doppler Echocardiographic Evaluation and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Abstract :
Atrial fibrillation is usually a chronic supraventricular arrhythmia most commonly associated with canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and degenerative mitral valve disease in dogs. The management of atrial fibrillation is quite challenging with the control of rate and rhythm being the main strategies. In the present study, a total of 150 dogs were subjected to detailed clinical examination, physical examination, electrocardiography and echocardiography. Among 150 dogs, DCM was diagnosed in 58 dogs (38.66%). Out of 58 DCM cases, 21 had atrial fibrillation. The predominant clinical signs noticed in DCM with atrial fibrillation were exercise intolerance, ascites, cardiac cachexia, coughing and syncope. The study of echocardiographic changes in dogs with atrial fibrillation may be helpful to predict the prognosis and survival time. All 21 dogs with DCM and atrial fibrillation were divided into two groups (Group I & II) based on mitral E wave deceleration time (Edt) on Pulsed Wave Doppler. The mean values of Edt were 74.82 ± 1.29 ms and 88.99 ± 1.31 ms in Group I and Group II dogs respectively. All the dogs were treated with Tab. Pimobendan (0.25mg/kg b.wt, bid, PO), Tab. Digoxin (0.005 mg/kg b.wt, bid, PO), Tab. Enalapril (0.5mg/kg b.wt, bid, PO) and Tab. Furosemide (2mg/ kg b.wt, bid, PO). After 10 days of treatment, the echocardiography was repeated to measure the peak mitral E wave velocity and deceleration time. The study revealed a high degree of positive correlation between Edt and survival time, as indicated by the increase of survival time with every unit raise in Edt.
Title: Contents Vol. 11, No. 3, June 2021
Abstract :
Title: Comparative Study on Nutrient Utilization of Cross-Bred and Gir Cows Fed Green Lucerne During Winter Season
Abstract :
The present investigation was conducted Comparative Study on Nutrient Utilization of Cross-Bred and Gir Cows Feed Green Lucerne During Winter Season. Twenty lactating cows (in which 10 Cross-bred and 10 Gir Cows) were divided into four groups on basis of nearest their body weight and milk yield/day at dairy farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner and subjected to four dietary treatments were formulated. i.e. Green Lucerne 10 kg + Wheat straw ad-lib.+ Concentrate for T1 Crossbred, Green Lucerne 20 kg + Wheat straw ad-lib. + Concentrate for T2 Crossbred, Green Lucerne 10 kg + Wheat straw ad-lib. + Concentrate for T3 Gir Cow and Green Lucerne 20 kg + Wheat straw ad-lib. + Concentrate for T4 Gir Cow and the studied for their nutrient utilization. DMI (kg/animal/day) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 (12.77) than T1 (12.18), T4 (11.49) and T3 (11.07). Average daily intake of CP, DCP and TDN in kg/100 kg body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 compared to other groups. The nutrient utilization as DM, CP, EE, CF and NFE was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 compared to T3, T2 and T1 group.
Title: Evaluation of the Role of Himpyrin Liquid in the Management of Inflammation and Pain in Cats
Abstract :
The present study was designed to evaluate in vivo efficacy of polyherbal formulation, Himpyrin liquid, for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities in cats. Twenty cats with a history of pain, inflammation, and fever due to scratch injuries/ accidents were selected (G1; n = 20) and supplemented with Himpyrin liquid along with standard treatment until complete recovery. The changes in assessment parameters score, viz. pain, fever, and activity level scores, along with adverse effects and product performance/satisfaction scores were evaluated. The results of the present study revealed that pain (p < 0.01) and fever (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased in cats as early as days 2 and 4, respectively, following Himpyrin liquid supplementation along with standard treatment. The administration of Himpyrin liquid to cats restored the activity level of cats affected with fever and pain due to scratch injuries/accidents. Furthermore, Himpyrin liquid was considered highly satisfactory for inflammation amelioration due to scratch injuries/accidents in cats without any adverse effects. In conclusion, this study supplies considerable preliminary data to hint that Himpyrin liquid possesses anti-inflammatory activities. Hence, Himpyrin liquid at 1 mL twice daily along with standard treatment could be recommended for inflammation amelioration and pain in cats. However, further clinical studies evaluating biochemical parameters were recommended to be carried out to better elucidate the mechanism of action and ultimate impact on the overall health of cats.
Title: Immunomodulatory Effects of Nigella sativa Extract on Chicken Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: In-vitro
Abstract :
Nigella sativa has been used since ancient time for curing various infectious diseases due to its miraculous biochemical and pharmacological properties. It belongs to the Ranunculaceae family and generally used as food additives and also known as black cumin. The active components in black cumin have shown remarkable characteristics like antimicrobial, anti-diabetics, anti-cancerous, anti-tumoral, analgesic, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and immunological and immune-potentiating effects. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of Nigella sativa seeds extract on the chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The chicken PBMCs were stimulated with two different doses (125 μg/ml; 250 μg/ml) of Nigella sativa seeds extract and the cells were harvested at different time points till 48 h post-stimulation for analysis of various immune gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. High dose (250 μg/ml) of Nigella sativa seed extract showed remarkable induction of immune response genes (IL-1β, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-12 transcripts) expression at 48h post-stimulation. The results indicated the immunomodulatory activity of the Nigella sativa seed extract on the chicken PBMCs and suggested the potential use as an adjuvant with various vaccines in chicken.
Title: A Study on the Performance, Suitability and Economics of Pratapdhan Under Backyard Poultry Farming in Banswara District of Rajasthan
Abstract :
A study was conducted on Pratapdhan birds under backyard poultry rearing in Banswara district of Rajasthan. During the study four block of Banswara were selected randomly. 15 farmers from each block were randomly selected, 15 farmers awavy them having Pratapdhan poultry birds (beneficiaries under ARYA project) and rest 15 farmers having native poultry birds (non-beneficiaries) were selected out of 60 respondents. 20 Pratapdhan chicks per farmers provided by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banswara under ARYA project after training for the respondent of economic point of view. The impact of training on poultry farming was significantly high and average knowledge score of the trainees increased from 3.68 to 8.50. The performance of dual purpose breed Pratapdhan was better under backyard poultry farming. The overall mean body weight, the mean eggs production were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in Pratapdhan poultry birds than native birds. The overall mortality rate of Pratapdhan poultry birds were significant lower (P≤0.05) than native birds. The benefit cost ratio of rearing in Pratapdhan poultry birds was recorded 1:5.15 per family. The income of small, marginal and landless poultry farmers were increased due to rearing of Pratapdhan poultry birds under backyard through low input and high output venture within a very short span of time. Pratapdhan poultry bird is one of the promising dual purpose strains of poultry, which can be popularized in rural areas of Banswara district of Rajasthan.
Title: Assessment of Socio-economic Status of Farmers and Distribution of Buffalo Population in the Mahakaushal Region of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :
The study of socio-economical status of the farmers and distribution of buffalo population were conducted at Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh. Mahakaushal, a region of central India, lies in the upper or eastern reaches of the Narmada river valley in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Data were collected through farmer’s interview from target districts. Survey was indicated that the buffalo population was distributed in entire Mahakaushal region of the Madhya Pradesh particularly in Jabalpur, Mandla,
Dindori, Seoni districts and in parts of adjoining districts including Naringhpur, Balaghat, Chhindwada, Katani and Umaria. The overall socioeconomic status of farmers was poor in all the districts. The annual income of farmers of Jabalpur and Mandla districts was slightly higher than the farmers of Dindori and Seoni districts; it might be due to slightly higher irrigated lands (1-3 acres) and literate family members (4-5). The farmers in Mahakaushal region mainly depends upon the pasture feeding for their livestock. The place, where animals were gathered during grazing is known as Khirka. The mating normally occurs during grazing. It was revealed that on an average 90 percent farmers housed their animals only at night while 10 percent of farmers housed them both day and night. In 98 percent animal houses, floor was kachcha type. In about 95 percent animal house had no drainage system. In 100 percent animal house had kachcha type of drainage. The survey was the first attempt to study the demographic and geographical distribution in Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh.
Title: Contents Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021
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Title: Effect of Season and Period of Milking on Milk Constituents of Sahiwal Cow in the High Humid Condition of Assam
Abstract :
Data on 3908 milk records of Sahiwal cows recorded over a period of 11 months were utilized for the study. The cows were reared at Sahiwal cattle farm, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, India. The least-squares mean and standard errors for fat, solid not fat, protein, and density were reported to be 4.42 ± 0.02%, 8.45 ± 0.01%, 3.23 ± 0.01% and 29.34 ± 0.04 kg/m3, respectively. Analysis of the variance revealed that season had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on the fat, solid not fat and on the protein percentage but there was no significant effect of season on the density of milk. Again, a period of milking was reported to produce highly significant effects (P<0.01) on fat, solid not fat, protein, and milk density.
Title: Effect of Chitosan Coating Enriched with Cinnamon Oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) on Storage Stability of Refrigerated Chicken Meat Nuggets
Abstract :
The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the shelf-life of chitosan and cinnamon oil coated chicken meat nuggets under refrigeration conditions. Three types of coated nuggets were developed viz., Meat coated with Chitosan (1%) and Cinnamon oil (0.05%) (T1), direct addition of Chitosan and Cinnamon oil in emulsion (T2) and nuggets dipped in Chitosan and Cinnamon oil (T3) and were aerobically packaged in low-density polyethylene pouches and assessed for various storage quality parameters under refrigerated (4±1°C) conditions during 28 days of storage. T2 had slightly higher emulsion stability and yield although no significant difference (P>0.05) in between samples. T1 exhibited better storage stability as indicated by lower lipid oxidation than other treatments and the control. Texture profile studies indicated that T2 sample had higher hardness value than other samples. SPC significantly (P<0.05) increased in all the samples with control having the highest value followed by T1, T3 and T2 throughout the storage period. T2 sample exhibited lowest sensory scores and were not accepted by sensory panellist while T1 and T3 samples had better acceptability. It was concluded that chitosan in combination with cinnamon oil had synergistic effect to extend the shelf-life of products (T1 and T3)
Title: Current Advances in surgical Management of Ruminal Disorders of Bovine
Abstract :
Ruminal disorders in ruminant are numerous and constitute a major clinical problem. Disorders of forestomach in adult cattle can result from a variety of common causes including traumatic reticulo-peritonitis, ruminal acidosis, bloat, simple indigestion and vagal indigestion. The bovine forestomach are affected highly due to ingested foreign bodies which are the subject of attention almost all over the world and also major economic importance due to severe loss of production and productivity and sometimes death of the animal. The animals are stabilized with fluids and electrolytes for the imbalances preoperatively. Preparation of the animal for surgery includes removal of the hair and cleansing of the skin around the surgical site. Rumenotomy and diaphragmatic hernia repair are surgeries performed for treating many ruminal disorders in bovine. Anaesthetic techniques required for rumenotomy are para-vertebral nerve block by use of lignocaine hydrochloride. Ultrasound diagnosis, completely siphon out of the fluid, visceral blockade and refilling of rumen with refilling agents are among the current advances in surgical managements of ruminal disorders. A long vertical skin incision starting about three to four centimeters below the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae is made. The abdominal muscles and peritoneum are also incised corresponding to the skin incision. The rumen incision is closed by double row of continuous inverting sutures using chromic catgut. The commonest
complications are wound dehiscence and hemorrhage and seroma formation.
Title: Superbugs: The Nightmare Bacteria
Abstract :
One of the major achievements in medicine was in 1928 when the first antibiotic penicillin was discovered by Alexander Flemming. They were touted as ‘Miracle drug’ and brought great promise of a future without infectious disease. And now we face the threat of superbugs or nightmare bacteria threatening to render our future bleak. Each year, Anti Micorbial Resistance (AMR) kills more than 700,000 people globally. A ‘superbug’ is a bacterium capable of causing uncontrollable infections, a microbe which can’t be eradicated, and a germ which can kill when normally it shouldn’t. These are no less than “nightmare bacteria” that have a potential to threaten people in every nook and corner of the world catastrophically. Widespread use of antibiotics without good stewardship has eventually led to emergence of multiple drug resistance against almost all of our life saving antimicrobial drugs including the last resort wonder drug colistin. Thus, if we still do not face this problem head on and make some strict decisions, we may be looking at a post antibiotic era marked with minor wounds becoming life threatening and people dying from simple infections.
Title: Practical approaches for doubling livestock farmers' income
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Agriculture is the backbone of rural Punjab.Around 70 percent people of the state are involved in agriculture and allied activities and more than 83 per cent of the total land in the state is under agriculture. In 2016-17, agriculture had 23.96 per cent share in State's GDP while livestock had 8.63 percent share (Statistical Abstract Punjab, 2017). In the recent past, the share of livestock GDP in agriculture increased steadily. Livestock economy including fisheries contributed 29.60 per cent of the agricultural GDP in 2000-01 while the share increased to 36.01 per cent in 2016-17. Livestock sub-sector has registered highest growth among all the sub-sectors of agriculture in India while Punjab is rated among the highest for the share of livestock output to agricultural output (Jha et al., 2009). Thus, livestock sector proved to be an important growth engine for the overall development of agricultural sector in the state.
Title: Characterization of Pig and Poultry Origin Escherichia coli for Beta-lactamase Type Antimicrobial Resistance
Abstract :
A study was conducted to know the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli in fecal samples of pigs and broiler chicken. Fecal swabs were collected from apparently healthy animals and birds using sterile swabs. From a flock of 6000 birds, and a herd of 550 pigs, 50 samples each, were collected randomly. E. coli was isolated from all the broiler chicken samples, and 82% pig samples. AMR studies revealed 42% and 36.58% E. coli, respectively from chicken and pigs as ESBL producers. Beta lactam genes, blaTEM and blaCTX-M were detected, however, the isolates were negative for blaSHV and blaOXA genes. About 47.61% and 46.66% E. coli of chicken and pigs, respectively showed presence of beta lactam genes. Chicken isolates were resistant to cefixime (96%), tetracycline (88%), and ciprofloxacin (94%). While, pig isolates were resistant to cefazolin (100%), ciprofloxacin (65.85%) and gentamicin (51.21%). High degree of sensitivity was recorded for imipenem and trimethoprim. Multidrug resistant E. coli showing resistance to three or more group of antimicrobials were also recorded. This study is significant in the context of AMR highlighting the importance of pigs and chicken in carrying ESBL type E. coli.
Title: Effect of Varying Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD) on In Vitro Nutrient Digestibility
Abstract :
An extensive in vitro experiment was planned to study the effect of varying levels of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on in vitro nutrient digestibility and its effect on rumen microbes. For experiment, two negative DCAD diet were prepared from conventional prepartum total mixed ration (TMR) supplemented with anionic salt @ -50 (Low negative; LN), -100 (High
negative; HN) and a negative control without any anionic supplementation (CON1) was used for comparison. Similarly, two positive DCAD diet were prepared from conventional postpartum TMR with cationic salt supplementation @ +200 (Low positive; LP), +400 (High positive; HP) along with positive control (CON2) diet. DCAD diets was formulated using equation (% Na/0.023 + %K/0.039) – (%Cl/0.0355 + %S/0.016) mEq/100 gm of DM. Analysis of result revealed that negative DCAD (LN & HN) had better PF (mg/ml), NH3-N% and EMMP % then CON1 diet (p<0.01) and highest value was observed with HN DCAD suggesting that negative (especially HN) DCAD during prepartum can be helpful in improving rumen nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. Whereas, CON2 had better in vitro parameters (p<0.05) than positive DCAD (LP & HP) but no deleterious effect was observed, thus, suggesting that, both positive and negative DCAD are safe for use in ruminants.
Title: Etiopathology and Haematobiochemical Alteration in the Anaemic Dogs of in and Around Anand Region, Gujarat
Abstract :

The present research work was undertaken to assess the etiopathology and haematobiochemical alterations in anemic dogs of Anand region, Gujarat irrespective of their age, sex and breed. Total 78 dogs were screened for anemia and blood samples were collected from a 51 anemic dogs of Anand region of Gujarat to identify etiopathology and haematobiochemical parameters alterations. Statistical analysis, interpretation, different etiology and comparison of haematobiochemical alteration with scientific literature were carried out to understand pathophysiology of disease. Amongst 78 of 51 dogs, incidence of anemia was recoded 65.38 per cent in which highest was due to liver disorders (23.53%). Incidence of anemia was observed higher in in adult group (58.83%) as well as in male (52.94%). Most clinical variants of anemic dogs showed pale mucous membrane (86.27%), hypothermia (68.63%), tachycardia (70.59%), tachypnea (74.51%) and increased capillary refilling time (64.71%). Haematological indices of anemic dogs revealed Hb, TEC, PCV, MCH, MCHC and MCV decreased significantly (p<0.01), whereas TLC increased significantly (p<0.05) as compare to healthy dogs. Serum biochemistry revealed significantly (p<0.01) increased BUN, Creatinine, Glucose, AST and ALT levels as well as decreased in total protein level in anemic case as compare to healthy ones. Different etiological factors for developing in anemia in dogs as well as hematobiochemical alterations are mentioned, which will be useful for further detailed investigations and therapeutic management.

Title: Implication of Season and Parity on Bioacoustics Features for Detection of Estrus Phase in Murrah Buffalo
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to explore the season and parity effect on acoustic features of vocal signals articulatedn by Murrah buffaloes during estrous cycle. Voice and blood samples were collected from healthy Murrah buffaloes (n=60), maintained at ICAR-NDRI, Karnal. Animals were classified into three groups heifers (n=20), primiparous (n=20), pluriparousn (n=20) and further each group (20) was classified into two sub groups (n=10) based on winter (September-February) and summer (March-July) season. The acoustic features were extracted by the help of PRAAT 5.1.36 software package. The features like call duration (sec), intensity (mean, maximum, minimum) (dB), formants (Hz): F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, jitter (%), shimmer (%) and N/H ratio (%) were found statistically (P<0.05) different during estrus phase. The season effect especially during estrus phase was found significant (P<0.05) for minimum intensity (dB), F1 (Hz), F3 (Hz), and jitter (%). There was significant (P<0.05) difference between heifer and pluriparous buffaloes for intensity (dB) (mean, maximum, minimum), F1-F5 (Hz) and jitter (%). Significant differences were found for E2 (pg/ml) and P4 (ng/ml) plasma levels among four phases of cycle and between both seasons. This study concluded that hot season and parity cause variations in acoustic features like intensity, frequency and formants due to fluctuation in steroid hormones levels and summer stress. So, season and age factor might be considered for further determination of threshold values especially for estrus phase to develop algorithm/DSS for efficient and automatic estrus detection in buffaloes.
Title: Health Care Management Practices of Backyard Poultry Rearing in Dungarpur District of Rajasthan
Abstract :
The current research deals with the Health care management practices of backyard poultry rearing in experiment area of Dungarpur district. The field of investigation of this study covered four tehsils of Dungarpur district i.e. Dungarpur, Bicchiwada, Aspur and Sagwara. The Study reveals that in health care management practices maximum respondents (85.43 per cent) had veterinary facilities, 75.00 per cent did not follow the vaccination, 87.78 per cent respondents provided vaccine to bird after hatching, 48.89 per cent respondent cleans poultry and equipment on alternate days, 48.33 per cent farmers said that veterinary person visited the respondent poultry house monthly, maximum farmers were weighing their birds weekly (64.44 per cent), all180 respondents (100 per cent) used isolation distance of sick poultry birds and 49.44 per cent respondents used bamboo type poultry house in the experiment area.
Title: Effect of Lychee Peel Aqueous Extract on Kadaknath and Cobb Chicken Meat Patties during Refrigerated Storage (4±2°C)
Abstract :
This study was conducted to develop cobb and kadaknath chicken meat patties separately by incorporating Lychee fruit peel extract (LFPE) and BHT (butylated hydroxyl toluine) individually as antioxidant and to evaluate the effect on storage quality of developed products. Control patties were developed without adding any antioxidants. Sensory scores of kadaknath and cobb patties incorporated with BHT and LFPE were equivalent to respective controls on fresh basis. The sensory color scores of kadakanath patties were significantly lower than cobb patties however flavor, texture, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability scores were statistically comparable for both types of patties on fresh basis. Sensory scores decreased and microbial counts increased significantly during refrigerated storage for all the treatments but scores for treated patties were significantly
higher than respective controls. At the end of storage TBA and microbial counts for LFPE treated patties were significantly lower than their respective control and BHT treatments. It is concluded that incorporation of 15 ml lychee peel aqueous extract per 100 g of kadaknath and cobb chicken meat resulted in the production of healthier patties. Lychee extract provides betterm protection against oxidative rancidity and microbial proliferation during refrigerated storage and can well used as a replacement of synthetic antioxidants like BHT.
Title: Phenotypic Characterization of Non-descript Cattle of Mahakaushal Region of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :
The present research work was carried out in Jabalpur, Mandla, Dindori and Seoni districts of Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh and total of 1121 animal were used for phenotypic characterization, where adult male, adult female, male calf and female calf was 184, 817, 40 and 80 in numbers, respectively. The cattle population of Mahakaushal region had mostly white and grey skin and coat colour; muzzle and eyelid colour was black. Tail switch, hooves and horn colour was mostly black. Horn orientation was towards upward and forward with straight orientation. Ear position was horizontal. Forehead was flat and triangular. Hump, dewlap and udder was small in size with round shape teats. Animals were mostly of ferocious nature and had alert temperament. Phenotypic characterization findings of the present study revealed that the non-descript cattle population of Mahakaushal region is a unique descriptive breed of Madhya Pradesh and can be registered as new breed of cattle. These findings will be used for conservation and designing breeding strategy for genetic improvement.
Title: Microanatomical Features of the Uterus of Albino Wistar Rat (Rattus norvegicus) in Oestrous
Abstract :
This study describes histology of uterus in the Albino Wistar rat induced with oestrous. Twenty adult female Wistar rats were used in the study. Ten rats were induced with estrous using Diethylstilbestrol 1 mg/kg b.wt subcutaneously for three consecutive days. Uteri were obtained from both groups after three days upon induction of diestrous stage. Endometrial histology in both the groups displayed glandular mucosa comprising of lamina epithelialis and lamina propria mucosae. The epithelium was stratified cuboidal with numerous neutrophils and lymphocytes in the lamina propria mucosa. The cellularity was more in the estrous induced group. Lamina muscularis was absent in the tract of both groups. The uterine glands occurred in variable numbers and sizes in the propria-submucosae of the estrous induced group of rat uterii. These glands were lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. The myometrium consisted of inner circular and outer longitudinal layer wherein the smooth circular layer was comparatively thicker than the longitudinal layer in both groups. Stratum vasculare containing prominent blood vessels was well appreciated between the two muscular layers. The perimetrium comprised of simple squamous epithelium.
Title: A Case Study on Marketing Practices of Small Ruminants in Arid Region of Rajasthan
Abstract :
The present study was attempted to comprehend the small ruminant marketing system in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. The primary data survey was conducted in three clusters viz., Manai, Binjvadia and Balrava of Jodhpur district during 2018-19. The study has covered 60 sheep and goat keeping households with 20 respondents from each clusters of Farmer FIRST programme. A structured questionnaire which had earlier to face the validity to collect the data from the sample respondents. The results of study revealed that majority of respondents (65%) sold their animals when they needed cash for domestic use followed by due to scarcity of feeds and fodder (15%) were the main reason to sell their animals. The marketing of sheep and goats completely unorganized and in the hands of large number of livestock traders and hardly attracted any interest of government. Important
marketing channels were petty traders, village collectors and relatives and friends. Farmers were facing the problems of animal marketing. Even in absence of any governmental support for marketing system, they were ready to organize and innovate own inability farmers continuing with the present system of sheep and goat marketing, none of farmer satisfied with the prevailing marketing system of animals. Establishing cooperative societies for marketing of animals in the breeding tract would ensure timely and adequate supply of inputs and channelize the marketing process.
Title: Assessment of Incidence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in Penaeus vannamei in Maharashtra and Gujarat
Abstract :

The occurrence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in Penaeus vannamei samples were collected from Maharashtra and Gujarat farms. In the present study, shrimp samples from various shrimp ponds from two districts of Maharashtra and two districts of Gujarat were collected over a period of one year (February 2016 to April 2017). A total of 4513 shrimp samples were assessed for the presence of EHP by molecular characterization. Out of shrimp samples analysed, 31.2% samples were positive for EHP. The screening of EHP was done by single step and nested PCR targeting spore wall protein gene (SWP) of EHP resulting in product size of 514 bp and 148 bp for EHP respectively.

Title: Cryopreservation of Ram Cauda Epididymal Spermatozoa Using Different Buffers and Sugar Combinations
Abstract :

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of different sugars and buffers combinations in the extenders viz. Tris citric acid fructose (TCF), Tris citric acid glucose (TCG), Sodium citrate fructose (SCF) and Sodium citrate glucose (SCG) on the quality of Cauda epididymal spermatozoa of ram during cryopreservation and post thaw. Spermatozoa were recovered from Cauda epididymidis by incision method. Samples showing ≥70 % progressive sperm motility were pooled. Each pooled cauda epididymal sperm sample was divided into four aliquots and spermatozoa in each aliquot were washed using isotonic buffer by double centrifugation. Washed spermatozoa in each aliquot were extended separately in the four different extenders using 20% egg yolk and 8% glycerol as cryoprotectant. The quality of spermatozoa was evaluated immediately after extension in the particular extenders (pre-freeze) and at post thaw. The percent sperm motility was significantly (p<0.05) higher for TCF (45.00±4.47) than TCG (27.50±6.55) and SCG (20.83±5.39) extenders at post thaw. The percentage of HOST reacted spermatozoa was significantly higher (P<0.05) for TCF (61.05±2.60) than SCF (45.81±4.90) and SCG (46.41±4.16) at post thaw. The percent intact acrosome was also significantly higher (P<0.05) in TCF (79.39±2.16), SCF (80.74±1.38) and SCG (78.34±2.94) than TCG (71.32±2.47) at post thaw. In conclusion, the use of fructose as energy source in the Tris extender (TCF) was found the best combination of buffer and sugar for maintaining higher sperm quality during cryopreservation of ram caudaepididymal spermatozoa.

Title: Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS) in Broilers
Abstract :

Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in poultry is a metabolic disease. An outbreak of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was detected by post mortem examination of broilers in a commercial farm. There was severe loss of production and sudden deaths with moderate mortality. Post mortem of the dead birds were performed and histopathological examination was done as per standard procedure. At necropsy, dead birds had pale combs and wattles with significant liver lesions. The liver was enlarged, friable and greasy, yellowish brown with firm fatty layer deposits and haematoma was noticed in abdominal cavity. Fat vacuoles were seen in liver sections which was also confirmed by special stain. Multiple factors like high dietary energy and stress of production may have precipitated the FLHS in broilers.

Title: Influence of Pregnancy, Parity and Stage of Lactation on Milk Yield and Composition in Crossbred Dairy Cattle
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to explore the effect of pregnancy, parity and stage of lactation on milk yield and milk composition in crossbred cattle maintained at Livestock Research Station, Thiruvazahmkunnu, Palakkad, under Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. The farm is located at latitude, longitude and altitude of 11o21’ N, 76o21’ E and 60-70 m above sea level and having a mean annual rainfall of 2,570 mm. Milk samples from 44 crossbred cows in different parity, stage of pregnancy and lactation were collected for seven consecutive days and composition was analyzed using Ekomilk Ultra pro milk analyzer (Milkana KAM 98-2A). The overall mean milk yield, fat, SNF, protein and lactose were 7.9 kg, 3.6%, 8.1%, 3.2% and 4.2%, respectively. Pregnant cows had significantly (p<0.05) lower milk yield (6.06 vs 8.30 kg) and significantly (p<0.05) higher lactose (4.35 vs 4.23%) and SNF per cent (8.28 vs 8.01%) when compared to non-pregnant cows. Order of parity didn’t have any influence on milk yield nor on the milk constituents. The mean milk yields during the three stages of lactation (<100 days, 100-200 days and >200 days) were 9.23, 7.57 and 6.52 kg/day, respectively, with peak yield being observed during the first stage of lactation (<100 days). The stage of lactation had significant effect (p<0.05) on milk yield and fat per cent whereas the other components were not influenced by the stage of lactation.

Title: Medical Management of Rumen Collapse in Cows
Abstract :

Rumen collapse or rumen void is a syndrome usually observed in cattle affected with other primary diseases. It is a sequelae to other primary diseases due to total anorexia for several days. Recently purchased and calved animals brought into Large Animal Outpatient Medicine Unit, Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, with the history of prolonged anorexia, mastitis and metritis were screened for rumen collapse. A total of 20 cases were included for the study. Animals were subjected to clinical, physical, rectal, haematological and biochemical examination. Anamnesis included were anorexia in all cases, high rise of temperature 15(75%) and high coloured urine 14(70%). An rumen collapsed in case of recently purchased animals were 12(60%). Clinical signs were anemia 18(90%), enlarged lymph node 17(85%), decreased rumen motility 17(85%), decreased or suspended rumination 16(80%). Rectal examination revealed a small sized rumen (rumen collapsed). Rumen fluid examination revealedvery few live protozoa or complete absence of protozoal motility and increased in MBRT (Methylene blue reduction test) time. The haematological examination revealed reduced level of Hb, PCV and RBC level. Biochemical examination revealed reduced level of total protein and other parameters were remain in the normal range. The suggestive of the primary diseases involved were hypocalcaemia, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, mastitis, septic metritis, indigestion and babesiosis. The animals were firstly treated for primary diseases followed by rumen cud transplantation and oral administration of rumenotorics bolus.

Title: Associative Diversity of ITS 1 gene in Different Trypanosoma evansi Isolates of Equine Origin from Semi Arid India
Abstract :
Trypanosoma evansi is an important haemoprotozoan parasite from the Indian context. A wide range of variations in the parasite genotype and subsequently, in disease pathogenesis have been described in the literature. The present study was designed to find out the associative genetic diversity, within the various equine isolates of T. evansi across India and the globe, based on the ITS 1 gene. A total of five equine isolates were characterized. PCR products were sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the maximum parsimony (MP) method with the tree–bisection– regrafting (TBR) algorithm. Indian isolates formed three haplotypes. The present isolates showed 99.06-100.00% nucleotide homology within themselves. In broader terms, present isolates were found to be phylogenetically closer isolates from Haryana. Broadly, Indian isolates of T. evansi were closely related to isolates reported from Thailand and China than those from Iran, Nigeria, and Egypt. Another remarkable finding is the close association of equine isolates from India with other isolates of family equidae and their clear divergence from isolates of T. evansi affecting other hosts from India and abroad. Vast genetic divergence was seen between the isolates suggesting of multiple distinct lineages of T. evansi amongst the Indian livestock.
Title: Cost and Returns of Milk Production Under Different Types of Dairy Farms in Kerala
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to study the cost and returns of milk production among different types of dairy farms in Kerala. A stratified multistage random sampling procedure was used to select the area of study and respondents. The farmers/farm households were categorized into small or subsistence farms (1-2 cows), medium (3-10 cows), and large farms (more than ten cows). The gross cost per milk animal per day was ` 229.81, ` 203.04, ` 249.51 and ` 226.38 in small, medium and large farms respectively. The net return from milk animal/day was ` 44.46, ` 45.31, ` 62.02 and ` 48.46 in small, medium, large and overall farms respectively. The net return after deduction of imputed cost was ` 110.36, ` 81.9, ` 70.12, and ` 93.61 respectively. The net return per day per milch animal was ` 23.34, ` 10.39, ` 27.74 and ` 20.58 respectively in small, medium, large and overall farms respectively. The net return after deduction of imputed family labour cost was ` 92.59, ` 52.42, ` 43.12 and ` 70.51 in small, medium, large and overall farms respectively. The cost after deduction of imputed labour was much better and was lower in small farms signalling the major contribution of family labour in small farms. Since the cost of concentrate feed constituted the major share of the production cost of milk, strategies for better scientific feeding of dairy cattle and support from government is to be included in the planning of projects.
Title: Genetic Evaluation of Murrah Buffaloes for Reproductive Disorders
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out on 459 Murrah buffaloes affected with some reproductive problem with 618 calving records(out of total 1336 Murrah buffaloes) sired by 118 sires over a period of 12 years from 2007 to 2018 at GADVASU, Ludhiana. The heritability estimates for dystocia, retention of placenta (ROP), anestrus, repeat breeding (RB), abortion and postpartum abnormal discharge (PPAD) were 0.04, 0.10, 0.05, 0.074, 0.085 and 0.121 respectively. The overall means for breeding values for dystocia, ROP, abortion, anestrus, RB and PPAD were 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.078 and 11.8%, respectively. Rank correlation of abortion with ROP was very high (0.99±0.02) and with anestrus, dystocia, RB and PPAD were also high i.e. 0.98±0.03, 0.98±0.03, 0.97±0.03, 0.95±0.04 respectively. Heritability estimates of reproductive problems have indicated appreciable values, signifying that incorporation of these traits in selection program will enhance the rate of improvement.

Title: Application of Locking Compression Plate as Hybrid Locked Plate for Transverse and Short Oblique Diaphyseal Fractures of Tibia and Radius-Ulna in Dogs
Abstract :
Study was conducted to evaluate clinical effect of hybrid locked plating for management of transverse and short oblique diaphyseal fracture of tibia and radius-ulna in 12 dogs. Based on demographic data, clinical and radiographic evaluation, preoperative planning was done. Stable fixation was achieved with locking plates (2.7 or 3.5 mm) in hybrid locking manner. Stance, gait, pain and lameness were scored and evaluated at regular intervals which showed improvement over time. Complete weight bearing was observed in all cases with no observable lameness on 10th postoperative week. Primary bone healing was initiated on 6th postoperative week in 83.3% of cases and complete cortical continuity was noticed on 10th week post-surgery. Seroma, wound dehiscence and screw loosening were some of the minor complications observed and outward limb rotation was observed due to anatomical mal-alignment. Functional recovery was good in 83.3% of the cases. Technique of hybrid locked plating provided effective inter-fragmentary compression and achieved complete radiographic primary union with very good functional outcome when applied on transverse and short oblique diaphyseal fracture of tibia and radius-ulna in dogs.
Title: Genetic Studies on Productive and Reproductive Traits of Crossbred Jersey (Jersey × Nondescript) Cattle
Abstract :
The southern Indian states depend mainly on crossbred cattle for milk production. For maintaining a high level of milk productivity of crossbred cattle and their further genetic improvement, it is necessary to know the genetic parameters and influence of various non-genetic and genetic factors on economic traits. Hence, in the present study, we estimated the heritability and influence of non-genetic factors on production and reproduction traits in crossbred Jersey cattle (Jersey × nondescript). The overall leastsquares means (±standard error) of age at first calving (days), calving interval (days), services per conception, service period (days), dry period (days), lactation milk yield (liters), and lactation length (days) were 1057.83±21.25, 449.52±8.55, 2.55±0.11, 176.31±7.67, 130.27±6.73, 2265.24±63.44, and 318.61±5.62 respectively. Period of calving had a significant (p<0.05) effect on all economic traits studied except the dry period. Calving interval and service period were affected by the season of calving. The heritability estimates of age at first calving, calving interval, services per conception, service period, dry period, lactation milk yield, and lactation length were 0.289±0.06, 0.306±0.09, 0.123±0.18, 0.329±0.33, 0.381±0.48, 0.508±0.88, and 0.455±0.45 respectively. This information will be useful to disclose action plans to make scientific interventions on the production and reproduction of crossbred Jersey cattle to exploit its maximum genetic potential.
Title: Histopathological and Molecular Investigation of Natural Cases of Bovine Tuberculosis Infection in Cattle
Abstract :

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a chronic infection in cattle caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis, that impacts productivity and represents a major public health threat. Although the considerable economic costs and zoonotic risk consequences associated with the disease, accurate estimates of bTB prevalence are lacking in many countries, including India. Therefore, in the current study for collection of tubercular lesions the postmortem examination of 100 cattle was conducted. All major viscera and regional lymph nodes were examined and incised. Histopathology was performed in the cases where gross lesions were suggestive of tuberculosis. PCR was performed on the tissue and faecal samples by using IS6110 insertion sequence, Mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis complex PCR kit. In 12 animals, nodular lesions with casseating mass suggestive of tuberculosis were observed in the lung tissue. All the 12 lung impression smear and only five faecal smear showed acid fast bacilli stained by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Histologic features comprised a classic granuloma as a characteristic lesion of tuberculosis composed of a central caseous necrosis with mantle of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, epithelioid macrophages and Langhan’s giant cells and were observed in all 12 cases. All the tissue samples and 11 faecal samples were positive for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using IS6110 sequence. 8 tissue samples and 4 faecal samples were positive by using Mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis complex PCR kit. It can be concluded that there was good agreement between histopathology, acid fast staining and PCR. It can also be concluded that faecal samples which are easier to collect should be preferred for diagnosis of TB by PCR in cattle.

Title: Effect of Different Dietary Oil Sources on Enrichment of Omega -3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Japanese Quail Meat
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of inclusion level of different feed ingredients rich in omega-3 fatty acids tooptimizethe production of omega-3 enriched Japanese quail meat. The feeding trial was conducted in Japanese quail broiler chicks for five weeks (0 - 5 week) period. The experiment had six treatments (T1-PO 4%; T2 LO 4%: T3 LO 3% + SO 1%; T4 LO 2% + SO 2%; T5 LO 1% + SO 3%; T6 SO 4%) with various inclusion levels of different sources of omega-3 fatty acids (linseed oil / sardine oil) with six replicates in each treatment and each replicate had ten birds. Inclusion level of 3 % linseed oil and 1 % sardine fish oil was optimum for producing omega-3 fatty acids enriched Japanese quail meat. Japanese quail meat was enriched with ALA- 12.67%; EPA-2.11%; DHA-2.16% and n-3-16.95% (% of total fatty acids). Omega-3 fatty acids were enriched by 9.79 times and Omega-6 : Omega-3 ratio was narrowed by 9.8 times than that of control which is ideal for human consumption.

Title: Alteration in Serum Concentration of Canine C-Reactive Protein (CRP)Associated with Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME) and its Amelioration by Conventional Treatment
Abstract :
Present investigation has recorded ehrlichiosis associated C-reactive protein status in dogs. Total 79 dogs were screened for ehrlichiosis based on the clinical diagnosis criteria. All the screened dogs underwent for blood smear examination followed by primary and nested PCR analysis which confirm total 64 dog positive for ehrlichiosis. These confirmed cases were taken for further analysis to assess the extent of inflammation caused by acute phase protein such as C-reactive protein. Results of present investigation revealed significant increase in serum concentration of canine C-reactive protein in ehrlichiosis affected dogs as compared to healthy ones. Conventional treatment of diseased animals reduces these values towards the reference values as assessed in healthy animals. It can be concluded thatserum level of C-reactive protein is significantly increases in case of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and can be used as potent clinical biomarker for assessment of extra cytokines induced inflammatory reaction.
Title: Prevalence of Wound and Associated Risk Factors of Donkeys in Merawi District,North-Western Ethiopia
Abstract :
A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2014 to April 2015 to determine prevalence of wound and associated risk factors in working donkeys in and around Merawi district, Amhara region, Ethiopia. A total of 384 randomly selected donkeys were physically examined for any external body injury/wound. Simultaneously, donkey owners were interviewed with a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire to extrapolate information regarding possible risk factors associated with wound occurrence. The overall prevalence of wound was 38.3%. The occurrence of wound varied significantly among donkeys with different age categories (χ2 = 43.027, p < 0.05) and with different body score conditions (47.5%, χ2 = 53.8, OR = 34.89, CI = 8.4-144.6). However the occurrence of wounds didn’t vary significantly among sex of the animals, type of pack saddle used and type of load carried (p > 0.05). In terms of working nature, donkeys working for more than 10kms per single trip showed
higher prevalence of wound (50.0%, χ2 = 9.39, p < 0.05) than those usually working for nearer distances (<10kms). There was a signifi- cant difference in the severity of wound among affected donkeys carrying different loads (χ2 = 26.71, p < 0.05).Questionnaire survey among the 384 respondents showed only 51% of the respondents usually seek for veterinary help for wound management. Generally, the study has clearly indicated wound as a prevailing welfare problem of working donkeys in and around Merawi district. Hence, implementing a comprehensive donkey health and welfare improvement program should be a priority for concerned stakeholder.
Title: Artificial Intelligence and its Application in Animal Disease Diagnosis
Abstract :

Present paper reviews about the origin, subfields, mandates and application of artificial intelligence in animal disease diagnosis. Artificial intelligence  (AI) is  intelligence  manifested by  machines and has developed into subfields; Machine and Deep learning. Machine learning (ML) provides application of algorithms for identification of patterns of data and creates a model to make future predictions. Commonly used algorithms are linear regression, random forest, decision tree, K-nearest and support vector machines. In deep learning, algorithms are classified into categories; Convolutional neural network, Restricted Boltzmann Machines, Auto encoder and Sparse Coding. The Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) is one of the most notable approaches, doesn’t require human supervision and automatically detects the significant features. Some of the commendable CNN architectures presented at ILSVRC (ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC); AlexNet, ZFNet, VGG-16, GoogLeNet etc. Regarding use of AI technique in veterinary sciences, this paper reviewed some of the documented data of its application in disease prediction and diagnosis; The National Animal Disease Referral Expert System (NADRES) of ICAR-NIVEDI, detection of left atrial enlargement on canine thoracic radiology (Li et al., 2021), Predicting survivability and need for surgery in Horses with Colic (Fraiwan et al., 2020), detection of sub clinical mastitis in cows with the help of machine learning by Ebrahimie et al. (2018), CNN  (GoogleNet)   in discriminating between meningiomas and gliomas in canines MRI’s (Banzato et al., 2018) and using a xenograft platform and machine learning in development of exosomal gene to detect residual disease in dogs with osteosarcoma (Makielski et al., 2021).

Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2019
Abstract :
Title: Pathology and Molecular Diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae Infections in Broiler Chickens from Western Maharashtra, India
Abstract :

Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae are worldwide in distribution including India and causes heavy economic losses to the poultry industry. The present study confirms the incidence of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae infections by gross and microscopic pathology and PCR in broiler chickens. Incidence of pathogenic Mycoplasma spp. in broiler chickens with respiratory lesions was found to be 26.66%. Out of total 60 flocks, 6 flocks (10%) were found positive for M. gallisepticum and 12 (20%) were positive for M. synoviae. The incidence of M. synoviae was found to be higher than M. gallisepticum. Catarrhal tracheitis, focal pneumonic consolidation of lungs and airsacculitis were consistent lesions in M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae positive broiler chickens. However, synovitis/arthritis was not observed in any of the flock positive for M. synoviae. Incidence of E. coli amongst broiler chickens with respiratory lesions was found to be 40% by PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene and was higher than Mycoplasma spp. Mixed infection of M. gallisepticum and E. coli was detected in 3(9.09%) flocks, M. synoviae and E. coli in 4 (12.13%), M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae in 1(3.03%) and M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae and E. coli combined infection was detected in 1 (3.03%) flock. Mixed infection of M. gallisepticum and E. coli, M. synoviae and E. coli and M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae and E. coli revealed moderate to severe lesions of chronic complicated respiratory disease.

Title: Occurrence of Intestinal and Caecal Coccidiosis in Rajasri Birds
Abstract :

Coccidiosis in poultry is still considered as one of the main diseases affecting performance of poultry reared under intensive production systems. Coccidiosis was diagnosed in Rajasri birds upon routine postmortem examination conducted at Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad. PM examination of 423 birds conducted during a period of one month, out of which 136 birds were diagnosed with intestinal coccidiosis (32.15%) and 120 birds with caecal coccidiosis (28.36%). Clinically birds showed weakness, somnolence, ruffled feathers, pale comb, mucoid bloody diarrhea and death. Coccidiosis was initially diagnosed on the basis of faecal smear examination and histopathological alterations in intestines. Gross examination of birds showed pale muscle, dehydrated and emaciated carcass. Extremely ballooned intestine and caeca and haemorrhages in intestinal mucosa were seen. Upon opening of the small intestines and caeca, watery ingesta mixed with mucus and blood was observed. Faecal smears made from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum revealed coccidial oocysts. Histopathological examination of intestine and caecum revealed coccidia lifecycle stages with destruction of different layers of the intestine and caecum with infiltration of heterophils and mononuclear cells (MNC).

Title: Shelf-Life of Developed Instant Idli Mixes Incorporated with Chicken Meat Powder
Abstract :
A study was conducted to evaluate the shelf life of developed instant rice idli mix incorporated with 20% chicken meat powder (CMP) and instant semolina idli mix incorporated with 30% CMP under laboratory conditions. The control sample of rice idli mix was prepared using rice grit, salt, spice mix, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, sodium carbonate and dry curry leaves and the control semolina idli mix was prepared by replacing the rice grit with semolina. The products were packed in low density polyethene bags and stored at an ambient temperature (30±2oC) for 90 days and samples were drawn at an interval of 0, 15th, 30th, 60th and
90th day to assess their shelf life. TBA values of CMP incorporated idli mixes were higher than their controls during storage. Moreover, TBA and pH values increased in all idli mixes during storage up to 90 days at an ambient temperature (30±2oC). The reconstituted idlies had desirable organoleptic properties as indicated by the taste panel studies. It is concluded that the rice idli mix incorporated with 20% CMP and semolina idli mix incorporated with 30% CMP could be stored for 60 days and 90 days, respectively, without any significant deterioration in microbiological quality and with acceptable sensory attributes.
Title: Effect of Area Specific Minerals Supplementation and Deworming on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Lactating Buffalo
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of area specific mineral mixture supplementation and deworming on the productive, reproductive performance and economics of lactating buffalo. Demonstration was conducted on 200 buffaloes of nearly at the same lactation stage, milk yield and parity selected from three Blocks- namely Kotputli, Viratnagar and Jamuaragarh, District- Jaipur, Rajasthan. Buffaloes were divided in two group; 100 buffaloes were kept in each group viz. control (T1) and demonstrated Group (T2). Two buffaloes of each farmer were selected to maintain similarity in feeding and management practice. Demonstrated Group (T2) was fed with area specific mineral mixture @ 50 gm/buffalo/day till 100 days of early lactation period and 1 ivermectin (80 mg) bolus , whereas the control group (T1) was not supplemented. The data were recorded by the farmers daily in the morning and evening and by the researcher at monthly interval. Analysis of data revealed that supplementation of area specific mineral mixture and ivermectin bolus increased the milk yield by 1.57 litres/ day (17.15%) in demonstrated group. Similarly, reproductive performance traits such as onset of first estrum after calving, No. of AI required for conception and Service period were also recorded at the same interval between these groups. The B:C ratio of area specific mineral mixture supplementation and ivermectin bolus was observed 1:14.7 under farmer management practices. These findings may suggest that supplementation of area specific mineral mixture and deworming with ivermectin enhanced the productive and reproductive performance for getting higher return and sustainable profit from buffalo farming.
Title: Effect of Frying on Quality Characteristics of Chicken Meat Samosas
Abstract :

Present study was undertaken to assess the effect of deep fat frying on quality characteristics of chicken meat samosas. The formulation and processing conditions for preparation of chicken meat samosas were standardized. A total of three types of samosa were prepared by using various frying methods as deep fat frying (T1, 185ºC for 6 min), flash frying (T2, 185ºC for 2 min) and flash frying followed by deep fat frying (T3, 185ºC for 5 min). The developed products along with raw samosas (C) were studied for various physico-chemical, proximate parameters, instrumental colour profile and sensory analysis. T1 and T3 products were compared for sensory attributes. The pH of T3 samples was noted significantly (P<0.05) lower than T1, T2 and raw samosa. T3 samosa was recorded with highest fat percentage and calorific value. Protein content of T1 and T2 were comparable and was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T3. The T1 samples were noted with significant (P<0.05) higher flavour and overall acceptability attributes as compared to T3 samples. Thus, it can be concluded that samosa cooked by frying in refined soybean oil at 185ºC for 6 minutes had better sensory attributes with good nutritive value.

Title: Impact of A1/A2 forms of Cow’s Milk on Human Health-A review
Abstract :
Milk derived peptides may adversely affect the biological health of humans by increasing the risk of dependency on insulin to overcome the occurrence of diabetes. The higher occurrence of the diabetes relies on the relationship of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the consumption of variants A1 and B beta –casein from cow’s milk. The production of BCM-7 is more in A1 milk than A2 milk and the difference is basically due to position 67 of the beta casein chain. However, proline in A2 is substituted by  histidine in A1 milk casein chain. Deleterious effects of A1 milk in the process of digestion in human stomach and intestines
have not been reviewed earlier. It is an effort to review the aspect thoroughly and bring minor details into focus to have better understanding of the milk particularly in perspective of human health.
Title: Effect of Rice Based Distillers Dried Grain Soluble (Rddgs) With or Without Enzyme Supplementation on Nutrient Retention and Antioxidant Activity Parameters of Commercial Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Effect of Rice Based Distiller Dried Grain Solubles (RDDGS) with or without Enzyme Supplementation on Nutrient Retention and Antioxidant Activity Parameters of Commercial broiler chicken. Four hundred day old commercial broilers (Vencobb 400) were randomly allotted to 10 treatments each treatment containing 8 replicates and 5 chicks in each replicate. The basal diet consisted of corn and soya bean meal. The remaining experimental diets were prepared with inclusion of RDDGS at 4 levels (4, 8, 12 and 16%) with or without enzyme supplementation as given in Table 4. The composition of the experimental diets of broiler starter (23% crude protein and metabolizable energy (ME) 3000 K.cal/kg) and finisher rations (19.50% crude protein and metabolizable energy 3150 K.cal/kg). Cocktail Enzyme supplemented @ 250 gm/ton of feed. The feed and water were provided adlib during the entire experimental period of 42 days. Authors concluded that 16% RDDGS without enzyme supplementation was more effective among all the dietary treatments in terms of Nutrient Retention and Antioxidant Activity Parameters of Commercial broilers during the entire experimental period.

Title: Effect of Replacing Groundnut Cake with Dried Distillers’ Grains with Solubles (DDGS) on Nutrient Utilization Efficiency of Magra Lambs
Abstract :
Non conventional feed resources are gaining importance in livestock feeding for reducing gap between demand and supply of feeds. DDGS is an agro industrial by product and it is obtained during ethanol production. It is most economic protein feed (crude protein 43.11%) for livestock feeding and it can be used as replacement of traditional protein feeds like groundnut meal and soybean meal. In current study, a feeding trial followed by metabolism trial of seven days was conducted on twenty 3-4 months old male Magra lambs at the sheep farm of ARC-CSWRI, Bikaner under “Network Project on Sheep Improvement of Magra Sheep” during period of May to July of year 2019 following randomized block design while dividing them into four groups of 5 lambs in each (T1-T4). In metabolism trial animals were harnessed with faecal bags and urine collection devices and samples of feed stuffs and their residues were collected individually for all the animals for chemical analysis. The faecal and urine samples for 24 hours were collected for analysis. The results revealed significant (P<0.05) effect of incorporation of DDGS on dry matter and crude protein digestibility, whereas the digestibility of OM, EE, CF, NFE, NDF, ADF and HC found to be non-significant among various treatment groups.
Title: Collagen Encapsulated Oral Newcastle Disease Vaccine Induces Protective Antibody Response in Backyard Poultry
Abstract :

Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in India and outbreaks are recorded throughout the year in commercial and backyard poultry farms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the acceptability, safety and immunogenicity of orally administrated live ND vaccine encapsulated in collagen beads to backyard poultry under field conditions. The birds were randomly divided into two groups of each 100 birds. In group 1, live lentogenic ND LaSota vaccine encapsulated in collagen beads (NDV-CG-BDs) were administrated orally at 21 days of age. In group 2, all the birds were vaccinated on 21 days of age with the same batch of live lentogenic ND LaSota vaccine using drinking water. The Newcastle disease humoral antibody response was assessed using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The chicks readily taken the live lentogenic Newcastle disease LaSota vaccine encapsulated in collagen beads (NDV-CG-BDs). There were no untoward reactions or mortality throughout the study period of 90 days. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in body weight observed between the groups during the study period. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) of mean HI titers in NDV-CG-BDs group in comparison with NDV vaccine administered through water on 7,14,28,45,90 days post vaccination. The protective HI titer of ≥ Log24 was observed from 7th days post vaccination and maintained up to 90 days post vaccination in both the vaccinated groups. In conclusion, the poultry farmers can easily adopt the procedure at the farm site and control the Newcastle disease in backyard poultry.

Title: Histochemistry and Angiogenesis in Thyroid Gland of Prenatal Indian Buffalo
Abstract :
The present study was conducted on buffalo foetuses (n=19) ranging from 7.4 (62 days) to 108 cm (317 days) curved crown rump length (CVRL) to elucidate distribution of various histochemical moieties. The foetuses were divided into three groups based on CVRL. The content of neutral mucopolysaccharides was weak to moderate in Group I in parenchyma. The basement membrane of follicles was Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) positive with colloid material in few follicles indicating the beginning of appearance of colloid containing neutral mucopolysaccharides. The developing capsule in Group I showed positive reaction for acid mucopolysaccharides. The follicular epithelium showed mixed reaction for mucopolysaccharides. In Group 2 connective tissue strands in the interfollicular space were positive for acid mucopolysaccharides. Intrafollicular colloid showed differential moderate to strong reaction for positive for neutral mucopolysaccharides and resorption vacuoles appeared at this stage. In Group III colloid was intensely PAS positive whereas follicular epithelium showed mixed reaction for mucopolysaccharides. The capsule was intensely positive for acid mucopolysaccharides. The lipid content was weak in all the groups, Protein content showed a progressive increase with increase in gestational age. Immunohistochemical studies on angiogenesis revealed progressive increase in number and size of blood vessels along with gestational age. The distribution of various histochemical moieties and angiogenesis reflected the physiological and development requirements during prenatal development.
Title: Effect of Dietary Incorporation of Aniseed (Pimpinella anisum) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizome Powder as Feed Additive on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

A feeding trial was conducted to discern the effect of dietary incorporation of aniseed and ginger rhizome powder on growth performance and nutrient utilization in commercial broiler chickens. A total of 120, day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into 4 treatment groups with 3 replicates each i.e. 10 broiler chicks per replicate. The feeding trial lasted for 42 days viz., A metabolism trial was conducted during the 6th week of feeding trial to know the nutrient utilization. During the starter phase, maximum weight gain was recorded in broiler chicks of treatment group T3 (827.70 g) fed diet incorporated with 1.0% ginger rhizome powder followed by treatment groups T1, T2 and T4, however, there was no significant difference in body weight gain amongst the different treatment groups. During finisher phase, the average body weight gain was 1313.50, 1365.32, 1308.20 and 1291.36 g in broiler chicks of treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and did not differ significantly among different groups. During entire feeding trial period (0-42 days), incorporation of aniseed and ginger rhizome powder in the basal diets non-significantly improved growth performance in terms of body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and performance index. The average cumulative body weight gain was 2120.57, 2152.75, 2135.90 and 2064.43 g in broiler chicks of treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and did not differ significantly among different groups. There was no significant difference in nutrient utilization among different treatment groups of broiler chickens.

Title: Comparative Studies on Growth and Haemato-biochemical Parameters of Kadaknath and Chabro Chickens Reared under Organic Condition
Abstract :
A comparative study on physical growth and blood parameter was investigated between Kadaknath and Chabro chickens. A total of 100 day old chicks, 50 of Kadaknath and 50 of Chabro birds were used in the study. Chabro as coloured birds gained significantly higher (P < 0.001) body weight comparison to Kadaknath as 861 ± 4.36 and 338 ± 3.99 respectively. The haemoglobin concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Kadaknath (12.36 ± 0.09) than Chabro (9.6 ± 0.36). Cholesterol content in Chabro (101.26 ± 1.93) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than Kadaknath (101.26 ± 1.93). It was concluded that although weight gain was higher in Chabro birds but quality of meat of Kadaknath was much higher than Chabro and fetch higher price to farmers keeping scenario of market preferences.
Title: Sero-prevalence of Ovine Brucellosis in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract :
Brucellosis is a reproductive disease of livestock that is of immense economic importance. It predominates in most developing countries like India. The disease mainly causes infertility, delayed heat, disrupted lactation, and abortion, decrease of wool, meat and milk production which is of zoonotic value to humans. Brucellosis is transmitted to human through direct or indirect contact with infected animal and material or through the ingestion of animal byproducts. Sheep are natural reservoir of brucella and mainly infected by Brucella melitensis. Sheep mainly reared for wool, meat and occasionally for milk. Sheep skin and manure are also significant earning sources for farmers. The present study was carried out to know the age and sex wise sero-prevalence of brucellosis in sheep in and around Jaipur. A total number of 360 sera samples were collected from different locations of Jaipur from sheep and were tested by serological methods viz. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Standard Tube Agglutination Test (STAT) and Indirect Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (i-ELISA). The prevalence was 3.33%, 6.67% and 10.00% by RBPT, STAT, and i-ELISA respectively in more than 3 years of age group of sheep. In less than 3 years age group the prevalence were 1.33%, 6.33% and 6.67% using RBPT, STAT & i-ELISA respectively. The study revealed 6.25% prevalence both by RBPT and STAT & 9.37% by i.ELISA in male population. In female population the study revealed 0.67%, 6.41 % and 6.75% by RBPT, STAT and i-ELISA respectively.
Title: Gross Morphological, Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Epididymis of Local Pig (Zovawk) of Mizoram
Abstract :

The aim of the research was to investigate the gross morphological, histological and histochemical structure of epididymis in local pig of Mizoram. The epididymis was collected from six apparently healthy adult Zovawk pigs. The epididymis appeared as a straight elongated tubular structure with reddish-white colour comprises of three regions; head, body and tail. The biometrical parameter including the weight, length and thickness (head, body and tail) were found to be higher in the left side of epididymis than the right side. Histologically, the duct of epididymis was surrounded by irregularly arranged tissue. The parenchyma of epididymis consists of tubules with distinct boundaries of connective tissues. The collagen and reticular fibers were abundant in tunica albuginea and connective tissue present between the tubules. However, few elastic fibers occurred in the capsule and only in the blood vessels in both the left and right epididymis of Zovawk pig. Histochemical studies revealed that basement membrane of tubules, blood vessels and stereocilia shows strong Periodic acid Schiff activity, whereas the basement membrane of tubules and stereocilia showed more concentration of acidic mucopolysaccharides. This is the first study to provide the detailed morphological, histological and histochemical structure of Zovawk epididymis.

Title: Biochemical and Hormonal Parameters as Prime Markers of Postpartum Anestrum in Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :
Reproductive and productive performance in buffaloes is greatly affected by post partum anestrus condition. So, the purpose of the present study was designed to determine alteration in blood biochemical and hormonal profile in post-partum anestrous Murrah buffaloes. 10 animals of same age were selected from a local farm at Tanuku, Andra Pradesh, India. Gyneco-clinical examination was done to confirm the condition of anestrum post calving. The anestrum animals had serum cholesterol, total protein and estrogen within the normal range but towards the lower side. However, the progesterone and triglycerides levels are significantly lower than the normal reference values. This indicated that anoestrum is characterized by reduced cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides and progesterone. In conclusion the findings of the present study might help us for better understanding of some aspects related to post partum anestrus buffaloes and thereby improve reproductive management.
Title: Emerging role of statins in tissue engineering and therapeutics —A review
Abstract :
Statins are a group of secondary metabolites secreted by several microorganisms as a defense mechanism. They inhibit hydroxymethyl glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway and are an acceptable therapy for hyperlipidemia in human. More recently, however, statins have been shown to have multiple effects, called pleotropic effects, which are independent of their cholesterol-inhibiting action. In somatic and stem cells, statins influences the cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation, regeneration and repair which can be harnessed in ex vivo systems for cell expansion and/or differentiation of somatic and stem cells. Incorporation of statins in the biomaterials for scaffold production has improved the cell attachment and directed differentiation of stem
cells into target cells to enhance the functionality of the tissue engineered construct.
Thus, statins have generated a fresh impetus in its use in tissue engineering,
regenerative medicine and therapeutics. This review discusses the sources, mode of action and emerging roles of statins in tissue engineering and therapeutics.
Title: Diagnosing Subclinical Endometritis in Postpartum Murrah Buffaloes Using Cytobrush Technique
Abstract :
A total of 150 postpartum (28 to 45 days) apparently healthy buffalo with normal calving history and free from peripartum disorders from college livestock farm and organized dairy farms in and around Jabalpur were screened. After recording history all the animals were subjected to gynaeco-clinical examination, White side test and endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique. On the basis of polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) percentage the animals were divided into different groups of normal, clinical and sub-clinical endometritic buffaloes. Endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique in different groups (normal, clinical and sub-clinical endometritic buffaloes) revealed PMN percentage to be 4.34±1.85, 35.35±3.43 and 21.17±0.45%, respectively. The difference between the groups was signifi cant (p<0.05). Fibroblasts count was recorded as 0.20±0.09 and 12.33±1.61% in subclinical
and clinical endometritic buffaloes while fi broblasts were not observed in endometrial smears of normal buffaloes. The difference was signifi cant (p<0.05) between the groups. It was concluded that endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique was easy and accurate method to diagnose subclinical endometritis in postpartum Murrah buffaloes.
Title: Isolation, plasmid profiling and antibiogram of Salmonella from poultry meat and environmental sources
Abstract :
Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen and its prevalence in the animals acts as a continuous threat to man. The present study was carried out to report the isolation along with the serotypes, phage types and antibiogram pattern of Salmonella among poultry meat and environmental sources in the India. A total of two hundred samples from poultry meat (100), poultry feaces (100) were processed for the isolation of Salmonella. All the isolates were subjected to antibiogram studies against 16 antimicrobials. Representative isolates of isolated Salmonella were phage typed. Out of two hundred samples only three (one poultry meat and two poultry feaces) were positive for Salmonella. The confirmed isolates were subjected to serotyping at National Salmonella Centre (Vet), India. The results indicated that S. Rough was found in poultry meat and S. Typhimurium and S.Berta was found in poultry feaces. A plasmid of 21 kb was consistence in all the isolates. All the isolates obtained in the present study were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 16 different antibiotics employing disk
diffusion technique in which ampicillin and sulphafurazole showed 100%
resistance in comparison to furazolidone. On the other hand all isolates were
sensitive to nalidixic acid. Highest level of antimicrobial resistance was recorded for isolates from poultry feaces. Fifty percent or more resistance was observed among these isolates for as many as 5 antimicrobials including sulphafurazole (100%), colistin (100%), ampicillin (100%), co-trimaxazole (50%) and furazolidone (50%).
Title: Diagnosis of Cryptococcosis in Dogs by Latex Agglutination Test and Enzyme Immunoassay
Abstract :

Cryptococcus spp. is a pathogenic fungus which is an increasingly important cause of infection, particularly in the immunocompromised hosts. Diagnosis of cryptococcosis in animals can be carried out by isolation of the fungus but this requires several days to detect and identify the organism. Detection of cryptococcal antigen by latex agglutination test and enzyme immunoassay in serum is a rapid and easy method for diagnosis of cryptococcosis. In the present study, a total of 142 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy (n=89) and diseased dogs (n=53) for diagnosis of cryptococcosis. Latex agglutination test and enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) were carried out for the detection of cryptococcal antigen in serum. Of the 142 serum samples tested, six samples tested positive by Latex agglutination test while one sample tested positive by EIA. The sample which was positive by EIA was also positive by Latex agglutination test. The serum samples of dogs that tested positive for cryptococcal antigen were obtained from dogs suffering from symptoms like bloody faeces and vomit, emesis, chronic ear infection and discharge. Based on our findings, we conclude that the latex agglutination test in combination with the enzyme immunoassay can be used for the diagnosis of Cryptococcosis in dogs.

Title: Changes in the Composition of Colostrums, Transition Milk and Milk of Crossbred Cows due to Transition Period Supplementation of Vitamin A, E and Zinc
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken with the objective to study the effect of transition period supplementation of Vitamin A, E and Zinc on composition of colostrums, transition milk and milk of cross bred cows. Thirty-five cross-bred advanced pregnant cows and divided into 5 groups of 7 each at 30 days prior to calving were selected from the NDRI experimental herd. The cows were supplemented individually with Vitamin A (T1) (100000 IU/animal/day), Zinc (T2) (60 ppm/animal/day), Vitamin E (T3) (2500 IU/animal/day) and combination (T4) of all to study cumulative effect of all micronutrients. One group without supplementation acted as control (T0). Colostrum (up to 4th day postpartum), transition milk (day 5 to day 7) and milk (day 8 to day 30) were collected and estimated for milk composition and SCC of the experimental crossbred cows. Total solid percentage in colostrums was significantly (p<0.05) higher in all supplemented groups compared to control . Significantly higher (p<0.05) colostrum fat percentage in T3 and T4 compared to T0, T1 and T2. Significantly higher (p<0.05) colostral protein percentage in T4 group from day 1 to day 4 compared to T0, T1, T2 and T3. Significantly higher transition milk and milk total solid percentage, fat percentage and protein percentage value (p<0.05) in T4 group when compared with T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups. It can be concluded that Vitamin A, Vitamin E and Zinc when supplemented to peripartum crossbred cows during the transition period improves the nutritional quality of colostrums and milk.

Title: Retrospective Analysis of Various Reproductive Disorders of Mares in Punjab, India
Abstract :
A retrospective data were analyzed to investigate the incidence of various reproductive disorders of indigenous mares (n=150) at various animal fairs and organized private stud farms of Punjab during the period of last five years (2013 to 2017). A common questionnaire was prepared to generate information regarding various fertility parameters for breeding practices, %
barren mares, % maiden mares and pregnancy losses during different stages of gestation. The reproductive parameters (estrus/mareyear, estrus/foaling, mating/mareyear, mating/estrus, mating/foaling) were calculated for 750 mare year, using SPSS software (version 16.00). The comparison of data was done using Hosmer and Lemesaw test, Logistic Regression and One-way ANOVA. Amongst 2,949 oestrous cycles in five years, 2,296 (77.86%) were spontaneous whereas 653 (22.14%) were induced with exogenous hormones. Out of 2296 spontaneous estruses, 426 (18.55%) were foal heats. The overall Mean values of estrus/mare year, estrus/foaling, mating/mare year, mating/estrus, mating/foaling were 3.93, 1.94, 1.78, 1.63 and 1.72, respectively. There was non-significant (P≥0.05) difference observed for these reproductive parameters during five years of period. The percentage of barren mares increased significantly (P< 0.05) whereas, the percent foaling mares decreased significantly (P<0.05) during last five years. An early stage of gestation (17-35 days) was more prone (3.47%) for the pregnancy losses followed by the stage at 30-60 days of gestation (2.27 %). Pregnancy losses during these stages were significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to later stage of gestation.
Title: Controlled Reproduction along with Crossbreeding for Genetic Up-gradation of Non-descriptive Goats
Abstract :

The present study was aimed on the genetic improvement of non-descriptive goats through estrus synchronization and by crossbreeding with Beetal goats they were reported to be a good milker, having higher body weight and dressing percentage. AVIKESIL-S, indigenously developed progesterone intra-vaginal sponges were utilized for estrus synchronization in does maintained at livestock farm complex, Veterinary College, Hassan. Response to estrus synchronization was noticed in all the does (100%) under study, irrespective of the genetic background. Natural service was practised with three mating designs ie. G1-Beetal × Beetal, G2-Beetal × non-descriptive, G-3 non-descriptive × non-descriptive. Pregnancy test was performed with ultrasonography at 45 days post-mating. The conception rates in does of G1, G2 and G3 groups were 87.5, 87.5, and 75.0% respectively. Kidding rate were 85.7, 85.7 and 100.0% in G1, G2 and G3 groups, respectively. Litter sizes were 1.5, 1 and 1 in G1, G2 and G3 groups, respectively. Average birth weight in G1, G2 and G3 groups were 3.82±0.20, 2.82±0.12 and 2.00±0.09 kg, respectively and average daily gain in G1, G2 and G3 groups were 42.86±1.69, 33.81±1.28, and 33.57±0.87 g, respectively. Better growth performances were noticed up to 3 months of study period in G1 and G2 compared to G3 groups. It could be concluded that combined utilization of ES technology and crossbreeding in non-descriptive goats would provide superior kids for bulk marketing and ease management by avoiding dispersed kidding. Also more number of animals would be available for selection thus increasing the selection intensity their by improving the genetic improvement.

Title: Synchronization of Oestrus in Marwari Mares Using Different Hormonal Protocols During the Breeding Season
Abstract :
This experiment was performed to access the effect of different hormonal protocols during breeding season of mares (March to August) in Punjab. A total of 25 Marwari mares with regular oestrous cycle were selected betweenage group of 4-12 years and divided randomly into 3 groups. Group 1 (n=10) mares were treated with Estrumate (PG) and Chorulon (HcG) based protocol. The ovarian status of each mare was detected by ultrasonography. Mares having mature corpus luteum (CL) and medium size
(20 mm-24 mm) growing follicle (day 1) were injected with Estrumate (cloprostanol sodium 500 μg) 2 ml intramuscularly on day 1 morning and then on morning of 6th day injection Chorulon (3000 I.U.) was administered intravenously. On day 14 mares were again injected with Estrumate 2 ml intramuscularly followed by injection chorulon 3000 I.U. intravenously on 20th day morning. In group 2 (n=10) mares were injected with single injection of Estrumate 2 ml intramuscularly after detection of mature CL and medium size growing follicles (20-24 mm). In group 3 (n=5) all mares were covered during natural oestrus. Mares in all groups were covered twice at 36 hours interval after detection of dominant follicle (≥30 mm diameter), clinical oestrus signs and teasing score. The conception rates were 70% (7/10), 60% (6/10) and 60% (3/5) in Group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Mares of group 1 had better pregnancy rate than other groups hence it was concluded that exogenous administration of hormones for oestrus synchronization in Marwari mares was quite beneficial and also reduced the rearing cost of the stud farmers.
Title: Effect of Different Rearing Systems on Heamato-biochemical Parameters of Kadaknath Chicken
Abstract :

Kadaknath is an important chicken breed of India. It is also known as Kalamashi due to its black-colored meat. The present study was planned to investigate the effect of different rearing systems i.e. intensive, backyard and scavenging system on heamato-biochemical parameters of Kadaknath. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry and Amilki village in Rewa (M.P.). Day old 90 male chicks reared under electrical brooder up to 15 days of age were randomly distributed in equal number into intensive, backyard and scavenging rearing systems where they kept for 98 days. Heamatological studies revealed that the mean value of RBC, Hb, PCV, MCHC was significantly (p<0.05) higher in intensive system. The enhanced heamatological profile in intensive rearing system may be due to consumption of some bioactive nutrients in the feed supplements. Mean value of WBC, and DLC was significantly (p<0.05) higher in scavenging system, which indicated more chances of subclinical infections in scavenging system followed by backyard and intensive system. The mean value of glucose (mg/dl), total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl) and albumin globulin ratio, SGOT (IU/L), SGPT (IU/L), cholesterol (mg/dl), creatinine (mg/dl), bilirubin (mg/dl), blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in intensive system. All these variations in biochemical parameters in Kadaknath birds may be due to the effect of different rearing systems and their feed habits.

Title: Age related Anatomical Changes in Acetabulum and its Cartilage in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract :
Acetabular articular cartilage was not differentiated in prenatal group. Acetabular AC in post natal groups was well differentiated and continuous on anterio-lateral and caudo-lateral aspects i.e., towards ilium and ischium respectively, whereas at medial part i.e., towards pubis it was separated on either side. Mean AC thickness of acetabulum at three points showed slight variation. Overall average width of acetabular AC increased with age viz., 23.85 mm to 28.95 mm in Gr- IV, whereas the dimensions of acetabulum like the diameter and depth revealed a steady increase with advancing age. In Gr-I they were 0.35 cm and 0.4 cm which increased up to 5.38 cm and 4.11 cm in Gr – IV respectively. Irregular erosions towards centre of acetabulum were seen on AC surface in aged specimens of groups III and IV.
Title: Effect of Shelter Management on Lactating Crossbred Cows During Summer Under the Agro-Climatic Condition of Konkan Region of India
Abstract :An experiment was carried out on nine lactating crossbred cows (Jersey x local) were randomly allotted into three housing system in switch over design. The treatments were asbestos (T1) roofing, paddy straw thatched roof (T2) white painted asbestos roof (T3) during hot and humid season of Konkan. The variation in rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate was recorded in the morning and evening through out the experiment. Temperature humidity index was more in microenvironment of thatched roof shed followed by white painted asbestos roof and asbestos roofing. Milk samples collected from experimental cows were analyzed for milk constituents. The use of paddy straw thatched roof shed significantly (P<0.05) reduced rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate of cows. Thatched roof shed had significantly (P<0.05) incremental effect on the milk yield and milk composition of cows than the cows in white painted roof shed and asbestos roof shedding. The study revealed that paddy straw thatched roof shed effectively improves environmental temperature, humidity and during summer in the agro-climatic conditions of Konkan region of India.
Title: Tube Cystostomy in Male Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis) Suffering From Retention of Urine
Abstract :

To evaluate tube cystostomy for the management of obstructive urolithiasis, 35 buffalo calves suffering from retention of urine were randomly selected for the study. Diagnosis was made on the basis of a history of anuria, clinical signs, abdominocentesis and ultrasonographic examinations. The confirmed cases of obstructive urolithiasis were managed by surgical tube cystostomy technique with Foley’s catheter. In all the affected buffalo calves, anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics along with urine acidifiers (ammonium chloride) were given. The affected buffalo calves had higher Heart rate, Respiration rate, but normal Rectal temperature. Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed cell volume (PCV), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, phosphorus and potassium, Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels were higher, whereas calcium, total plasma protein, albumin, globulin and albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio were lower than normal reference value and plasma sodium, magnesium and alkaline phosphatase values were within normal reference range. Urine analysis revealed high pH and low specific gravity. Staphylococcus spp., E.coli and Streptococcus spp .were the most common organisms isolated from the urine of affected animals, which were sensitive to cephalosporine and fluoroquinolone groups of antibiotics. The overall recovery rate was 91.42%. It may be concluded that tube cystostomy was treatment of choice and feasible method for the surgical management of obstructive urolithiasis in field conditions. The oral ammonium chloride may be beneficial for the medical dissolution of urethral calculi.

Title: Factors Influencing Early Layer Economic Traits in Rhode Island Red Chick
Abstract :
Rhode Island Red (RIR) chicken is a brown-egger chicken. At Central Avian Research Institute, it is being used to develop strains viz. selected (RIRS) control (RIRC) and white (RIRW) for backyard poultry farming. Investigation was carried out to assess the influence of various factors on early layer economic traits in Rhode Island Red
chicken. Two hundred eighty six straight run chicks were obtained from 11 sires and 44 dams in four hatches. Early layer production traits viz., chick weight (CW), body weights at 16 and 20 weeks of age (BW16 and BW20), age at first egg (AFE), egg weight at 28 weeks (EW28) and part period egg production up to 28 weeks of
age (EP28)were recorded. Percent fertility and percent hatchability on total egg set and total egg transferred basis were 76.98, 61.44 and 79.85%, respectively. Least squares ANOVA revealed highly significant effect ( p<0.01) of hatch on BW20, EP28 and effect of sire on chick weight and significant effect of sire ( p<0.05) on BW16. The overall least squares means of CW, BW16, BW20, AFE, EW28 and EP28 were 34.50±0.47g, 1294.27±24.38g, 1562.32±25.65g, 136.79±1.52 days, 43.52± 0.76 g and 31.54±1.68 eggs, respectively. The pullets of first hatch revealed highest BW20 (1732.76±43.70 g) and EP28 (42.85±2.55 eggs). Present investigation revealed influence of sire and hatch on early layer economic traits and thereby suggested consideration of their role in planning breeding programmes for improvement of layers for economic traits in RIR.
Title: Molecular Identification of Marek’s Disease Virus in Vaccinated Commercial Layers of Tamil Nadu in India
Abstract :
We report the presence of Marek’s disease (MD) virus meq among commercial layer chickens with or without the history of MD outbreak. Feather follicle epithelial (FFE) samples (285) were collected from 50 vaccinated commercial layer flocks of Tamil Nadu in India regardless of MD outbreak and were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify MDV specific meq gene. The prevalence of MD was found to be 50 per cent. Among 285 feather follicle samples tested from different age groups, the highest prevalence was noticed at 17 to 40 week age groups (38.03 per cent) followed by 9 to 16 week age groups (33.33 per cent), 41 to 60 week (32.26 per cent) age groups, 61 week and above (32.14 per cent) age groups and 0 to 8 week (23.68 per cent) age groups with overall prevalence of 32.63 per cent. The highest prevalence was noticed in the peak production period which might be attributed to activation of latent virus. It is suggested that the MD prevalence in twice vaccinated layer flocks warrants for stringent control measures in order to check the re-emergence of MD among layer chicken.
Title: An Animal Model to Visualize Differential Expression of Genes Related to Metabolic Process and Immune Reaction between Large White Yorkshire (LWY) and Indigenous Pigs of Punjab
Abstract :

The pig rearing is renowned area of Indian livestock. It is mainly adopted by tribal folk and economically week classes of country. The pig meat known as pork is highly proteinaceous. The four genes (ACAT2, ACAA2, APOA4 & SOCS2) are evaluated in the current study on the basis of their expression in indigenous pigs of Punjab in comparison to Large White Yorkshire (LWY) where the tissue used is liver. The quality and quantity of RNA transcript is assessed by gel-elctrophoresis and real-time quantitative PCR. All genes show significant difference (P<0.05) in both breeds except ACAA2 (P>0.05). The expression of ACAT2 is higher in indigenous breed whereas other three genes downregulates in indigenous breed of pigs. The mRNA expression of APOA4 is negligible i.e. only 1% expression of LWY. On the behalf of this data, we can say that indigenous pigs have good cholesterol metabolism as ACAT2 is higher in indigenous pigs but are more prone to cardiac diseases, gastric ulcers and other chronic diseases due to low expression of APOA4 and SOCS2. This study can be helpful to find the genetic differences between LWY and indigenous pigs of Punjab.

Title: Survey and Performance Evaluation of Malpura Sheep in Farmers’ Flocks of its Native Tract
Abstract :

Data on growth, wool and milk yield of Malpura sheep maintained under farmers’ flocks in its native tract were recorded and analyzed. In breeding tract of Malpura sheep, more than 80 percent farmer’s family members were found illiterate. The average weight of adult rams was 49.17 ± 0.53 kg and of the lactating ewes was 34.36 ± 0.18 kg. Location significantly affected body height in the all age groups, while for other traits an erratic trend was noticed. The least squares means of body weight at weaning and hoggets stage were 13.09 ± 0.15 and 22.55 ± 0.34 kg, respectively. The wool yield of animal was higher (P<0.01) in March clip (755 g) followed by that in September – October (481 g) and was lowest in July (444 g). The week of lactation significantly affected (P<0.01) daily milk yield and maximum milk yield was in 4th week of lactation. The overall performance of Malpura in farmers’ flock was found satisfactory under prevailing harsh climatic conditions of semi-arid tropics.

Title: Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Canine Parvoviral Enteritis in Dogs
Abstract :

A prospective study was conducted to identify the risk factors associated with the incidence of Canine Parvoviral Enteritis (CPE) in dogs. Total of 120 animals screened using PCR assay, 72.50 percentage of animal were found positive for Canine Parvo Virus (CPV). Incidence in history of unvaccinated and vaccinated dogs was 79.69 and 64.29 per cent respectively. Age-wise predisposition of CPE indicated that the highest incidence was observed in both less than 3 months (78.08 %) and 3 to 6 months of age group (77.42 %) followed by 6 to 12 months of age group (34.50 %). Incidence of CPE in scheduled and unscheduled vaccination was 30.00 and 83.33 per cent respectively. In this study, unvaccinated status, unscheduled vaccination and young age groups are found to be significant risk factors associated with the occurrence of CPE.

Title: Clinico-pathological Studies on Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to record the clinico-haematological, biochemical and serological changes in atopic dermatitis in canines amongst the various dermatoses cases presented at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, GADVASU, Ludhiana. Fifty two atopic dermatitis affected dogs were enrolled in the study with chief complaint of intense pruritus, erythema and alopecia. Prevalence of atopy among various dermatoses was 27.90% which mainly occurred during monsoon. Labrador, Toy breeds and German Shephard of 1-3 years of age were affected more. Dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis showed pruritus (100%), erythema (82.69%), alopecia (75.00%), hyperpigmentation (36.00%), scales/crusts (25.00%), lichenification (21.15%) and excoriation (19.60%). The lesions in atopic dermatitis were mainly located at groin (88.40%), abdomen (78.80%), neck (76.90%), perioccular region (75.00%), axilla (71.10%), muzzle and paws (69.20%), ear pinna (67.30%), limbs (48.07%) and tail (7.60%). Haematobiochemical study revealed significant changes in TLC, neutrophilia, eosinophilia and total protein. Serological estimation revealed significant increase in levels of IgE in the serum of atopic dogs.

Title: Study of Incidence of Reproductive Disorders in Murrah Buffaloes in Relation to Non- Genetic Factors through an Animal Model
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out on 459 Murrah buffaloes affected with some reproductive problem with 618 calving records (out of total 1336 Murrah buffaloes) over a period of 12 years from 2007 to 2018 at GADVASU, Ludhiana. The overall incidence of dystocia, retention of placenta (ROP), anestrus, repeat breeding (RB),postpartum abnormal discharge (PPAD) and abortion w.r.t. total number of animals were 0.9, 0.3, 3.3, 9.3, 12.3, 13.3 and 6.2%, respectively and w.r.t. affected animals were 2.8, 9.8, 27, 35.7, 38.8 and 18.1%, respectively. Parity of calving had significant effect (P<0.05) on ROP and anestrus. Season had significant (P<0.05) effect on dystocia and ROP. Period had highly significant effect (P<0.01) on dystocia, anestrus, RB and abortion while significant effect on PPAD. Results indicated that incidence of RB, PPAD and ROP increases as the animal become older. Further incidence of dystocia are higher during first and last parities whereas incidence of anestrus are more during earlier parities (in heifers). Incidence of ROP and PPAD are more during rainy season. Incidence of dystocia and anestrus are more during winter season whereas incidence of abortion are more during summer season. Overall incidence revealed a reduction in reproductive disorders in latter periods showing progressive improvement in management of reproduction problems over period.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Methicillin Resistant and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus of Livestock Origin for Antibiotic Sensitivity, Biofilm Formation and Virulence in Galleria mellonella
Abstract :

The objectives of the study were to isolate and identify livestock associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) and methicillin sensitive S. aureus (LA-MSSA) from clinical mastitis cases and to compare their antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation and in vivo pathogenicity in Galleria mellonella larva model. A total of 60 milk samples were collected from cows suffering from mastitis and processed for isolation and identification of S. aureus using standard conventional methods. All the recovered S. aureas isolates were subjected for detection of MRSA and/or MSSA employing phenotypic (Cefoxitin disc assay) and genotypic (the mecA gene PCR) assays. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of LA-MRSA and LA-MSSA test isolates was determined using disc diffusion method, biofilm formation by 96 well microtiter plate assay and pathogenicity testing in G. mellonella larvae. On microbiological, biochemical and PCR analyses, 14 S. aureus isolates were confirmed. Of these, 4 were tested as LA-MRSA and the remaining 10 isolates were LA-MSSA. Comparative evaluation suggested that MRSA isolates were resistant to different classes of antibiotics and were equally lethal to G. mellonella larvae. However, bioflim forming ability was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the MSSA test isolates. An association of biofilm formation and pahogenicity testing was not observed between LA-MRSA and LA-MSSA test isolates. Further, LA-MRSA were resistant to different classes of antibiotic and were more lethal to G. mellonella larvae. These preliminary observations are of great concern as the LA-MRSA infections in the community have been documented and warrant in depth research for such pathogens.

Title: Effect of Feeding Cow Urine Ark and Aloe Vera on Performance and Carcass Traits of Broilers
Abstract :
A study was carried out to find the effect of feeding Cow urine ark and Aloe vera extract on performance and carcass traits of broilers. For Performance Quality, Body Weight of birds were weighed on weekly basis till 6 weeks of age. Weight gain in different groups of broilers was calculated on weekly basis. Evaluation of Feed Intake was done on the basis of feed offered and left over feed recorded at the end of that week.Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and Performance index (PI) were also calculated.To study the carcass traits, two broilers in each replicate were slaughtered on termination of experiment. For Organ weight percentage various visceral organs like liver, heart gizzard and giblet were weighed.Carcass yield percentage were evaluated by recording dressed weight and eviscerated weight. Aloe vera extract causes significant increase in body weight gain, feed consumption, FER and performance index of broilers.Significant increase was also reported in carcass trait of bird
Title: Contents Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2021
Abstract :
Title: Differential Expression Profile of TGFβ2 in Immune and Visceral Organs of ggamiR-142-3p Knockdown Chicken Embryo
Abstract :
Differential expression of gga-miR-142-3p microRNA of haemopoeitic origin during immune organ development and functional stages in chicken embryos opens the new avenue towards understanding its pivotal role during embryonic developmental stages. To decipher the role of gga-miR-142-3p, in-ovo knockdown was carried out with locked nucleic acid (LNA) modifi ed antimiR- gga-miR-142-3p via, intravenous route at developmental and functional stages of these immune organ and visceral organs. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that predicted gene TGFβ2 have conserved binding sites at 3’UTR for gga-miR-142-3p which is involved in immune response and signal transduction during the embryonic developmental stage in the chicken embryos. TGFβ2 was evaluated as validate targets of gga-miR-142-3p by employing qPCR SYBR green based technology which was evidenced by aberrant expression of targeted gene, which could alter the postnatal development and functions of these immune organs and may lead to immune compromised chickens.
Title: Performance of Kadaknath Breed of Fowl Under Intensive System of Housing in Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :
Study was carried out on 500 straight run chicks of Kadaknath breed of fowl, under intensive system of housing up to 5 months of age. The average daily feed consumption, body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly up to 8 week of age and thereafter at monthly interval up to 5 months of age. The average weight of day old chicks was 28.55 ± 0.5 g. The mean weekly feed consumption recorded from 1-8 week of age was 21.29 ± 0.11, 46.43 ± 0.71, 82.60 ± 0.9, 104.38 ± 2.09, 115.45 ± 2.66, 150.51 ± 1.17 and 163.63 ± 2.99 and 244.52 ± 2.62 g, respectively. The overall mean weekly body weight gain from 1-8 week of age was 7.54 ± 0.10, 16.84 ± 0.44, 32.23 ± 1.87, 42.42 ± 3.23, 50.91 ± 1.22, 72.30 ± 3.36, 70.59 ± 4.24 and 86.34 ± 5.65 g, respectively. The corresponding values obtained for FCR were 2.82 ± 0.35, 2.75 ± 0.09, 2.56 ± 0.05, 2.46 ± 0.05, 2.26 ± 0.03, 2.09 ± 0.08, 2.32 ± 0.13 and 2.84 ± 0.12. The weekly body weight gain linearly increased up to eight week. The mean monthly feed consumption during 3rd, 4th, and 5th month of age was 1682.09 ± 38.59, 1739.05 ± 11.84 and 1622.83 ± 7.14 g, respectively. The overall mean weight gain recorded at 3rd, 4th, and 5th month of age was 260.52 ± 7.49, 174.58 ± 7.50 and 131.41 ± 18.84 g, respectively. The corresponding values for FCR were 6.46 ± 0.06, 9.97 ± 0.37 and 12.56 ± 1.98, respectively. The dressing percentage, giblet yield, breast muscle, thigh muscle, abdominal fat and weight of organs (spleen, thymus and bursa) were 70.43 ± 1.79, 5.35 ± 0.02, 19.41 ± 0.13, 14.91 ± 0.25, 1.59 and 0.88 ± 0.04 per cent, respectively of live weight at 5 months of age. An overall mortality of 25.2 % was recorded during entire period of experiment with a maximum of 11.40% during first week.
Title: Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Broiler Chicken Farms of Satara and Pune Districts of Maharashtra
Abstract :

Mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of most important pathogen economically affecting poultry worldwide. In the present study, filed samples from broiler flocks showing respiratory distress were analyzed by specific 16S rRNA PCR. The PCR products were sequenced and analyzed in silico by bioinformatics tool. At the flock level, 04 out 11 (36.36%) flocks were found positive for presence M. gallisepticum infection. Further, 7.57 % samples from Bhor and 6.06 % samples from Wai tested positive for presence of M. gallisepticum with PCR. In silico sequencing analysis revealed that field M. gallisepticum sequence was 100% identical with M. gallisepticum PB1/06/Ind sequence whereas it was 99.5% identical with f-99, ts-11 and 6/85 M. gallisepticum vaccine strains.

Title: Effect of Complete Feed or Ggrazing with Supplementation on Ggrowth and Carcass Characteristics in Nellore Ram Lambs
Abstract :An on farm trial was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Nellore ram lambs fed either complete feed or grazing with supplementation. One hundred Nellore ram lambs were randomly divided into two equal groups viz. G1 and G2 and the experiment was lasted for 120 days. The G1 lambs were maintained on conventional grazing for 6-8 h/d and supplemented with 200 g concentrate /animal/day, while the G2 lambs were fed complete feed comprising of black gram straw and concentrate mixture (60:40 ratio) intensively. Average daily gain was higher (P <0.01) in G2 lambs (93.85 g) than in G1 lambs (80.24 g). Feed efficiency (kg feed/kg gain) was higher (P <0.01) in G2 lambs compared to G1 lambs. The pre-slaughter, empty body and hot carcass weight of lambs was similar in both groups. Dressing percentage on live weight and empty body weight was significantly (P <0.01) higher in lambs fed complete feed compared to grazing lambs. Dissected lean content was significantly (P <0.01) higher, whereas bone content was significantly (P <0.05) lower in G2 lambs compared to G1 lambs. The per cent distribution of primal cuts i.e. leg, loin, rack and fore shank and brisket was higher (P <0.01) in the G2 lambs compared to G1 lambs, while shoulder and neck were lower (P <0.01) in G2 lambs. It is concluded that the complete feed comprising of black gram straw improved growth, feed efficiency and production of quality meat economically in Nellore ram lambs.
Title: Apocrine Secretory Adenoma in a 2.5 year Old Male Great Dane Dog
Abstract :
Apocrine glands are the major type of sweat gland in dogs, and distribution of
eccrine sweat glands is limited to footpad (Goldschmidt and Shofer, 1992). Apocrine sweat gland tumors are rather common in dogs and tend to occur on the head, neck and limbs. The Golden Retriever is a breed that shows a predisposition to such tumors (Kalaher et al., 1990). The tumor was greatly resembles its human counterpart and originate in the secretory part of eccrine sweat glands (Nibe et al., 2005).
Title: Method Validation for Detection of Sulphamethazine Residue in Chicken Meat Samples by Simple Rapid Liquid Chromatography Technique
Abstract :

The occurrence of antibiotic residues in chicken meat constitutes a potential risk to the health of consumers. The present study describes the optimization and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of sulphamethazine (SMZ) in chicken meat using photo diode array detector (PDA) and C18 analytical column. The extraction method involving deproteinisation of the chicken sample followed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up of antibiotic residue has been optimized. The method was validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The recoveries for the studied antibiotics ranged from 81.6–84% with relative standard deviations between 6.6 and 7.2%. The method was applied for the analysis of antibiotic residues in 16 raw chicken meat samples collected from Durg, Chhattisgarh, India. 3 samples found contaminated with antibiotic residues. The method has limit of quantification below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and easy to perform, thus found suitable for performing routine analysis.

Title: Development of Protocol for Production of Primary Antibody against Ovalbumin Protein in Chicken for Detection of the Protein through Western Blotting
Abstract :

Ovalbumin, a major protein of egg white plays many roles including providing nutrition to the developing embryo, acting as coagulating agent, folliculogenesis and angiogenesis in chicken and other animals. This protein is expressed mainly in magnum and then deposited over the yolk of the oocyte/zygote. Hence, it is important in formation of egg and is an essential target to measure. We cloned chicken ovalbumin CDS in pAcGFP-C1 vector and has been initially expressed in chicken primary magnum cell culture. The ovalbumin protein tagged with 6x Histidine was purified from cell culture and used for production of primary antibody in rat. The ovalbumin protein along with freund’s adjuvant was injected to the rat, booster was given, and finally, hyper-immune sera was collected from rat. The antisera was purified for isolation of IgG. The IgG was used as primary antibody for Western blotting. Through Western blotting, ovalbumin protein isolated from chicken magnum was detected and the protocol was established to detect chicken ovalbumin protein.

Title: Milk Production Function and Resource use Efficiency in Rajasthan
Abstract :

The study was undertaken in Rajasthan with the objective to examine the input-output relationships and assess the resource use efficiency in milk production. The study covered 60 dairy households. The results of Cobb-Douglas production function revealed that concentrate had positive and significant influence on returns from buffalo, crossbred cow and local cow milk. Green fodder and labour were also significantly influenced the returns from buffalo, crossbred and local cow. The results of resource use efficiency and marginal value productivity of inputs indicated that inputs were not optimally utilized by dairy households. The green fodder, dry fodder, concentrate and labour in buffalo, concentrate and labour crossbred cow milk production and green fodder in local cow milk production were found to be over utilized in study area resulting higher per litre cost of milk production on these species.

Title: Study of Different Risk Factors for Canine Parvovirus infection by Haemagglutination Assay
Abstract :

Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in canine is caused by different etiological agents like canine parvovirus, E.coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Coccidia and Giardia, among these agents canine parvovirus is the most important. Canine parvovirus binds to the sialic acid receptors which are present on the RBC’s, so haemagglutination test is used to detect canine parvovirus. In this study a total (n=102) of faecal samples from canines having haemorrhagic gastroenteritis were taken. All the 102 samples were subjected to haemagglutination assay and the prevalence of CPV was studied. Host associated risk factors like age, sex, breed, vaccination and seasons responsible for occurrence of canine parvovirus infection are recorded. Out of the 102 samples haemagglutination assay detected 41 samples as positive and a percent positivity of (40.19%) was recorded by this diagnostic test. Age wise prevalence was (69.23%) in (0-6 month) age group which is more than (7-12 month) (13.33%) and more than a year group (5%). Sex wise prevalence was more in males (47.94%) than in females (20.78%). Breed wise prevalence was more in Labrador (78.57%) followed by Doberman Pinscher (62.50%) lower prevalence was reported in Pomerarian and German shephered breeds. Non vaccinated canines showed a high prevalence of (42.70%) and in vaccinated canines no disease prevalence was detected. In the season wise prevalence, spring season showed more prevalence (54.76%) followed by summer season which showed (37.5%) prevalence and the least prevalence of (11.11%) was recorded in the winter season. Study showed that Haemagglutination assay is a good diagnostic test for the study of canine parvovirus where modern facilities of molecular diagnosis and the costly faecal ELISA test kits are not available.

Title: Storage Quality and Oxidative Stability Attributes of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) Seed Powder fortified Ghee Residue Burfi
Abstract :

Ghee residue is one of the important by-products of the dairy industry, the potential of which has not been commercialised and is otherwise discarded, which leads to loss of many nutrients, anti-oxidants and flavour compounds. Recognizing its vital importance, the present study was carried out to standardize the formulation and to evaluate the acceptability of the burfi. Initially, burfi was prepared by incorporating ghee residue in the proportion of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by replacing respective proportions of khoa from which 40% ghee residue and 60% khoa was optimised in the formulation. Further, different levels of gram flour (3%, 6% and 9%) were tried in the formulation of ghee residue burfi. Based on sensory parameters, optimum level of gram flour was found to be 3%. The addition of gram flour enhanced the textural attributes of the product. Further, jackfruit seed powder (JSP) was added at 1%, 2% and 3% and shelf-life studies were undertaken. The various levels of JSP non significantly decreased the pH, TBARS and FFA content of the burfi samples. An increase in the most of sensory parameters was seen at 3% of gram flour. The total phenol and total flavonoid content were found to be in the range of (1.71-3.34 mg/g GAE) and (0.46-6.12 mg/g Quercetin) respectively. The shelf-life of the products were reported to be 15 days without any marked loss of physico-chemical, microbial and sensory quality. Considering the nutritional content of the product, it shall prove to be beneficial in providing energy and protein content to the malnourished section of the society.

Title: Efficacy of Arteether Against Theileriosis in Cattle
Abstract :

The present study was done with the objective of comparative efficacy of arteether and buparvaquone against theileriosis in cattle. Total 67 cattle suspected for theileriosis were screened on the basis of clinical and blood smear examination. Group I (n=6) was treated with Inj. buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg/kg body weight once and Group II (n=6) was treated with Inj. arteether @5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly for three consecutive days. Rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate were significantly increased before treatment and in both the groups after treatment showed significant improvement. Haematological parameters showed significant decreased in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and neutrophil and significant increase in lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophil. Non significant difference in basophil count was observed. After treatment, significant improvement was observed in mean hemoglobin, PCV, TEC, TLC, neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil. Non significant improvement was observed in monocyte and basophil count. Present study revealed percent efficacy of arteether was 66.66% and buparvaquone 100%.

Title: Pathology of Hepato-renal Disorder due to Non-infectious Etiology in Swine
Abstract :

An investigation was carried out during the period from the month of April 2017 to March 2018 to study the non-infectious pathological conditions of liver and kidneys of pigs in and around Guwahati city. A total of 29 cases of non-infectious pathological condition of the liver and kidneys were recorded out of 53 necropsied pigs. The samples were collected for both histopathology as well as for bacterial isolation. Gross and histopathological studies revealed variable histopathological changes such as congestion, haemorrhage, fatty changes and necrosis (Centrilobular and panlobular) in the liver. Kidneys showed haemorrhages, nephrosis, fatty changes, necrosis, atrophy of glomeruli.

Title: In vitro Anticancer Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized from Seeds of Sesamum indicum Against Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to explore the anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles green synthesized from aqueous extract of Sesamum indicum (S. indicum) seeds in Dalton’s lymphoma ascitic cells. The anticancer efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from plant extract (S-AgNPs) was compared relatively with chemically synthesized nanoparticles (C-AgNPs), which were produced using trisodium citrate. The C-AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Following this, MTT assay was done in vitro to evaluate the percent cell inhibition and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Among the various treatments, S-AgNPs were found to have higher percent cell inhibition as 77.61 percent. Trypan blue dye test was done to assess the percent of cell viability and number of viable cells. The cell viability in percentage for S-AgNPs was low (43.8 percent), whereas for C-AgNPs, it was 57.48 percent. After this, cells after treatment at IC50 concentration, were subjected for Acridine orange / Ethidium bromide staining. This revealed the manifestation of cells in the late apoptotic stage, treated with S-AgNPs. Hence, it may be concluded that silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from sesame seeds induces cytotoxicity in cancer cells.

Title: Use of Homeopathic Medication for Treatment of Underdeveloped Ggenetalia in Heifers - A Field Level Study
Abstract :The study was carried out in 150 heifers; out of them 90 were buffalo heifers and 60 were cow heifers with an average age of 3-4 years. They were presented with a chief compliant of not conceiving. On clinical observations all heifers were having smaller size of external and internal gentiles and they were under weight. They were diagnosed as underdeveloped gentiles and treated with homeopathic medicines. On an average one month after the treatment the 120 heifers started showing the signs of estrus and immediately they were bred with artificial insemination and later they got conceived. The 24 heifers shown the signs of estrus in second cycle and they got conceived after insemination. However 6 heifers could not responded to treatment and advised for culling. It was observed in this study that homeopathic medication used for treatment of underdeveloped genitals can be an alternative treatment for initiating non functional ovaries to functional.
Title: The Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Body Weight and Zoometric Traits in Sirohi Kids
Abstract :

The least-square means for body weight at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months of age of Sirohi kids were 2.53 ± ± 0.034 kg, 11.51 ± 0.29 kg, 15.04 ± 0.34 kg, 17.93 ± 0.45 kg, and 22.38 ± 0.53 kg, respectively. The least-square means of body height at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months of age were 30.36 ± 0.288 cm, 49.46 ± 0.577 cm, 54.55 ± 0.676 cm, 54.62 ± 0.989 cm, and 64.00 ± 0.998 cm, respectively. The least-square means of body length at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months of age were 29.15 ± 0.321 cm, 44.72 ± 0.537 cm, 49.34 ± 0.805 cm, 58.76 ± 0.851 cm, 58.89 ± 1.168 cm, respectively. The least-square means of body girth at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months of age were 30.46 ± 0.284 cm, 49.43 ± 0.504 cm, 55.12 ± 0.620 cm, 59.36 ± 0.816 cm, and 64.13 ± 0.995 cm, respectively. The effect of location, period, sex of the kid, parity of dam, and type of birth was highly significant (P≤0.01) on body weight at birth to 12 months of age. The effect of season of birth was the highly significant effect (P≤ 0.01) on body weight at birth, 3, 9, and 12 month age. The effect of location, period, sex of kids, and type of birth was highly significant (P≤ 0.01) on all body measurements at birth to 12 months of age. The effect of season of birth was highly significant (P≤ 0.01) on the height at 3 to 12 months age while on body length and body girth at 12 months age. The effect of the dam's parity was highly significant (p<0.01) on body height at birth, 3, 9, and 12 months of age while on body length and body girth at birth, 6, 9, and 12 months age.

Title: Status of Serum Mineral and Biochemical Parameters in Cross bred Cows fed Different Levels of Wet Distillers Grains with Solubles (WDGS)
Abstract :

Serum mineral status and biochemical parameters were studied in crossbred dairy cows fed different levels of WDGS for 120 days. 24 Jersy × Sahiwal crossbred dairy cows were divided into 4 groups and randomly allotted to one of the dietary treatment containing APBN green fodder and paddy straw a s roughage and concentrate mixture (T1, control) or WDGS @ 15 (T2), 25 (T3) and 35 % (T4) of DM requirement. These animals were fed according ICAR (2013) feeding standards. Feeding WDGS did not affect the serum concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, Fe, Mn and Co among treatments, but lowered serum P (P<0.01) from 7.4 to 5.73 mg/dl, serum copper (P<0.05) from 75.19 to 64.80 μg/dl and zinc (P<0.05) from 83.09 to 64.84 μg/dl was observed with the increase in level of WDGS inclusion from 0 (T1) to 35% (T4). Mean BUN (mg/dl) was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T2 compared to other treatments. The serum glucose and total protein did not differ significantly among groups, but significantly (P<0.01) increased serum albumin content was seen in T3 (3.72 g/dl). Serum SGOT, ALP and GGT activity was not different significantly among treatments, while serum SGPT activity was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T4 (35% WDGS) group compared to other treatments.

Title: A Field Survey of Feeding and Breeding Practices at Peri-Urban Buffalo Farms of Surat City of Gujarat
Abstract :
A survey was conducted during April, 2014 to December, 2015 and data were collected from randomly selected 50 buffalo farm owners through personal interview with the help of pre-tested structured schedule from peri-urban areas of Surat city of Gujarat. The present study revealed that majority of respondents (86%) followed stall feeding system. The 82% respondents did not cultivated green fodder crops and 62 & 90% respondents fed green non-leguminous and shedha grass to their milking buffaloes, respectively. Majority of respondents fed homemade plus compound cattle feed as concentrate to their milking buffaloes, based on milk production, mainly during milking. The 62% respondents fed concentrate to their animals after soaking in water while, 38% respondents fed concentrates as such. Majority of respondents practiced to feed green/dry fodders as such to their buffaloes. Majority of respondents did not fed concentrates to their young calves while, 54% respondents fed concentrates to their heifers. Only 42% respondents provided mineral supplements to their buffaloes. All the respondents detected heat in their animals by observing the symptom of bellowing and mucus discharge (84%) and bred their buffaloes by artificial insemination (52%) between 12-18 hours after heat detection (84%). The 12% respondents bred their buffaloes after 2 to 3 months of calvinand 64% respondents followed the pregnancy diagnosis but only 38% did it either from Livestock Inspectors or Artificial Insemination workers during three months of pregnancy. Majority of respondents followed treatment of anoestrous/repeaters in their buffaloes.
Title: Raw Milk Quality and Udder Health Status of Lactating Crossbred Sahiwal Cows Supplemented with β-carotene Enriched Mineral-Vitamin Premix
Abstract :

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of supplemented β-carotene enriched mineral-vitamin premix on lactating crossbred Sahiwal cows and analyzing the raw milk quality and udder health of the animals. Twenty-four disease-free lactating crossbred Sahiwal cows with a close date of calving were randomly divided into two equal groups as Control group (CONT; n = 12) and Beta-carotene group: 500 mg/cow/d (BETA; n = 12). These were animals from 7 days post-partum (dpp) until 105 dpp, and thereafter the raw milk quality and udder health status of these animals were determined. Statistical analysis of the data regarding post-partum udder health status fortnightly from 45 to 105 days of the experimental period was observed (P<0.001). Lower somatic cell counts in raw milk of 12.50 to 10.02 Log104 cells/ml were observed in BETA-group cows when compared with CONT-group cows with 12.69 to 13.17 Log104 cells/ml. The Modified California Mastitis tests from 45 to 105 dpp were lower in the BETA-group cows (2.27 to 1.35) than in the CONT-group cows (3.59 to 3.96). The post-partum methylene blue dye reduction test from 45 to 105 dpp indicated (P<0.001) that raw milk quality was significantly higher in BETA-group cows (107.96 to 139.89 in minutes) than in CONT-group cows (90.81 to 80.78 in minutes) throughout the post-partum period. This study revealed that orally supplementing crossbred Sahiwal cows with β-carotene improved their raw milk quality and udder health.

Title: Dietary Micro-Nutrients Supplementation in the Ration of Transition Crossbred Cows Influences the Growth Performance and Hemato-Biochemical Parameters of Newborn Calves
Abstract :
The present work was planned to access the effect of dietary micronutrient supplementation to the transition crossbred cows affecting the performance of newborn calves. Twenty healthy advanced pregnant crossbred cows (average body weight 408.25 ±12.93 kg) reared under similar conditions were selected randomly and divided into two equal groups. Control cows fed
on the existing ration while the treatment cows additionally fed with antioxidant micronutrients (trace minerals Cu and Zn with vitamin A and E) as per the recommendations. Experimental feeding was started about two months pre-partum till two months post-partum. The influence of dietary micro-nutrients supplementation in transition crossbred cows was judged by measuring birth weight, fortnightly body weight, and some haemato-biochemical parameters of their calves. The mean birth weight (kgs) of calves was higher (P=0.06) in the treatment group (34.15±0.88) as compared to the control group values (32.08±1.55). Bodyweight at the termination of the experimental feeding though remained statistically comparable between the two groups but high in treatment (53.25±1.67 kg) than in the control (49.75 ±1.61 kg) group. The hematological parameters i.e. Hb (g/dl) was 9.53±0.53 and 11.03±0.70; total leukocytes count (×103 mm-3) 9.64±0.35 and 9.01±0.55 and percentages of neutrophil 34.67±1.94 and 29.33±1.67, lymphocyte 63.50±2.0 and 68.83±1.89, monocyte remained 2.00±0.68 and 1.67±0.33% in un-supplemented and supplemented group, respectively without any significant difference between two groups. It may be
concluded that supplementation of antioxidant micro-nutrients in the transition dairy cow’s ration was unable to influence the growth and hemato-biochemical parameters in their calves.
Title: Comparative in-vitro Evaluation of Dog Food Using Either Rice Gluten or Maize Fibre with Commercially Available Dog Food
Abstract :
The study was carried out with an objective of studying in-vitro nutrient digestibility and quality evaluation of dog foods incorporated with 15% rice gluten and 2.5% maize fibre and its comparison with commercially available dog food for its nutritional worth and physical quality parameters. After standardization of diets, raw diets were subjected to different processing techniques viz. boiling and extrusion. Boiling of feed reduced the ether extract content of diets. The in-vitro analysis of dog feed involved two incubation phases: first, gastric digestion simulation at 39ºC for 2h in HCl solution in presence of pepsin and gastric lipase enzyme; second, small intestine digestion simulation at 39ºC for 4h using bile salts and pancreatin in phosphate buffer solution. Statistical analysis revealed that boiling of diet reduced the in-vitro digestibility of ether extract. Among different processing techniques, in-vitro digestibility was best in-case of extruded diets. In-vitro digestibility of CP had nonsignificant difference among different processing techniques; however CPD of boiled dog feed with 15% RG used dog feed was comparable with extruded and raw diet. Comparative evaluation of best preformed extruded feeds with commercial diets revealed that all diets had equal nutritional digestibility of various nutrients. pH, FFA, PV and aflatoxin content of feeds were within permissible limits. It was concluded that RG and MF can be included in dog diet at 15 and 2.5% level respectively showing equal digestibility of feed.
Title: Heavy Metal Contamination in Excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) and Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in Rural Areas of Punjab
Abstract :

Bird excreta are considered as bioindicator of heavy metal contamination in agricultural areas. The aim of the study was to evaluate the heavy metal concentrations in the excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon and Indian Peafowl to monitor the environment contamination in rural areas of Punjab. This study was carried out in two villages i.e Rampur Chhana (District Sangrur, location I) and Dargapur (District Patiala, location II). The excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon and Indian Peafowl were collected. After collection they were digested for metal analysis which was done through ICAP-AES. The study showed toxic level of Pb, high level above normal range of As and Ni more in the excreta of Indian Peafowl than in excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon. The concentration of B was in toxic range in excreta of Blue Rock Pigeon. It was inferred that they relied in similar environmental conditions while having exposure to different feeding habitats might have resulted in species specific heavy metal accumulation. Our studies showed that location I had more concentration of heavy metals like Pb, B and As which seems to be due to the presence of industrial units near this location. It has been concluded that more level of heavy metals in the excreta of Indian Peafowl was due to its high trophic level in the food chain. Statistical analysis showed significant difference among both the bird species which signifies the bioaccumulation of metals in the excreta of Indian Peafowl.

Title: Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Acrosomal integrity of Buffalo Spermatozoa at Different Stage of Cryopreservation using Different Extenders
Abstract :

With an objective to evaluate the value of different extenders semen was collected from Murrah buffalo bulls (n=6) by artificial vagina and subjected to dilution using different extenders viz Tris egg yolk citrate (TEYC), LDL, tocopherol (TEYC with 1 mg/mL tocopherol) and sericin (TEYC with 0.25% sericin) based extenders. Semen was cryopreserved and sperm with intact acrosome were evaluated by flow cytometry immediately after dilution, at equilibration stage and after cryopreservation. There were non-significant differences in the proportion of live sperm with intact acrosome (frozen-thawed semen) for all the diluters studied except for buffalo bull number 5333 which evidenced significantly lower (P>0.05) proportion of live sperm with intact sperm in the tocopherol based extender. The overall percent live sperm with intact sperm was significantly higher (P<0.001) for LDL based extender as compared to TEYC, tocopherol, and sericin extenders at the equilibration stage and in frozen-thawed semen. It was concluded that the LDL based extender is best for cryopreservation of buffalo semen.

Title: Gross Study on Branching Pattern of the Brachial Artery in Goat
Abstract :

The axillary artery gave off the cranial circumflex artery of humerus distal to the shoulder joint and continued as brachial artery. The brachial artery continued on the medial aspect of the arm and gave off deep brachial artery from its caudal face near the middle of the arm. Brachial artery gave off collateral ulnar artery a little above the medial condyle of the humerus and then bicipital artery arose from anterior surface of brachial artery. Brachial artery gave off transverse cubital artery at the level of medial condyle of humerus and then continued as the median artery in the forearm region after origin of common interosseous artery.

Title: Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Listeria spp. from Raw Chicken Meat in Durg District of Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract :

Present work was conducted to determine the total aerobic plate count of raw chicken meat samples, isolation of the Listeria spp. and determining their pathogenicity along with antibiotic susceptibility pattern. The 100 raw chicken meat samples, collected from different retail outlets in and around Durg district of Chhattisgarh, revealed mean APC of 23.67×105 cfu/g (6.374 log10 cfu/g). Cultural examination of raw chicken meat samples showed an overall 37% prevalence of Listeria spp., comprising of L. monocytogenes (16%), L. grayi (11%), L. welshimeri (5%), L. ivanovii (3%) and L. innocua (2%). All the Listeria isolates exhibited a typical β-heamolysis with narrow zone on sheep blood agar and enhancement of hemolytic zone in CAMP test. The haemolytic Listerial isolates developed kerato conjunctivitis in Anton’s test and stunting as well as hemorrhages in liver and heart along with conspicuous thickening of CAM in chicken embryos. Results of antibiotic susceptibility testing of all Listerial isolates further revealed that most of isolates were multidrug resistance to antibiotics. The present work revealed that the raw chicken meat may act as an important source of Listeria for human being. The presence of multiple drug resistance among Listeria spp. isolates provides a evidence of the emergence of multi drug resistant Listeria strains, pointing to an increase in the potential threat to human health.

Title: Prediction of Future Milk Production Trend in India and Central Punjab
Abstract :

Livestock is an important source of livelihood for small and marginal farmers of India. Indian cattle require an ideal combination of environmental conditions with temperature less than 23°C and humidity of 68 per cent for the best milk production. However, due to climatic variations, ‘thermo-regulatory’ system of livestock has disturbed, which leads to decrease in milk production. Keeping this in view, the data of milk production and yield of Ludhiana district (1993-2013) and for different states of India (2001-2018) was analyzed. The regression analysis indicated that during 2018-19 milk production and yield of Indian states was highly dependent on the population strength of cattle and buffalo. The analysis also indicated an increase in India’s total milk production in future mainly due to increase in cattle and buffalo population. But in the rising population scenario, this increase in livestock population does not seem to be sustainable due to land degradation and climate change induced weather unsuitability. Hence, intensification of production is a vital step to sustain milk supply for increasing population. The milk productivity for Ludhiana has been projected to be the lowest in 2040-41 and the highest in 2080-81 due to warming in future and then reduction in temperature at the end of the century (2094-95), the milk yield will be low as compared to the present time scenario. So, to increase the national milk yield, mitigation and adaptation strategies viz. construction of climate-resilient sheds, diversified farming, installing sprinklers etc. should be adopted to combat the effects of climate change.

Title: Genetic Polymorphism of Leptin Gene in Relation with Reproduction Traits in Hariana Cows
Abstract :

Leptin gene is considered as marker of production and reproduction traits in dairy or beef cattle. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic polymorphism in LEP gene in Hariana cows and their associations with reproduction traits. The blood samples were collected from 62 Hariana cows and analyzed in order to identify LEP/BsaAI (BTA 4, intron 2 and exon 3) genotypes using PCR-RFLP method. The allele frequencies observed were 0.37 and 0.63 for A and B LEP variants and genotypic frequencies were 9.67, 54.8 and 35.5 for AA, AB and BB genotype variants, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that SNP LEP/BsaAI significantly affected gestation period and dry period in analyzed population of cows. Observations of this investigation advocated that leptin is a candidate gene, which affects reproduction traits and might be implemented in breeding strategies to improve the reproductive performance of Hariana cattle breed.

Title: Dynamics of Selected Trace Minerals during Estrus Induction in Anestrus Sahiwal Cattle
Abstract :

The present study evaluated the effect of circulatory trace mineral profiles on fertility response during estrus induction by progesterone based therapy in acyclic Sahiwal cattle. Sahiwal cows and post-pubertal heifers (n=25 each) with true anestrus condition (acyclicity confirmed ultrasonographically) were subjected to CIDR-based protocol (intravaginal CIDR application for 7 days, 500 IU eCG at CIDR removal, followed by estrus observation and AI). In heifers, additionally an injection of 5.0 mg estradiol valerate at CIDR insertion was given. Blood samples on days 0 (before CIDR application), 3, 5, 7 and 9 were collected. Almost similar estrus induction (68% vs. 64%) and subsequent conception rates (41.2% vs. 50%) during the first induced estrus were recorded in cows and heifers, respectively. During the course of treatment, significant (P<0.05) variation in plasma copper and zinc concentrations was recorded both in cows and heifers. Contrarily, manganese concentrations varied significantly (P<0.05) in cows only. However, iron profiles remained uniform during the course of treatment. Significantly (P<0.05) higher pre-treatment plasma concentrations of copper, zinc and manganese was recorded in those cows and heifers in which estrus was induced, compared to those in which estrus induction failed to occur. No significant difference (P>0.05) was recorded for iron concentration vis-à-vis estrus induction response. Hence, it is indicated that circulatory copper, zinc and manganese profiles influence the reproductives energy in acyclic animals and their suboptimal profiles may reduce the efficacy of estrus induction protocols in Sahiwal cattle.

Title: Cytology and Biochemical Analysis of Pleural Effusion in Dogs
Abstract :

Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space due to disruption of the hydrostatic and starling forces which maintain the pressure of pleural cavity. A total of 42 dogs presented to Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital Small Animal Medicine Outpatient Unit with a history of cough and dyspnea were selected. Pleural effusion was diagnosed and classified into cardiac, hepatic and tumour and others group based on physical examination, radiography, electrocardiography, ultrasonography, echocardiography, cytological and biochemical evaluation of pleural fluid. The incidence of pleural effusion was 13.5% of the respiratory cases. Cytology of pleural fluid revealed the presence of lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, RBCs, fibrin and mesothelial cells. Cytology of tumour group revealed mesothelioma (3), adenocarcinoma (1) and lymphoma (1). Cytology of other group revealed the presence of numerous RBCs and a few mesothelial cells in hemothorax and mature and degenerated neutrophils along with the presence of numerous clumps of bacteria and macrophages in pyothorax. Estimation of LDH of pleural effusion and ratio of pleural fluid to serum LDH was effective to classify pleural fluid into transudate, exudate and modified transudate.

Title: Toxigenic Profiling of Enterotoxin-Producing Bacillus cereus Isolated from Marketed Raw Chicken Meat and Human Subjects by Triplex and Multiplex PCR
Abstract :

Bacillus cereus incorporates the most important group of endospore-forming micro organism and can cause emetic and diarrheal food poisoning. A total of 42 B. cereus strains isolated from marketed raw chicken meat and human subjects swab samples were assessed by a triplex and multiplex PCR for the presence of enterotoxin genes. The detection rate of nheB, hblA, hblD, cytK, nheA,CER, hblC and entFM enterotoxin genes among all B. cereus strains was 83.33%, 80.95%, 69.04%, 21.42%, 47.61%, 0%, 61.90%, and 92.85% respectively. Enterotoxigenic profiles were determined in enterotoxin-producing strains showed 19 different patterns. The results offer essential information on toxin genes prevalence and toxigenic profiles of B. cereus from sources of origin. The present study was taken into consideration about extreme fitness danger for public health and insuring extra ability in difficulty to food safety amongst all B. cereus group members. Also, there may be need for extensive and continuous tracking of food products embracing both emetic toxin and enterotoxin genes.

Title: Socio-Cultural Study of Village Deities in Peraiyur Taluk of Madurai District with Special Reference to Hero Stones
Abstract :

For as long as man has been on earth he wonders who he is where he comes from and why he acts the way he does. It would seem that much of human history has resulted from mans efforts to answer these questioning, because of the limits of his knowledge and technology, man throughout most of his history, has been unable to date concerning his own behavior and background. Hence, the has relied bodies of myth and folklore to answer these questions. Anthropology, as it has emerged over the last two hundred years is the scientific approach to answering mans questions about him. Even the early Anthropologists were led by their research to a realization of the social functional of religion. The study of totemic is points up this tendency. Thomism is based on the division of the whole world into those thing which are profane, or have no spirit was value for the Elam or tribe and these which are sacred. Not only gods spirits and sacred indeed, according to sociologist Emile Durkheim a rock, a spring, a pebble, a piece of wood, a house, in a world anything can be sacred.

Title: Radiographic Assessment of Dogs with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Abstract :

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is most commonly diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography, which may not be easily accessible. Thus, in this study, radiography was performed as a means of diagnosis of PAH in canines. In this study, nine clinical cases with presenting complaint of cough, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, ascites were evaluated by lateral, dorso-ventral and ventro-dorsal chest radiography. PAH was diagnosed secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in eight dogs. However, one dog was diagnosed with PAH secondary to chronic degenerative mitral valve disease. The most common radiographic changes in dogs affected with PAH were found to be cardiomegaly, right ventricular enlargement of heart, tracheal elevation, enlargement of cranial and caudal lobar pulmonary arteries and pleural effusions.

Title: Effect of Age on Physico-Chemical and Nutritional Composition of Indigenous Kodiadu Goat Meat
Abstract :
The study was conducted to study the effect of age viz., young (6-9 months) and adult (2 years) on physico-chemical characteristics,
proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid and cholesterol content of Kodiadu goat meat. The Longissimus dorsi muscle was collected from these animals and the physico-chemical characteristics viz., pH, water holding capacity, instrumental colour,
muscle fi bre diameter, myofi brillar fragmentation index and nutritional composition viz., proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid and cholesterol content of two different age groups were studied. The results obtained in this study indicated that the meat of young goat had higher water holding capacity, Lightness (L*), moisture, threonine, glutamic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, ecosapentaenoic acid, docosohexanoic acid, total poly unsaturated fatty acids and total P/S than adult. Based on the quality and nutritional composition it was concluded that meat of young animal (6-9 months) had superior meat quality than the meat of adult animals
Title: Effect of Different Litter Materials on the Performance of Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The present study attempts to analyze the effect of different types of litter materials on the performance of broilers. Total 300 unsexed day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-400) were used on a completely randomized design in five treatments with four replicates, each consisting of 15 broilers. The treatments comprises of saw dust, wheat straw, rice husk, river bed sand and sandy soil (Balu ret) as litter materials. Standard feeding and management practices were followed during the experimental period. The effect of different treatments on growth parameters of broilers i.e. body weight, bodyweight gains, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed on regular interval of time. The results showed that feed conversion ratio was significantly different (p<0.05) among the litter types selected during 3rd and 4th week of experiment and other parameters were non-significant during the growing interval of broilers. The present study investigated the effect of different litter materials on broiler chicken performance may be viable for use of unconventional litter materials for broilers production due to cheap and locally available to the poultry entrepreneurs.

Title: Influence of Media Supplementation with Alpha Tocopherol and/or Epigallocatechin Gallate on in vitro Maturation and Subsequent Fertilization of Bovine Oocytes
Abstract :

The present study was planned to determine the effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), Alpha tocopherol and their combination as an antioxidant in TCM-199 media for in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) in bovine oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated from the ovaries derived from slaughter house and in vitro cultured in three groups using TCM-199 supplemented with EGCG @10 μM, Alpha tocopherol @100 μM, and Combination (EGCG @10 μM plus Alpha tocopherol @100 μM). Oocytes of a control group were matured in TCM-199 medium without any treatment. After IVM, cumulus-free oocytes were co-incubated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa for 15–18 h. Compared to no addition, the presence of EGCG @10 μM in medium during IVM significantly (p<0.05) increased the proportion of maturation and fertilization rate. Combination produced significantly higher percentage of in vitro matured bovine oocytes compared to the alpha tocopherol @100 μM alone. The results suggest that EGCG @10 μM in IVM medium had better effect than Alpha tocopherol alone and Combination on in vitro maturation and subsequent fertilization of bovine oocytes.

Title: An Overview on Reproductive Disorders in Indigenous Female Equids
Abstract :
Reproductive disorders causing reproductive failure in equids put great challenge in achieving the goal of successful breeding every year and subsequent birth of live foal. Economic losses due to reproductive disorders are caused in terms of reduced fertility, longer calving interval, low life time production and increased expenses on medication as well as breeding. In India, major reproductive problems reported in mares are infertility, abortions, reproductive tract infections and dystocia. Other less common reproductive problems are placental retention, placentitis, vaginitis, still birth and poor perineal conformation.
Title: Studies on role of Thyroperoxidase (TPO) Enzyme in Primary Hypothyroidism Affected Dogs
Abstract :
The study was aimed to explore the role of auto antibodies against thyroperoxidase (TPO) as a causative factor of primary hypothyroidism in dogs. Dogs presented at Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, Indian Veterinary Research Institute during 2016-17, were screened for hypothyroidism on the basis of clinical signs like lethargy, thickening of skin, bilateral symmetrical alopecia and obesity. Serum and blood samples were collected for biochemical parameters, thyroid profile, TPO concentration and complete blood count. Twenty (20) dogs found positive for hypothyroidism during the study period. Adult dogs aged more than 5 years were commonly affected. Male and female dogs were equally susceptible to hypothyroidism and there was no sexual susceptibility. Clinical pathology revealed significant reduction in FT4 level, altered protein, cholesterol and lipid metabolism in affected dogs. Thyroperoxidase ELISA study showed negligible role of auto-antibodies against TPO as a causative factor of primary hypothyroidism in dogs. All the affected dogs were treated with L-thyroxine (Eltroxin)® @ 20 – 40 mcg/kg bid for life long period along with other symptomatic therapy.
Title: Anti-inflammatory Potential of Whole Pomegranate Fruit Juice (POM) against Bleomycin Induced Lung Injury in Rats
Abstract :

The ameliorative potential of whole Pomegranate fruit juice was studied against Bleomycin (BLM) induced lung injury. A total of 48 male Wistar albino rats were procured and divided into 4 groups consisting of 12 rats in each. The group 1 (control), group 2 BLM toxic control {@ 5 mg/kg body weight (b.wt) via single intra- tracheal (IT) instillation}, group 3 administered with BLM (@ 5 mg/kg b.wt via single IT instillation) and Pomegranate juice (@ 1 mL/rat once daily orally) and group 4 rats administered with Pomegranate juice only (@ 1 mL/rat once daily orally). Grossly, in group 2 rats, lung showed congestion, haemorrhage and edema. Histopathological studies revealed interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary edema, neutrophilic infiltration in perivascular and peribronchiolar areas on 14th day of experiment. In addition to these lesions complete loss of architecture of lung alveoli, severe hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelial cells, peribronchiolar infiltration and mild fibrosis in perivascular and peribronchiolar areas was noticed on 28th day of experiment. Group 3 rats showed moderate improvement in both gross and histopathological lesions. The cytokine activity in group 2 showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in tumor necrosis factor- Alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin (IL)-10 while treatment with POM in group 3 exhibited significant decreased in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The current study concluded the anti-inflammatory effect of POM against bleomycin.

Title: Morphological and Applied Anatomical Studies on the Head Region of Malayan Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus)
Abstract :

The Malayan sun bear is the smallest of the eight bear species. The aim of the research was to investigate the morphological and applied anatomical characteristics of the head region of the Malayan sun bear. The size of the head is large, broad and heavy in proportion to the body. The skull of the Malayan sun bear was mesocephalic according to the cephalic index (80.48). The skull length, skull width, cranial length and maximum skull height was 21.47 cm, 17.28 cm, 17.81 cm and 9.40 cm, respectively. The nasal length, nasal perpendicular height, nasal horizontal-transverse width and nasal circumference were 3.59 cm, 3.50 cm, 3.20 cm and 10.52 cm, respectively. The length and height of the mandible were 14.65 cm and 7.09 cm, respectively. There is no literature available on the regional applied anatomy of maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Malayan sun bear. Therefore, this study was designed to provide information on morphological and applied anatomical studies on the head region of the Malayan sun bear. This is the first detailed study to provide morphological characteristics of the head region of Malayan sun bear and this information will aid the clinicians in the application of regional anaesthesia in Malayan sun bear.

Title: Elucidation of Immunomodulating Potential of Morus alba against Sub Acute Exposure of Fipronil in Rats
Abstract :

Immunotoxicity is defined as adverse effects on the functioning of the immune system that results from exposure to chemical substances. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate immunomodulating effect of Morus alba (500mg/kg B.w.) against immunotoxicity induced by sub-acute exposure of Fipronil (10mg/kg B.w.) in rats. Sub-acute immunotoxicity was conducted in adult male wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (6 rats/group). Group I served as control in which corn oil (acting as a vehicle of Fipronil) was administered @10 ml/kg B.w. Group II served as Fipronil treated group @10 mg/kg B.w. In Group III Fipronil along with Morus alba fruits extract @ 300 mg/kg B.w. was administered and in Group IV Morus alba fruits extract @ 300 mg/kg B.w. was administered. Vehicle, Fipronil and Morus alba were administered daily to the rats by oral gavage for 28 days. The dose of fipronil was selected on the basis of LD50 in rats. TLC, DLC, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, serum antibody titer/haemagglutination (HA) titer and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response were estimated. Fipronil produced immunotoxicity in the form of alteration from normal values in these parameters. Morus alba was significantly effective in restoration of these parameters towards normal. The study suggested that Morus alba has immunomodulating potential against toxicity induced by fipronil in rats.

Title: Effect of Supplementation of Ginger Root Powder and Black Cumin Seed Powder on Performance of White Leghorn Layers
Abstract :

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of ginger root powder and black cumin seed powder alone or in combination on performance and egg production in laying hens. A total of 270 Leghorn laying hens of 28 weeks old were randomly distributed among nine groups with 30 layers in each treatment with three replications following the factorial design (32). Experimental diets consisted of 0.00%, 0.50% and 1.00% levels of ginger root powder and black cumin seed powder alone or in combination. The experimental period lasted for a total of 84 days and laying hens’ performance was measured. Non-significant effect was observed on feed intake due to supplementation of black cumin seed powder whereas, significant (P<0.05) effect was observed due to ginger root powder supplementation. T5 treatment group which was supplemented with 0.00% ginger root powder and 1.00% black cumin seed powder had significantly (P<0.01) highest egg weight, egg production and egg mass along with best feed conversion ratio. It can be concluded that supplementation of 1.00% level of black cumin seed powder was recommended for best layer performance.

Title: Gross and Morphometrical Studies on the Female Reproductive Tract of White Leghorn and Kadaknath Hens
Abstract :

This study was conducted on 50 mature female birds comprising of 25 Kadaknath and 25 White Leghorn hens procured from the poultry farm of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner. The left ovary of White Leghorn showed presence of hierarchy of mature follicles where as that of Kadaknath appeared as bunch of grapes. The length, width and follicular diameter were significantly higher in White Leghorn than Kadaknath hens. No significant difference was observed in the body weight of both the breeds. The mean length and weight of oviduct was significantly higher in White Leghorn than Kadaknath hens. Magnum was the longest segment with an average length of 19.216±1.44 cm in White Leghorn and 9.145±0.63 cm in Kadaknath whereas vagina was the shortest segment with an average length of 3.233±0.24 cm in White Leghorn and 1.352±0.09 cm in Kadaknath hens.

Title: Efficacy of Area Specific Mineral Mixture and Vitamin AD3E Supplementation on Milk Production Performance of Dairy Cattle
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to assess the effect of Area specific mineral mixture (ASMM) and Vitamin AD3E supplementation on milk production and composition of dairy cattle’s in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. A total of thirty lactating dairy cattle (n=30) were divided into three groups (10 milch cows/group) viz., control, Treatment 1 and Treatment 2. Animals from control group were not supplemented any vitamin or minerals, animals from treatment group T1 were fed Vitamin AD3E only @5 grams/animal/day, while animal from T2 group were fed with Vitamin AD3E @5 grams/animal/day and area specific mineral mixture @ 100 grams/animal/day for a period of 100 days. Basal diet was same for all treatments. Milk yield of these animals were recorded by their owners and these values were averaged for 0-100 day’s interval. Milk components such as milk fat and milk solids not fat (SNF) were also evaluated from milk samples collected daily and economy of the each treatment calculated. Area specific mineral mixture along with Vitamin AD3E supplemented animals showed significant increase in milk yield, Fat% and SNF% as compared to only Vitamin supplemented and Control group of animals. Also benefit cost ratio of milk production was also found significantly higher (p<0.05) in ASMM and Vitamin supplemented dairy animals as compared to only Vitamin supplemented and control group.
Title: A Retrospective Analysis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Labrador Retrievers
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to record the incidence, clinical presentation, electrocardiographic, radiographic, laboratory, two dimensional echocardiography, M-mode echocardiography, pulsed wave Doppler and color flow Doppler findings in Labrador Retrievers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) for a period of five years from 2013 to 2018. It included 210 healthy dogs and 327 confirmed cases of DCM. The incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy in Labrador Retrievers was found to be 7.49 per cent in the present study. On radiography, cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema were the major findings observed. In echocardiography, increased left ventricular end diastolic dimension and systolic dimension, reduced fraction shortening, increased E-point sepal separation, increased Left atrium (LA) / Aorta (AO) ratio, decreased ejection fraction, increased end diastolic volume and end systolic volume were noticed. On pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography reduced pulmonary artery (PA), Aorta (AO), left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) velocities were recorded. Mild to moderate regurgitation was observed in Mitral and Tricuspid valve by color flow Doppler echocardiography. M-mode derived chamber dimensions, E-point septal separation, ejection fraction, fractional shortening were reliable parameters in diagnosing Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Labrador Retrievers. Pulsed wave Doppler and color flow Doppler were useful in assessing velocity and flow pattern across valves.

Title: Pathology of Wild Strain (DP/As-Km/0019) of Duck Plague Virus Infection Revived in Ducklings
Abstract :

Duck plague is an acute highly contagious disease of duck, geese and swan of all ages caused by Anatid Herpesvirus-1. The disease is characterized by significant decrease in growth, egg production and sudden death along with high morbidity and mortality which results into significant economic losses in duck industry. In present study, the pathology of wild strain (DP/As-Km/0019) of duck plague virus (DPV) was experimentally studied in 2 months old ducklings. The prominent clinical signs observed were depression, loss of appetite, greenish diarrhoea, ruffled feathers, nasal discharge, lacrimation and pasted eyelids with periorbital ring formation. The significant gross lesions were observed in spleen, oesophagus, liver, heart, brain and intestine. Vascular and degenerative changes like congestion, haemorrhages, necrosis and diphtheritic membrane formation were noticed in various parenchymatous organs. Microscopically, focal to diffuse areas of haemorrhages, coagulative necrosis, and fatty changes in liver, focal emphysema in lungs, formation of diphtheritic membrane on the mucosal surface along with presence of numerous infiltrating cells in oesophagus were recorded. Presence of Anatid Herpesvirus-1 viral DNA in liver and spleen tissue samples was detected by PCR.

Title: Comparison of Four Growth Curve Models for Fortnightly Body Weights in Japanese Quail
Abstract :
The growth curve parameters of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) help in developing breeding strategies by modifying the management practices and can be useful in pre-selection of the birds as it provides prediction of future growth at any age. The study was conducted on fortnightly body weights of 681 black and 565 white plumage Japanese Quails. Four growth curve models viz. Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, Richard’s and Logistic functions were fitted to the body weights for estimation of the curve parameters and identification of the best function based on root mean squares error (RMSE) values. The parameter estimates viz. asymptotic (mature) weight, scaling parameter, maturing rate and shape parameter were ranging from 189.34-217.20, 0.92-15.86, 0.35-0.68 and 0.55-0.73, respectively. The RMSE values were 3.12, 4.50, 1.77 and 2.21 g for overall data; 3.48, 4.62, 2.14 and 2.28 g for male quails; 3.58, 5.00, 2.48 and 2.97 g for female ones; 3.83, 4.88, 3.03 and 3.27 g for black quails; and 3.08, 4.63, 2.65 and 1.87 g for white quails; respectively using these functions. Richards function was the best fit for overall, male, female and black categories of observations whereas Logistic function had the better fit for white quails than Richards function.
Title: Estimation of Genetic Parameters of First Lactation and Life Time Traits Using Sire Model and Animal Model in Crossbred Cattle
Abstract :

Data for the present investigation were collected from the history sheet of crossbred cattle maintained at the instructional dairy farm of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The data pertained to 1029 crossbred cattle from 107 sires were distributed over a period of 49 years from 1966 to 2014. The overall least-squares mean of first lactation traits viz. AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, and FCI was estimated to be 1198.22 ± 9.78 days, 2857.00 ±38.76 kg, 334.46±3.05 days, 119.90±3.87 days, and 488.02 ± 4.26, respectively. The lifetime milk yield and lifetime lactation length were estimated as 10554.32±244.67 kg. and 1133.79±18.91 days respectively. The sire effect was significant on all the first lactation and lifetime traits, except the first lactation period. In contrast, different genetic groups were found to have no significant influence on all the traits. The season of calving was also found non-significant influence on all the traits. The period of calving was found to have a significant influence on all the traits except the first lactation period. The heritability estimates of different first lactation traits were observed from low to high. Estimates of h2 obtained from multiple traits analysis using the animal model were higher than the sire model. The estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations were obtained from analysis using sire and animal models, estimates obtained from both sire and animal models indicated almost the same trend.

Title: Prevailing Marketing Practices and Consumer Preference for Pork in Bareilly City
Abstract :

Present study was conducted using purposive sampling technique to identify prevailing marketing practices and consumer preference for pork in Bareilly city. The study revealed that majority of retailers come under middle age group and belong to lower socio-economic strata. Facilities of chiller, deep freezer, disinfectant and packaging and labeling were not available at any retail shops. Majority of respondent sold 30-35kg pork/day with higher frequency of selling at morning within 4-5 hrs of slaughter. Problems faced by retailers were poor financial conditions and lack of marketing chain. Pork retailers required training and aids related to pork business from government. Majority of consumers at Bareilly city belongs to the lower socio-economic strata. Majority of individuals purchased pork at least 1-2 times per week, most of them purchased at morning time. Most of consumer preferred ham cut, purchased meat from road side stalls immediately after slaughter for preparing dishes from pork and preferred stewing. Finally, it can be concluded that pork was sold through unorganized sector, both consumers and retailers were not aware about quality and safety of pork and meager value chain exist for pork business at Bareilly city.

Title: Prevalence Status of Antibodies of Japanese Encephalitis in Pigs in Peri-Urban Area of Chennai
Abstract :

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito borne viral zoonotic disease caused by the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) of Flaviviridae family and it is one of the leading causes of acute encephalitis syndrome in Asian countries. This study was conducted between November 2018 and February 2019 to understand the dynamic status of sero-prevalence of Japanese encephalitis in pigs in peri-urban areas of Chennai using indirect ELISA. A total of 241 sera samples of pigs was collected from peri-urban areas of Chennai and subjected to indirect IgG capture commercial ELISA kit for screening for JEV antibodies. The overall prevalence of JEV antibodies was found as 35.48% which showed the circulation of JEV antibodies in swine population in peri-urban areas of Chennai indicating that pigs still act as amplifier hosts for vectors for the transmission of the disease in Peri-urban areas of Chennai.

Title: Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Dairy Cows with Reproductive Disorders
Abstract :
The present investigation was carried out to study the prevalence of leptospirosis in dairy cows with reproductive disorders in and around Kamrup district of Assam. A total of 130 sera collected from dairy cows with reproductive disorders in different localities of Assam were screened for leptospirosis by MAT. The seroprevalence of leptospirosis in dairy cows with reproductive disorders was found to be 14.62 per cent. Twelve Leptospira antigen serovars: L. Australis, L. Autumnalis, L. Ballum, L. Bataviae, L. Canicola, L. Grippotyphosa, L. Hebdomedis, L. Pomona, L. Pyrogenes, L. Sejroe, L. Icterohaemorrhagaie, and L. Javanica were used, to screen for leptospirosis. Leptospira antibodies were detected in four serovars: Australis, Autumnalis, Ballum and Bataviae. Australis was found to be the most circulating serovar with 47.37 per cent. The reproductive disorders reported in the present study were: repeat breeding 41 (31.54%), abortion 34 (26.15%), endometritis 25 (19.23%), post-partum anoestrus 14 (10.77%), dystocia 5 (3.85%), retention of foetal membrane 4 (3.07%), anovulation 2 (1.53%), uterine prolapse 2 (1.53%), silent oestrus 2 (1.53%) and cystic ovaries 1 (0.77%). Repeat breeding was found to be the most prevalent reproductive disorder (31.54%) followed by cases of abortion (26.15%) in different localities of Assam.
Title: In vitro Evaluation of Corn Germ Meal as Ruminant Feed
Abstract :

The present study was taken up to assess the chemical composition and in vitro nutritional worth of corn germ meal (CGM) in comparison to conventional oilseed cakes used in livestock feeding. The CP content of protein sources varied from 18.59% in CGM to 49.41% in soybean meal (SBM). CGM had the highest ether extract (EE) content, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and total carbohydrates. However, total ash, acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) was lowest in CGM. In vitro net gas production in CGM (267.91 ml/g DM/24 h) was higher (P<0.05) than other conventional oil cakes. The digestibility of organic matter varied from 85.12% in DMC (deoiled mustard cake) to 96.19% in SBM. The ME availability was highest (P<0.05) in CGM (9.63 MJ/kg DM). Ammonical nitrogen in CGM was lower (P<0.05) than SBM and GNC (groundnut cake).The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) production (mM/dl) was highest (P<0.05) in GNC (12.56) and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM (9.31). Methane production was lowest (P<0.05) in CGM than other conventional oil cakes. Hydrogen recovery (%) was higher (P<0.05) in CGM (65.76) and SBM (65.78) than other protein sources tested. Fermentation efficiency (%) was higher (P<0.05) in SBM (77.02) and GNC (76.75) while volatile fatty acids utilization index (VFA UI) was higher (P<0.05) in CGM (2.92) and DMC (2.84) than other protein sources tested. The results revealed that CGM can be used as a potential protein source for ruminants.

Title: Genetic Diversity Studies using Microsatellite Markers to Analyse Genetic Variation among the Buffalo Breed Populations in Jammu Region
Abstract :

The microsatellites are the markers of choice for similar genetic exploration in different buffalo breeds both in India and abroad. In the present study, the molecular genetic characterization of local germplasm within and between existing buffalo population carried out using microsatellite markers with the objectives of studying the molecular characteristics of these buffaloes and to study available genetic diversity in the existing breed population. Fifty (50) and Twenty five (25) venous blood samples were collected at random from genetically unrelated animals of different sex and age groups of local buffalo gemplasm from its natural breeding tract in J&K region. The PCR products for different microsatellite loci were resolved on 6 percent denaturing (urea) polyacrylamide gels along with 50 and 100 bp DNA ladders at 40-45W. Microsatellite alleles were visualized by silver staining. The microsatellite genotype data were analyzed using POPGENE version. The genetic distance (Ds) between two breeds as calculated according to Nei’s standard genetic distance revealed Nei’s genetic identity and genetic distance to be 0.8038 and 0.2184 respectively between local buffalo population and Murrah breed which shows suggests a close relationship between Murrah and local buffaloes as expected from their geographical contiguity although they are phenotypically distinct. Present findings may be useful in characterization of genetic diversity and to develop strategies for conservation and utilization of local germplasm of J&K region, within and between existing buffalo population. The two studied buffalo population in present study has shown genetically distinctness from each other.

Title: Study on the Effect of UMMB Supplementation on Performance of Buffaloes of Gujjar Tribe of Jammu
Abstract :

The present study was carried out in Agra chack area of R S Pura tehsil of Jammu district of J&K state. The productivity can be increased to greater extent by nutritional management (UMMB feeding). The Urea molasses mineral blocks based on locally available by products were made using standard procedure. The experiment comprised of eighteen female buffaloes of 5-6 years and 2nd -3rd parity. They were divided into three treatments having six animals each. In control (T0), basal diet was fed to the animals, in Ist group (T1), urea molasses mineral blocks (UMMB) were offered in last trimester of pregnancy and in 2nd group (T2), the UMMB were offered postpartum in addition to the basal diet. All supplemented buffaloes gained more body weight (1.59%), body condition score (1.67%) and heart girth than their unsupplemented controls. The UMMB supplementation appeared to have made better difference over controls where animals were already on poor diets. The birth weight and weaning weight of calves born to supplemented animals was significantly higher (30.50% and 23.55% respectively) in comparison to unsupplemented group. The postpartum estrus, conception interval and conception rate reduced in supplemented group than control. The increase in milk yield/ animal/ day was observed to be 1.5l in supplemented group with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.73. Overall, UMMB supplementary feeding during prepartum and postpartum period improved production and reproduction in buffaloes.

Title: Occurrence of Bovine Coxiellosis in Small Livestock Farms of Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract :

The present study aimed at assessing the occurrence of coxiellosis in cattle and buffaloes on 117 small-sized livestock farms owned by small or marginal farmers of 36 villages in Uttar Pradesh of India. The samples of blood and serum (250 each) collected from 86 cattle and 164 buffaloes were screened for Coxiella burnetii infection by PCR assay targeting IS1111 transposase gene of the pathogen (trans-PCR), Latex Agglutination Test employing synthetic linear antigenic peptide (LAP) of Com-1 protein of C. burnetii (Com-1 LAP-LAT) and commercial ELISA kit (IDEXX), taken as a reference. In our study, none of the bovine blood or serum samples showed the presence of C. burnetii DNA in trans-PCR, however, antibodies against the pathogen could be detected in sera of 5.6% (14/250) animals by Com-1 LAP-LAT and 5.13% (13/250) animals by ELISA kit. A way forward is suggested for developing improvised LAT as a simple, pragmatic, affordable diagnostic test having field applicability by employing multiple antigenic peptides of potential immunogenic proteins of C. burnetii. The risk of bovine coxiellosis under small livestock settings seems to be less than that reported on organised farms in India; however, studies involving many farms with varying holdings of large ruminants, which constitute the main proportion of milch animals, are needed for assessing the risks in bovines and their handlers in the right perspective.

Title: Punyakoti Test: A Seed Germination Inhibition Test for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Graded Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :
A simple non- invasive technique which was developed on the basis of ancient Egyptian knowledge called as Punyakoti test (Veena, 1997) was used to detect early pregnancy at day 26 post insemination. The present study was carried out to evaluate the accuracy of Punyakoti test, a seed germination inhibition test for early pregnancy diagnosis in graded Murrah buff aloes. The urine samples were collected from 20 buff aloes early in the morning on day 26 post insemination and were subjected to pregnancy diagnosis using this test. Urine was diluted with distilled water in sterile petri dish in the ratio of 1:14 and 15 good quality wheat seeds were added to each petri dish. A signifi cant inhibition of seed germination a er 48hrs and shoot length a er 5 days was taken as criteria for declaring true pregnancy and confi rmation of pregnancy was done by rectal palpation on days 45-60 post insemination. A significant difference (P<0.05) was noticed between pregnant
and non-pregnant buffaloes regarding germination inhibition percentage and shoot length (cm) which was recorded as 70.66 ±1.63; 3.33 ± 0.074 and 45.99 ± 1.84 ; 5.44 ± 0.17, respectively. This test was 66.66 per cent accurate in diagnosing pregnancy but 90.90 per cent accurate in diagnosing non-pregnant animals.
Title: Applied Anatomy of the Maxillofacial and Mandibular Regions of the Indian Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)
Abstract :
The study involved the measurements of some clinically important landmarks for regional anesthesia in the maxillary and mandibular regions of blackbucks. The mandibular parameters studied will provide important clinical landmarks for the regional anesthesia of mandibular nerve block. The observed data were also discussed with regard to their application in proper tracking of the infra-orbital, mental and mandibular nerves to aid in regional anesthetic procedures during treatment and manipulations of various clinical affections of this region. There was no information on the regional applied anatomy of maxillofacial and mandibular regions of blackbuck in available literatures. Therefore, this study was designed to provide information on clinically important parameters and landmarks of the head region. This information may aid for performing regional anesthesia conducted in upper (maxilla) and the lower (mandible) jaw bones of the Blackbuck 
Title: Qualitative Assessment of Concentrate Feeds of Dairy Animals for Indore District of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :
A survey of feeding practices among dairy animals of Indore District of Madhya Pradesh (MP) was conducted in all four tehsil of Indore District. Along with collection of common concentrate feeds being used in the area was done to assess their quality. It was indicated that majority of farmers were feeding wheat straw as roughage and cotton seed cake (CSC), wheat bran (WB) and compounded feeds as concentrate without supply of greens. Collection of 30 samples was done randomly for each feed from farmers, market dealers and feed manufactures and analyzed for proximate principals, acid insoluble ash (AIA), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The samples of CSC, WB and compounded feeds having nutritive value below their required specifications (BIS) especially in case of unbranded samples, while the branded once were almost within their expectations except the amount of total ash and crude fiber (CF), which remained higher then recommended. The unbranded samples of these feeds were usually lower in protein and high in CF and especially the compounded feeds were very high in total ash and AIA remains indicative of adulterations. Hence, BIS have to tack strict initiatives to control the quality of concentrate feeds and among them complete feed requires special attention to be paid.
Title: Relationship between Clusterin Gene Expression and In-vitro Sperm Characteristics in Caprine Semen
Abstract :

The present experiment was undertaken to study the relationship between clusterin (CLU) gene expression and in vitro sperm characteristics in buck semen. Fresh semen samples were collected from 12 bucks maintained in the organized goat farms by artificial vagina. Normalization of initial concentration of spermatozoa was carried out in all buck semen samples before proceeding for RNA isolation. So, initial concentration of each sample was made equal. The spermatozoa were isolated from buck semen samples by swim- up protocol using sperm TALP. Total RNA from the buck spermatozoa were extracted and first strand cDNA was synthesized from 1μg total RNA by using commercial kits. Absolute quantification of CLU gene transcripts in semen samples from 12 bulls was performed by plotting standard curve. Variations in levels of CLU gene transcripts (2500-22546000 copies) were found among 12 different buck semen samples. In vitro sperm characteristics were also studied from 12 buck semen samples. Variations in sperm characteristics such as sperm motility (60.0 - 80.0%), sperm viability (72.0 - 93.0%), sperm morphology (73.0 - 91.0%), plasma membrane integrity (50.0 - 82.0%), acrosome integrity (81.0 - 93.0%), DNA integrity (82.0 - 93.0%) and MMP (46.0 - 74.0%) were found among buck semen samples. All in vitro sperm characteristics were highly (negatively) correlated (p<0.01) with expression levels of CLU gene transcripts in spermatozoa. From this study, it is evident that ejaculated buck semen has variations in transcription pattern of CLU gene in spermatozoa among bucks and expression levels of CLU transcripts have negative correlation with in vitro sperm characteristics in buck semen samples.

Title: Improvement in Reproductive Performance of Boron Supplemented Karan Fries Cows During Hot and Humid Season
Abstract :

The Present investigation was conducted on eighteen pregnant Karan Fries (Holstein Friesian × Tharparker) cows and was divided into three equal groups. Control group was fed with only basal diet. T1 and T2 group was fed with basal diet along with 250 ppm and 500 ppm Boron/day from 30 days before to 60 days after calving. Temperature humidity index, reproduction parameters were calculated and analysed. There was significant (P<0.05) reduction in postpartum oestrus interval, days of first observed estrum, service period and number of services per conception and significant (P<0.05) increase in the size of dominant follicle was observed by ultrasonography. Increase in conception rate, reduced incidence of retention of placenta, postpartum metritis was noticed in boron supplemented groups. Hence supplementation of boron at both levels found to be effective in improving reproductive performance of Karan Fries cows during hot humid condition.

Title: Study on the Prevalence and Economic Significance of Bovine Fasciolosis at Gondar Elfora Abattoir, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abstract :

A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and economic significance of bovine fasciolosis at Gondar Elfora abattoir, Gondar Ethiopia from November 2018 to April 2019. A total of 384 cattle were selected by systematic random sampling techniques for postmortem examination at Gondar Elfora abattoir. Out of these 90 (23.4%) cattle were found positive for fasciolosis. The prevalence of fasciolosis in poor body conditioned cattle were known to be 30.8% followed by medium body conditioned (22.7%) and good conditioned animal (15.2%) . Statistical analysis of the data showed the presence of significant difference (P=0.028) on the prevalence of fasciolosis on the basis of body condition score. Higher prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in the study area was observed in older than adult animals 28.7% and 19.5% respectively. There was statistically significant association among age of the animal and prevalence of bovine fasciolosis (P=0.037). The predominant Fasciola species identified was Fasciola hepatica 57 (14.8%) followed by Fasciola gigantica 21 (5.5%) and mixed species (Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica) 12 (3.1%). The total annual economic loss due to bovine fasciolosis in Gondar Elfora abattoir was calculated as 1,919,640 ETB (65,922 USD). The economic loss due to bovine fasciolosis at the study area showed that fasciolosis is an economically important disease in the Gondar Elfora abattoir. Hence, a combination of anthelminthic and vector control measures have to be used to ensure a satisfactory degree of control in the long run.

Title: Effects of Split Weaning on the Performance of Hampshire Piglets
Abstract :
The investigation was carried out under the Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22. Forty eight piglets of Hampshire pig of three weaning age groups from six sows, considering an average litter size of 8 were selected for the experiment. Two groups (Group I and II) werem split weaned at 28th and 35th days of age where 50 per cent of higher body weight piglets of the litter were separated and rest 50 per cent were kept with mother up to 56 days of conventional weaning. Another litter was weaned as conventional weaning age, 56 days (Group III). After weaning, the piglets were reared up to 75 days for studying of post weaning effect. The average body weight gain and total body weight was found to be higher in Group II and was found significantly higher followed by Group III and Group I while, the corresponding results was also observed in respect to the average daily, total and final body weight gain. In regards to the average total feed consumption, feed consumption by per piglet, feed consumption by per piglet per day and total feed consumed till end of the experiment period was more or less equal; the feed conversion efficiency was found to be comparatively higher in Group II than Group I and III.
Title: Real Time Ultrasonography for Determining Viable Foetal Numbers in Goats
Abstract :
Twenty-five (25) does in dorsal recumbency were scanned by 3.5 MHz transabdominal sector transducer. Each doe was scanned separately by tilting the doe in right and left side. All the animals were scanned twice between 37-119 days post breeding. One goat showed foetal resorption on its second scan so only 24 goats were considered for calculation of litter size. There was non-significant difference (P = 0.7427, t 0.01 =0.332) between actual and sonographically observed values of litter size and the correlation coefficient between the two was 0.725 (P< 0.01) which is positive and highly significant. The accuracy of detecting single fetus was
83.33% (10/12); twins was 80% (8/10) and triplets was 50% (1/2). In total 37 kids were born viz 12 singles, 11 twins and 1 triplet to 24 goats. The average actual litter size of goats was 1.54±0.120 kids while as by ultrasound it was 1.6 ± 0.129. It was concluded that real-time transabdominal ultrasonography is accurate and practical method for predicting foetal numbers and foetal viability in goats.
Title: Layers’s blood profile changes after consumption of designer diet and holy basil (Ocimum Sanctum) leaves
Abstract :
A biological experiment of six weeks duration, followed by several laboratory
investigations were carried out to study the effect of designer layer mash (DLM)
containing full fat flaxseed, oil rich sardine fish, Holy Basil leaf meal (BLM),
vitamin E and Organic selenium (Sel-plex), on haematology of layers. Both
designer diet and BLM had significant effect on haematology of layers. They also
exhibited a synergistic effect. The RBC levels in hens were significantly increased
both by the DLM and BLM supplementation. The WBC count was increased
significantly by DLM alone, but not due to BLM. The Hb level was not influenced by any of the dietary treatments.
Title: In vitro Evaluation of Concentrate Mixtures containing Graded Levels of Malt Sprouts
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to assess the chemical composition and in vitro nutritional worth of concentrate mixtures containing graded levels of malt sprouts. Malt sprouts in the concentrate feed was included at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels to make five isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures. Crude protein content of concentrate mixtures varied from 19.61% to 20.32%. Ether extract content in concentrate mixtures varied from 5.33% to 5.96%. No significant difference was observed in truly degraded substrate, partitioning factor, OM digestibility, NDF digestibility, DM digestibility and ammoniacal nitrogen among the concentrate mixtures tested. However, the net gas production, short chain fatty acids and metabolizable energy were lower (P<0.05) in concentrate mixture 5 (containing 40% malt sprouts) than other concentrates evaluated. It was concluded that malt sprouts could be could be incorporated upto 30% in the concentrate mixture of ruminants without affecting nutrient digestibility, ME availability and propionate production.

Title: Biochemical Changes of Ketosis in Cows at Post Parturient Period
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to determine biochemical changes in apparently healthy control and ketotic cows. Fresh urine samples were collected from 350 post-parturient cows to screened urinary ketone bodies by using Modified Rothera’s test and urine Diastix test. Total forty cows showing clinical signs of ketosis were included for biochemical studies (before and after treatment). It was observed that serum glucose was significantly (P<0.01) lower as compared to helthy animals. While, serum ketones and urine ketones levels were significantly (P<0.01) elevated. Similarly, total serum protein, globulin and albumin levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in ketotic cows. It can be concluded that group treated with Decadurabolin (Nandrolone Decanoate) in association with parenteral dextrose give excellent recovery rate in Ketosis.

Title: Studies on Pulsed-wave Doppler Echocardiography in Small Breed Dogs
Abstract :

The study aims to evaluate and find the correlation of age and body weight of pulse wave Doppler echocardiographic indices of mitral velocity, tricuspid velocity, pulmonary and aortic velocity in 13 apparently healthy small breed dogs aged 1 to 9 years and weighing 6.5 to 15 kg were subjected to pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography examination. Except for a positive correlation with age by Mitral peak A velocity and a positive correlation with body weight by Mitral E/A ratio, all other parameters are negatively correlated with age and body weight. The findings can be used to further determine the pathophysiological affections in future studies on small breed dogs.

Title: Immunohistochemical Expression of Oxidative Stress Markers in Bovine Tissues Correlated to Cadmium Concentration
Abstract :

A study was conducted to assess oxidative stress in bovine tissues specifically liver, kidney and lungs by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and their correlation to cadmium (Cd) toxicity in bovine. Metallothionein and malondialdehyde are oxidative stress markers and their expression increases as cadmium concentration increases in tissues. In present study, a total of 62 bovine tissue samples were randomly collected from the animals found dead near industrial or expected polluted areas of Jabalpur city after detailed postmortem examination. These samples were processed for cadmium estimation and IHC staining in tissues. 200 mg of tissue samples were acid digested and cadmium concentration were estimated by using ICP-OES. In our study, cadmium concentration in tissues was ranged from 0.040 to 3.952 ppm in liver, 0.050 to 3.949 ppm in kidney and 0.020 to 3.134 ppm in lungs of bovine. These samples further grouped under three groups with cadmium level 0-1, 1-2 and > 2 ppm, according to Puls criteria. Majority of samples had cadmium level in the range of 0-1 ppm. Approximately 8, 13, 5% liver, kidney and lung tissues respectively had cadmium concentration > 2 ppm are considered under high risk. Formalin fixed and paraffin processed representative samples of liver, kidney and lungs were stained immunohistochemically by using commercially available antibodies for metallothionein and malondialdehyde protein. Tissues with high cadmium level showed increase in expression of metallothionein in nucleus and cytoplasm of the tissues along with increased cytoplasmic expression of malondialdehyde in liver, kidney and lung tissues as compared to low cadmium level.

Title: Performance of Lactating Crossbred Cows under Different Housing Systems During Summer in Konkan Agro-ecological Conditions”
Abstract :
An investigation was carried out on nine lactating crossbred cows (J×L) cows
which were allotted randomly into three comparable shelters in switch over design. Three different type of shelters were, 1- Asbestos roofing; 2- Paddy straw thatched roof house; 3 - White painted asbestos roof. Temperature humidity index was higher in macro -environment followed by thatched roof shed, white painted asbestos roof and asbestos roofing. Thatched roof shed had significant (P<0.05) incremental effect on the milk production and milk composition of cows than the cows in white painted roof shed and asbestos roof shed during summer. Overall paddy straw thatched roof shed effectively ameliorates environmental temperature, humidity and THI during summer season in the Konkan region.
Title: Recovery of Different Cumulus Oocyte Complex (COC) Grades from Bovine Ovaries by Aspiration Method
Abstract :
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the aspiration method for recovery of cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) from
bovine ovaries at slaughter. A total of 829 cattle ovaries were collected from slaughter house, out of which 2,935 COCs were
aspirated out. The mean number of COCs recovered was 3.54 per ovary. The COCs recovered were graded variously as A, B,
C and D grades. Grade ‘A’ and ‘B’ COC’s were 38.77% and 27.02% respectively, and the average culture grade (Grade A and
B COC’s together) recovery was 65.79%, representing 2.33 COCs per ovary. The number and percentage recovery of A and B grade COCs were higher than that of C (18.13%; 0.64/ovary) and D (16.08%; 0.57/ovary) grades. The aspiration method adopted in the present study was found to be effi cient for recovery of ample amount of COCs and yield good quality culturable oocytes for subsequent in vitro studies. The aspiration method also allows greater visual assessment of follicles, their selection and assortment for quality COC yield.
Title: Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) for Leptospirosis in Association with Acute Renal Failure in Dogs
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. Total of 100 sera samples from azotemic dogs were subjected to Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) using Leptospira culture in Leptospira lab, Department of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) All the sera samples were tested against L. interrogans: Serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, canicola, autumnalis, grippotyphosa and javanica. Out of 100 sera samples, 20 (20%) were found positive (+) for different serovars of Leptospira interogans and 3 (3%) were doubtful (±) at an antibody titre ≥1:100. The serovars identified were L. autumnalis (17/100), L. icterohaemorrhagiae (8/100), L. gryppotyphosa (4/100), L. canicola (2/100), L. javanica (2/100) and L. Pomona (1/100). The highest prevalence of Leptospira was observed for serovars L. autumnalis (17%), followed by L. icterohaemorrhagiae (8%) and least for L. pomona (1%).

Title: Effect of Molasses Feeding on Biochemical and Hormonal Parameters in Sahiwal and Karan Fries Heifers
Abstract :
The present study was designed to investigate the effect of molasses feeding on biochemical and hormonal parameters in Sahiwal and Karan Fries heifers under two feeding regimes, i.e. feeding regime-1, as per the NRC (2001) and feeding regime-2 having 15 % higher energy (supplementation of molasses) than NRC (2001). Twelve healthy heifers (18-24 month) of each Sahiwal
and Karan Fries were selected from Livestock Research Centre (LRC) of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (ICARNDRI). An initial 15 days were maintained as adaptation period for both feeding regimes. Actual experiment was conducted from 16th day onward for next 15 days. Blood samples were taken on 1st, 7th, 14th, 15th, and 16th day of each feeding regimes and
analysed for various biochemical and hormonal parameters. The plasma glucose, Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4) were significantly (p<0.05) higher during feeding regimes-2 as compared to feeding regimes-1 in both the breeds, while the plasma BUN levels were signifi cantly lower during feeding regimes-2. The plasma NEFA level was found to be higher during feeding regimes-1 as compared to feeding regimes-2 in Sahiwal heifers. It is concluded that molasses supplementation in feed enhances the growth performance and reduces the non esterifi ed fatty acid in both Sahiwal and Karan Fries heifers.
Title: Formulation and Preparation of Densified Complete Feed Blocks with and without Condensed Tannins: Impact on Performance of Haemonchus contortus Infected Goats
Abstract :

Present study was planned to screen locally available tanniferous tree leaves for their chemical composition, presence of condensed tannins (CT), potential source of CT and suitable leaf meal mixture (LMM) was formulated for incorporation in the densified complete feed blocks (DCF). Two types of blocks (with and without CT; CT-DCF and DCF, respectively) were formulated and prepared. Twelve adult male goats of similar age and body weight (27.51 ± 0.86) were divided in 3 groups (4 in each) in completely randomized block design (CRD) for feeding of 75 days. Goats of T1 (no infection) and T2 (H. contortus infection @ 1500 L3 /goat) were offered DCF blocks while the goats of T3 (H. contortus infection @ 1500 L3 /goat) offered CT-DCF. Initial body weights (kg) of goats did not differ significantly (P<0.05) irrespective of groups, however, final body weight at the end of feeding trial were significantly lower in T2 compared to T1 and T3. Daily feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T2 as compared to T1 and T3. Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, digestible crude protein, digestible organic matter and total digestible nutrients (Kg/100 Kg bwt.) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 and T3 as compared to T2. The faecal egg counts (FECs) per gram faeces were significantly lower (P<0.05) in T3 than that of T2. It may be concluded that CT-DCF serve a promising complementary alternative feeding strategy to control H. contortus infection in goats as socio-economic, farmers and environmental friendly sustainable approach.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of In-Vitro Digested Cow Milk Derived A1 and A2 β Casein Variants Using Different Proteases
Abstract :

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity of A1 and A2 β-casein variant with time by applying different enzyme. Pepsin, Trypsin, Alcalase and combination of Pepsin-Trypsin were used for hydrolysis of A1 and A2 β-casein for the duration of 1, 2, 3 and 24 h. All antioxidant parameter including DPPH, ABTS radical-scavenging activity and reducing power assay increasing gradually with time. Enzyme Pepsin-Trypsin combination followed by Alcalsae display comparatively higher antioxidant activity. Among β-casein variant A2 showed relatively higher antioxidant potential over all the entire duration of time but the difference among the A1 and A2 variants was not significant to arrive at a substantial scientific conclusion. It can be concluded from the study that antioxidant potential of the milk depends upon factors such as duration of hydrolysis and enzyme used, during hydrolysis and not alone on the fact that whether the milk is A1 or A2 in nature.

Title: Serological, Isolation and Molecular Studies on Brucellosis in an Organized Farm, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract :

The present study was conducted in an organized farm of Jammu region, Jammu and Kashmir state having history of late-term abortions in cattle and buffaloes to elucidate the role of brucellosis in causing abortions on the farm. The farm had 46 animals (23 adults, 15 heifers and 9 calves). The farm was positive in herd test (milk ring test). Serological tests viz., Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and serum agglutination test (SAT) were conducted on 30 serum samples and 11 samples were found positive in both tests. Five vaginal swabs from abortion cases were processed for isolation and 3 isolates of Brucella were obtained which on further characterization by biochemical tests, genus-specific PCR and species-specific PCR were identified as B. abortus biovar 1. As brucellosis is an anthropozoonoses, the high prevalence of brucellosis in livestock of farm demands the surveillance of disease in humans working on the farm and necessitates the control of disease on the farm.

Title: In vitro Evaluation of Concentrate Mixtures containing Graded Levels of Cottonseed Meal in Buffalo Inoculum
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to assess the chemical composition and in vitro nutritional worth of concentrate mixtures containing graded levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) at 0, 3.75, 7.50, 11.25 and 15% replacing SBM @ 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% on w/w basis replacing soybean meal (SBM) in buffalo inoculum. Crude protein content of concentrate mixtures varied from 20.07% to 20.95%. Ether extract content in concentrate mixtures varied from 5.26% to 5.64%. No significant difference was observed in net gas production, partitioning factor, OM digestibility, NDF digestibility, microbial mass production, efficiency of microbial mass production, short chain fatty acids and metabolizable energy among the concentrate mixtures. The ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N, mg/dl) was higher (P<0.05) in concentrate mixture 1 (34.00) and lower (P<0.05) in concentrate mixture 5 (27.00) than other concentrates evaluated. The total volatile fatty acid production, hydrogen recovery and hydrogen consumed via CH4 was similar among the concentrate mixtures evaluated. No significant difference was observed in VFA utilization index among the concentrate mixtures. It was concluded that soybean meal could be replaced by CSM up to 100% in the diet of ruminants without affecting the nutrient digestibility and microbial mass production.

Title: SWOT Analysis of Small Ruminants Rearing of Bakarwal Tribe in District Rajouri of Jammu and Kashmir
Abstract :
Small ruminants play an important role in the rural economy of Jammu and Kashmir, as they are primarily reared by resource poor and under-privileged rural population. Every rural household is associated with livestock. Small ruminants rearing in the upper reaches of Jammu and Kashmir is a basic livelihood for Bakarwals who migrate with the livestock to green pastures. The
present study conducted in District Rajouri of Jammu and Kashmir State was an endaveour to know about the livestock profile of the respondents, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by bakarwals while rearing the small ruminants. Thus, the main objective of this study is to make a SWOT analysis based on the evaluation of some important parameters of sustainability of small ruminants in the farm conditions.
Title: Development of Dietary Fibre Enriched Chevon Rolls by Incorporating Corn Bran and Dried Apple Pomace
Abstract :
A study was undertaken to develop dietary fi bre enriched chevon rolls using dried apple pomace (DAP) at 2, 4 and 6% levels and corn bran (CB) at 3, 6 and 9% levels. Combinations of DAP and CB were also tried. DAP at 6% level, CB at 3% level and their combination (DAP +CB) at 2% + 3% levels were found to be organoleptically acceptable and selected for further study. Addition of fi bre resulted in a signifi cant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in moisture and protein content while no signifi cant difference was found in fat and ash content. Crude fi bre content increased signifi cantly in treated rolls and highest crude fi bre content (1.68%) was noticed in rolls containing DAP. pH decreased signifi cantly in rolls containing DAP and its combination. Water holding capacity and emulsion stability of chevon rolls increased signifi cantly as a result of fi bre incorporation which also resulted in a signifi cant increase in cooking yield. Polyphenolic content increased in fi bre enriched rolls and highest polyphenolic content of 49.22 mg/100 g was found in DAP added chevon rolls. It is concluded that organoleptically acceptable and health enhancing chevon rolls enriched with dietary fi bre and antioxidants like polyphenols can be prepared by using 6% dried apple pomace and 3% corn bran alone or in combination (2% dried apple pomace + 3% corn bran).
Title: Ameliorating Effect of Melatonin on L- Arginine Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to evaluate the ameliorative potential of melatonin against L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (150–240 g) were divided into 3 groups, viz. group I (control group), group II (acute pancreatitis control group) and group III (treatment control) which were further subdivided into 3 subgroups according to time points of 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days. Rats from groups II and III received two injections of L-arginine (2 g/kg i.p.) at 1 h intervals for induction of acute pancreatitis. Melatonin was administered to group III daily at a single dose of 10 mg/kg i.p. On 6 hours, 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days, blood samples were obtained from each group and subjected for the assays of oxidative stress and serum biochemical parameters. Erythrocytic lipid peroxides contents in acute pancreatitis group were significantly higher, while reduced glutathione contents were significantly lower in comparison with the normal controls. The activities of other antioxidant enzymes were also significantly low in these rats. Moreover, significantly increased activities of serum amylase and serum lipase were found in these rats. Administration of melatonin significantly reduced the over production of malonaldialdehyde levels. Other antioxidant enzymes viz. reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were improved significantly in melatonin treated rats. Melatonin had also considerably ameliorated the altered serum amylase and serum lipase levels towards normalcy. Thus, it can be concluded that melatonin may possess therapeutic efficacy against L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats.

Title: Isolation of bacteriophages against Salmonella Enteritidis and their partial characterization
Abstract :
Salmonellosis is a very important disease affecting both humans and animals.
With the onset of drug resistance in Salmonella, use of phages for therapy seems
to be an alternative approach in combating this problem. In the present study,
sixteen phages against Salmonella Enteritidis were isolated from a total of 84
dairy and poultry sewage samples and upon characterization of phages at fixed
pH 7 and different temperatures, it was found that the phages could survive at
varied temperature conditions and were also sustaining at pH 7.
Title: Economic Impact of Gastrointestinal Helminth Infections on Milk Production in Swamp Buffalo
Abstract :
The objective of the present study was to assess the economic impact of gastrointestinal helminth infections on milk production in naturally infected swamp buffaloes of Guwahati, Assam, India. Selected animals were divided into three groups (I, II and III) having 10 animals in each group. Animals of group I (Amphistome sp.+ Strongyle sp.+ Trichuris sp.) and group II (Strongyle sp.) are infected treated groups whereas group III (Amphistome sp. + Strongyle sp.) was untreated control group. The animals of group I and group II was treated with Neozide plus bolus @ 10 mg/kg b.wt. and Minthal bolus @ 7.5 mg/kg b.wt., respectively. The egg per gram of feces (EPG) and milk production (litres) were recorded pre-treatment and post-treatment (1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks). Post-treatment EPG (Mean±SE) in animals of group I and group II was reduced to zero which was maintained up to 4th weeks. Post-treatment milk yield in animals of group I during 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks were 0.83±0.16, 0.88 ±0.15, 0.92±0.16 and 0.96±0.17 litres, respectively while in group II post-treatment milk yield in animals during 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks were 0.93±0.11, 0.95±0.11, 0.97±0.10 and 1.00±0.10, respectively. An increase of 24.67% and 25% milk production was recorded
over a period of 4 weeks in animals of group I and group II, respectively. However, in group III (control), milk production was reduced significant (P<0.05) by 38.46% over a period of 4 weeks.
Title: Patho-morphological Changes in Kidneys of Slaughtered Sheep and Goats in Jammu Region
Abstract :

The study was conducted in government recognized and unorganised slaughter houses of sheep and goats in Jammu from the month of July 2013 to June 2014. In the present study, 300 kidney samples of sheep (150) and goats (150) were collected from these abattoirs for determining the patho-morphological changes. Prominent gross lesions in kidney affection included haemorrhage, infarction, hydronephrosis, amyloidosis and nephritis. Histopathological examination revealed massive interstitial haemorrage, MNC’s infi ltration, atrophy of glomeruli with presence of pinkish amyloid material, hypercellularity of glomeruli and tubular necrosis.

Title: Effect of Alginate, Citric Acid, Calcium Chloride and Cinnamon Oil Edible Coating on Shelf Life of Chicken Fillets under Refrigeration Conditions
Abstract :
In present study chicken, fi llets were coated with sodium alginate, calcium chloride, citric acid and cinnamon oil coating solution by three methods viz., spraying, brushing and dipping and shelf-life of coated meat were observed. Effi ciency of coating material and suitability among three methods of application were determined through shelf-life studies of coated meat under refrigeration conditions. Based on the results of physico-chemical, sensory and microbial characteristics, spraying method had lower Tyrosine Value, Thiobarbituric Acid number, Standard Plate count, Drip loss and higher sensory scores compared to other methods of application. Extract Release Volume and Water Holding Capacity decreased signifi cantly with storage period in all the samples. However, spraying had comparatively higher water holding capacity and lower Warner Blatzer Shear Force Value than control and other methods of application. Hunter color values did not differ signifi cantly with storage and between treatments. Chicken breast sprayed with coating solution extended the shelf life of chicken breast upto 5 days compared to 3 days for control.
Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 5, October 2019
Abstract :
Title: Supplementation of Phyllanthus amarus and Cuminum cyminum Hasten Vaccinal Antibody Response against Newcastle Disease Virus and Increases Gut Absorptive Surface in Backyard Poultry
Abstract :

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease that causes devastating effects in the economy of backyard poultry farmers. Even though, vaccination is highly effective in controlling the disease, the protective antibody titres can only be achieved after second dose of ND vaccine at 3-4 weeks of age. Certain herbs have immune-stimulant property, thus supplementation of herbs can help the chicks to attain the protective antibody titres earlier. In the present study, chicks were fed with Phyllanthus amarus as whole plant along with Cuminum cyminum (seeds) water to hasten the production of antibodies to ND vaccines. Humoral immune responses were assessed in terms of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. Morphometric analysis small intestinal villi were performed to assess the impact of herbal supplements on gut health. Our results showed that birds supplemented with herbs mounted a better immune response to ND vaccines. Birds received herbs attained HI titres ≥log24 as early as 7 days after the primary vaccination (P<0.001) and continued to have protective antibody titres until 60 days-of-hatch. Intestinal morphometry revealed that herbal supplementation significantly improved the length of villi in duodenum (P<0.01) and jejunal portions of small intestine. In conclusion, we suggest that feeding of P. amarus and C. cyminum aids birds to elicit better and earlier protective immune response against ND and improve gut health of backyard poultry.

Title: Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from Broiler Production Systems
Abstract :
The present study was carried out with an objective to evaluate antimicrobial resistant pathogenic E. coli from selected broiler production systems in and around Parbhani city. A total of 216 samples comprising 36 various contamination sources from each farm were collected from six broiler units. The initial isolation of E. coli was done on EMB and MacConkey agar. On morphological and biochemical tests, 105(48.61%) isolates were preliminary confirmed as E. coli. Out of 105 preliminary confirmed isolates, randomly selected 55 isolates were further confirmed as E. coli by PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene and phenotypically marked as pathogenic by Congo Red Binding Assay. Out of 55 confirmed isolates, 20 randomly selected isolates were tested against commonly used 15 antimicrobials. antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed higher resistance against Erythromycin (100%), Cephalothin (95%), Tetracycline (90%), Nalidixic acid (90%) Ceftazidime (85%), Cefotaxime (85%), Amikacin (80%), Gentamicin (75%), Amoxiclav (75%), Ciprofloxacin (70%), Enrofloxacin (70%), Levofloxacin (60%) and sensitivity observed against ampicillin/Sulbactam (85%), Amoxicillin/sulbactam (75%) and Chloramphenicol (50%). The average multiple antimicrobial resistance index of 20 isolates was 0.7. These 20 isolates subjected to genotypic antimicrobial resistance by PCR and found that 85 and 80% isolates expressed tet A and blaTEM genes which indicates resistance against Tetracycline and β-lactam antimicrobials. The study concludes that higher occurrence of multiple antimicrobial resistant E. coli with genotypic characteristics in broiler farms may pose high risk to human and animal health, therefore regional surveillance on use of antimicrobials and studies on antimicrobial resistant bacteria in broiler needs to be conducted regularly.
Title: A Study on the Prevalence and Some Epidemiological Features of Gastrointestinal Impaction Disorders in Cattle and Buffaloes of Punjab Area
Abstract :
This study to document the prevalence and some epidemiological features of gastrointestinal impaction in cattle and buffaloes
was conducted by undertaking key informant interview (interviews of farmers and visits to dairy farms), case study analysis (observation of cases registered under randomly selected state veterinary hospitals and polyclinics) and retrospective study in various parts of Punjab state. Interview of farmers and visits to dairy farms revealed, overall prevalence of gastrointestinal impaction in cattle and buffaloes to be 0.58 percent (cattle - 0.31%, buffaloes - 1.16%) with signifi cantly (p<0.01) lower prevalence in organised dairy farms as compared to unorganised farms. The annual case incidence of gastrointestinal impaction among cases referred to veterinary hospitals and polyclinics of Punjab was 4.88 percent (cattle - 6.82%, buffaloes - 3.83%) being signifi cantly higher during the month of May (10.44%), April (7.62%) and June (7.61%) attributable to scarcity of green fodder, feeding of wheat straw along with hot and dry climate. Through retrospective analysis of cases admitted at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, the annual case incidence was found to be 13.67 percent (17.77% in buffaloes and 9.11% in cattle) with majority (58.0%) of gastrointestinal impaction cases associated
with foreign body syndrome, and its sequel like diaphragmatic hernia and reticular abscess. The data so generated would be a
basis for further research
Title: Effect of Azolla Supplementation on Production Performance of Narmadanidhi Birds
Abstract :

The present work was carried out in the Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa to study the production performance of Narmadanidhi birds under Azolla supplemented diet on day old chicks. In this study 72 straight run chicks were divided into three groups, comprising three replicates and eight birds in each replicate. The birds of the control group (T1) was fed a basal diet while the other groups (T2) and (T3) was fed 5% and 10% of basal diet replaced by sun dried Azolla powder on DM basis. The birds were reared up to the attainment of market weight (1.0 kg live body weight). Body weight shows significant differences in different groups. Highest body weight was observed in group 2 which was supplemented with 5% Azolla in the diet. Growth rate data in the experimental birds clearly indicated that there was highly significant difference between the groups. The feed intake values revealed significantly lower in both the Azolla fed groups compared to the control group. The Overall FCR was significantly better in T2 group as compared T1 and T3 groups. The study will help to reduce feeding cost and improve the livelihood of rural farmers as additional income source.

Title: Inclusion of Antioxidants in Ovsynch Protocol for Improving Fertility in Pubertal Anestrus Buffalo Heifers
Abstract :

Present work was carried out to study the effect of hormonal regimens, together with vitamin E and selenium on estrus induction and fertility response in pubertal anestrus buffalo heifers. A total of 24 buffalo heifers were selected and equally divided into two groups. Heifers in Group I were treated with Ovsynch protocol, whereas Group II heifers were treated with Ovsynch plus antioxidants (Vitamin E and Selenium) at a dosage rate of 1 ml/50 kg body weight. In both treatment groups, the response to estrus induction was 100 per cent. Time required for onset of estrus ranged between 40 to 65 and 40 to 62 hrs. with an average of 50.17±2.66 and 47.83±1.92 hrs. In Group I and Group II, the duration of estrus was 21.42±0.62 hours and 22.17±0.66 hours, respectively. Intensity of estrus was Intense, intermediate and weak in group I as 33.33, 41.66 and 25.00 per cent, while in group II as 41.66, 50.00 and 8.33 per cent, respectively. First service conception rate in group I treated with Ovsynch protocol was 33.33% and in group II treated with Ovsynch protocol along with antioxidant was 41.66% and similarly overall pregnancy rate in group I and II was 58.33% and 66.66% respectively.

Title: Supplementation of Phyllanthus amarus and Cuminum cyminum Hasten Vaccinal Antibody Response against Newcastle Disease Virus and Increases Gut Absorptive Surface in Backyard Poultry
Abstract :

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease that causes devastating effects in the economy of backyard poultry farmers. Even though, vaccination is highly effective in controlling the disease, the protective antibody titres can only be achieved after second dose of ND vaccine at 3-4 weeks of age. Certain herbs have immune-stimulant property, thus supplementation of herbs can help the chicks to attain the protective antibody titres earlier. In the present study, chicks were fed with Phyllanthus amarus as whole plant along with Cuminum cyminum (seeds) water to hasten the production of antibodies to ND vaccines. Humoral immune responses were assessed in terms of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. Morphometric analysis small intestinal villi were performed to assess the impact of herbal supplements on gut health. Our results showed that birds supplemented with herbs mounted a better immune response to ND vaccines. Birds received herbs attained HI titres ≥log24 as early as 7 days after the primary vaccination (P<0.001) and continued to have protective antibody titres until 60 days-of-hatch. Intestinal morphometry revealed that herbal supplementation significantly improved the length of villi in duodenum (P<0.01) and jejunal portions of small intestine. In conclusion, we suggest that feeding of P. amarus and C. cyminum aids birds to elicit better and earlier protective immune response against ND and improve gut health of backyard poultry.

Title: Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Vibrio spp. Isolated from the Digestive Tract of Cultured Penaeus vannamei
Abstract :

Shrimp digestive tract microflora has been considered important, as it provides several protective and metabolic functions. Misuse of antibiotics could lead to AMR in the gut microbial community, which could be transferred to humans. The present study aimed in determining the prevalence of the digestive tract microbial community and AMR associated with them. A total of 173 isolates were collected and characterised from the digestive tract of 120 shrimps, collected from six different regions of Maharashtra and Gujarat. A total of 144 gram negative isolates comprised predominantly of Vibrio spp were isolated and characterised. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates against 12 different antibiotics was carried out using disk diffusion method. Most of the isolates showed resistant against beta-lactam class of antibiotics and macrolide antibiotics. Among the 144 G negative isolates, 61 (39.5%) isolates were presumptively identified as Vibrio spp, based on their growth on the specific agar plates. Biochemical characterisation of the 61 Vibrio isolates revealed the presence of 31.14% of Vibrio cholerae, 31.14% of V. parahaemolyticus, 19.67% of V. vulnificus, 9.8% of V. harveyi and 8.2% of V. alginolyticus. The antibiogram profile showed that the 40 (74.07%) isolates were resistant to ampicillin, 24 (44.4%) were resistant to cephalothin, 21 (38.8%) were to aztreonam and 17 (31.5%) were resistant against erythromycin. Prevalence of multi-drug resistance was also observed among the bacterial isolates.

Title: Sensory attributes of chevon patties extended with soy protein
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to prepare soy protein (soy crumbles) extended chevon meat patties to determine effect on sensory attributes of the product. The sensory characteristics such as appearance, flavor, texture and juiciness of soy protein extended chevon patties were studied at different storage interval under refrigeration temperature and exhibited non significant variation upto 30% soy protein added patties. While overall acceptability for 30% soy extended chevon patties was significantly higher than the control and other treatments (p<0.5). All Sensory attributes decreased significantly (p<0.05) with advancement of storage period.
Title: Study the Effect of Feed Additives on Physiological Performance of Sahiwal Growing Female Calves During Summer Season in Arid Region of Rajasthan
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics and encapsulated niacin supplementation on physiological parameters of growing Sahiwal female calves during summer season in arid region of Rajasthan. The present investigation was conducted at the Livestock Research Station, Kodamdesar, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences for a period of 90 days during the months of June to August, 2019. Eighteen Sahiwal growing female calves having ages between 6-15 months were procured, such that the calves were the best representation of the population. Calves were housed in a well-ventilated and protected shed and were allocated to three different groups, each group consisting of six calves. The selected female calves were divided into three groups viz., group 1 (G-1), group 2 (G-2) and group 3 (G-3). Group 1 (G-1) calves received basal diet and the calves of group 2 (G-2) and group 3 (G-3) were fed the basal diet additionally supplemented with feed additives. Results revealed that the temperature humidity index (THI), which was used to express the effect of environmental parameters, gradually decreased as the season changed from summer to autumn. The values of physiological parameters, respiration rate (RR), and pulse rate (PR) were beyond the normal range which indicates that the animals were in the state of heat stress. Calves receiving supplementations along with the basal diet showed a reduction in summer heat stress was indicated by a significant decrease in the various stress indicators viz. respiration rate, and pulse rate

Title: Nucleotide variability in partial promoter of IGF-1 gene and its association with body weight in fast growing chicken
Abstract :
Present study was carried out to unravel the variability in the nucleotide sequence of the promoter region of the IGF-1 gene and to delineate the association of polymorphism with body weight, in fast growing chicken. It was observed that the IGF-1 was monomorphic and being monomorphic, no association was observed with body weights in fast growing chicken
Title: Histological Study of Mammary Lobule on Pregnant, Lactation and Involution Stage in Murrah Buffalo
Abstract :

Present experiment was conducted on sixty Murrah buffalo divided into three groups : pregnant, lactating and involution stage/Dry stage. No distinct lobulation was observed during nonlactating early pregnant stage. The ratio between maximum diameter of lobule in nonlactating mid and late pregnant stage was 4:5. Mammary lobules were oval to polygonal in shape. In lactating stage the approximate ratio between maximum diameter of lobule in colostrum stage and three months of lactation were 2:1. The number of alveoli were maximum during colostrum phase and reduced from colostrum stage to ten months of lactation. Highly significant statistical difference in the diameter of lobules and number of alveoli was noticed during different stages of lactation from colostrum to ten month. The number of alveoli was minimum during nonlactating nonpregnant stage from one to two month.

Title: Antibiotic resistance pattern among different Listeria species isolated from mutton and chevon
Abstract :
In the present study, Listeria were isolated and confirmed from 50 mutton and 50 chevon samples and their antibiotic resistance pattern was studied against 18
commonly used antibiotics. Out of 100 samples 4 Listeria isolates are evealed )
resistance against cephotaxime and cloxacillin. Similarily, resistance was observed to cephotaxime, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin and oxytetracycline among two L. welshimeri isolates isolates) whereas L. innocua isolates were resistant resistant to cephotaxime, cefoperazone, cloxacillin, oxytetracycline and gentamicin. Potential transmission of multidrug-resistant from food animals to humans is a serious concern in zoonotic pathogens like Listeria
Title: Effect of Multi-strain Probiotic Feed Supplement on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Commercial Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

Probiotics are the best feed additives used in poultry to establish beneficial gut microflora by maintaining normal intestinal microflora by competitive exclusion antagonism. Three hundred and fifty day old commercial broiler chicks randomly allotted to 7 treatments with 10 replicates containing 5 chicks in each replicate and reared for 42 days. The treatments consist of corn-soya and fish meal-based control diet, control diet supplemented with antibiotic (Bacitracin methylene disalicylate, @500 g/ton) and probiotic at 100, 200, 400, 600 & 800 g/ ton diet. Fish meal (4%) was included in the diets as microbial challenge so as to assess the efficacy of the probiotic supplement. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P<0.05) improved in birds fed on diets supplemented with probiotic at 200 g/ton and higher levels compared with the control. The overall feed consumption was significantly (P<0.05) lower in birds fed on control diet when compared to other treatment groups except the diets supplemented with probiotic 100 g/ton. There were no effects on carcass traits but the percent breast yield (%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds fed diets with probiotics at 400, 600 and 800 g/ton. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in dry matter (DM) and protein retention between the treatments. Hence, it can be concluded that probiotic at 400 g/ton may be supplemented as an alternative to antibiotic for improving performance of broiler chicken.

Title: Epidemiological Pattern of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea and a Randomized On-Field Trial to Evaluate Effectiveness of Zinc
Abstract :

Diarrhea is a major cause of mortality in neonatal calves. The objectives of this on-field trial were to study factors responsible for neonatal diarrhea and to evaluate effectiveness of zinc. Cross-bred calves of either sex aged 1 to 45 days were randomized to one of 5 treatments within 1 day of their first diarrhea onset. Calves received a daily dose of zinc @ 2 or 4 mg/kg BW along with zinc-free oral rehydration solution (ORS) either alone or in combination with sulphamethaxozole and trimethoprim @ 20 mg/kg BW till resolution of clinical signs. Fecal and blood samples were collected upon enrolment and exit and analysed for microbiological and parasitological parameters, and trace elements. The study revealed high (80 %) diarrhea occurrence in spring season; more in calves aged less than 30 days (Odds Ratio = 6.000); more in male (63 %) than female (37%) calves. The association between body weight and diarrhea was strong (Odds Ratio = 6.4167). Comparison of epidemiological parameters revealed no significant difference between healthy and diseased calves. E. coli was isolated from all enrolled subjects but was not considered causal. Salmonella was isolated from 2 cases only. None was found Cryptosporidium positive on coprological examination. Diarrheic calves showed relatively low plasma zinc concentration and high fecal coliform count compared to controls. Calves treated with zinc either @ 2 or 4 mg/kg BW alone or together with antimicrobial took significantly (P<0.05) less number of days for clinical recovery. The results endorsed zinc as a viable non-antimicrobial alternative.

Title: Canine cataracts and its management:An overview
Abstract :
A Cataract, is an opacity within a lens. Out of various eye disorders CATARACT “Clouding of eye lens” is a major problem encountered in canines, and ophthalmic surgery offers great potential for relief of distress and improvement of quality of life. Like a camera eyes have a clear lens inside them that is used for focusing the light. Surgical removal of cataract is a treatment of choice, if restoration of vision is desired. These surgeries are most frequently performed by veterinary ophthalmologists worldwide. Because of required training, operating microscope and microsurgical ophthalmic instruments, cataracts and lens removal is not performed by most veterinarians in clinical patients.
Title: Radiographic Progression and Histopathologic Correlation of Adjuvant Arthritis Ameliorated by Boswellia serrata
Abstract :

Boswellia serrata is an Indian herb known for its potent anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties in ancient folk medicine. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-arthritic potential of Boswellia serrata on radiographic joint damage and histopathology of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with six rats each. While group 1 served as normal control, arthritis was induced in animals belonging to groups 2 (arthritic control); 3, 4 and 5 (treatment groups) by injecting 0.1 ml of Freund’s complete adjuvant, intradermally into the hind foot pad. Treatment protocol was followed from 3rd to 21st day, with Boswellia serrata given orally as methanolic extract @ 500 mg/kg b.wt. to group 3, meloxicam given subcutaneously @1 mg/kg b.wt. to group 4 and both the drugs given concurrently to group 5. The onset and progression of arthritis were assessed weekly by radiographic interpretation. The drug effects were evaluated on the histopathology after completion of the experiment. The extent of paw inflammation before treatment and its subsequent amelioration after treatment were noticed in groups 3, 4 and 5 Boswellia serrata showed better amelioration compared to meloxicam with a superior curative effect witnessed when both the drugs were administered together. The significant alleviation of joint damage in adjuvant-induced arthritis may be attributed to the pharmacologically active principles present in the extracts of Boswellia serrata.

Title: Clinical Efficacy on the Use of Titanium Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing (Ti-IILN) for Repair of Communited Diaphyseal Femur Fractures in Dogs
Abstract :
The study was conducted in dogs with comminuted diaphyseal fractures of femur. The dogs were stabilized with titanium IILN of diameter 5 mm, 6 mm and 8 mm were used. The length of nails used 140 mm, 160 mm and 180 mm. Good implant stability and remarkable improvement with normal limb function except bolt loosening and bolt breakage two dogs. All dogs showed
weight bearing of the affected limb while walking from 3rd day in 3 dogs, 10th day in 2 dogs, 15th day in 2 dogs, 30th day in one dog post-operatively. The mean lameness grades pre-operatively and on 1st day, 15th day, 30th day, 60th day and 90th day post- operatively were found to be 5.00±0.00, 3.25±0.16, 2.50±0.26, 1.50±0.26,1.12±0.12 and 1.00±0.00, respectively. The
mean age of the group to bear the complete weight were seen on 11.75±3.26 days. The radiographs on the 15th post-operative day revealed proper apposition and alignment, on 30th day showed evidence of callus formation, on 60th day, 6 dogs the fracture line disappeared showing clear restitution of cortico-medullary cavity and in two dogs, bridging callus formation. On 90th, day cortico-medullary distinction at the fracture site. Based on the results, it is concluded Titanium IILN was successful in the treatment of comminuted diaphyseal femur fractures in dogs with lower rate of failure and fewer complications and offered early return of limb function, with good fracture stability till the completion of the bone healing in all dogs when compared to stainless steel IILN.
Title: Comparative Biometrical Studies on the Trachea and Lungs in Adult Pashmina, Bakerwali and Non-descript Goats of Jammu & Kashmir State
Abstract :

This present study was conducted on the trachea and lungs of adult Pashmina, Bakerwali and non-descript goats to compare the biometrical features of these organs among these breeds. For this, a total of 10 samples from each goat breed were collected. The mean length of the trachea in adult Pashmina, Bakerwali and non-descript goats were recorded as 19.70±0.55 cm, 27.35±0.43 cm and 27.24±1.02 cm, respectively. It was found that the length of the trachea was significantly shorter in case of Pashmina goat as compared to the other two breeds. Also, the width of the middle segment of the trachea was found to be significantly lesser in Pashmina goat. Similarly, the mean weight of the two lungs and their length at various levels in regard to different lobes showed variations among these three breeds and were significant for some biometrical parameters.

Title: Efficiency of Sesame Seeds as Fat Replacer to Develop Functional Chicken Sausage
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to explore the efficacy of sesame seeds (ST1, ST2 and ST3) on quality characteristics of chicken sausages replacing 50% vegetable fat (refined oil) at 0.75, 1.50 and 2.25% level. The formulation of emulsion was maintained by addition of water accordingly. The emulsion pH, product pH and moisture content increased whereas emulsion stability, product fat and emulsion fat content decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of sesame seeds in chicken sausage. Fat retention, water activity and moisture retention values of treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control, whereas a significant (P<0.05) decrease was observed among the treatments with increased level of sesame seeds. No significant difference was observed on protein as well as ash content between control and treatments. Among the textural and colour parameters, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience values increased significantly (P<0.05) whereas lightness values decreased significantly (P<0.05) in treatments. There was no significant difference in hardness, redness and yellowness values between control and treatments. The scores of all sensory attributes decreased significantly (P<0.05) in treatments, however there was no significant difference between ST1 and ST2 for many sensory attributes including overall acceptability. Therefore, ST2- chicken sausage incorporated with 1.50% sesame seeds were selected as the best treatment.

Title: A comparative Study between Blood Smear, Whole Blood PCR and FTA Card PCR for Diagnosis of Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis in Cattle
Abstract :

Bovine theileriosis, a tick borne haemoprotozoan disease, caused by, Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis and responsible for heavy economical losses in dairy industry. Diagnosis of theileriosis is mainly based on clinical signs and conventional techniques. Polymerase chain reaction using whole blood is a modern method of diagnosis of theileriosis as it can detect infection even in low parasitemia but only concern is that its very time consuming and chances of loss of DNA is more. Hence, to overcome this, the present study reports the diagnosis of T. annulata and T. orientalis by comparing Whole blood PCR and FTA card PCR whereas a comparison between blood smear examination, whole blood PCR and FTA card PCR was done to determine the sensitivity of the techniques. The study was conducted on 50 blood samples of cattle having typical clinical signs and blood smear after staining with Giemsa’s stain were examined for presence of Theileria spp. in R.B.C. The primer sequences were used as per Kolte et al and Kakati et al. The assay employs primers specific for the gene encoding the 30-kDa major merozoite surface antigen of T. annulata and Major merozoite surface protein gene of T. orientalis. Out of total 50 blood samples, 16 were positive for Theileria sp. by blood smear examination, 19 were positive for T. annulata by Whole blood PCR and FTA card PCR whereas for T. orientalis, 26 were positive by whole blood and 27 samples by FTA card PCR. So the diagnosis of theileriosis by using FTA card PCR is found to be sensitive and less time consuming method as compared to Whole blood PCR.

Title: Serological Prevalence of Abortifacient Agents in Female Mijaheem Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia
Abstract :

Sera from 378 female Mijaheem camels of different age groups were collected from different parts of the country. All of them were simultaneously tested serologically for specific antibodies against brucellosis, chlamydiosis and coxiellosis while 368 of the same serum samples were also tested for toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results were statistically analyzed to determine the prevalence rate of each of these abortifacient agents and the association of the geographical location and age of the animal with the prevalence. The overall serological prevalence was 16.67% for brucellosis, 49.18% for toxoplasmosis, 13.32% for neosporosis, 10.05% for chlamydiosis and 42.36% for coxiellosis. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between the serological prevalence of each of the studied abortifacient agents with the location of the animal, and there was also a significant association with age in the case of toxoplasmosis and chlamydiosis. The results indicate that the causative agents of brucellosis, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, chlamydiosis and coxiellosis are widespread among indigenous Mijaheem camels in Saudi Arabia, and that their prevalence varied with region and age group. These different agents should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of infectious abortion in Saudi Arabian camels.

Title: Sero-Epidemiological and Therapeutic Aspects of Brucellosis (Brucella Abortus) in Cattle & Buffaloes
Abstract :
The present study was envisaged to record the seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes in Chhattisgarh, India by employing the three serological tests viz. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Standard Tube Agglutination Test (STAT) and Indirect-Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) and to compare their sensitivity and specificity. The study also aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of combination of long acting oxytetracycline and streptomycin in brucellosis infected cattle. A total of 250 serum samples; 176 from cattle and 74 from buffaloes were screened for presence of Brucella antibodies by RBPT, STAT and Indirect ELISA. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis in Chhattisgarh state of India by RBPT, STAT and I-ELISA was 13.0% 19.8% and 31.2% respectively in cattle whereas 16.2%, 14.8% and 20.2% respectively in buffaloes.
Cattle of >6 years age group showed highest seroprevalence followed by 4-6 years and lowest in 0-2 years age group. On the contrary, buffaloes of 4-6 years age group showed highest seroprevalence followed by >6 years age group. Seroprevalence was higher in crossbred than indigenous cattle and more in female animals in cattle and buffaloes. Sensitivity of RBPT and STAT was recorded 47.14% and 57.14%, while specificity was recorded 98.88% and 96.11% respectively. Thus, STAT was found to be more sensitive but less specific than RBPT. In this study, overall agreement of RBPT and STAT with ELISA was found to be 84.4% and 85.2% respectively. The therapeutic study of brucella infected animals revealed that long acting oxytetracycline and streptomycin combination had a significant decrease in the antibody titre on the 30th day of post treatment.
Title: Economic Impact of Challenge Feeding on Milk Production of Crossbred Cows
Abstract :

The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of ‘challenge feeding’ on the performance and economics of milk yield of crossbred cows. During the research trial in the pre-partum period, animals of the T1 control group were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance per day from the 60th day to prior to calving till the day of parturition. T2 group animals were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance plus 1.5 kg concentrate as challenge feed per day from 60th day to 22nd day prior to calving and from 22nd day prior to calving till parturition animals were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance plus 2 kg concentrate as challenge feed per day. T3 group animals were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance plus 2 kg concentrate as challenge feed per day from 60th day to 22nd prior to calving and from 22nd prior to calving till parturition animals were fed 1 kg concentrate for maintenance plus 2.5 kg concentrate as challenge feed per day. The overall mean daily milk yield per animal was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 (11.03 kg) as compared to T2 (9.85 kg) & T1 (6.96 kg). The cost of per litre milk production was ` 25.90, 23.79, and 23.72 in T1, T2, and T3 groups respectively. It was concluded that the practice of challenge feeding of crossbred cows improved the production performance during early lactation without affecting their periparturient health and was found to be economical.

Title: Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance in Goat Farms from Semi-Arid Zone of Haryana
Abstract :
Two unorganized goat farms from dry semi-arid zone of Haryana were surveyed to assess the status of anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). A total of 120 goats, 60 each from Sighwal village, Jind (SVJ) and Andhli village, Kaithal (AVK) with at least 150 egg per gram (EPG) of faeces were selected. Goats were divided into four groups of 15 animals each in SVJ (G1, G2, G3 and G4) and AVK (B1, B2, B3 and B4) farms. Group G1 and B1 were treated with fenbendazole (@ 10 mg/kg b.wt. orally), group G2 and B2 were treated with closantel (@ 20 mg/kg b.wt. orally), group G3 and B3 were treated with ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection) and group G4 and B4 served as untreated control. Faecal samples were collected on zero and 14th day after treatment from all groups and egg counts were done by Modified Mc Master technique. Per cent reduction in faecal egg counts by fenbendazole, closantel and ivermectin in SVJ was 63.01, 86.01 and 72.60 and in AVK was 57.31, 80.48 and 78.04, respectively. The post-treatment coproculture of both SVJ and AVK farms showed only Haemonchus contortus larvae. Thus, the present study indicates the presence of resistance against fenbendazole, closantel and ivermectin i.e. multiple anthelmintic resistance in unorganized goat farms from semi-arid zone of Haryana.
Title: Proximates Composition, Physiochemical Properties of Dogs Food and Nutritional Practices Adopted by Dog Owners in Central Punjab
Abstract :

This research was conducted to study the nutritional practices adopted by the dog owners in the Central Punjab. 50 dog feed samples were collected from various part of Central Punjab, which includes Patiala, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ludhiana, Moga, Jalandhar, Tarn-Taran and Amritsar. Moreover, 491 dog owners were randomly selected and interviewed directly by visiting houses and polyclinics from Central Punjab. The appraisal of data revealed that, 42% of population offer homemade feed, 6% population offer exclusively commercial feed and 52% of the population offer both homemade and commercial feed to their pets. 28% of the population of the Central Punjab feed only vegetarian diet to their dogs while 72% of the population offer mixed feed. 95% of the population feed chapatti to their dogs however, only 33% of the dog owners feed rice to pets. Milk is offered by 84% dog owners to their pets. Nutrient composition of feed samples indicated that 24% of feed samples were in range of 18-22% protein, 94% of the feed samples were having less than 5% fat and 66% of feed samples were having fibre less than 3.5%. The pH value was less than 4.0. Based on the data available, it is clearly indicated that feeding practices followed by the dog owners in Central Punjab closely followed the trend of food consumed by the dog owners. 60% of the feed samples were found not to fulfill the overall nutrient requirement of dogs. The microbial parameters were well below the prescribed limits.

Title: Status of Maternal Derived Antibody Against Rabies in Naive Puppies in Chennai
Abstract :

Thirty-six blood samples were collected randomly from puppies [18 puppies each from vaccinated (Group I) and unvaccinated (Group II) dam] brought to Immunization Unit, Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai. The samples were subjected to functional antibody assay (RFFIT) to know the kinetics of maternal derived antibody (MDA) against rabies. The mean MDA titre in group I and II puppies were found as 1.07 ± 0.18 IU/mL and 0.30 ± 0.037 IU/mL respectively. The statistical analysis (Student “t” test) revealed a highly significant difference (P<0.01) between MDA of two groups. Thus, this study strongly suggests that the dogs less than three months of age in endemic regions needs to be immunized against rabies in view of maintaining the population immunity and to reduce the bioburden of rabies risk.

Title: Cross Anthelmintic Resistance in Goats of Unorganized Sector in Haryana
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to detect the status of anthelmintic resistance of fenbendazole and morantel against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats of village Badhra, district Charkhi dadri, Haryana. Forty five goats with eggs per gram of more than or equal to 150 were divided into three groups i.e. G1, G2 and G3 of 15 animals each. Group G1 and G2 were treated with fenbendazole @ 10 mg/kg b.wt. orally and morantel @ 20 mg/ kg b.wt. orally, respectively. Group G3 served as untreated control. Faecal egg count of goats was ascertained on day of treatment (0 day) and 12th day post treatment (PT) of all groups by the modified McMaster technique. Pooled faecal cultures were made to recover infective larvae on day 0 and 12 PT. Results revealed that fenbendazole (G1) and morantel (G2) reduced the faecal egg counts by 76.47% and 70.80% on 12th day PT with upper and lower confidence levels as 89.30% and 48.23% and 82.43% and 51.48%, respectively indicating moderate anthelmintic resistance against both drugs. The post-treatment coproculture showed larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides sp. Thus, the present study revealed presence of cross anthelmintic resistance against fenbendazole and morantel in goats of unorganized sector in Charkhi Dadri district of Haryana.

Title: A Methodological Pathway to Quantify Perception of the Participants in Animal Fairs with relevance to National Dairy Mela at NDRI Karnal, Ind
Abstract :
Mela is the Hindi language word for fair, which is a traditional media to learn, earn, participate and share information. The paper describes perception scale development process and identification of different prospects of perception of the participants by administrating the tool on 60 randomly selected participants, during the three-day event of national dairy meals from 25th to 27th February 2015 at NDRI, Karnal. Final scale consisted of 20 statements (14 positive and 6 negatives) for which the t-values were found to be significant at one percent level of significance at 18 df and Cronbach’s alpha value of reliability was 0.851. Two other reliability tests were accomplished and Cochran's test of ANOVA was performed to test the signifi cance level of all 3 reliability test and it was signifi cant at 1 percent level (p<0.001). Content validity of the scale (S-CVI value) was 0.831. PCA extracted 4 prospects viz., ‘recognition prospect’, ‘learning prospect’, ‘get better prospect’, and ‘supportive prospect’. This methodological pathway viz., t-values cut-off for selection of statements based on the degree of freedom rule, reliability triangulation, Cochran's test for reliability signifi cance and extracting the latent constructs through PCA, can be followed by stakeholders for constructing different types of psychological scales. The attributes identified ed through PCA can be utilized in effective management and planning for organizing successful animal fairs.
Title: Effect of Different Cooking Methods on the Quality Attributes of Chicken Meat Cutlets
Abstract :
Present study was envisaged to assess the effect of various cooking methods viz. deep fat frying, oven cooking, air frying, and oven cooking followed by shallow frying for preparation of chicken meat cutlets. Three different treatments as per prestandardized formulations viz. Control, T1 (chicken meat cutlets with 30% meat emulsion) and T2 (with 3% refi ned wheat fl our) were cooked by various cooking methods and subjected to various physico-chemical, instrumental colour and textural attributes and sensory quality attributes. Under deep fat frying and oven cooking, cooking yield of treatments were recorded signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher than control. Treatments scored better on various dimensional parameters such as increase in height, decrease in length and decrease in breadth irrespective of different cooking methods. The increase in height was recorded highest for T2 irrespective of cooking methods. The fat percent for T1 and T2 was recorded signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher for deep fat frying (T1) and combination of oven and shallow frying. Flavour scores had been signifi cantly (P<0.05) improved for T2, whereas T1 and C were comparable under different cooking methods. T2 showed signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher overall acceptability scores than C and T1. Thus oven cooking followed by shallow frying was found optimum for preparation of chicken cutlets.
Title: Ultrasound Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland in Dogs
Abstract :

Ultrasonography is a method of choice for imaging visceral organs in animals. The aim of the study was to determine the ultrasonographic characteristics of the thyroid gland in healthy dogs and to correlate the relationships of thyroid gland size and volume with body weight. A total of 24 apparently healthy dogs of different breeds were grouped into four groups (each with 6 animals) based on their body weight viz., less than 7 Kgs, 7-15 kgs, 15-30 kgs and more than 30 kgs. Each thyroid lobe was ultrasonographically observed in both transverse and longitudinal planes. The maximal length, width and height of each lobe and thyroid volume were measured. The data were analyzed statistically. In all the groups, thyroid lobes were round to oval in transverse images and fusiform or elliptical in longitudinal images with the smooth capsule. The parenchyma of the thyroid lobes had a homogenous echogenic pattern. There was no significant difference observed between the mean height, length, width and volume of both the lobes of the thyroid gland with body weight among the four groups at 5% level of significance (p< 0.05).

Title: Morphological Traits of Pubertal and Pregnant Frieswal Heifers Under Field Conditions
Abstract :
Present study was conducted in U. S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand on 131 Frieswal heifers reared by 127 farmers under 5 AI centres to study the farmers profile and factors affecting on morphological traits of Frieswal heifers. Data on socioeconomic characteristics were collected from the farmers using questionnaire. Body measurements were taken when the animal was standing comfortably and evenly on her feet on hard plain ground. Maximum of the respondents were educated (73.23 %), owned small herd size of 3AUE (44.09 %), possessed up to 5 acres land (44.09 %) and very few (23.62 %) were landless. Least-squares means (cm) of 47 pubertal and 62 pregnant heifers were 118.7 ± 1.7 and 134.1 ± 1.9 for BL, 114.5 ± 1.3 and 121.3 ± 1.2 for HAW, 143.1 ± 2.3 and 162.7 ± 2.4 for CG, 150.9 ± 3.0 and 173.5 ± 3.0 for PG, 41.0 ± 0.9 and 43.8 ± 0.9 for FL, 29.7 ± 0.9 and 31.7 ± 0.9 for FW, 17.4 ± 0.3 and 19.1 ± 0.4 for EPL, 67.3 ± 1.2 and 70.3 ± 1.1 for HE, 33.6 ± 0.8 and 37.3 ± 1.2 for HK, 109.1 ± 1.2 and 115.0 ± 1.2 for HPB, 112.6 ± 1.4 and 119.6 ± 1.1 for HHB, 3.08 ± 0.07 and 3.83 ± 0.07 m2 for BSA, 5.15 ± 0.23 and 5.62 ± 0.24 mm for SFT and 227.0 ± 9.3 and 331.7 ± 10.9 kg for EBW, respectively. Land holding had significant effect on HAW, HE and HK in pubertal heifers. Whereas, stage of gestation had significant effect on BSA, SFT and EBW in pregnant heifers.
Title: Influence of Aloe barbadensis (Miller 1768) Extract on White Blood Cells Counts a Immunological Parameters of Adult Heterobranchus Bidorsalis (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809)
Abstract :
Aloe barbadensis extract was incorporated in the feeds of adult Heterobranchus bidorsalis at concentrations of 0.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, and 125.0 mg/Kg of feeds in triplicates. Fresh gel was mixed with feeds and sundried. The fish werefed at 6% body weight divided into two rations per day. The fish were fed for 14 days before being analysed for hematological parameters such as total white blood cell count, lymphocyte, neutrophils counts, eosinophils counts, basophils counts as well as monocyte counts. The monocytes and eosinophils were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the treated fish while basophils were not encountered at all. The neutrophils and lymphocytes being the immune responsive leucocytes were increased in circulation due to Aloe barbadensis exposure. Aloe barbadensis extract
is therefore recommended as fish supplements at concentration of 50.0 to 75.0 mg/Kg of feeds for adult Heterobranchus
Title: Dynamics of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Sheep during Peri-parturient Period on Organized Farm
Abstract :

The strongyle and coccidian parasitism was monitored through faecal eggs/oocysts count in Muzaffarnagri ewes, during peri-parturient period (PPP) to study the prevalence and effect of different environmental factors. The data generated on faecal count were transformed using log transformation (log (n +100)) for normalization. The transformed data were analyzed through least squares analysis considering the effects of factors like physiological state (pregnancy/lactation), season of lambing and years. Resulted means were back-transformed and presented as Geometric means. Strongyle worms and coccidian infections were the major infections affecting the ewes. Haemonchus contortus was the predominant strongyle worm in the ewes though worms like Oesophagostomum and Trichuris spp. were also observed. Coccidian infection was mixed and seven species of Eimeria were recorded. Overall prevalence of coccidian and strongyle worm in ewes during PPP was found to be 54.31 and 33.40 percent respectively. Specific coccidian prevalence in pregnant and lactating ewe during PPP was 54.98 and 48.18 percent respectively while strongyle prevalence was 31.07 and 36.50 percent, respectively. The coccidian prevalence in peri-parturient ewes differed kidding and lactating season-wise and Year-wise. However, the observation with strongyle worm infection was reverse. Mean faecal egg count (FEC) in lactating ewes was found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) than pregnant ewes. Also, means FEC in ewes lambed in two different seasons were significantly (P<0.001) different. Similarly significant variations in FEC were observed between years of lambing. Though, mean FOC in pregnant and lactating ewes did not differ significantly yet the effect of lambing season on FOC was significant and ewes lambed in first season (February–April) showed lower FOC mean.

Title: In Vitro Antibacterial Potentials of Various Extracts of Rosemary Leaf Powder and Black Cumin Seed Powder
Abstract :

The present investigation was undertaken for in vitro screening of antibacterial activities of acetone, benzene and ethyl acetate extract of Rosemary leaf powder and Black cumin seed powder. In vitro antibacterial efficacy of selected plants was assessed by well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that ethyl acetate and acetone extract of black cumin seed powder were most effective against the Staphylococcus aureus. The ethyl acetate extracts of Rosemary leaf powder was most effective against the Escherichia coli, while benzene extract of both herbs remained ineffective against Escherichia coli. The ethyl acetate extracts of both herbs were effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas acetone and benzene extracts of both herbs remained ineffective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. The Present study showed that these plants possess compounds with antibacterial activity.

Title: Goat Rearing Practices of Ahir Community in High Rainfall Zones of South Gujarat
Abstract :
The Ahirs are non-nomadic and resourceful people of South Gujarat having ample traditional knowledge of goat keeping. The study was done to document existing goat management practices of Ahirs in Valsad and Navsari districts of South Gujarat by selecting 300 Ahir goat keepers by multi stage random sampling technique. The data regarding socio-economic status, feeding and housing management were collected by interview schedule and tabulated for statistical analysis. Results revealed that majority of the respondents (67.67%) were in middle age category with an average age of about 50 years. Majority of the respondents (94%) were marginal land holders with an average land holding of 0.68±0.03 hectare. Average fl ock size was 47.13±1.79 heads and about 68% of Ahir respondents reared large animals along with goats. Goats were reared by the practice of 2 to 8 hour daily browsing which required 1 to 10 km daily travelling, whereas browsing duration and travelling was signifi cantly (p<0.01) affected by the seasons. Majority of the Ahirs were high adopters of cleanliness, site selection, ventilation and drainage in goat shed. However, low level of adoption was observed in provisions of feeding space, overhang length and slate gapping in goat shed. Majority of the respondents kept kids in separate enclosures (wada). Almost all the respondents sold kids at 6 to 9 months of age, on cash payment basis to butchers and not on the basis of body weight.
Title: Effect of Dietary Combination of Probiotics and Prebiotic on Performance Indices and Haematological Parameters in Pearl Guinea Fowls (Numida meleagris)
Abstract :

The study aims to evaluate the effects of a commercial probiotics and prebiotic combination on performance indices and haematological parameters of guinea fowls. A total of forty (n=40) day-old pearl guinea fowls raised to 12-week-old were used for the study. The fowls were wing-banded, weighed individually and randomly allocated into two groups of 20 fowls each, with each having two replicates. Experimental fowls were fed grower diet supplemented with 0.5 g of probiotics and prebiotic combination per kg feed for 8 weeks, while the control fowls were fed a grower diet that was not supplemented. Feed consumption and water intake were recorded daily, chest circumference, body weight, percentage weigh gain and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly, while blood samples were collected in the last week of the experiment to evaluate the haematological parameters. All birds were kept under similar environmental, managerial and hygienic conditions. The results revealed that experimental fowls had significantly (P < 0.05) higher feed consumption, water intake, total protein, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count and haemoglobin (Hb), but lower total leucocyte count (TLC) compared with control. No significant difference was observed in other haematological parameters and performance indices between the two groups. In conclusion, 0.5 g/kg diet of prebiotics and probiotic combination improved erythropoiesis and nutritional status of guinea fowls; however, the results of performance indices suggest that this dose may not be optimum, thus necessitating the need for more research using other dosages.

Title: Scanning Electron Microscopical and Morphometrical Studies on Ruminal Papillae of Sheep Fed on Concentrates
Abstract :
The objective of this study was to explore the time course of morphological
alterations of rumen papillae after changing the diet from hay (ad libitum) to a
mixed hay/concentrate diet. A total of 24 sheep were subjected to different periods of mixed hay/concentrate feeding ranging from 0 weeks (control; hay ad libitum) to 12 weeks (1-1.5 kg hay plus 780 g concentrate per day in two equal portions). Macro- and mesoscopic examinations, as well as scanning electron microscopical techniques were employed to study the rumen papillae of the different groups. Scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M) examination revealed that time and change of diet has greatly influenced ruminal papillae. This influence was expressed by the pronounced change of the papillae from small, tongue shaped when the animals were fed on hay to large, heavily cornified, finger_ and foliate_ shaped when fed on concentrates for 4-6 weeks. Morphometric analysis indicated that the increase in the length and number of papillae was also correlated to the duration of feeding
concentrates for 4-6 weeks. The total surface of papillae increased in the 2 days concentrate-fed sheep to 2 folds of that of hay-fed sheep and reached the maximum value (4 folds) within 4 weeks of concentrate feeding. It is concluded that the most of the adaptation events were significantly established in 4-6 weeks; changes in 12 weeks were similar, but less developed
Title: Ultrasonographic Findings of Urinary System in Dogs suffering from Chronic Renal Failure
Abstract :

A total of 24 dogs suffering from azoturia on the basis of elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine level were subjected to ultrasonographic examination. The examination was performed in sternal recumbancy using 3.5 Mhz transducers with convex probe. Kidney and urinary bladder along with tract were explored for any abnormal changes. Different affections observed in 24 dogs were cystitis in 54.15%, loss of demarcation of kidney medulla and cortex in 37.5% cases, irregular shape and diffused border in 37.5%, nephritis in 25% of cases, hydronephrosis was observed in 20.83% cases and cystolith was also observed in 12.5% cases. Most important ultrasonographic features in these affections included cystitis and small kidneys with loss of corticomedullary demarcation (“end-stage” kidneys). Ultrasonography of urinary system serves as a prognostic and diagnostic marker in cases of chronic kidney disease.

Title: Evaluation of Therapeutic Potential of Poly Herbal Formulation on Sub Clinical Mastitis
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to determine efficacy of poly herbal formulation (combination of Moringa oleifera, Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica leaves and Curcuma longa rhizome) on sub clinical mastitis in cows. For this study, Three cows (12 quarters) were considered apparently healthy control group (group A) after thorough physical examination and various diagnostic tests. A total of nine cows (36 quarters) found positive for sub clinical mastitis on screening were randomly divided into three groups with three animals (12 quarters) each. Poly herbal formulation was administered orally for seven days twice daily at 10 mg/kg in group B animals. Group C animals were treated with conventional treatment for seven days. Group D animals were treated with combination of Poly herbal formulation and conventional treatment. Therapeutic efficacy of poly herbal formulation was evaluated based on alteration of somatic cell count of milk and qualitative changes in milk. A significant increased concentration of SCC and pH of milk and significantly decreased concentration of fat and solid not fat (%) was reported in SCM affected animals as compared to healthy control before treatment. Poly herbal formulation significantly reduced the SCC and pH as well as significantly increased the fat and SNF (%) as that of conventional therapy. The combination of poly herbal formulation and conventional treatment accelerate the recovery. Hence, the present poly herbal formulation may be advised along with conventional treatment for early recovery in sub clinical mastitis.

Title: Assessment of Rational Use of Veterinary Drugs in Modjo Veterinary Clinic, Ethiopia
Abstract :

A retrospective study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 at Modjo veterinary clinic in East Shoa zone, Oromia region, central Ethiopia with the aim of evaluating the current rational use of veterinary drugs on live stock. In this study, a total of 1660 drug products were prescribed for a total of 1500 randomly selected animal patients. The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 1.11 with maximum of three. The percentage of antimicrobials and anthelmintic encountered were 60.41% (1003/1660) and 35.24% (585/1660), respectively. The most commonly prescribed antimicrobials were oxytetracycline 864 (52.04%), penicillin and streptomycin combination 136 (8.19%) and anthelmintics were ivermectine 560(33.7%) and albendazole 17(1.02%). Among all patients admitted to Modjo veterinary clinic 98.2% were treated empirically, without getting correct definitive (laboratory supported) diagnosis. Antimicrobials were prescribed irrationally for cases which were tentatively diagnosed as parasitic 8.6%. Besides, anthelmintics were prescribed irrationally for cases which were tentatively diagnosed as bacteria 28.7% and viral 3.8%. The finding has shown problems in generic prescribing,incorrect diagnosis, over use of drug and misuse of drugs. Therefore improve availability of key essential drugs on stock through good drug supply management to reduce misuse of drugs and therapeutic failure is recommended.

Title: Prevalence Rate of Haemoprotozoan Infection and Assessment of Associated Risk Factors in Dairy Animals from Bikaner Region of Rajasthan, India
Abstract :

Haemoprotozoan diseases have deleterious impact on health and production of animals causing death in acute cases, production losses in chronically affected animals which decrease economic share of livestock sector. Thus with aim to record prevalence rate of haemoprotozoan infection in diary animals from Bikaner region of Rajasthan (India) present study was conducted from January to September 2021 on 200 (117 cattle and 83 Buffalo) dairy animals. Conventional microscopy method of Giemsa’s stained blood smears was used for screening blood samples for haemoprotozoans. Out of total screened 24(20.5%) cattle and 13(15.7%) buffalo were found positive for haemoprotozoans with highly prevalent Theileria spp. 12.5% (25) followed by Anaplasma spp. 3.0% (6), Babesia spp. and mixed infection 1.5% (3) each. Age wise highest prevalence showed by below 6 months aged (22.3%) followed by > 2 years (20.9%) and 6 months to 2 years (19.7%) in cattle and below 6 months (23.1%) followed by 6 months to 2 years (16.7%) and > 2 years (10.7%) in buffalo. Breed wise crossbred cattle showed highest infection rate of 23.5% with female more infected in both species 24.1% (20/83) in cattle and 18.7% (11/59) buffalo and highest prevalence rate in monsoon season in both cattle(28.4%) and buffalo(24%).

Title: Performance of Cattle Insurance in Select Districts of Karnataka
Abstract :

The study was conducted in Kolar, Shivamogga and Dharwad districts representing Southern, Malnad and Northern regions of the Karnataka. The data was collected from secondary sources for the selected districts and State. The study employed Compound Annual Growth Rate (CGAR). The results showed that number of animals insured under National Livestock Insurance (NLM) scheme in Karnataka between periods (2006-18) grew from 9487 to 236332 with CAGR of 28.52 per cent. The claim to premium percentage varied from 20 to 81 per cent. Number of animals insured was found to be higher under Cattle Group Insurance scheme (26278 to 37477) than NLM scheme (970 to 7360) in Kolar district between periods (2015-18). The lowest claim to premium percentage was observed in Dharwad under NLM scheme ranging between 13.32 to 25.46 per cent in the period of 2015-16 to 2017-18.

Title: Effect of Three Spices on Oral Glucose Tolerance and Biochemical Parameters in Experimentally Induced Type-II Diabetes: A Comparative Study
Abstract :

The aqueous seed extract of black cumin, fenugreek, garlic and combination of these three extracts were evaluated for its antidiabetic potential by estimating biochemical parameters and glucose tolerance level on normal and Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. The rats were divided into six groups as normal, diabetic control and four aqueous extracts (black cumin, fenugreek, garlic and combination of these three) treated groups. In this experiment, the aqueous extracts were administered to STZ-NT induced diabetic rats at the doses of 500 mg/kg BW P.O. per day for 30 days. The comparative effect of extracts on oral glucose tolerance test and ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, BUN, Uric acid, creatinine, and glucose level were evaluated. The statistical data indicated there was a significant increase in glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, BUN, Uric acid and creatinine level in diabetic rats as compared to normal rats. Comparative effect of aqueous treated group indicates that black cumin and fenugreek extract treated groups had better glucose tolerance as compared to other extract treated groups in diabetic rats. Conclusively, the aqueous extracts of black cumin, fenugreek, garlic, and their combination had beneficial effects in producing hypoglycemic effect along with significantly alleviating the altered biochemical enzymes in STZ-NT induced diabetic rats.

Title: Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Clinical Setting and Dairy Farm Environment of Jammu
Abstract :
A study was carried out to assess the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the dairy farm environment of Jammu district and the clinical setting in the SKUAST- J, R. S. Pura vis-à-vis their phenotypic and genotypic characterization for the antimicrobial pattern and the mecA gene producing ability. A total of 60 samples of environment comprising of dust and clinical setting swabs were collected and analysed using standard bacteriological methods. The S. aureus isolates were further processed to identify and characterize MRSA, with an aim to ascertain the characteristics that might be associated with the virulence and resistance of MRSA, making use of conventional and molecular methods. Polymerase chain reaction was employed to identify 533bp mecA gene from MRSA isolates. The results revealed a prevalence of S. aureus 14/30 (46.7%) and 18/30 (60%) in dairy farm environment and clinical settings, respectively. From 32 positive S. aureus dust swabs, 6 (18.75%) were found to be MRSA. This study revealed resistance of S. aureus to Penicillin G, Ampicillin and Streptomycin. However, sensitivity to Cephalothin, Amikacin and Gentamicin was found. The present study revealed that Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA transmission can occur from infected farms, dairy and clinical environments to
animals. However, future studies are required to elucidate the transmission potential and magnitude of the problem.
Title: Clinical Evaluation of Two Techniques for Surgical Correction of Prolapsed Gland of the Third Eyelid in Dogs
Abstract :
The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical outcome and post surgical complications of two techniques for correction of prolapsed of third eyelid gland in dogs. The study was conducted in twelve clinical cases with unilateral prolapse of third eye lid gland in six and bilateral prolapse in six dogs, presented to Veterinary clinical complex (VCC), College of Veterinary Science,Jabalpur. Partial excision technique and Morgan’s pocket technique were employed for the treatment. Schirmer tear test values were recorded for the dogs subjected to surgical procedures on 1,7,15 and 30 postoperative days. Other complications were recorded till 30 days post procedure. Recurrence of prolapsed gland of third eyelid and development of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca was followed up for 12 months. It was noted that till 30 days, no significant difference on tear production was observed in dogs subjected to either of procedure. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca and corneal ulcer were reported in only one eye (n=1/9) in partial excision Group-I after 80 days. In the Group-II, one eye (n=1/9) suffered recurrence of prolapsed gland of third eye lid on day 11, post procedure due to suture break. It was concluded that, both partial excision of third eye lid gland and Morgan’s pocket technique can be used effectively for correction of cherry eye condition. The choice of technique is dependent on surgeon’s choice and competency.
Title: Differentiation of Marek’s Disease Virus Isolates from India by Sequence Analysis of Meq Gene
Abstract :

The main aim of the present study was to investigate sequence diversity and mutations in the Meq gene of Marek’s disease viruses (MDV) isolated in India. To understand the molecular characteristics of MDV Meq gene, the sequence generated from Directorate of Poultry Research (DPR) farm and commercial poultry farms isolates were compared with published sequences of Indian isolates. Sequence analysis showed that all of the isolates contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1020 nucleotides, which encoded a 339 amino acid peptides. In the present phylogenetic study, Meq gene sequence generated from MDV strains of DPR isolate was found to share a clade with previously published DPR strains depicting homogenecity in MDV strain prevalent in DPR farm of Hyderabad. The Meq gene sequence of MDV strains amplified from commercial poultry farm found to be evolutionary closer with Ludhiana isolates. Amino acid sequence decoded from Meq gene sequence revealed that four consecutive proline repeats are three in number in DPR isolates while it ranges from 4-5 quadruple proline repeats in commercial farms samples. The published MDV strains from India has 4-5 consecutive four proline repeats in strains from the commercial farms. In the present study, a single point mutation was recorded in Meq gene sequence of DPR isolate where proline was replaced by serine at 233 positions. This mutation is recorded for the first time in Meq gene sequence of Indian isolates. The present study shows that the MDV strains from DPR farm were more virulence than other Indian isolates.

Title: Subclinical Endometritis in Postpartum Buffaloes: An Emerging Threat
Abstract :
Buffalo contributes 12.8 per cent of world milk supply. In India, buffalo accounts for 33 per cent of the milk producing animals and 45 per cent of overall milk production of the country. Optimum fertility of buffaloes is the key to economically successful dairy farming. Postpartum uterine infections have negative impact on reproductive performance leading to drastic reduction in farm return. Endometritis being one of the major postpartum disorder causing heavy losses to dairy industry. Postpartum sub-clinical endometritis is defi ned as an endometrial infl ammation occurring 21 days or more after parturition without any clinical signs whereas clinical endometritis is indicated by the presence of purulent/mucopurulent discharge. Routine methods for diagnosing endometritis involve uterine biopsy, lavage and swab but these techniques causes irritation and distortion of cells. Endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique is most effi cient and early diagnostic technique when used along with microbial assay for diagnosis of sub-clinical endometritis. Following diagnostic accuracy, one has to use appropriate therapy for management of this condition. An effective treatment is one which eliminates load of pathogenic bacteria and enhances uterine defense and repair mechanisms, and thereby halts and reverses the infl ammatory changes that impair fertility. The treatment of endometritis should not be limited to clinical or bacteriological cure but also be economical and should improve the fertility. A wide variety of therapies for endometritis have been used with variable success proving the treatment of this condition to be
still challenging.
Title: Evaluation of Dose-Dependent Cytotoxic Effects of Graphene Oxide-Iron Oxide Nanocomposite on Caprine Wharton’s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Abstract :
Present experiment was aimed to study the cytotoxic effects of Graphene oxide-iron oxide nanocomposite on caprine Wharton’s
jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs). Ex vivo caprine WJ-MSCs were isolated and cultured. Cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of GO-Fe2O3 nanocomposite (10 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml) were analyzed by observing cell morphology, cell viability, growth kinetics, population doubling time and colony forming unit (CFU) assay in caprine WJ-MSCs. Morphological alterations in nanocomposite-treated cells (50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml GO-Fe2O3) were distinct as compared to lower dose (10 μg/ml GO- Fe2O3) and control group. Cell viability assay indicated a highly signifi cant (P<0.01) decrease in live cell number when they were exposed to 100 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml GO- Fe2O3 nanocomposite and these effects were intensifi ed with time (24 h & 48 h post-exposure). Retarded growth rate and signifi cant (P<0.01) increase in population doubling time (PDT) of exposed cells (50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml) were observed as compared to control group and low dose treatment group (10 μg/ml). Colony forming unit (CFU) assay indicated that cells treated with 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml nanocomposite formed less number of clones than control group and 10 μg/ml treatment group. On the basis of results, we conclude that lower doses (10 μg/ml) of the nanocomposite are safer in caprine WJ-MSCs however with increasing doses of nanocomposite (50 μg/ml & 100 μg/ml) the potential toxicity increases. Present study reports the tolerable doses of GO-Fe2O3 nanocomposite which will
help in future applications like tracking, imaging and differentiation of caprine WJ-MSCs.
Title: Genetic Parameters in IWD and IWF Strains of White Leghorn
Abstract :
A total of 3150 progenies covering nine generations (S1 to S9) at AICRP, Hyderabad were considered for the study. The heritability estimates in both the strains for AFE, egg weight, egg production at 28, 40, 64 weeks and body weights at different ages studied. The heritability value for AFE was found to be 0.07 ± 0.10 in IWD and -0.04 ± 0.07 in IWF strains. The heritability for EP 64 was 0.050 ± 0.10 in IWD and in IWF 0.04 ± 0.07. The heritability values for body weight at 64 weeks were 0.02 ± 0.07 in IWF and 0.112 ± 0.078 in IWD. The results of the study suggested that the heritability of egg weight varied widely among the strains but it was low to moderate indicates the additive genes as well as favorable environment facilitate the improvement in the trait.
Title: Estimates of Phenotypic Correlation Between External and Internal Egg Quality Traits in Gramapriya, Vanaraja and their Crosses
Abstract :

The present study was carried out with total of 211 eggs with more than 50 eggs from each genetic groups namely Gramapriya × Gramapriya (GP × GP), Vanaraja × Vanaraja (VR × VR), Vanaraja × Gramapriya (VR × GP) and Gramapriya × Vanaraja (GP × VR) to examine the phenotypic correlation between different egg quality traits in different genetic groups. The estimates of phenotypic correlation between egg weight and all the egg quality traits were highly significant (P<0.01), positive and very high in magnitude except the correlation with shape index and yolk index in the VR × GP genetic group. Also in GP × VR genetic group the estimates of phenotypic correlation between egg weight and all the egg quality traits were highly significant (P<0.01), positive and very high in magnitude except with yolk index and yolk height. Highly significant (P<0.01) correlations were observed among the various egg quality traits, except the correlation between egg length and shape index and between yolk width and yolk index where magnitudes were though high and significant but negative in direction. The estimate of correlation in VR × GP cross was positive in general, and highly significant in comparison to other genetic groups.

Title: Effect of Forage Crop Rotation on Soil Nutrients Status and Productivity of Land and Water
Abstract :

Two experiments were conducted for one year duration each initiating from summer (experiment 1) and winter season (experiment II), respectively to understand whether preceding crop has any impact on biomass yield, water productivity and soil nutrients status. Multicut sorghum-berseem crop rotation yielded 21.53, 31.44 and 21.68% higher dry biomass (DM), protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) in experiment II than experiment I. Highest water productivity of 3.12±0.01 kg DM/m3 was recorded in Berseem-sorghum crop rotation in experiment II followed by annual rye-sorghum rotation (2.83±0.02 kg DM/m3). Nutritional (kg CP/m3 or Mcal/m3) water productivity were also highest in berseem-sorghum crop rotation. Depletion of soil nitrogen (N) was highest in sorghum-berseem crop rotation in both the experiments; however, depletion of phosphorus (P) was highest in maize- annual rye crop rotation in experiment I and sorghum-berseem crop rotation in experiment II. Potash (K) depletion was almost similar in all the crop rotations in both crop sequences. Organic carbon (OC) depletion was not affected in experiment I after one year of rotation; however, in experiment II, berseem-sorghum crop rotation showed the organic carbon level below the critical value (0.5%). Preceding crop had impact on soil fertility and productivity of succeeding crop. So, it may be recommended that multicut varieties of sorghum and berseem may be rotated for round the year fodder production which can sustain 15-16 adult cattle per ha considering the feeding of 20 kg green fodder per head per day.

Title: A Study on Detection of Adulteration in Milk Samples from two Districts of Chhattisgarh State
Abstract :

Milk has high value as a food because it supplies good quality proteins, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals in significant amount than any other single food. Milk is a perishable commodity; due to this some vendors and middle man add preservative to milk to increase its self-life, water to increase volume and thickening agent to counter the dilution. The 65 milk samples collected from vendors and local household of Durg- Bhilai and Rajnandgaon were examined for the presence of different adulterants and preservative. The most commonly found adulterant in tested milk samples were detergent (32%) followed by pond water (26%), skim milk powder (15%), neutralizer (12%), glucose (12%), shampoo (9%), sodium chloride (7% ), sucrose ( 6%) and urea (3%). The adulterant in milk not only causes economic loss but also health hazards to consumers. Hence there is urgent need for creating awareness among consumers and local milk vendors about unethical malpractices in milk supplying chain.

Title: Expression of Immunodominant Regions of E2 from an Indian Isolate of Classical Swine Fever Virus
Abstract :

Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important contagious fatal disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. This disease is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. Upon infection, three proteins of CSFV, namely E2, Erns and NS3 induce detectable antibodies. Since E2 is a major glycoprotein that produces neutralizing antibodies and provides protective immunity, it is widely used as a marker for measuring vaccine efficacy and antibody titer. In the present study, immunodominant regions of E2 glycoprotein from Indian field isolate of CSFV were expressed in E. coli. The 336 amino acid long N-terminal ectodomain (full-E2) and the 207 amino acid (aa 173-380) long C-terminal immunodominant region (partial-E2) were expressed and purified as 54kDa and 24kDa recombinant proteins, respectively. Both full-E2 and partial-E2 recombinant proteins were also characterized using MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis as CSFV-E2 structural proteins. The yield of purified full-E2 and partial-E2 recombinant protein was 26 mg and 84 mg/ liter culture, respectively. For raising hyperimmune sera against these proteins, chickens and rabbits were immunized with 200μg purified protein and boosted three times with 100μg purified protein intramuscularly. The sera collected one week after last booster were analyzed for CSFV-specific IgG antibody response using purified CSFV as coating antigen in ELISA. The results revealed that full-E2 induced better antibody response in both rabbits and chicken as compared to partial-E2. This study also indicated that these recombinant E2 proteins can be used as diagnostic antigen in ELISA.

Title: Peri-urban Camel (Camelus dromendarius) Production System in Saudi Arabia: A note
Abstract :Several livestock production systems, ranging from nomadic, semi-nomadic, transhumant, agro pastoral to different forms of sedentary small holder and large scale commercial units ,exist in Africa and Asia. Several factors natural or man-made, beside some socio-economic changes have caused resources degradation and resulted in production systems disruption. In Saudi Arabia camel plays multiple central roles to livelihood and culture of the nomadic people notably provision of milk, meat , race and coat purposes, and source of income from sale of live camel and camel show (Mazayen) .Thus ,camels play an important role in this country. Camel production system in Saudi Arabia was affected by the socio-economic changes that took place after the petroleum era which attracts the Bedouins to settle in urban areas. With the aid of cars and vehicles, they can look after their herds around cities and towns where they live nowadays, in addition to the increasing demand in camel milk by growing urbanized population, stimulating the development of peri-urban camel dairy production. Systems of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) take many forms in terms of integration of different activities, production intensities and production orientations. The present study is aimed at a refined characterization of the diversity in terms of production orientation, resource endowments and production strategies of the different types camel production with special emphasis on peri-urban camel production system in Saudi Arabia
Title: Physical and Morphometric Characterisation of Badri Cattle
Abstract :

Badri cattle is the only registered cattle breed of Uttarakhand. In the present study, an effort was made to characterize Badri cattle of the Kumaon and Garhwal region on the basis of physical and morphometric traits. The body length (BL), height at withers (HAW), heart girth (HG), paunch girth (PG), ear length (EL), face length (FL) and tail length (TL) of males from the Kumaon region were found to be 102.00±0.91, 103.25±1.12, 140.80±0.62, 145.64±1.71, 20.83±0.42, 37.82±0.45 and 73.40±0.34 cms, respectively. Similarly, the males from the Garhwal region had BL, HAW, HG, PG, EL and FL of 107.76±2.91, 106.80±3.59, 141.02±2.1, 146.28±2.22, 19.04±0.47, 37.78±0.80 and 77.42±2.16 cms, respectively. The study concludes that Badri cattle is a small sized cattle breed and the cows from both the Kumaon and Garhwal regions of Uttarakhand state had significantly lower morphometric characteristic estimates than the males.

Title: Meta-analysis of Prevalence of Clinical Mastitis in Crossbred Cows in India (1995-2014)
Abstract :
Clinical mastitis is a most common disease in dairy herds causing huge economic losses directly to farmers and indirectly to Indian dairy sector. However, systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of clinical mastitis in cows in India has not been published so far. The aim of the present study was to provide the pooled estimate of the prevalence of clinical mastitis in crossbred cows in India by conducting the literature search for the period of 1995-2014. Meta-analysis using data records of 17873 crossbred cows and 7737 udder quarters from total of 17 published studies was done in R software. It was found that the pooled estimates of clinical mastitis in crossbred cows under cow-basis and quarter-basis was 16.08% (95% CI 11.69, 21.72) and 11.71% (95% CI 6.60, 19.94), respectively. High variation in prevalence estimates between studies indicated that several factors infl uence occurrence of clinical mastitis. It is suggested that systematic review and meta-analysis using large number of studies and incorporating several factors can be effi cient tool to update the disease control strategy and will be best resource for researchers to improve future work.
Title: Effect of Phytase Enzyme Supplementation in Low Energy-Protein Layer Diet on Egg Quality Traits
Abstract :An experiment was carried out using 200 hundred Athulya birds divided into 10 treatments (T1-T10) to find out the effect of phytase enzyme on egg quality traits supplemented at 0, 500 and 1000 units/kg in low energy, low protein and low energy- protein layer chicken diets containing available phosphorus of 0.30 per cent from 21 to 40 weeks of age. A standard layer ration was offered to birds in T1. Experimental diets from T2 to T10 were formulated with two levels of crude protein (18 and 16 percent) and two levels of metabolisable energy (2600 and 2400 ME kcal/kg diet). During the laying period the data on egg quality traits viz. Shape index, shell thickness, albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit score were measured at the end of every four week. The egg quality traits viz., Shell thickness, albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit score showed significant (P<0.01) difference among treatments. However, shape index value did not reveal any difference.
Title: Comparative Study of Seasonal Variations on Hematological Profile in Sahiwal Cows (Bos Indicus) and Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)
Abstract :
Six apparently healthy, non-lactating and non-pregnant Sahiwal cows and Murrah buffalo each above two years of age were selected to evaluate the effect of seasonal variations on hematological parameters. Blood samples were collected aseptically by jugular vein puncture during peak winter and peak summer seasons. The present investigation revealed the mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC, neutrophils, MCH, MCHC were significantly higher (P<0.05) in Murrah buffalo during summer season as compared to their winter season. On the other hand, in Sahiwal cows except PCV (P<0.05) other hematological parameters were found to be statistically nonsignificant
(P>0.05). The neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher
(P<0.05) during summer as against the winter season in case of Murrah buffalo, whereas no significant alternation was registered in case of Sahiwal cows. These findings suggested that Murrah buffalo are more prone to stress due to seasonal variations in comparison to Sahiwal cows.
Title: Histoenzymic Distribution in Ileal Peyer’s Patches of Buffalo during Prenatal Development
Abstract :
The study was carried out on ileum of 15 buffalo fetuses ranging from 14.5 cm curved crown-rump length (CVRL) (93 days) to 100 cm CVRL (299 days) to elucidate the histoenzymic distribution of enzymes i.e. alkaline phosphatase (AKPase), Glucose- 6-Phosphatase (G-6-Pase), Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and Diaphorases on ileal peyer’s patches during their prenatal development. The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their CVRL. In Group upto 20 cm CVRL, weak alkaline phosphatase, SDH activity was observed and activity of LDH and Non specifi c esterase (NSE) was absent. In 20 to 40 cm CVRL fetuses, strong AKPase and moderate granular G-6-PD activity was observed in the villi of small intestine and developing group of lymphocytes in submucosa. In > 40 cm CVRL fetuses, strong AKPase activity was observed in dome region of the lymphoid follicle that invaded the mucosa in ileum. However, moderate SDH activity was observed at the periphery. The activity of LDH in 20 to 40 cm CVRL fetuses and also in > 40 cm CVRL fetuses was very weak. Intense activity of NADH enzyme was observed in submucosal lymphoid aggregates in group III of ileum.
Title: Evaluation of Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methonolic Extract of Andrographis paniculata in Albino Rats
Abstract :

The study was conducted to determine the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Andographis paniculata (APE) in albino rats. Acute oral LD50 of APE in female rats was more than 2000 mg/kg. The antipyretic activity was studied by inducing pyrexia with Brewer’s yeast. A total number of thirty albino rats (200 g) were used for the study of anti-pyretic activity they were divided into five groups of six rats in each group. Group I served as control Normal saline and Group II were given brewer’s yeast alone (20 ml/kg), Group III was administered standard drug Aspirin @ 100 mg /kg body wt. while groups IV and V were treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of Andrographis paniculata extract respectively. Pyrexia was induced by subcutaneously injecting 20% w/v brewer’s suspension in below the nape of the neck of the animals. The anti-inflammatory activity of APE was assessed by measuring the reduction in carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. A twenty four albino rats (200 g) were used for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. Four groups were divided with six rats in each group. Group I served as control Normal saline solution and Group II was administered standard drug phenylbutazone @ 100 mg/kg While, groups III and IV were treated with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of APE respectively. APE (@ 400 mg/kg had significant antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity against reduced brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in rats suggesting potent antipyretic effect of APE. From these results it may be concluded that crude methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata have significant antipyretic activity and anti-inflammatory activity that might be due to combined effect of active constituents present in plant extract this strongly support the ethno pharmacological use of the plant for the management of fever and inflammation.

Title: Evaluation of Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methonolic Extract of Andrographis paniculata in Albino Rats
Abstract :

The study was conducted to determine the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Andographis paniculata (APE) in albino rats. Acute oral LD50 of APE in female rats was more than 2000 mg/kg. The antipyretic activity was studied by inducing pyrexia with Brewer’s yeast. A total number of thirty albino rats (200 g) were used for the study of anti-pyretic activity they were divided into five groups of six rats in each group. Group I served as control Normal saline and Group II were given brewer’s yeast alone (20 ml/kg), Group III was administered standard drug Aspirin @ 100 mg /kg body wt. while groups IV and V were treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of Andrographis paniculata extract respectively. Pyrexia was induced by subcutaneously injecting 20% w/v brewer’s suspension in below the nape of the neck of the animals. The anti-inflammatory activity of APE was assessed by measuring the reduction in carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. A twenty four albino rats (200 g) were used for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. Four groups were divided with six rats in each group. Group I served as control Normal saline solution and Group II was administered standard drug phenylbutazone @ 100 mg/kg While, groups III and IV were treated with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of APE respectively. APE (@ 400 mg/kg had significant antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity against reduced brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in rats suggesting potent antipyretic effect of APE. From these results it may be concluded that crude methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata have significant antipyretic activity and anti-inflammatory activity that might be due to combined effect of active constituents present in plant extract this strongly support the ethno pharmacological use of the plant for the management of fever and inflammation.

Title: Histomorphological Study of Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rabbits Using Xenogenic Adipose Derived Stem Cells
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (AD-MSCs) to enhance the rate of healing of full-thickness excisional skin wounds in rabbits. Six healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits and five healthy Swiss Albino mice were used for the study. Two, 2 × 2 cm full-thickness skin (thoracolumabar region) excisional wounds were created; one on each side of the dorsal midline in each animal. Adipose tissue was collected from the abdomen of the mice and processed for isolation of AD-MSCs. The wounds were randomly assigned to either injection of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell into the wound margins (AD-MSCs), or topical application of Povidone iodine (5%) solution (PI) as positive control. The wound healing was assessed by evaluation of granulation tissue formation, epithelisation and histomorphological study on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th postoperative days. Better epithelisation was seen histologically in AD-MSCs treated wounds than in PI-treated wounds. Histomorphological examination of the healing tissue showed early disappearance of inflammatory reaction, significantly more neovascularisation, and more fibroplasias and early lay down and histological maturation of collagen in AD-MSCs treated wounds than in PI treated wounds. Hence the application of xenogenic stem cells can be used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in animals.

Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaf Powder Along with Different Bedding Materials on Carcass Characteristics of Japanese Quail in Arid Region of Rajasthan
Abstract :

Japanese quail is the wild species of poultry popularly known as “Bater” that has been domesticated in recent times.The present trial was planned with the objective to investigate the carcass characteristics of Japanese quail fed on dietary supplementation of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder alone as well as in combination, along with different bedding materials like sand, saw-dust and wheat straw. A sum total of 360 day-old commercial quail chicks were reared under brooder for a period of 7 days and uniformly distributed to three different bedding material groups as B1, B2 and B3 with each group having four treatment groups, henceforth twelve treatment groups were made, each having two replicates and kept for duration of 42 days. The results indicated highly significant (P<0.01) effect of dietary supplementation of Tulsi alone or in combination with Moringa on dressing percentage as well as eviscerated percentage. For bedding materials used, results were non-significant both on dressing percentage and eviscerated percentage. Hence, it can be concluded from the investigation that there is significant effect of supplementation of Tulsi alone or in combination with Moringa however, no effect was seen due to bedding material on carcass characteristics.

Title: Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Feed Consumption and Nutrient Retention in CARIBRO CROSS Broilers
Abstract :
Three hundred (300) unsexed day-old ‘CARIBRO CROSS’ broiler chicks were distributed randomly into three treatment groups T1(control), T2 (probiotic-supplemented in the feed) and probiotic-supplemented in the water (T3) having 6 replicates in each treatment. Two replicates of each group contain 16 birds each and the rest four of each group contain 17 birds each. The probiotic contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus Plantarum, Streptococcus faecium, Bifi dobacterium bifi dus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The probiotic was incorporated at the rate of 100 g/ton of feed during starter phase (0 – 4 weeks) and 50 g/tonne of feed during finisher phase (5 – 7 weeks) in feed probiotic group. However, the probiotic was given at the rate of 1 g/L of water during first week of age and thereafter 1 g/4L of water up to 7 weeks of age in water probiotic group. The basal diet was formulated for starter (23.46 % CP, 2800 ME Kcal/Kg) and finisher phase (20.07 % CP, 2900 ME Kcal/kg) separately. The chicks consumed significantly (p < 0.01) less amount of feed under water probiotic group followed by feed probiotic group and the highest in control group during starter phase, finisher phase and overall experimental period. The retention of nutrients was higher in probiotic fed in feed group then in water but treatment differences were not significant (p > 0.05). It was concluded that probiotic supplementation reduce the feed consumption of CARIBRO CROSS chicks.
Title: Identification of Lactoferrin gene Polymorphism and its association with Mastitis incidence
Abstract :
Present study was conducted in total of 350 cows of two major dairy breeds
(Sahiwal and Karan Fries) with the aim to identify genetic variation in lactoferrin gene promoter and to study its association with incidence of mastitis. Polymorphism of bovine lactoferrin gene promoter was determined by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Lactorferrin gene promoter was polymorphic but showed varied level of polymorphism among Sahiwal and Karan Fries cattle. Three genotypes were identified viz. AA, AB and BB in Karan Fries cattle and two genotypes AA and AB in Sahiwal cattle. BB genotype was absent in Sahiwal herd of National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. Chi square test revealed a nonsignificant association (pd<0.05) with mastitis incidence.
Title: Changes in Nutritional Behavior of Ladakhi Churpe Supplemented with Apricot and Spinach during Storage
Abstract :

Dried dairy products viz. churpe-balls and churpe-strips were developed with the incorporation of apricot powder into fresh cottage cheese at different levels (05, 10, 15 and 20%) and spinach powder at levels (03, 06, 09 and 12%), respectively. Nutritional attributes of the products were studied during the investigation. The addition of apricot powder in churpe-balls resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increase in moisture, ash, hydrosoluble vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin and ascorbic acid) and decrease in protein, lactose and fat contents. Similar trend was also observed due to incorporation of spinach powder in churpe-strips. Storage studies done for 120 days reveal that except moisture, there were losses of all the nutrients in both products with the advancement of storage. Except lactose in churpe-balls, all the interaction effects of supplementation and storage were found to be statistically significant.

Title: Consumer Studies on Meat Consumption and Processing Pattern through Contact Survey in Different Zones of Ludhiana City
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to study consumption pattern, awareness and hygienic practices adopted for meat and its products in different zones of Ludhiana city through contact survey method. A bilingual (Punjabi and English) questionnaire/interview schedule comprising questions related to meat consumption, processing pattern, awareness of consumers regarding type of meat and hygiene was designed. A total sample size of 800 respondents (256 females + 544 males) was taken for the survey by dividing Ludhiana city into four hypothetical zones, namely; Zone I, II, III and IV by using a random sampling method. The effect of zone of sampling revealed that people from Zone I preferred cold processing while those from zones II, III and IV preferred hot processing of meat. People from the entire four zones were not aware of the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA) in meat industry. Irrespective of the zones, the people were not aware of the government policies for meat production and export in India. The respondents from zone I were comparatively adopting hygienic practices in meat processing than all other zones. It could be concluded that consumers are still not aware about meat processing and hygienic considerations and there is a dire need to educate them about different food laws.

Title: Study of Correlation Between Body Weight and Conformation Traits in Coloured Synthetic Dam Line Broiler Chicken at Five Weeks of Age
Abstract :
In coloured strain of synthetic dam line broiler chicken correlation between body weight and conformation traits were studied at 5th week of age. Body weight, breast angle, shank length and keel length were measured in both males and females. The genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlation between 5th week body weight and each with breast angle, shank length and keel length from sire components of variance and covariance were positively and statistically significant (P<0.01). It was concluded that individual selection for high body weight at 5th week of age would be most effective and, correlations between body weight and each with breast angle and shank length are higher in males while body weight and each with breast angle and keel length are higher in females.
Title: Effect of Heat Stress on Humoral Immunity and its Amelioration by Amla Powder (Emblica officinalis) Supplementation in Buffaloes
Abstract :
The effect of amla powder supplementation on heat stress and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels of summer stressed buffaloes were investigated. The study was carried out with 24 apparently healthy Murrah buffaloes during pre-summer and summer seasons. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 8 animals each viz. Pre-Summer group (Group I); Summer Control group (Group II); Summer Treatment group (Group III). Group III animals were supplemented with amla powder @ 200 mg/Kg body wt. / day for 30 days. In summer stressed buffaloes (Group II), there was a signifi cant rise in erythrocytic lipid peroxidation level and superoxide dismutase activity along with a decrease in plasma IgM and increase in IgG levels. Supplementation of amla powder to summer stressed buffaloes was able to lower lipid peroxidation levels and superoxide dismutase activity coupled with the increase in IgM and decrease in IgG levels. It was concluded that amla powder supplementation can ameliorate the adverse effects of summer stress on humoral immunity in Murrah buffaloes.
Title: Production of Vitamin D3 Enriched Designer Chicken Eggs by Direct Ultra Violet Blue (UVB) Light Exposure
Abstract :

The market demand for designer eggs has been increased in the recent past. In the present study, chicken eggs were enriched with vitamin D3 by UVB exposure @ 3 h/day. The trial was commenced from 29 weeks of age and conducted for 12 weeks on thirty-two number of crossbred layer birds (White Leghorn N strain and Desi). The vitamin D3 concentration in egg was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the treated group compared to the control group. The vitamin D3 concentration in eggs of UVB light exposed birds was 72.34±1.55 μg/10 g egg yolk and it was significantly higher compared to untreated group (17.92±1.98 μg/10 g egg yolk). These results clearly indicated an enriching influence of UVB radiation on the concentration of vitamin D3 in eggs and therefore recommend an easy, cheap and safe procedure for producing designer eggs.

Title: Effect of Glutamate Supplementation upon Semen Quality of Young Seasonally Sexual-Inactive Dorper Rams
Abstract :

The aim of this study was to determine if exogenous administration of glutamate to young Dorper rams is able to enhance semen quality under long-day photoperiods in northern Mexico (25° north). Dorper rams (n=10) with homogeneous live weight (LW; 56±0.9 kg), body condition score (BCS; 3.2±0.1 units) and scrotal circumference (SC; 31.9±0.38 cm) were randomly divided into two experimental groups and treated with: i) GLUT (n=5; 7 mg kg-1 LW of glutamate, every 3d × 28d, im.) and ii) CONT (n=5; 1 mL of saline, every 3d × 28d, im.). At the end of the experimental period (d28), semen was collected throughout the use of an artificial vagina; different quality and quantity parameters were evaluated. The ANOVA reveled treatment differences (P<0.05) regarding sperm concentration with the largest value observed in the GLUT-rams (4,260±95.9 × 106 cells) regarding to the CONT-rams (2,828±209.2 × 106 cells). Yet, when considering the rest of the response variables which included ejaculation latency (47 ± 15.8 sec), seminal volume (1.1 ± 0.15 ml), total number of ejaculated sperms (4024.5 ± 696.5 × 106 cells), mass motility (2.1 ± 0.3 units) and the percentage of sperms alive (57.5 ± 9.4 %), no statistical differences (P>0.05) were observed between treatments. Results of this study unveils to glutamate as an interesting molecule positively affecting the spermatogenesis process by increasing the sperm concentration of young Dorper rams during photo-inhibitory reproductive schemes. Results also denote interesting outcomes not only to other animal industries but may also embrace translational applications.

Title: Electrocardiographic Variables in Kankrej Cattle Calves
Abstract :

Present paper recorded electrocardiographic (ECG) variables in 22 Kankrej cattle calves using the base apex lead system (Lead I). The mean values of heart rate (HR), ‘P’ amplitude, ‘P’ duration’, ‘PR’ interval, ‘QRS’ duration, ‘ST’ segment, ‘T’ amplitude, ‘T’ duration, ‘S’ amplitude, ‘R’ amplitude, ‘QT’ interval and ‘RR’ interval recorded were 66.59±2.33 (40-80) bpm, 0.231 ±0.016 (0.1-0.5) mV, 0.086±0.003 (0.08-0.14) s, 0.232±0.123 (0.16-0.44) s, 0.089± 0.002 (0.08-0.12) s, 0.301 ± 0.015 (0.18-0.4) s, 0.365± 0.034 (0.1-0.7) mV, 0.108±0.005 (0.08-0.16) s, 1.140±0.094 (0.4-1.9) mV, 0.500±1.00 (0.0-1.0) mV, 0.499± 0.158 (0.4-0.6) s and 0.927± 0.368 (0.75-1.5) s respectively. Significantly (P≤0.05) higher HR was observed in the female calves (71.36±2.78) as compared to male calves (61.81±3.25). Also, significant (P<0.05) differences between RR interval of male (1.00±0.058) and female (0.854±0.035) calves were recorded. It is concluded that the base apex system is a suitable lead for monitoring heart rhythm in cattle calves. This study provided information on the HR, duration, and amplitude of ECG deflections in Kankrej cattle calves, one of the common cattle breed of Gujarat state of India. Values of electrocardiographic indices for Kankrej cattle calves reported here in can be used as reference values by the practitioners to clinically evaluate cardiac healthiness/cardiovascular fitness, life threatening arrhythmias and, to take appropriate therapeutic measures.

Title: Evaluation of Kadaknath Chicken for Coccidial Resistance by Oocyst Count, Lesion Scoring and Oocyst Index in Eimeria Tenella Infection
Abstract :
The aim of present investigation was to study the virulence of coccidiosis in Kadaknath birds, experimentally infected with E. tenella by OPG count, oocyst index and caecal lesions scoring. Sixty one-day old unsexed Kadaknath birds were randomly divided into a control, T1 and T2 groups comprising twenty chicks under each group. At d 21 of age, birds of T1 and T2 groups were individually inoculated with 10,000 and 20,000 of sporulated oocysts of E. tenella and from the d 5 to 9 pi, faecal droppings were collected for counting OPG. Also at d 4, 7 and 14 after E. tenella infection, 2 chicks from each challenge groups were euthanized and caecal lesions and oocyst index were scored. The results indicated that in both T1 and T2 challenge group, there was an increasing trend of OPG upto d 7 pi and the peak level of OPG was found at d 7 pi. Mean OPG was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 at d 6, 7 and 8 pi than T1. Mean caecal lesion score, oocyst index and OPG count were found to be maximum on d 7 pi for T1 and T2 groups. Lesions score was non signifi cant at 4, 7 and 14 pi. However, oocyst index was signifi cant (P<0.05) at d 7 pi. No mortality was observed in any of the treatment groups. As Kadaknath birds shed less oocyst and had lower lesion scores and oocyst index, hence, it can be concluded that this breed is less susceptible to coccidial infection.
Title: Microbial quality of pork nuggets incorporated with fish flesh under refrigeration
Abstract :
Meat nuggets were prepared with pork (80%) and fish flesh (20%) under
standardized processing conditions and were stored under refrigeration in
aerobically packaged conditions with control samples of control-I (100% pork) and control-II (100% fish flesh). The samples were taken at regular interval of 7 days and analyzed for the microbial quality. Total plate counts showed no significant difference between treatment and controls but showed increasing trend as storage period increased. The psychrotroph and coliform counts were not detected till 14th day in both controls and treatment but showed increasing trend as storage period increased further. Yeast and mold count were not detected till 21st day and on 28th day counts of treatment was lower than control II and higher than control I. The microbial counts of the product were within the permissible limits for aerobically packaged meat products. Thus based on microbial quality, the products were safe
for consumption up to 28 days of refrigerated (4±1OC) storage in LDPE pouches.
Title: Enhancement of Productivity and Profitability through Integrated Farming Systems in Rajasthan
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to enhancing the productivity and profitability of tribal farmers through various intervention of farming systems in Udaipur district of Rajasthan state. The study was based on primary data which were collected through pre-structure schedule for the year 2015-16 as benchmark survey, 2016-17 and 2017-18 from the selected households. The result of the study shows that prior to start the RKVY project during benchmark year 2015-16, three farming systems were existed in study area viz. FS-I: (C+D), FS-II: (C+D+G) and FS-III: (C+G). In the year 2017-18, there are five farming systems were observed viz. FS-I: (C+D+V), FS-II: (C+D+V+O), FS-III: (C+G+V), FS-IV: (C+D+G+V) and FS-V: (C+D+G+V+O) in the study area. The total cost was observed lowest in FS-III (`77105.19) and it was found highest in FS-II (`195324.56). The most profitable farming system based on of net return per farm was FS-II `101910.59. The return per rupee investment was found maximum in FS-IV (`1.71) which was observed the most profitable farming systems. Employment generated per farm was found maximum in FS-V (385.75 man-days). The change in net income per farm was increased by 187.08 per cent and employment generation per farm was also increased by 69.56 per cent over existing to improved farming systems. Thus, the well organized and integrated with crops and other labour intensive enterprises like dairy, poultry, vegetable, fruits, etc. can significantly increase the employment of farm families particularly small and marginal farmers having surplus family labour.

Title: Effect of Detoxified Karanj Seed Cake (Pongamia glabra vent) Based Diets on Haematological Parameters and Body Weight Gain in Goat Kids
Abstract :
A 17-weeks study was conducted to observe the effect of feeding solvent extracted karanj (Pongamia glabra vent) seed cake (SKC) and alkali processed solvent extracted karanj seed cake (AKC) on various haematological parameters and overall body weight gains in goat kids. Twenty non-descript male kids were randomly divided into fi ve treatment groups viz., T1 (control), T2, T3, T4 and T5 consisting of four kids each, under completely randomized design to make the initial body weight uniform and non-signifi cant. The T1 group was offered groundnut cake (GNC) as a sole source of nitrogen whereas T2 and T3 group were offered SKC @ 8.09% and 16.18% of concentrate mixtures respectively to replace 25% and 50% of GNC nitrogen. Similarly T4 and T5 were fed AKC @ 8.09% and 16.18% of concentrate mixtures respectively to replace the 25% and 50% of GNC nitrogen. No adverse effect of either SKC or AKC was observed on haemoglobin, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin. The present study also revealed no signifi cant effect of either SKC or AKC on the overall body weight gain in goat kids. These results indicates that long term supplementation of SKC or AKC up to 50% replacement of conventional nitrogen source have no adverse effect on health as revealed by body weight gain and various haematological values.
Title: Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Pomegranate Leaf Extract against Bacterial Isolates of Otitis Externa and Diarrhea of Dogs
Abstract :
Bacterial pathogens were isolated from cases of otitis externa and diarrhoea in dogs at Durg and Raipur districts of Chhattisgarh. All isolates were further subjected for antibiogram profile using commonly used antibiotics. Total 105 bacterial isolates were obtained which included Staphylococcus sp.and E. coli as predominant pathogens followed by Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Micrococcusand Salmonella. In cases of otitis externa, ciprofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic (67.27%) followed by Gentamicin (61.81%), Cephalaxin (40%), Chloramphenicol (32.72%), Amoxycillin (21.81%), Ampicillin (20%), Doxycycline (16.36%), Penicillin (12.72%) and Erythromycin (3.63%). However, Chloromphenical (72%) was reported as the most effective drug against bacterial isolates of diarrhoea followed by Ciprofloxacin (70%), Gentamicin (52%), Cephalaxin (40%), Doxycyline (30%), Ampicillin (14%), Amoxycillin (6%) and Erythromycin (2%).Cold extract of pomegranate leaves was then assessed for antibacterial activity against all isolates by disc diffusion and tube dilution methods. The zones of inhibition of pomegranate leaves extract (PLE) against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Klebsiella, E. coliand Salmonella were 18.8 ± 0.050, 5±0.70, 7.8±0.73, 16.2±0.86, 15.6±0.92 and 15.2±0.86 mm respectively. The zone of inhibition with Staphylococcus was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other bacteria. The minimum bactericidal concentration against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, E. coliand Salmonella were 33.33±8.34, 66.66±16.68, 66.66±16.68 and 33.33±8.34 mg/ml respectively. Staphylococcus aureus showed maximum sensitivity to pomegranate leaf extract amongst all the organisms studied, followed by Klebsiella, E. coliand Salmonella. Although, Proteus
and Pseudomonas were refractory to PLE, but moderate sensitivity was noticed even against few multidrug resistant isolates.
Title: Standardization of Optimum Conditions for Hydrolyses of Goat Milk Whey Protein with Trypsin Enzyme
Abstract :

Goat milk is as close to perfect food as possible in nature and was known as “the king of milk” in the world, but the development of functional foods from goat milk has been slow compared to cow and buffalo milk. The study was conducted with an objective to develop a goat milk whey protein hydrolysate (GMWPH) with enhanced antioxidant property and better Ca+ chelating activity. Goat milk whey protein was digested with commercial food-grade Trypsin enzyme under various conditions of incubation temperature (30 to 70 °C), incubation time (30 to 300 min), enzyme concentration level (0.25 to 2%) and pH (6 to 10) of the enzyme reaction to achieve the best hydrolysis. The hydrolysates were analyzed for degree of hydrolysis (DH), antioxidant activity (ABTS) and calcium chelating capacity. It was found that treatment with trypsin at 40 °C incubation temperature, 180 min incubation time, 1.0% enzyme concentration and 8.0 pH effectively degraded the goat milk whey proteins, as determined by SDS-PAGE and measurement of nonprotein nitrogen content. Hydrolysis with trypsin resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant and Ca+ chelation property. Hence, the GMWPH may be useful for development of novel foods for infants, and the elderly osteoporosis patients to replace cow milk.Goat milk is as close to perfect food as possible in nature and was known as “the king of milk” in the world, but the development of functional foods from goat milk has been slow compared to cow and buffalo milk. The study was conducted with an objective to develop a goat milk whey protein hydrolysate (GMWPH) with enhanced antioxidant property and better Ca+ chelating activity. Goat milk whey protein was digested with commercial food-grade Trypsin enzyme under various conditions of incubation temperature (30 to 70 °C), incubation time (30 to 300 min), enzyme concentration level (0.25 to 2%) and pH (6 to 10) of the enzyme reaction to achieve the best hydrolysis. The hydrolysates were analyzed for degree of hydrolysis (DH), antioxidant activity (ABTS) and calcium chelating capacity. It was found that treatment with trypsin at 40 °C incubation temperature, 180 min incubation time, 1.0% enzyme concentration and 8.0 pH effectively degraded the goat milk whey proteins, as determined by SDS-PAGE and measurement of nonprotein nitrogen content. Hydrolysis with trypsin resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant and Ca+ chelation property. Hence, the GMWPH may be useful for development of novel foods for infants, and the elderly osteoporosis patients to replace cow milk.

Title: Storage Quality of Functional Meat Nuggets with Biocontrol Films, Coliphages and Different Packaging Conditions
Abstract :

Functional spent hen meat nuggets (SMN) both unwrapped and wrapped in bioactive biodegradable films were evaluated for their storage stability at refrigeration temperature (4 ±1ºC) under different packaging conditions. Standardized zein films formulated with 5% zein proteins and 7% glycerol and incorporated with 5% coliphages having concentration of 1010 pfu/ml were utilized in this study. Different treatments such as T1 (product packaged in aerobic conditions), T2 (product packaged in modified atmospheric packaging [MAP] conditions), T3 (product packaged in vacuum), T4 (product wrapped in developed films and packaged in aerobic conditions), T5 (product wrapped in developed films and packaged in MAP conditions), T6 (product wrapped in developed films and packaged in vacuum conditions) were evaluated at weekly interval for 5 weeks for their physico-chemical, sensory and microbiological parameters. Results depicted that T5 (product wrapped in developed films and packaged in MAP conditions) had comparatively lower value for TBARS, Free fatty acids, peroxide value and standard plate count than other treatments. Psychrophiles, yeast and mold, E.coli, coliforms were completely absent in the T5 throughout the storage period. All vacuum and MAP packaged products had better sensory attributes throughout storage than aerobic packaged products. It was thus concluded that developed SMN can be successfully stored for 35 days in bioactive biodegradable wrap under MAP conditions at 4±1oC.

Title: Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene on Sperm Viability and Acrosomal Integrity in Cryopreserved Hariana Bull Semen
Abstract :
The present study was aimed to see the effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as semen additives during cryopreservation of Hariana Bull semen. Twenty four ejaculates from two Hariana bulls extended with glycerolated egg yolk tris (GEYT). Extended samples were split into three aliquots. One aliquot was kept as control while other two aliquots were supplemented with 0.5 mM (T1) and 1.0 mM (T2) of BHT. All semen samples were equilibrated and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen vapours and subsequently plunged in liquid nitrogen for preservation. The effect of BHT was determined by assessment of sperm viability
and acrosomal integrity at three stages i.e. after dilution, pre-freeze and post –thaw. Our study revealed that addition of 1.0 mM of BHT results in a signifi cant (p<0.05) improvement in sperm viability and acrosomal integrity during cryopreservation.
Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 4, August 2019
Abstract :
Title: Effect of Nano-Nickel Particles on Immune System of Wistar Rats
Abstract :

Nanoparticles that are targeting the immune system is an highly active area of study. Lots of new techniques for immunosuppression depends on nanoparticles as carriers for the delivery of immunosuppressive compounds in small molecules. Efforts have been made to understand mechanisms by which nanoparticles interact directly with the immune system. Nanoparticles immunological activity depends on the physiochemical properties of the nanoparticles and its subsequent internalization inside the body. As the underlying factors for certain reactions are explained, there could be more nanoparticles established and evaluated to cause immunosuppression and to complement immunosuppressive drugs. The current trends and advances in understanding how nanoparticles cause immunosuppressive reactions is still requires more research work in field of nanotechnology.

Title: Immunostimulatory Effect of Indian Herbs Tinospora cordifolia and Asparagus racemosus on Ranikhet Disease Vaccination in Chickens
Abstract :

Ranikhet disease (RD) is important infectious disease of chicken. Although vaccination available, sometimes immunosupression induced by factors like stress lead to vaccination failures. Immunostimulation by using of herbs in Ayurveda for enhancing the general host immune status is well documented. Present study is aimed to investigate the immunostimulatory effect of important Indian herbs Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) on RD vaccination in chickens. Stem dry powder of Guduchi and root dry powder of Shatavari were mixed in regular poultry feed to different groups of birds. All the groups of birds were vaccinated with primary, 1st booster and 2nd booster doses of RD vaccine and the sera samples were tested for antibody levels by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Significant higher (p < 0.001) HI antibody titers were found in Shatavari supplemented group and in both the herbs supplemented groups of chickens after 1st and 2nd booster doses of RD vaccination in comparison to RD vaccinated control group. However, Guduchi didn’t show any significant immunostimulating properties on RD vaccination after 1st booster and 2nd booster doses of vaccination.

Title: Association Between Virulence Genes and Serogroups of Escherichia coli Isolates from Calves
Abstract :

Escherichia coli associated calf diarrhoea is a major economic concern for the dairy producers in this geographic area. The aim of this study is to investigate various pathotypes, virulence genes and their association with serogroups of E. coli isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy calves. A total of 194 rectal swabs were collected from diarrhoeic (129) and healthy (65) calves of different age groups from various districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States. The E. coli were isolated and confirmed by cultural, biochemical and molecular testes. The virulence genes of E. coli pathotypes were detected using PCR with specific primers. Serogrouping was carried out at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh. Out of 129 and 65 faecal samples (194) collected 60 (46.51%) and 21 (32.31%) samples were found positive for E. coli in diarrhoeic and healthy calves, respectively. Among different age groups, high rate of E. coli was isolated from 1-7 day old calves. Among the virulence genes of STEC, eaeA & hlyA genes were most prevalent in diarrhoeic (20%) and healthy calves (14.28%) and only stx1 was detected in diarrhoeic (6.66%) and healthy (4.76%) calves. The cnf2 (5%) and EAST1(3.33%) genes were detected only in diarrhoeic calves. The serogroup O157 which is having zoonotic significance was detected in STEC isolates from diarrhoeic and healthy calves. This study concluded that E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic calves are potential source of virulence genes and both diarrhoeic and healthy calves are the reservoirs of O157 serogroup in this geographic area.

Title: Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Atorvastatin with Silymarin and Rutin in Hepatotoxic Rats with a Special Reference to Functional Status of CYP3A4 Enzyme
Abstract :
The study was conducted to assess the functional status of CYP3A4 substrate (atorvastatin) in hepatotoxicity model treated with silymarin and rutin for a period of 14 days in rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced with acetaminophen (500 mg/Kg po once daily for 3 days) in adult male Wistar rats in 3 groups. Group 1: Normal control, Group 2, 3 and 4 were administered distilled water
(5 ml/kg po once daily), silymarin (25 mg/Kg po once daily) and rutin (20 mg/Kg po once daily), respectively subsequently for 11 days from the last dose of acetaminophen. On the 15th day, a CYP3A4 substrate (atorvastatin @ 10 mg/kg po) was administered in all the groups and blood samples were collected at predetermined intervals. Pharmacokinetic interaction studies
were conducted for evaluation of CYP3A4 activity using the specific substrate atorvastatin in all the groups. Mean plasma concentration (Cmax), half-life (t1/2β), area under the plasma cconcentration-timecurve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) of groups 2 and 4 were signifi cantly (p<0.05) increased and elimination rate constant (β) was signifi cantly (p<0.05) decreased in acetaminophen treated group as comparison to the normal control group. The kinetic profile of silymarin-treated group 3 was comparable to group 1 for single dose study. All the pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin revealed significant correlations between hepatotoxic control and rutin treated group, while silymarin treated group showed signifi cant alterations in the kinetic profile suggesting its hepatoprotective effect.
Title: Effect of Area Specific Mineral Mixture Supplementation on Milk Yield and Milk Quality in Dairy Animals of Sub-mountainous Zone of Punjab
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of mineral supplementation on milk yield and milk quality of dairy animals in Sub-mountainous zone of Punjab. Area specific mineral mixture was fed to lactating cattle and buffaloes of Hoshiarpur and Nawanshahar districts for 3 months at a constant dose rate of 50 g/animal/day and its effect on milk yield and its quality was analyzed at 3rd month post-treatment (last day of feeding of mineral mixture) and one month after cessation of the feeding of mineral mixture. Supplemented animals showed significant increase in milk yield as compared to un-supplemented group of animals, whereas, no significant difference was observed in milk components between the supplemented and un-supplemented groups.

Title: Surgical Management of Ruminal Impaction due to Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Cattle
Abstract :
A Nine year old cow was presented with the history of chronic recurrent tympany for the last 2 months. On rectal examination, foreign materials were palpated inside the rumen. Rumenotomy through le flank
approach using paravertebral nerve block was done. Around 10 kg of foreign materials were removed and the animal regained normalcy successfully.
Title: Body Conformation in Tharparkar Cattle as a Tool of Selection
Abstract :
For present investigation, Tharparkar cows available at Cattle and Buffalo Farm, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (U.P.) were used. Body conformation scoring was done as per modifi ed International Committee on Animal Recording (2012). Measurements were taken in centimeter (cm) before morning milking and prior to any feed intake using graduated measuring stick, vernier caliper and fl exible meter tape. In Tharparkar cattle, the average score points (ASP, under 1-9 point scale score system) for body conformation traits like stature (5.02: intermediate), chest width (4.71: intermediate), body depth (4.75: intermediate), angularity (5.60: intermediate), rump angle (5.55: intermediate), rump width (4.80: intermediate), rear leg rear view (7.39: parallel), rear leg set (5.27: intermediate), foot angle (7.09: steep), fore udder attachment (6.44: strong), fore teat placement (3.80: intermediate), teat length (4.71: intermediate), udder depth (5.71: intermediate), rear udder height (3.46:intermediate), central ligament (5.27:  intermediate), rear teat placement (5.82: intermediate), locomotion (7.20: no abduction), hock development (7.28: dry), bone structure (6.64: fi ne and thin), rear udder width (5.64: intermediate), teat thickness (2.61: narrow), muscularity (6.00: intermediate), hump size (3.98: intermediate), dewlap size (5.04: intermediate) and naval fl ap
size (3.09: intermediate) were assessed. Most of the body conformation traits in Tharparkar cows were of intermediate nature
and of desirable type, moreover, some traits also showed the presence of undesirable ASP, which expressed scope for further
improvement. Thus, present investigation gave explicit clue to bring Tharparkar cattle at par with other exotic breeds, if little effort is made to incorporate these conformation traits in selection program.
Title: Role of Rural Women in Decision Making Process Regarding Livestock Management
Abstract :
Livestock is generally considered a key asset for rural livelihoods. Rural women play critical, diverse roles in livestock production in the rural economies of developing countries as unpaid workers. They embark on various activities of livestock management like watering and feeding of animals, cleaning activities and milking. However, their involvement as decision makers regarding various livestock activities is still dubious. Hence the present study was conducted to determine the contribution of rural women in decision-making in livestock management. A sample of 100 female respondents was selected randomly from fi ve villages of Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir through multistage random sampling technique. Scrutiny of the data shows that rural women’s participation was relatively high in activities like care of new born calf, care of sick animals, cleaning activities, produce and feeding of animals. However, their participation was relatively low in activities like sale of animals, breeding of animals, fodder harvesting, cultivation and maintenance of animals’ sheds. Male dominance and traditional belief system were the main factors which had affected the involvement of rural women in decision making process
Title: Performance and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chickens Reared on LEDs vis-a-vis CFL as a Growth Promotor
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to compare the performance of broiler reared under two different light sources and three different light colours. For this purpose, 120, two-week-old IBL-80 (Indian Broiler Ludhiana-80) broiler chicks were randomly distributed in four different treatment groups viz. TLEDB-G (first 2 wks, blue LED then switched to green LED for the next 2 wks), TLEDG-B (first 2 wks, green LED then switch to blue LED for the next 2 wks), TLEDW (White LED) and TCFL (CFL light; Control) with 3 replications and 10 birds in each experimental unit was applied. The effects of different lights on performance (BW, BWG and FCR), carcass traits and its economic impact on broiler chickens were investigated in the present study. The results show that performance and carcass traits of broiler birds of blue-green and green blue LED light group was at par to that of CFL group whereas benefit cost ratio of birds of TLEDB-G (1.13) was found highest among different treatment groups. Therefore, use of a combination of monochromatic Blue-Green or Green-Blue LED light could be a better alternative source of light than CFL light in terms of birds’ performance, economics and energy saving.

Title: Imatinib in the Management of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumours
Abstract :

Mast cell tumours are one of the commonly recorded cutaneous tumours in dogs which are seen as either solitary lesion or diffused ones. The present case study discusses about the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitor i.e., Imatinib mesylate in the management of cutaneous mast cell tumours in seven dogs presented to Madras Veterinary Teaching Hospital with cutaneous ulcerations, nodular lesions and exudation. Fine needle aspiration cytology and tissue biopsy were done to confirm the diagnosis of cutaneous mast cell tumours. All the case were treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor i.e., Tab.Imatinib @10 mg/kg orally SID for 10 weeks along with Tab. Prednisolone @1 mg/kg SID orally for three weeks followed by tapering of the dose to 0.5 mg/kg in fourth week. Chlorpheniramine maleate @3 mg/kg SID and famotidine @ 0.5 mg/kg BID were also added to the protocol. Out of seven cases treated, four showed significant improvement by 5th week while two showed partial remission and one did not respond. Thrombocytopaenia, Anaemia and ulcerative gastritis were the complications seen during the therapy.

Title: Chemoprofiling of Punganur Cow Urine at Different Physiological Stages
Abstract :

Cow urine is an important component of Panchagavya which contains plenty of biochemical constituents, vitamins, hormones, bioactive compounds and antioxidants. The present study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical changes in urine of Punganur cows. A total of 30 urine samples ten each from apparently healthy heifers, lactating and dry Punganur cows was collected. Qualitative analysis of Punganur cow urine at different physiological stages showed the absence of leukocytes, ketones, nitrogen, urobiliniogen, bilirubin, glucose, blood and Vitamin C. Quantitative analysis of minerals showed significantly higher values of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorous in urine of lactating cows when compared to dry cows and heifers. Whereas, urea, uric acid, protein and creatinine levels were found to be significantly higher in urine of dry cows followed by heifers and lactating cows. Urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) was more in lactating cows followed by heifers and dry cows which shows hyperbolic relationship with creatinine. The hormonal profile of urine showed significantly higher levels of cortisol and growth hormone (GH) in lactating cows, estrogen in heifers and thyroxine in dry cows. The level of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Epithelial growth factor (EGF) in urine of lactating cows was significantly lower when compared to heifers and dry cows. These results showed that physiological status had profound effect on biochemical composition of cow urine.

Title: Effect of Host Factors on the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Goats of Maharashtra
Abstract :

A year round epidemiological survey of gastrointestinal parasites of goats from different regions of Maharashtra was carried out during 2017-18 in which faecal samples of 667 goats were examined. The overall prevalence of parasitism in goats was recorded as 74.66%. While it was to the tune of 87.57%, 76.15%, 65.00% and 71.57% for goats and for sheep it was 70.16, 56.57, 66.66 and 51.33 percent from Western Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Marathwada and Konkan region, respectively. The age wise prevalence reported in the goats of Western Maharashtra showed higher prevalence in adult stage as 91.44% as against 22.22% in the age group below one year. As regards sex wise prevalence there recorded non-significant difference among both the sexes from across the state. In Vidarbha, Marathwada and Konkan regions it was almost equal in quantum in both the age groups. Regarding breed-wise prevalence in goats, it showed non-significant differences among the four breeds from all the regions of state.

Title: In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Against Mycobacterium smegmatis MTCC 994
Abstract :

Tuberculosis (TB) presently represent one of the biggest world health problems and hence it is urgent to find new drugs that allow better control of the outbreak and arrest the emergence of patients with multiple drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) cases which have arisen alarmingly. There is a general consensus that antimicrobials from natural products might prove very effective and must be validated so that the same can be exploited for human well-being. The present study provides a scientific validity to chitosan, a natural and readily available compound as chitin over the crustacean body. The chitosan is biodegradable and biocompatible in nature and hence causes minimum hazards to the body. Chitosan solution have shown very effective antimicrobial property against M. smegmatis MTCC 994 which was selected for this study as this bacterium is non-pathogenic in nature, has fast growing rate and have similarity in cell wall composition with that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disc diffusion assay as well as resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the chitosan solution were found around 117.18 μg/ml. This finding suggests that even at lower concentrations, chitosan is very effective and hence can be potent antimicrobial agent in future for Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the MDR and XDR TB are evolving rapidly. The current study recommends similar research against Mycobacterium tuberculosis to evaluate the potential of chitosan to be used as anti-tuberculosis agent.

Title: Fracture Occurrence Pattern in Animals
Abstract :
The overall incidence of fracture was recorded as 0.95 per cent for all species of animals. The incidence of fracture in dog was 0.76 per cent. Dog was observed as the most common species presented with a fracture followed by goat and other species. The mean age was recorded to be 26.32±5.14 months. Fifteen animals (78.95%) were noticed in age group of 12-36 months. Majority of animals were non-descript (42.10%). Fracture was recorded more in male animals (77.78%). An automobile accident (42.10%) emerged to be the major cause of fracture, whereas a fall from height (31.58%) was second common cause of fracture.
The femur was found to be the most common bone (47.37%) involved in the fracture, seconded by tibia-fi bula (36.84%), which was followed by radius-ulna (15.79 %). The radiographic examination conducted in two orthogonal views revealed that 14 (73.68%) fractures were multiple whereas, 5 (26.32%) fractures were comminuted
Title: Serological evidence of Avian Pneumovirus infection in broiler and layer chickens in Grenada, West Indies
Abstract :
A serological survey was conducted to detect avian pneumovirus (APV) antibodies in commercial poultry birds in Grenada using a commercially available enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Sera were collected from 226 layers and 233 broilers. Age of the layers ranged from 12 to 18 months while that of the broilers ranged from 6 to 7 weeks. One hundred forty of the layers (61.9%) and 74 of the broilers (31.8%) were positive for APV antibodies. Chickens are not vaccinated for APV in Grenada and these results indicate that commercial poultry birds are exposed to this important poultry pathogen. This is the first report of serologic evidence of APV in Grenada and the Eastern Caribbean region.
Title: Availability and Utilization Pattern of Forage Plants in relation to their Nutritive Values by Wild Elephants in South West Forests
Abstract :The study was carried out on the availability and utilization pattern of various wild plant species by migratory elephants in relation to their nutritive values. It wasobserved that migratory elephants were selective for food plants in the wilderness. Out of 52 recorded plant species, only 22 plant species were found to be utilized either fully or partially as evidenced by branch breaking, debarking, uprooting etc. Overall utilization of food plants revealed that Diospyros melanoxylon was utilized maximum (34.39%) followed by terocarpus marsupium (24.86%) among all the plants consumed by migratory elephants. Bark of Buchanania lanzan was moderately utilized (10.58%). All other recorded plants were utilized below 10 per cent. Chemical composition of some wild plants consumed by elephants revealed that crude protein content varied form 3.18 (Shorea robusta) to 21.25 (P. marsupium) g per cent. High protein content of P. marsupium leaves might be the reason for highest degree of utilization. Crude fibre content ranged from 20.0 (P. marsupium) to 54.0 (D. melanoxylon) per cent.
Title: Influence of Condensed Tannins Supplementation through Leaf Meal Mixture on Urinary excretion of Purine Derivatives, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Performance ofHaemonchus contortus Infected Sheep
Abstract :
Study was carried out to assess the effect of condensed tannins (CT) containing leaf meal mixture (LMM) on feed intake, body weight changes, parasitic load, urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) and microbial protein synthesis (MP) in Haemonchus contortus infected sheep. Eighteen adult male sheep of similar age and body weight (25.03±1.52) were randomly divided into three groups (negative control; NC, infected control; C and treatment; T) of six each in a completely randomized block design (CRD) for a period of 90 days. Twelve H. contortusinfected sheep were allocated into C and T groups, containing 0 and 1.5% of CT, respectively. Six non-infected sheep was taken in NC group to compare their performance with C group. Concentrate intake was significantly (P<0.000) lower in T group as compared to C group, while roughage intake did not differ significantly irrespective of groups. Final body weights were comparable (P<0.063) among all three groups. Faecal egg counts (FECs) were significantly (P<0.001) higher in C group as compared to T group. MP synthesis
was calculated by estimating urinary excretion of PD through High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total PD excretion, absorption of PD and Microbial nitrogen (MN) supply (g d-1) were comparatively (P<0.05) higher in T group than in the C group. It may be concluded that CT supplementation (1.5%) decreased H. contortus load in sheep by reducing FECs and has a potential benefits on protein nutrition by altering partitioning of nutrients towards higher microbial yield and absence of any depressing effect on rumen MN synthesis.
Title: Optimization of Dietary Protein and Energy Requirement of Kadaknath Chicken During the Starter Phase
Abstract :

The 300 day old Kadaknath chicks were randomly distributed into five treatment groups A, B, C, D and E with three replicates having 20 birds in each and reared up to 6th weeks. The treatment groups were viz., control group A: birds fed diet CP 18%, ME 2700 kcal/kg, Methionine 0.38%, Lysine 0.85%; B: diet CP 19%, ME 2800 kcal/kg, Methionine 0.40%, Lysine 0.90%; C: diet CP 20%, ME 2900 kcal/kg, Methionine 0.48%, Lysine 1.00%; D: diet CP 21%, ME- 3000 kcal/kg, Methionine 0.45%, Lysine 1.10%; E: diet CP 22%, ME 3100 kcal/kg, Methionine 0.50%, Lysine 1.20 %. The body weights and weight gain in group D were significantly (P<0.01) higher than other treatment groups except group B at 6th week. The significantly lower feed intake was observed in group D compared to control group at 1st and 3rd weeks. The feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.01) better in groups B (3.74±0.06), D (3.70±0.10) and E (4.18 ±0.13) compared to control group (4.70±0.25). The antibody titres against Ranikhet disease were non-significant in all treatments at 3rd and 6th weeks. The cost of production in rupees per kg live weight was recorded lowest in group D (217.56) followed by groups B (218.62), C (255.39), E (256.23) and A (261.11). It may be concluded that the rearing of Kadaknath chickens under intensive system fed starter diet containing ME 3000 kcal/kg, CP 21%, Lysine 1.10% and Methionine 0.45% recorded best growth performance, better immune response and lowest cost of production at the end of 6th week.

Title: Quality Attributes of Functional Pork Patties Incorporated with Kinnow (Citrus reticulata) Pomace Powder
Abstract :

The objective of the study was to develop functional pork patties incorporated with dried kinnow pomace (DKP) powder as a fiber source. Four different levels of DKP powder viz. 0% (Control), 2% (T-1), 4% (T-2) and 6% (T-3) were used by the replacement of lean meat in the pre-standardized formulation. The cooked product was analyzed for various physico-chemical properties, proximate composition, instrumental texture and color profile, and sensory quality parameters. A significant improvement in quality attributes and functionality was observed in pork patties with addition of DKP powder. Cooking yield and emulsion stability significantly (P<0.05) increased with the incorporation of DKP powder and was reported highest for T-3. Fiber content increased amongst treated products. Color profile varies significantly, however, textural attributes improved positively with the incorporation of DKP powder. At 4% level of inclusion, sensory analysts rated the treated products in ‘very good’ quality. It can be concluded that functional fiber enriched pork patties with improved cooking yield, emulsion stability, textural profile and sensory quality can be successfully developed with incorporation of 4% Dried Kinnow Pomace powder.

Title: In-vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Essential Oil
Abstract :

The present study was designed to investigate in-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of Thyme essential oil (TEO) for its potential encapsulation in nano delivery systems and further application in meat products. For computation of antimicrobial efficacy, zone of inhibition assays and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae) organisms was done. In general, there was a strong inhibitory effect with zone size ranging from 27.5 mm to 45 mm against tested organisms, however, the effect was slighter higher against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria. The antioxidant activity for various oil concentrations as determined by 1 diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2-azinobis-3ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) methods revealed that radical scavenging activity ranged between 8.14% to 78.73% and 6% to 67.75% for DPPH and ABTS assay, respectively. It can be concluded that thyme essential oil possesses significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and may be encapsulated in nano delivery systems for potential application in any meat matrices.

Title: Intracellular Delivery of Histidine and Arginine Rich Cell Penetrating Peptides into HeLa cell Line
Abstract :
Most bioactive macromolecules, such as DNA and RNA, cannot permeate into cells freely from outside the plasma membrane. Cell penetrating peptides are a group of short peptide sequences that are able to transverse the cell membrane for mediating gene into living cells. In this study we demonstrate two cell penetrating peptides 5H-R9-C and 7H-R9-7H-C. These peptides are synthesized by solid phase methodology and labelled these peptides by FITC and purified them by RP-HPLC. FITC labelled peptides are efficiently internalize into HeLa cells confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Further studies are being carried out to deliver cargo molecule (siRNA, oligonucleotide and pDS RED) by these peptides. These results suggest that these peptides appear to be a promising tool for drug delivery.
Title: Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Persistency and Milk Production Traits in Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of different non-genetic factors viz. year, season and parity on various production traits. The 1177 lactation records of 272 Murrah buffaloes, progeny of 53 bulls that were maintained at GADVASU dairy farm, calved during 1981-2011 were studied. The overall least squares mean for persistency, 305-days milk yield and peak yield were 0.826±0.003, 2173.54±21.14 Kg and 12.65±0.09 kg, respectively. The effect of period of calving and parity was highly signifi cant (P<0.01) on persistency, 305-days milk yield and peak yield. Peak yield also signifi cantly affected by season of calving while the effect of season on persistency and 305-days was non-signifi cant. The study concluded that the production traits were mainly affected by the non genetic environmental factors such as managerial changes during years, seasonal variations and parity of Murrah. 
Title: Effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Leaves Extract on Quality Attributes of Chicken Powder Incorporated Fried Chicken Snacks
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to develop chicken meat powder (CMP) incorporated ready-to-eat shelf stable fried chicken snacks and evaluate the effect of rosemary leaves extract (RE) incorporation on physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory properties in developed product during ambient storage up to 60 days. Two different groups were made; control (without RE) and second group with RE treated (3% level). In physico-chemical properties, results showed that RE incorporation had highly significant (p<0.01) effect on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), free fatty acid (FFA) and tyrosine value. Similarly in microbiological parameter RE treated product had significantly (p<0.05) lower total plate count (TPC), Staphylococcus count (SC) and significantly (p<0.01) lower yeast and mold count than control. RE incorporation had highly significant effect (p<0.01) on sensory score (texture, flavour and overall acceptability except appearance) of the product during storage period. Therefore, it is concluded that RE incorporation into fried chicken snacks improved physico-chemical (TBARs, free fatty acid content and Tyrosine value), microbiological (Total plate count, Staphylococcus count and yeast and mold count) and sensory parameter (flavor, texture and overall acceptability) of the chicken snacks during 60 days storage.

Title: Liver Micromorphology of the African Palm Squirrel Epixerus ebii.
Abstract :
The normal liver histology of the African palm squirrel Epixerus ebii was investigated to fill the information gap on its micromorphology from available literature. The liver was covered by a capsule of dense connective tissue- the Glissons membrane. Beneath this capsule is the liver parenchyma were the hepatocyte were supported by reticular fibres. The hepatocytes in the lobules were hexagonal to polygonal in shape. Some hepatocytes were bi-nucleated. Clear spaces in the parenchyma must be storege sites for lipids in the liver. The classic hepatic lobules presented central vein surrounded by several liver cells. At the portal triad, hepatic vein, hepatic arteries and bile ducts were seen. While the hepatic arteries and veins were lined by endothelium, the bile ducts were lined by simple cuboidal cells. Nerve fibres were also seen in the region of the portal triad. Hepatic sinusoids lined by endothelium were seen in the liver parenchyma between liver lobules. The sinusoids contained macrophages. This report will aid wild life biologist in further inversigative research and Veterinarians in diagnosing the hepatic diseases of the African palm squirrel.
Title: Influence of Prepartum Injection of Vitamin E and Se on Postpartum Reproductive and Lactation Performance of Dairy Cattle
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of vitamin E and Selenium given prepartum on reproductive and lactation performance of dairy cattle. Twenty pregnant animals in their last trimester were randomly divided into two groups. Group I animals were kept as control and Group II animals were given two injections of vitamin E and selenium 7 days apart. First injection was given 30-60 days before the expected calving. The placental expulsion period and involution period was significant higher in Group I compare to Group II animals and there was a nonsignificant increase in clostrum production, lactational yield, lactational length and mean calf birth weight of Group II animals.
Title: Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Microneme Gene 10 (MIC10) of Kolkata Isolate of Toxoplama gondii
Abstract :
The present study dealt with cloning and molecular characterization of MIC10 gene of T. gondii Kolkata isolate. TgMIC10 is a small microneme protein that lacks a putative transmembrane domain and appears not to remain associated with the parasite membrane after micronemal discharge. MIC10 gene of T. gondii “Kolkata isolate was PCR amplified and cloned into a TA cloning vector (Promega) to facilitate sequencing and subsequent characterization. The product revealed 597bp in size and has 99.2% homology with the published sequence. The difference was observed at 22, 210, 235, 378 and 513 positions. When the gene was deduced for amino acids, the homology was 98% with published sequence. The total amino acids number was 198 with predicted mass of 23 kDa molecular weight. The changes were observed at 8, 115 and 171th amino acid positions.
Title: Sensory Attributes of Chicken Meat Rolls and Patties Incorporated with the Combination Levels of Rice Bran and Psyllium Husk
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to prepare dietary fiber rich chicken meat rolls
and patties. The combination of two different sources of dietary fiber has been
used viz. rice bran and psyllium husk. Three different levels of rice bran and
psyllium husk viz. 10% rice bran and 2% psyllium husk, 10% rice bran and 4%
psyllium husk and 10% rice bran and 6% psyllium husk were tried. The sensory
characteristics such as colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness, texture and overall
acceptability of fiber added chicken meat rolls and patties were studied. The
sensory scores showed a decreasing trend with increasing levels of incorporation
but 10 % rice bran and 4% psyllium husk combination was found to be suitable
organoleptically.
Title: Surgical Management of Cervical Oesophageal Obstruction in a Non Descript Cow – A Case Report
Abstract :
Esophageal obstruction (Choke) occurs when the oesophagus is obstructed by food, foreign body or by presence of space occupying lesion in the oesophagus . In ruminants, acute and complete oesophageal obstruction is an emergency because it prohibits the eructation of ruminal gases and bloat develops if untreated resulting in pressure on the diaphragm and preventing blood flow to the heart. The present study reports the successful management of cervical oesophageal obstruction caused by a small cucumber in a non descript cow.
Title: Clinico-haemato-biochemical, Peritoneal Fluid and Rumen Fluid Alterations in Buffaloes with Peritonitis
Abstract :
This study was designed to investigate the clinico-haemato-biochemical, rumen fl uid and peritoneal fl uid alteration in buffaloes
with peritonitis. Buffaloes with peritonitis had anorexia, dehydration, abdominal distension, ruminal atony, pain, fever, reduced milk yield and loss of defecation. Pungent smelling peritoneal fluid was yielded on abdominocentesis. Hemato-biochemical alterations revealed absolute neutrophilia, increased levels of plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, globulin and fi brinogen and decreased levels of plasma sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride. Peritoneal fl uid analysis showed increased total leucocyte count, neutrophil count and total protein level. Whereas, rumen liquor of diseased buffaloes had microbial inactivity, increased methylene blue reduction time, increased ammonia nitrogen and decreased total volatile fatty acids.
Title: Effect of Supplementation of Both Dried Poultry Excreta and Probiotics on the Performance of Broilers
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of DPE andprobiotics on performance of commercial broiler chicks. Three DPE levels (without DPE, with DPE 5% and DPE 10% supplementation) as well as Two probiotic levels (without and with P supplementation)were considered for the study. The experiment consisted of two replicates for DPE groups. The performance of broiler was evaluated in terms of growth and feed efficiency at 6th week of age. Data were analyzed on survivor and equal number of bird’s per subclass basis. Analysis of variance revealed that the difference between replicates were not significant for the different traits under study as such all subsequent analysis was performed. Inclusion of DPE and probioticsin diet had significant effect. Group of chicks fed with diet DPE were significantly heavier than those fed with diet without DPE at second week body weight. It indicates that the DPE supplementation had weighty effect on early growth of chicks. The Overall feed efficiency also showed the similar trend as was obtained for weekly feed efficiency. The analysis indicated that the inclusion of DPEand probiotics in the diet significantly affected the weekly feed conversion efficiency. Inclusion of probiotics and DPE revealed significant effects on body weight. Chicks showed higher body weight with diet having DPE and probiotics.

Title: Comparative Efficacy of Different Binders in the Development of Chicken Meat Cutlets
Abstract :
Present study was envisaged to assess the effi cacy of different binders viz. 3% refi ned wheat fl our (T1) and 3% rice fl our (T2) replacing lean meat in the preparation of chicken meat cutlets. The developed products as well as control were assessed for various physico-chemical, instrumental texture and colour profi le, and sensory evaluation. L* values were comparable for T1 and T2 but were signifi cantly (P<0.05) lower than control. The hardness values differ signifi cantly (P<0.05) in treatments than control and recorded highest for T2 and lowest for control. The springiness of the T1 was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to T2 but was comparable to control. The juiciness score were signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher for treatments as compared to control. Overall acceptability of cutlets with refi ned wheat fl our (T1) was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher than control and comparable with T2. Thus it can be concluded that chicken cutlet with 3% refi ned wheat fl our was found optimum.
Title: Awareness of Dairy Farmers about Brucellosis Disease
Abstract :
A study was undertaken to determine the awareness status of dairy farmers about brucellosis disease in dairy animals. Prestructured
and pre-tested interview schedule was presented to 115 respondents, who had visited Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, GADVASU, Ludhiana. The study revealed that the very less farmers (22.60%) were aware about this disease. Further, there was low level of awareness about routes of transmission, zoonotic aspect of the disease, need for vaccination, culling of infected animals and other preventive measures against brucellosis. However, the awareness level was positively correlated with education level, herd size and training of the farmers. So, there is urgent need to create awareness amongst dairy farmers about
various control and preventive measures against brucellosis through various educational cum awareness programmes to curtail
it as well as to minimise the economic losses occurring due to it.
Title: Analysis of antigenic response and purification of anti-BSA specific &#947; - globulin fraction from ovines
Abstract :
The serum protein electrophoresis test demonstrates a significant deviation from the normal gamma-globulin levels in different infectious states of the  animal.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of BSA as antigen on total serum proteins and their fractions in ovines and raising antibodies against BSA. From each of the four animals considered for experimentation, pre immune as well as post immune blood samples were collected. For all serum samples, γ-globulin fraction concentrations were determined by Biuret method, after they were separated on Sephadex G -200. The gamma globulins were identified electrophoretically and the interaction of antigen and the antibody raised was confirmed by Ouchterlony double immuodiffusion method after fractions of sheep serum were obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The purification of the IgG-2 fraction was performed while passing the purified fraction in DEAE (Diethylaminoethyl), A-50 column. The study revealed an increasing pattern in the total protein concentrations in general and appreciable increase in the gamma fraction in particular. Both the modules showed 95% confidence interval with students paired t-test.
Title: Constraints perceived by dairy farmers in adoption and repayment of dairy loans
Abstract :
The present study was conducted on two villages of one block of Hoshiarpur
District of Doaba region of Punjab to find constraints perceived by dairy farmers in adoption and repayment of dairy loans. Majority of dairy farmers belong to different categories according to herd size. Most of dairy farmers considered shortage of quality breed animals, too many intermediates, of milk, high cost of feed and fodder, expensive animals, low milk production and high rate of interest, problem of financial guarantor, policy of banks, low price of milk and inadequate loan amount as the serious problem
Title: Prevalence and Intensity of Ectoparasitic Infestations in Commercial Layer Chickens reared under Elevated Cage System
Abstract :

A cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of one year to identify the species spectrum and determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in Thalaivasal region, Tamil Nadu, India among 16 commercial layer farms comprising multi-age flocks which were divided into four age groups of 20 to 35, 36 to 50, 51 to 65 and 66 to 80 weeks. The result of the study showed that 93% flocks were infested in 20 to 35 week group whereas 100% in all other age groups during winter (December 2020 to March 2021). During summer (April 2021 to July 2021), the 100% chickens in all groups except 51 to 65 week group which showed 98% infestation. In rainy season (August 2021 to November 2021), 100% flocks of all ages were infested. The present study, two lice species namely shaft louse (Menopon gallinae) and wing louse (Lipeurus tropicalis) and one species of feather mites (Megninia ginglymura) were recorded throughout the year. In the entire study period, the birds were infested with either single or mixed type of ectoparasites. The prevalence of louse infestation was significantly higher (P˂0.05) in older birds ranging from 36 to 80 weeks of age and lower in younger birds of less than 36 weeks of age. The prevalence of feather mite infestation was significantly higher (P˂0.05) in younger age ranging from 20 to 50 weeks of age and lower in older birds of more than 50 weeks of age. The mean intensity revealed heavy ectoparasite infestation in the rainy season irrespective of age.

Title: Study of Antimicrobial Profile of Various Cow Dung Extracts Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus species
Abstract :

Now a days due to increase in antimicrobial resistance, there is a quest for alternative to synthetic antimicrobial drugs. As cow dung is a natural product with reported antimicrobial activity. In the present study 30 cow dung samples from different cattle breeds in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha were tested against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus species isolated from milk samples. Methanol, Ethanol and Aqueous extracts of cow dung were prepared and its antimicrobial properties were assessed as per Disk Diffusion method. From the studies conducted it was revealed that the Methanol extract of cow dung exhibits more antimicrobial activity than the Ethanol and Aqueous extracts of cow dung.

Title: Radiographic Measurements Related With the Cardiac Size in Apparently Healthy Goats (Capra hircus)
Abstract :

Present study was conducted on twelve apparently healthy goats free from cardiothoracic diseases. The animals were divided into two groups each containing 6 animals to evaluate various the cardiothoracic parameters. Mean ± SE values of body weight and age were measured 11.83 ± 0.70 (range 10 - 15) kg, 3.75 ± 0.31 (range 3 - 5) month and 25.67 ± 1.73 (range 16-30) kg, 8.58 ± 0.95 (range 6.5 - 12) month in animals of the group-I and II, respectively. In thoracic radiographic examination, routinely used in cases which cardiac evaluation is indicated, quantitative assessment of the heart is a useful role to be used in combination with subjective analysis. The purpose of this study was to establish the standard values (range) for radiographic parameters of the heart and thorax. Cardiophrenic contact (cm), Cardiac inclination angle (degree), Tracheal angle (degree), Tracheal diameter (cm), Cardiac height/thoracic height, Cardiac width/thoracic height, Cardiac width / T3-T5, Cardiac height / R3-R5, Cardiac width / R3-R5, Cardiophrenic contact /cardiac height, Cardiac height + cardiac width/R3-R5, cardiac height + cardiac width /thoracic height and Tracheal diameter/T4, except cardiosternal contact (No. of sternabae), cardiac height/T3-T5, and cardiac height + cardiac width /T3-T5, were found to be non-significantly different between animals of the group-I and group-II. The standardized values of cardiothoracic parameters and their correlation with age and weight would be helpful to diagnose various cardio-thoracic illnesses in goats.

Title: Antimicrobial Profile of Clostridium Perfringens Isolates from Dairy Products
Abstract :
The aim of the present study was to observe the antimicrobial profile of isolates of Cl. perfringens from pasteurized milk and milk products (icecream and shrikhand) against 16 antibiotics. Antimicrobial profile revealed that few drugs like amikacin, piperacillin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, cephoxitin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol were showing higher sensitivity. Antibiotics like erythromycin and gentamicin were displaying intermediate sensitivity. Drugs like tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin, co-trimoxazole and cloaxacillin showed higher resistance. While, lincomycin was observed to be almost resistance to Cl. perfringens isolates.
Title: Secondary Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anaemia in Dogs in Chennai,Tamil Nadu
Abstract :

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most common autoimmune disease in dogs. This study was conducted to study the incidence and clinicopathological changes of secondary IMHA, which is having any secondary underlying triggering causes. The anaemic dogs brought with clinical signs such as pale or icteric mucous membranes were screened for IMHA by saline agglutination and spherocyte count and confirmed by flow cytometry. The positive cases were further subjected to haematology, biochemistry, coagulation profile, MAT and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of underlying secondary causes like Babesia spp, Ehrlichia canis and Leptospira spp. (secondary IMHA). Thirty two cases were positive for IMHA, out of which thirteen cases were primary IMHA (17.3 %) and remaining nineteen cases were secondary IMHA (82.7 %) due to underlying causes such as Babesia gibsoni (13), Ehrlichia canis (3) and Leptospira spp. (3) respectively. Highest incidence was observed in Labrador dogs with age group of 2-8 years in male dogs. The most common clinicopathological findings were anaemia with reduced Hb, PCV and RBC, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, thrombocytopenia, elevated PT, BUN, Creatinine, ALT, ALP, hypoalbuminemia and hyperbilirubinaemia.

Title: Knowledge level of Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir regarding Improved Animal Husbandry Practices
Abstract :
The study was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir, with a view to fi nd out the knowledge level of the Gujjars regarding improved animal husbandry practices. The data were collected from 120 Gujjar respondents belonging to R. S. Pura and Bishnah block of Jammu district with the help of structured interview schedule containing selected dependent and independent variable, through personal interview technique. Most of the respondents (70.8%) were having medium knowledge level, whereas 19.2% had low and 10% had high knowledge level. The respondents were having low knowledge about improved health care practices (41.25%) when compared with the knowledge level about improved breeding practices which was 71.75%. Age, occupation, herd size and land holding were negatively related to the knowledge level. Education, social participation, extension contact, economic motivation, mass media exposure, risk orientation and exposure to training were positively associated with knowledge level of the respondents
Title: Genetic Parameters of Growth and sow Productivity Traits of Large white Yorkshire with Desi and Tamworth with Desi Crossbred Pigs
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to estimate genetic parameters like heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations among different growth and reproductive traits of LWY x Desi and TMW x Desi maintained at AICRP on Pigs, Livestock Farm, Adhartal, Jabalpur (M.P.). The h2 estimates for birth weight for LWY and TMW crossbreds has been recorded as 0.011±0.075 and 0.012±0.079 respectively and for weaning weight it has been recorded as 0.271±0.117 and 0.282±0.116 respectively for LWY and TMW crossbreds. The h2 estimates of body weight at different ages had low to moderate and some where higher at different age. The genetic correlation values at birth were ranged from 0.19 to 0.73 and 0.16 to 0.71 for LWY and TMW crossbreds respectively. The h2 estimates for maternal traits of LWY and TMW crossbred pigs are within the specified range. Most of the
genetic and phenotypic correlations are at higher side with positive direction.
Environmental correlations also followed the same trend where most of the values are higher for Large White Yorkshire and Tamworth crossbred Pigs.
Title: Hemato-Biochemical Studies on Clinical Cases of Primary Ketosis in Buffaloes
Abstract :
The study was conducted on 145 buffaloes brought to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, LUVAS from Hisar and adjoining villages, with signs of anorexia and decreased milk yield. Urine samples from buffaloes were screened for ketosis using two tests (Rothera’s test and Keto-Diastix-strip test). The disease was confi rmed in 24 buffaloes as primary ketosis on the basis of clinical signs (selective anorexia, drastic reduction in milk yield), absence of any other concurrent disease and two urine tests. Comparison of infected was made with eight apparently healthy buffaloes kept as control. Hematological fi ndings in diseased animals revealed anemia, leucopenia, lower mean values of total erythrocyte count (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV), eosinophilia and monocytosis whereas biochemical fi ndings shows hypoglycemia, hypocalemia, hypoproteinemia hypercholesterolemia, high triglycerides and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity in affected animals as compared to control group.
Title: Cell Mediated Immune Response of Cow Urine with Withania Somnifera and Tinospora Cordifolia
Abstract :
To study the immunomodulatory effect of cow urine ark(distillate) and medicinal herbs, evaluation of cell mediated immune (CMI) response by delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) reaction to 2,4-dinitro chloro benzene (of experiment DNCB) in the broilers of group I(control), group II(ark treated), group III(ark and W.somnifera treated), group IV(ark and T.cordifolia treated), group V(ark, W.somnifera and T.cordifolia treated) and group VI(ImmuPlus-a polyherbal preparation treated) was carried out. The result indicated that DTH reaction in the broilers of group VI was most severe at 24 hours post challenge on 42nd day of experiment than that followed by group V, IV, III, II and I. DTH response indicates that cow urine ark and medicinal herbs are a potent immunomodulatory agent enhancing the cell mediated immune response. One of the explanations forwarded to justify the beneficial effect of cow urine and medicinal herbs in diseased stress is the non specific enhancement of immune status of the individual.
Title: Comparative Study of Three Different Media to Improve Semen Processing and Flow Cytometric Analysis in Bovine
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of three selected semen processing media: TRIS, TALP and HTF (Human Tubal Fluid) on sperm viability in post-preparation samples to improve flow cytometric analysis. Towards this aim, PI (Propidium Iodide) dye was used to evaluate sperm viability using flow cytometer. Two Cross breed (Karan Fries, KF) and Two Indian breed (Sahiwal, SW) bulls were used for different media optimization. The average sperm viability with TRIS, TALP & HTF media in cross breed (Karan fries) bulls was observed to be 92.09 ±1.93%, 82.61±2.71%, and 79.78±2.94% respectively, whereas, for Indian breeds (Sahiwal) it was 80.03±2.29%, 77.18±1.61 % and 71.32±2.51% respectively. The results revealed that viability of semen obtained from cross breed bulls (KF) is significantly higher in TRIS media (P<0.001) compared to TALP and HTF (P >0.05) whereas for Indian breed bulls (SW), viability of semen in TRIS and TALP is similar with no significant difference (P >0.05). When compared to HTF, semen of SW bull was found to have highest survivability in TRIS (80.03±2.29% vs 71.32±2.51% in TRIS and HTF respectively; P< 0.01). Hence, it can be concluded from the present study that overall TRIS medium is best suited for semen processing and flow cytometric analysis.

Title: Organoleptic Quality of Chicken Meat Rolls and Patties Added with the Combination Levels of Black Gram Hull and Psyllium Husk
Abstract :
The present study was envisaged to prepare dietary fiber rich chicken meat rolls and patties. The combination of two different sources of dietary fiber viz. black gram hull and psyllium husk has been used. They were added in three different levels viz. 5% black gram hull and 2% psyllium husk, 5% black gram hull and 4% psyllium husk and 5% black gram hull and 6% psyllium husk. The sensory characteristics such as colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability of fiber added chicken meat rolls and patties were studied. In general, the sensory scores showed a decreasing trend with increasing levels of incorporation but 5% black gram hull and 4% psyllium husk combination was found to be suitable organoleptically.
Title: A Study on the Molecular Epidemiology of Brucella abortus among Cattle in Western Rajasthan
Abstract :

Bovine brucellosis is usually caused by biovars of Brucella abortus. It is one of the important diseases impacting the dairy sector in India, including Rajasthan, which is often neglected because of its endemicity and often persists in the poorest and most vulnerable populations. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Brucella abortus in the cases of reproductive disorders such as abortion, stillborn or weak calves, neonatal mortality, retained placenta, delayed conception and infertility among the cattle in Western Rajasthan. A total of 87 vaginal samples including swabs (64) and discharges (23) were collected from cattle with a clinical history of reproductive failures, and screened using Brucella genus specific bcsp31 gene based PCR followed by Brucella abortus species specific IS711 based PCR. The results revealed 12.64% of the clinical samples positive for the presence of Brucella spp., including 12.50% of vaginal swabs and 13.04% of the vaginal discharges. All the samples detected positive in genus specific PCR were detected positive for the presence of Brucella abortus. The present study confirmed the considerable involvement of Brucella abortus as a major etiological agent in the clinical cases of reproductive disorders in cattle highlighting the urgent need for implementation of strict measures to control the disease in Western Rajasthan.

Title: Constraints Faced by Buffalo Owners in Junagadh and Porbandar Districts of Gujarat
Abstract :

The present experiment was carried out to identify the constraints faced by the buffalo owners in Junagadh and Porbandar districts of Gujarat. Information related to problems in breeding, feeding, disease control, managerial practices, economic aspects and marketing in dairy enterprise were collected from 300 buffalo owners. The economic constraint (95.39%) was faced by majority of buffalo owners, followed by the constraints related to breeding (48.92%), feeding (47.52%), marketing (35.58%), health/ disease control (20.47%) and managerial practices (13%). Unavailability of timely A.I. facility at village (59%) was major breeding constraint. Poor irrigation facilities for cultivation of fodder crops ranked top position among the different feeding constraints as perceived by 81.33% respondents; while, unavailability of on time veterinary services for treatment at door step (36.67%) was major constraint under disease control practices. Major managemental constraint faced by the buffalo owners was lack of knowledge on recommended managerial practices (17.67%). On the other hand, major economic and marketing problems encountered by the farmers were unavailability of loan for long duration (98.33%) and difficulty to store milk in summer season (70%), respectively. The constraints recorded in this study would be helpful for development of suitable dairy development plan in Junagadh and Porbandar districts of Gujarat.

Title: Lyme disease: Emerging and Re-emerging Metazoonoses of Gglobal Importance
Abstract :Lyme borreliosis is a tick-transmitted multisystem inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme disease has a worldwide distribution including India. Warmer weather expected to be increase emergence of common vector-borne diseases worldwide without an exception of Lyme disease. Several hundred cases are reported each year. About 10% of cases involve the more serious symptoms of arthritis and 5% experience facial paralysis, in addition to the skin rash that is characteristic of the disease. There is paucity of data on Lyme disease in India. Some study was under taken to study the seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in north eastern parts of India. Therefore, India represents a particularly interesting scenario for the study on Lyme disease. Vaccines against the condition are still not very successful. Hence, the importance of recognizing the cutaneous manifestations early, to prevent systemic complications which can occur if left untreated, can be understood. Here in; we review the problems and opportunities for the incidence of Lyme disease in India. Control measures are discussed in the review in the area of ticks and tick-borne zoonotic diseases (TTBDs). The disease warrants constant monitoring and surveillance because once introduced to human population it would be a herculean task to eradicate it.
Title: Rotational Grazing Pasture Management System in Sheep in Tamil Nadu to Gain Better Bodyweight through the Control of Nematodes
Abstract :

A model rotational grazing pasture for sheep at Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, Madhavaram, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Science University (TANUVAS), Chennai was established in 2015 to study the performance of sheep grazed in the rotational pasture. An area of 1,00,000 sq. ft was divided into 10 paddocks i.e. 9 for rotational grazing and 1 for control. 13 numbers of sheep allowed for grazing for 7 days in each paddock on rotational system. In control paddock, 13 numbers of sheep allowed for grazing continuously for 6 months. 16.89% of more weight gain was observed in sheep grazed in rotational paddock than that of control paddock. Average nematode egg count in dung samples which were collected from sheep grazed in rotational paddock was lesser than that of sheep grazed in control paddock. Rotational grazing of sheep has definitely impact on controlling parasitic load in sheep as well as on pasture by interfering the life cycle of parasite.

Title: Preparation Cost of Patties from Spent Hen Meat
Abstract :Chicken patties from spent hen meat were prepared from a standardized formulation and were extended with optimized level of non meat extenders viz sorghum flour, barley flour and pressed rice flour at 5%, 10% and 5% respectively. Optimization of levels for extenders was done under different experiments based on sensory attributes and those having sensory status closer to control were selected. The cost of patties from spent hen meat after replacement of lean with selected level of non meat extenders were compared among themselves to determine the most economic preparation. It was found that extended patties were cheaper than control patties and among the extended patties least cost was for barley flour extended patties. The cost for sorghum flour extended patties and pressed rice flour extended patties were almost same but these were higher than barley flour extended patties because of higher yield and high level of replacement of lean meat in latter case. Thus it was concluded that formulation with extension of 10% barley flour at the cost of lean meat was most economic among the tested non meat extenders.
Title: Evaluation of Genotoxicity Induced by Low Dose Oral Exposure of Deltamethrin in Mice Model
Abstract :

The study was conducted to elucidate the genotoxic effect of deltamethrin in Swiss Albino male mice following oral exposure, by comet assay and micronuclei induction test. Deltamethrin was administered at the dose rate of 1.5 mg/kg bwt, 1.0 mg/kg bwt and 0.5 mg/kg body weight. Mean head DNA percentage, mean tail DNA percentage, mean tail length and mean olive moment were the endpoints for the comet assay. Deltamethrin resulted in a significant comet formation at 15, 30 and 60 days of oral exposure in a dose and time dependent manner. Mean tail DNA% at 15, 30 and 60 days of exposure to deltamethrin was 59.28, 57.74 and 63.14, respectively. The results were found to be significantly different in treatment groups as compared to the control groups. Micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and polychromatic erythrocytes percentage were the endpoints for the micronuclei induction test. Deltamethrin induced significantly higher number of micronuclei in treatment group than the negative control. In conclusion, present study indicates that pesticides are slow poison and even a low dose of pesticide can cause genotoxicity and other biological effects when exposed to for longer duration.

Title: Histology and Histochemistry of Oviduct of Adult Bakerwali Goat in Different Phases of Estrus Cycle
Abstract :
Twelve genitalia of apparently healthy, non pregnant adult Bakerwali goat were collected from local slaughter houses immediately after sacrifice. Sections were stained with different staining methods. The oviduct of Bakerwali goat was lined with pseudostratifi ed columnar ciliated epithelium in infundibulum and ampulla whereas pseudostratifi ed columnar nonciliated epithelium in isthmus. The thickness of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis of oviduct increases towards the isthmus and was significantly higher in luteal phase of estrus cycle whereas height of epithelium was significantly higher in luteal phase but decreased towards the layer of muscles in the terminal part of isthmus. The height of lining epithelium was significantly higher in luteal phase than follicular phase in all three segments of oviduct. In the luteal phase, apical blebs with PAS positive material ere seen above lining epithelium. The cytoplasm of glandular and lining epithelium showed strong reaction with Alcian blue
and mild reactivity for bound lipids with Sudan Black B. Tunica muscularis showed moderate reaction for Alcian blue showing
presence of acidic mucopolysaccharides and mild reaction for bound lipids with Sudan Black B.
Title: Pre-hatched Developmental Changes of Harderian Gland in Chicken
Abstract :

The present study aimed to explore histogenesis of the Harderian gland of chicken from the 11th to 20th day of incubation. The Harderian gland was situated in the orbit, postero-medial to the eyeball in the embryo and loosely attached by periorbital fascia to the underlying muscles. The primordial Harderian gland appeared as an aggregation of undifferentiated cells on either side between interorbital septum and the retina, on 11th day of incubation. By the 16th day of incubation, gland was seen as elongated tube with little contortion of the lumen bounded by epithelial cells which subsequently became large on the 18th day of incubation. The gland appeared as branched tubular structure and gave rise to out pocketing in the mesenchyme. At the 20th day of incubation, the Harderian gland was seen to be a branched tubuloacinar type surrounded by thin layer of connective tissue. The acini formation was well defined and intralobular ducts with large lumen were seen in the parenchyma.

Title: Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp in Canine pyoderma, and Their Comparative Phenotype and Molecular Characterization
Abstract :

A study was conducted on 137 clinical cases of canine pyoderma from July 2021 to November 2021. Out of 137 bacterial isolates, 129 (94.16%) isolates were Gram positive. Among them 125 were of Staphylococcus spp and accounted for 91.24% of total isolates. Among these 125 Staphylococcus isolates, 48 (38.4%) were identified as coagulase positive and 77 (61.6%) were identified as coagulase negative. Biochemically identified spp collections (S. lugdunensis - S40, S. simulans - S11, S. cohnii subsp. xylosus - S41 and S. cohnii subsp. urealyticus - S44) used for phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences. Sequence results identified S40 as S. saprophyticus, S11 as S. haemolyticus, S41, S44 as S. pseudintermedius and the sequences of the 16S rRNA was submitted to Genebank with accession numbers as OM302140, OM302142, OM302146, OM302147. The in vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests showed highest resistance to streptomycin (94, 75.2%) followed by cefoxitin (83, 66.4%). Most of the isolates were found to be susceptible to enrofloxacin (62.4%), amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (58.4%), and gentamicin (58.4%). Among the methicillin resistant strains, 37 were CPS isolates (S. aureus 9 and S. pseudintermedius 28) and 46 were CNS isolates. The distribution of methicillin resistant gene mecA was observed in 19 isolates (22.89%) of Staphylococcus. Out of these 19 isolates, four were methicillin resistant S. aureus (CPS), 14 were methicillin resistant S. pseudintermedius (CPS) and the remaining one was methicillin resistant CNS isolates. The results showed an increased pathogenesis and methicillin resistance of SIG group S. pseudintermedius in Canine pyoderma.

Title: Prevalence of Antibodies to Coxiella burnetii in Camel Milk in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia: a Comparison with Serum
Abstract :
Antibodies against Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q-fever, were detected in lactating camels, cows and goats in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia, using an indirect ELISA test. A total of 246 milk samples collected from 69 camels. 90 cows and 87 goats were tested. Milk samples from 43 camels (62.32%), 30 cows (33.33%) and 22 goats (25.29%) were positive for anti-C. burnetii antibodies. Serum samples collected simultaneously from the same animals and tested by ELISA revealed anti-C. burnetii antibodies in 46 camels (66.67%), 38 cows (42.22) and 14 goats (16.20%). A signifi cant correlation between ELISA results in milk and serum was observed in the species tested. These results confi rm that ELISA can be used in milk instead of serum to detect antibodies against C. burnetii in lactating camels and other animals
Title: Allergic Dermatitis Occurrence Pattern in Canine of Jammu Region, India
Abstract :
The study was conducted to record the prevalence of allergic dermatitis in canine amongst the dermatitis cases presented at the Veterinary Clinics and Teaching Hospital, F.V.Sc & A.H., R.S Pura, Central Veterinary Hospital Talab Tillo in Jammu region. Diagnosis was done by intradermal skin testing, IgE level, clinical score status on the basis of CADASI. Prevalence of allergic dermatitis was 1.93% (18/930) with maximum prevalence recorded in month of July (27.77%) from the cases. Amongst the allergic dermatological affl ictions in canine population, different types of dermatitis observed were atopic (61.11%), fl ea allergy (16.66%), contact allergy (16.66%) and drug allergy (5.55%). Dogs belonging to the age group of two to four year were found most susceptible to allergic dermatitis. Males were found to be more susceptible to allergic dermatitis than females. Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were the main bacteria isolated from secondary bacterial dermatitis cases.
Title: Long-Term Operation of Brick-Kilns Led Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Kashmir Himalayas
Abstract :

Brick kiln operation in Kashmir has One Health implications. The present study focused on the influence of brick kilns on Soil-Plant-Animal system vis-à-vis Pb, Cd and Cr. Lead concentration in soil, paddy straw, rice bran and cow milk was significantly higher (P<0.05) in areas closer to brick kilns. However, majority of the sera samples showed Pb in below detection limits. Cadmium concentration in soil and paddy straw representing area upto 500 meter distance from the kiln site was higher than the faraway and control sites. Chromium concentration in all the study samples save rice bran was significantly (P<0.05) higher in areas closer to brick kilns. Lead and Cr concentration in milk (from cows residing upto 500 meters) exceeded the maximum permissible levels. The study concluded that continuous operation of brick kilns and long duration exposure of Soil-Plant-Animal system to such ill influence affects the overall health of the continuum.

Title: Prevalence of Canine Otitis Externa in Jammu
Abstract :To examine dogs with otitis externa in order to study the prevalence of otitis externa in dogs, a study was undertaken on 273 dogs presented at the teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex and Referral Hospital R.S Pura, Central Veterinary Hospital Talab Tillo and private pet clinics in Jammu region during the period starting on August to December (2011). The incidence of otitis externa stood at 21.97 percent (60 cases), from all the skin infections in canine population (273 cases). The influence of age, breed and sex on the incidence of otitis externa was also studied. The results of the study revealed higher occurrence of cases during the month of August (28.33 percent), followed by October (26.66 percent), and the least in December (10.00 percent). The dogs belonging to the age group of 3 years and above showed greater susceptibility (55 percent) to ear afflictions, followed by 1 to 3 year age group (25 percent), and the least (20 percent) in the age group below 1 year. German Shepherds followed by Labrador Retrievers and Cocker Spaniels were the most frequently affected breeds. Male dogs showed greater involvement than females.
Title: Prevalence of Aeromonas spp. and its Virulence Genes in Samples of Carabeef and Mutton
Abstract :

A survey was conducted to ascertain the distribution and virulence of Aeromonas spp. (species) in carabeef and mutton samples in Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, India. Conventional method using Aeromonas isolation medium and Ampicillin Dextrin agar, PCR targeting 16S rRNA were used to identify Aeromonas spp. in meat samples. Conventional cultural method revealed 28% and 40% positives in mutton and carabeef, respectively whereas PCR assay detected 32% (mutton) and 44% (carabeef) positives suggesting that PCR has a better sensitivity than the cultural method. PCR positives were examined for the presence of toxin genes. Both aerolysin (37.5% in mutton and carabeef) and thermostablecytotonic enterotoxin (36.3%)

Title: Characterization of New MHC (Bubu) -DQB Allele in Buffalo
Abstract :
A partial 517 nucleotide long DQB cDNA was amplified and sequenced from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and was named as Bubu-DQB*2. The
Bubu-DQB*2 showed 96.6% and 92% homologies with cattle (BoLA)-DQB2 and -DQB1 sequences, respectively, whereas 95.6, 96, 90.3, 86 and 90% homologies with sheep, goat, pig, dog and human, respectively. The Bubu-DQB*2 showed 20 nucleotide changes including eight as non-synonymous substitutions compared with Bubu-DQB allele already reported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Bubu-DQB*2 evolved earlier to the diversification of common DQB alleles of ruminants. New Bubu-DQB*2 allele might be vital to produce specific presenting molecule, which can recognise different pathogens in buffaloes.
Title: A Comparative Study of Meat Quality Traits in Different Improved Varieties of Chicken
Abstract :

The present experiment was designed to study meat quality traits in improved varieties of chicken. Six different varieties (CARI Shyama, Vanaraja, Kalinga Brown, Black Rock, Caribro Dhanraja and Kuroiler) used in Chhattisgarh for backyard poultry were studied. The meat quality parameters like pH, total lipid, total cholesterol, ash, ether extract and sensory evaluation were studied. The pH values of meat was significantly (P<0.01) influence by varieties. The overall mean pH values were recorded to be 6.40 ± 0.50, 6.35 ± 0.05, 6.39± 0.05, 6.17± 0.06, 6.38± 0.06 and 6.26± 0.05 for CARI Shyama, Vanaraja, Kalinga Brown, Black Rock, Caribro Dhanaraja and Kuroiler respectively. Significantly (P<0.05) higher pH value of leg meat as compared to breast meat was recorded. Older birds had more lipid content than younger birds. The cholesterol content of meat was significantly (P<0.01) affected by age and body parts. Cholesterol content of meat increased with increase of birds’ age. Leg meat had high cholesterol content as compared to breast meat. Higher protein and total ash content as well as lower ether extract content was observed in CARI Shyama. Highest overall acceptance was recorded for meat of CARI Shyama in sensory evaluation.

Title: Effectiveness of different hCG and GnRH based protocols in progesterone primed goats on estrus induction and reproductive outcomes in out-off-season goats
Abstract :
We evaluated whether Gonadotrophin releasing hormone incorporation to the Human chorionic gonadotropin protocol improves the sexual response during the natural anestrous season in goats. Thirty-two adult multibreed anovulatory goats (n = 8, four groups), received 20 mg progesterone i.m. on d-1; on d0, all goats received 7.5 mg prostaglandin F i.v. and control group (CG) 0.5 mL of saline i.m., hCG group (GH) 100 IU of hCG i.m., hCG+GnRH group (GN) 100 IU hCG i.m. + 8.4 µg of GnRH at once, and hCG+GnRH-24h group (GN24) 100 IU hCG i.m. + 8.4 µg of GnRH 24 h apart. GN, GN24 and GH depicted estrus and ovulatory activity, favoring the GH (25%, 25% and 100% for both variables, respectively). Regarding pregnancy rate, the largest values (P<0.05) were observed in GH (12%, 12% vs 75%, respectively). A protocol based on P4+PGF+hCG was the best option to induce and synchronize estrus as well as ovulation regarding the administration of GnRH during the natural anestrous season in goats.
Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) Leaf Powder on Oxidative Stress Marker in Broilers
Abstract :
The study was conducted on 72 - day old straight run commercial broiler chicks (DOC) till 6 weeks of age to investigate the effect of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder (TLP) on the hematological parameters of broilers. Chicks were randomly divided into four groups of 18 chicks each. Control group received standard broilers diet. Chicks in second, third and fourth group received standard broilers diet supplemented with Tulsi leaf powder (TLP) @ 0.25, 0.50 and 1 percent. Blood samples were collected at the end of 6th week from the wing vein in sterile heparinized tubes. Plasma was separated by centrifugation for determination of oxidative stress marker in broilers. Results revealed a significant effect of TLP in feeds as alkaline phosphatase level was significantly (P<0.05) lower in diets supplemented with 0.5 % and 1.0% TLP.
Title: Chronic Fascioliasis as Cause of Unthriftiness in Sheep with Reference to its Impacts on Blood Constituents
Abstract :
Ten adult sheep (2-4years of age) and eight lambs (5-12 month old), of both sexes were involved in this study. Ten apparently healthy sheep (5 adults and 5 lambs) were also used as a control group. The selected animals were presented with prominent clinical signs of progressive weight loss (in adults), underweight (in lambs), profuse watery diarrhea and edematous swelling of the intermandibular space. Blood as well as fecal and feed samples were analyzed for the selected parameters. The obtained results for hematological values revealed significant decrease (P<0.05) in the total erythrocytic cell counts, hemoglobin concentration and packed
cell volume in both sheep and lambs if compared with those of the apparently
healthy ones. The mean values of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were
significantly increased associated with significant decrease (P<0.05) in mean
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) indicating a macrocytic
hypochromic anemia. Also there was significant increase (P<0.05) in the total
leucocytic counts with marked eosinophilia in ill thrifty sheep and lambs when
compared with those of the apparently healthy ones.
Title: Effect of Sodium Butyrate Supplementation on Performance, Egg Quality and Bacterial load in the Excreta of Laying Hens
Abstract :supplementation on egg production performance, egg quality, nutrient retention, excreta microflora and blood metabolites in laying hens during late laying cycle. A total of 320 Hy-Line Brown layers (65 wk old) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments on the basis of laying performance. Each treatment had 8 replicates with 10 birds each (80 birds per treatment). Two hens were confined individually with the cage size as 0.2 x 0.2 m. and 10 birds (5 cages) shared a common feed trough between them forming one experimental unit. Dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20% sodium butyrate. Supplementation of increasing levels of sodium butyrate showed linear reduction (P<0.05) in broken egg percentage. Egg shell strength was linearly improved (P<0.05) with increase in dietary sodium butyrate. Dietary supplementation of increasing levels of sodium butyrate had greater (linear, P<0.05) retention of DM, CP and GE. Hens fed diet supplemented with increasing levels of sodium butyrate had increased (linear, P<0.05) total anaerobic bacteria and Lactobacillus spp. population.
Title: Effect of Oral Supplementation of Putrescine and L-glutamine on the Histomorphology of Small Intestine and Growth Performance in Broiler Chickens
Abstract :
A work was conducted to study the effect of putrescine and L-glutamine supplementation on histomorphology of small intestine in broiler chickens. Five groups of ten chicks each in three replicates reared up to 42 days were used for this study. Putrescine and L-glutamine were orally supplemented at 0% level as control (T1), putrescine 0.05% (T2), putrescine 0.1% (T3), L-glutamine 0.5% (T4) and L-glutamine 1% (T5) from 0 day to 7 days after hatch. At 2nd and 3rd week of age, 3 birds from each groupwere slaughtered and tissue samples from small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were collected for histomorphological studies. Statistically signifi cant (p<0.01) increase in duodenal and jejunal villi length, width,crypt length and ileal villi length and width were observed in L-glutamine fed groups than putrescine and control groups. There was no signifi cant difference in duodenal crypt length/width, jejunal crypt width and ileal crypt length/width. It can be inferred that L-glutamine promoted the intestinal villi development during early posthatch life, thus increasing the nutrients absorption and growth performance as body weight gain in broiler chickens
Title: Influence of Condensed tannins Supplementation through Ficus infectoria and Psidium guajava Leaf Meal Mixture on Nutrient Intake and Clinical Chemistry in Lambs
Abstract :
This study examined the effect of condensed tannins (CT) through Ficus infectoria and Psidium guajava leaf meal mixture (LMM) on nutrient intake, calcium and phosphorus retention and clinical chemistry in lambs. Twenty four non-descript lambs 6 months of age with average body weight 10.07±0.59 kg were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatments (CT-0, CT-1, CT-1.5 and CT-2) consisting of six lambs in each in a completely randomized block design. Blood-biochemical profile was monitored at 45 days intervals. The intake (g kg-1 W0.75) of dry matter and organic matter were significantly (P<0.05) lower in control (CT-0) as compared to CT supplemented groups. LMM was given to lambs to supply CT @ 1, 1.5 and 2% in CT-1, CT-1.5 and CT-2, respectively. The Hb and PCV levels were highest (P<0.05) in CT-1.5 followed by CT-1, CT-2 and CT-0, respectively. CT Supplementation significantly (P<0.01) reduced serum urea level in CT-1, CT-1.5 and CT-2 groups as compared to CT-0. Serum proteins differed significantly (P<0.05) among various dietary treatments. Serum glucose, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine levels were comparable among all treatment groups. Similarly, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase did not differ significantly among dietary treatments. Alkaline phosphates was significantly (P<0.05) higher in CT-1.5 as compared to CT-2, however, CT-1 and CT-2 have intermediate values between CT-1.5
and CT-0. It may be concluded that dietary supplementation of CT at moderate level (1-2 %) did not exert any adverse effect on
blood chemistry; however, some blood parameters and nutrient intake was improved considerably.
Title: Status of FecB Gene Mutation in Dorper Sheep from Jammu
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to explore polymorphism in exon-8 of FecB gene using PCR-RFLP technique in Dorper sheep. Animals maintained at Government Sheep Breeding Farm, Panthal, Jammu were studied. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples using Phenol-Chloroform-Isoamyl method. The PCR product of 140 bp was amplified using reported primers (part of exon-8 of FecB gene). PCR products was digested for the presence of FecB mutation using AvaІІ restriction enzyme. The studied samples were monomorphic and were having only one genotype (FecB++). Our study reveals that Dorper sheep population in the present study is homozygous and non-carrier of FecB mutation.
Title: Effect of Cellulolytic Enzymes and Probiotics on Growth Performance of Broiler Rabbits
Abstract :
Administration of enzymes and Probiotics in fattening rabbits improved growth performance and reduced the morbidity and mortality rate. Apart from Probiotics, enzymes are most important protein molecules which catalyze and improve acceleration of feed digestion. Therefore, keeping the above points in view the present study was undertaken to study the effect of enzymes
and probiotics on body weight gain, feed efficiency and digestibility of nutrients. Thirty weaned healthy broiler rabbits with comparable body weights were selected and randomly allotted into three dietary treatments (T1, T2 and T3) of 10 animals each. The effect of enzymes and probiotics on growth performance of broiler rabbits was studied. During the 12th weeks feeding
trial, the cumulative daily weight gain of rabbits were 19.30 ± 2.52, 20.25 ± 2.46 and 19.70 ± 2.56 g /day/rabbit under T1, T2 and T3 respectively. It was observed that there was signifi cant (p < 0.05) difference between enzyme and control group. The average weekly body weight gain recorded at the end of the trial (during 12thweek) was 2097.5 ± 65, 2177.2 ± 77 and 2131.10
± 70 g rabbit under T1, T2 and T3 respectively. It was observed that there was highly signifi cant (p < 0.01) difference between enzyme and control group. Addition of enzymes helps in improving the body weight gain. Hence, can be added to rabbit feed. The following recommendations can be made from the present study that enzyme and probiotics play a very important role in development of immunity against diseases.
Title: Gross Anatomical Features of the Tongue of Blue and Gold Macaw
Abstract :

In the present study, the tongue was found to be a part of the lingual apparatus and was located in the floor of the lower mandible. Two types of muscles were found in the tongue: Intrinsic and Extrinsic. The tongue was covered by keratinized epithelium and papillae. The barbs like, keratinized papillae were found in this specimen. The papillae were varying in shape and size. The colour of tongue was black. The lingual nail was found on the ventral surface below the tip of the tongue which was formed by strong and hard keratinized epithelium. Some taste buds were found at the base of the tongue, on the roof and floor of the mouth. Hyoid apparatus was found in form of articulated group of bones and cartilages. The horns of hyoid apparatus were extended caudally from tongue on either side of the larynx. The tongue was thick and fleshy because paraglossum was well developed.

Title: Detection of papC Genes From E. coli Isolates of Pork Origin
Abstract :
Thirty six E. coli isolates belonging to 18 serotypes and rough strains recovered from pork were evaluated for presence of papC gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The papC gene was detected in 12 (33.3%) isolates of E. coli (serogroups viz. O1, O5, O12, O24, O49, O75, O127 and O147), however, papC genes were not observed in rough strains of E. coli. The study suggests that pork may be a potential source of pathogenic E. coli with papC gene to humans.
Title: Breed effect on serum lysozyme activity in indigenous breeds of Sheep
Abstract :
Serum lysozyme is widely known for its immuno-protective action. The level is an index of macrophage function and this reflects the status of Reticulo-endothelial (RE) system in the body. It is a ubiquitous bacteriolytic enzyme present in the body fluids and tissues. It acts as an important antimicrobial component in the serum and body fluids. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to detect the effect of breed on mean serum lysozyme activity. A total of 275 animals of same age, sex and season of birth belonging to three breeds of indigenous sheep viz. Chokla, Malpura, and Muzaffarnagri were included under the present investigation. The serum lysozyme level in Chokla, Malpura and Muzaffarnagri was determined by Lysoplate assay method. Least square analysis was done to study the association of breed as well as genotype with mean serum lysozyme activity. There was significant difference (Pd<0.05) of serum lysozyme activity among the breeds.
Among all the three breeds, Chokla showed highest mean serum lysozyme activity. The mean serum lysozyme activity for Chokla, Malpura and Muzaffarnagri breed of sheep was 3.13±0.13 µg/ml, 2.39±0.14 µg/ml and 2.51±0.18 µg/ml, respectively.
Title: Effect of Improved Nutrition and Improved Shelter on Pre and Post Weaning Growth Performance of Magra Lambs in Two Lambing Seasons under Arid Zone
Abstract :

The present experiment was conducted in phased manner to observe the effect of improved nutrition and improved shelter either alone or in combination on pre and post weaning growth performance in Magra lambs. In phase-I, fifteen days old Magra lambs (n=40) born in autumn-winter season were used for growth study in a randomized block design upto the six month of age i.e. preweaning stage from 15 days to 3 months of age and thereafter post weaning stage up to 6 months of age (Season-1) at ARC-CSWRI and divided into four groups of 10 lambs in each group (T1-T4). In Phase-II, similar experiment was followed with the lambs born in spring-summer season (Season-II). Groups included T1-Sole grazing with traditional shelter (tree shade); T2-improved shelter (asbestos sheet-thatched roof/with curtains) with grazing; T3-improved nutrition and traditional shelter and T4- improved nutrition and improved shelter. In groups of (T3-T4) varying plane of nutrition was supplemented with creep mixture @1% of their body weight from 15 days of age to weaning while multinutrient mixture @1% of their body weight was provided during postweaning stage upto six month of age in both seasons. There was diurnal variation in temperature and THI during the study period, which indicated that lambs were under thermal stress during various months of trial. Environmental stress coupled with nutritional stress reduce growth rate in control group (T1) which might be improved by provision of improved nutrition and shelter.

Title: Leptospirosis in Bovines: Haematobiochemical and Urine Analysis Studies
Abstract :
Keeping in view the clinical importance of leptospirosis haematobiochemical and urine analysis were carried out on 500
(cattle-398, buffalo-102) blood/serum and 304 (cattle-232, buffalo-72) urine samples of both seropositive (cattle-51, buffalo-16) and seronegative (cattle-347, buffalo-86) animals from different district of South Gujarat region. A signifi cant decrease in the values of PCV, MCH and MCHC was noted in seropositive group of cattle in comparison to seronegative group. Such difference among seropositive and seronegative groups could not be recorded in buffaloes. The mean values of ALT, AST and bilirubin registered an increase at signifi cant level in seropositive cattle in comparison to seronegative. Among buffaloes, the mean values of ALT increased and total protein decreased signifi cantly (P <0.05) in seropositive buffaloes in comparison to seronegative buffaloes. On urine analyses (n=304; cattle=232, buffaloes=72) hardly any signifi cant difference was noted in various parameter studied in either species in seropositive and seronegative animals. All the urine samples (304) collected were subjected to Dark Field Microscopy (DFM) proved to be negative for leptospires
Title: Effect of Various Genetic and Non-genetic Factors on Reproductive Traits in Large White Yorkshire Crossbred and Tamworth Crossbred Pigs
Abstract :
The data on reproductive performance of 1850 crossbred pigs belonging to three genetic groups viz. ½ LWY-desi crossbred (845), ¾ LWY-desi crossbred (790) and ½ Tamworth-desi crossbred (215) maintained at AICRP on Pigs, Adhartal, Jabalpur (M.P.) covering period from 1994 to 2010 were subjected to least squares analysis to study the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors. The least squares means for litter weight at birth were 7.18±0.24 and 6.61±0.24 kg for ½ and ¾ LWY-desi crossbreds and 7.13±0.24 kg for ½ Tamworth-desi crossbreds respectively. The least squares means for litter weight at weaning were 55.82±2.58,
61.03±2.31 and 61.93±3.54 kg for ½ LWY-desi, ¾ LWY-desi and ½ Tamworthdesi crossbred respectively. The present investigation showed a significance influence of period and season of birth on litter traits indicated the potential for optimizing production performance of pig providing optimal environmental conditions.
Title: Study of Prevalence of Arcobacter butzleri in Chicken Meat, Mutton, Chevon, Carabeef and Milk using Conventional PCR
Abstract :

The reports of prevalence of Arcobacter butzleri in mutton, chevon and cara beef are very rare in India. The foods of animal origin included in the present study are mutton, chevon and cara beef in addition to chicken meat and milk. A total of 154 samples viz. 23 for mutton, 20 for chevon and 10 for carabeef were collected from retail meat shops, Bareilly, U.P, India; 70 samples of chicken meat were collected from CARI, IVRI, Bareilly India and 30 milk samples were collected from various milk suppliers, vendors and dairy farms, Bareilly, India. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based screening was employed in this study to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter butzleri in the collected samples. PCR assays used in the present study were standardized as per the protocol of Houf et al. (2000). The optimised PCR assay gave an amplification product of 401 bp size in 18 samples out of 154 and it was specific only for Arcobacter butzleri and not for other related bacterial DNA’s tested like that of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Arcobacter skirrow, C. jejuni, C. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli. While 12 of chicken meat, 03 mutton, 01 chevon, 01 carabeef, 01 milk samples were positive by PCR giving the respective prevalence of 17.14%, 13.04%, 5%, 10% and 3.22%. The overall prevalence of Arcobacter butzleri in the screened samples was found to be 11.69%.

Title: Short Term Changes in Teats Following Machine Milking with Respect to Quarter Health Status in Cows
Abstract :
The procedures and practices associated with milking are critically important and people now-a-days are switching over to machine milking to save time and money. Milking equipments if properly maintained have a positive impact on both milk production and milk quality. However, if the equipments are not used as per the recommended standard values it may have some untoward effects on udder health. In the present study the short term effect of machine milking on teats and their relationship with quarter health status was conducted on a total of 872 quarters of 218 apparently healthy lactating cows at 10 machine milked dairy farms of Punjab. The short term effects of machine milking on teats i.e., change in colour and morphology were seen in 22.9 percent (177) and 17.43 percent (152) of teats, respectively. There was no signifi cant relationship between teat colour change and occurrence of mastitis (χ2=1.13; 01 df; P < 0.05). Out of the 177 quarters showing colour change 76 (42.9 percent) quarters showed morphological changes. A signifi cant relationship was observed between change in colour and morphology of teats, immediately after milking (χ2= 84.95; 01 df; P < 0.001).
Title: Evaluation of In-Vitro Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-I Inhibitory Activity of Duck Egg Protein Hydrolysates and their Fractions
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to extract ACE-I inhibitory peptides from duck egg using proteases from different sources viz. plant (papain and ficin), animal (trypsin) bacterial (Alcalase). Initially, the whole duck egg liquid was defatted with multiple washing with ethanol. The partially denatured whole duck egg proteins were subjected to hydrolysis using preoptimized conditions (enzyme substrate ratio, pH, temperature, incubation time) w.r.t. each enzyme. Four treatments viz duck egg hydrolysed with alcalase (DEA), duck egg hydrolysed with ficin (DEF), duck egg hydrolysed with papain (DEP) and duck egg hydrolysed with trypsin (DET) were prepared. The collected respective hydrolysates were fractionated using ultrafiltration to obtain different fractions on the basis of molecular weight (kilo dalton) viz. whole: DEPH, >10 kDa: DEPH-1, 5-10 kDa: DEPH-2, 1-5 kDa: DEPH-3 and <1 kDa: DEPH-4. The whole hydrolysates and their fractions were evaluated for their ACE-I inhibitory activity under in-vitro condition. Amongst all the hydrolysates and their fractions, the ACE-I inhibitory activity of DEPH were significantly (p<0.05) higher than their respective fractions and DEPH of DEP exhibited the highest activity. However, all the fractions displayed varied (p<0.05) ACE-I inhibitory activity with each other. Results suggested that the duck egg protein hydrolysates and their fractions have strong antihypertensive activity which can be exploited to develop nutraceuticals or functional foods.

Title: Effect of Graded Levels of Niacin Supplementation on Total Mixed Ration Containing Different Non-Protein Nitrogen Sources in vitro
Abstract :
The present study was undertaken to study the effect of varying levels of niacin supplementation(0, 200, 400 and 600 ppm, respectively) on low urea based total mixed ration (TMR)replacing 10% of total crude protein (CP) of ration with different non protein nitrogen (NPN) sources by in vitro gas production technique. All the
rations were iso-nitrogeneous in nature.On the basis of higher partition factor, neutral detergent fibre degradability (NDFD%), organic matter degradability (OMD%), microbial mass production and efficiency of microbial mass production from different NPN sources. Supplementation of varying levels of niacin in low urea based TMR did not have any significant effect on microbial mass production and its efficiency. The in vitro pH and NH3 concentration was significantly (P<0.05) reduced at 600ppm level of niacin supplementation. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in control TMR and lowest in uromol based TMR. Niacin supplementation produced significantly higher (P<0.05) TVFA at 200ppm level and lowest (P<0.05) at 600ppm in TMR. It can be concluded that slow release urea seems to be better option than urea and uromol as NPN supplement in the diets of ruminants when low (10% of total CP) urea based TMR is to be prepared.
Title: Effect of Supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia and Ascorbic Acid Combinations on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of supplementation of graded levels of Tinospora cordifolia with or without ascorbic acid on the growth performance of broilers. A total of 360 one-d-old broiler chicks were assigned randomly to ten dietary groups (T1-T10) in a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with three replicates of 12 chicks. The 42-day feeding trial involved feeding of a basal diet supplemented with graded levels of Tinospora cordifolia with or without ascorbic acid. The average ambient temperature during the study period was 31oC. Chronic heat stress in present study showed significant negative effect on feed conversion ratio (FCR) in control group as compared to various treatment groups. Significant effect of Tinospora cordifolia or ascorbic acid alone and their various combinations was observed on overall feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). It was concluded that supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia at 0.25% level with ascorbic acid @ 0.025% is quite effective and could be viable proposition for lucrative broiler farming for meat production.
Title: Crossectional Study on Prevalence of Bovine Schistosomiosis and its Associated Risk Factors in Dangila District, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia
Abstract :
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 in Dangila District, Awi Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of Bovine schistosomosis and to identify the possible associated risk factors. Simple random sampling method was used to select the animals and coprological examination using sedimentation technique was applied for the recovery of Schistosoma eggs from freshly collected fecal samples and preserved in 10% formalin. Of the total 384 cattle examined, 44(11.5%) were found to be positive for Schistosoma bovis. there was no statistically signifi cant difference observed among four kebeles; even though Dengesgta (16.3%) revealed the highest prevalence, while the lowest in Gumdrie (7.3%). There was no signifi cant difference between two breeds, sexes and three age groups, even though, the prevalence of bovine schistosomosis was recorded higher in local breed cattle(12%) than that of cross breed cattle(8.5%), in female cattle(12.6%) than that of male(9.9%), and it was higher in age group of cattle below 2 years(14.7%) than above 2 years and below 5 year of age(11.7%) and that of age group of above 5 years(10.2%). The prevalence in poor body condition (23.1%) was higher than that of medium body condition (9.7%) as well as good body condition (5.1%) and variation was statistically
signifi cant.
Title: Evaluation of PPD based ELISA in the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculos
Abstract :
541 animals from three dairy farms () were firstly screened for bovine tuberculosis by tuberculin skin testing, out of which 71 (13.12%) animals were found tuberculin reactors. The serum samples of 71 tuberculin positive- 104 tuberculin negative and 363 non tuberculin tested animals were then evaluated by Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)-ELISA. PPD-ELISA yielded 57.74%, 8.65% and 24.24% seropositivity in tuberculin positive, tuberculin negative and non-tuberculin tested animals with an overall seroprevalence of 25.65% among tested sera. The relative sensitivity and specificity of ELISA with tuberculin test was 57.74% and 91.34%, respectively. The use of PPD based ELISA may be suggested in conjugation with tuberculin test for whole herd screening and culling programme especially in anergic state or advanced stages of infection.
Title: Cross Anthelmintic Resistance in Haemonchus contortus in Sheep of Unorganized Sector in Haryana
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to detect the status of anthelmintic resistance of commonly used anthelmintic drugs viz. fenbendazole and morantel against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep of village Badhra, district Charkhi dadri, Haryana. Forty five sheep with egg per gram of more than or equal to 150 were divided into three groups i.e. S1, S2 and S3 of 15 animals each. Group S1 and S2 were treated with fenbendazole @ 5 mg/kg b.wt. orally and morantel @ 10 mg/ kg b.wt. orally, respectively. Group S3 served as untreated control. Faecal samples were collected on the day of treatment (zero day) and 12th day post treatment (PT), from sheep of all groups and individual FEC were determined by the modified McMaster technique. Pooled faecal cultures were made to recover infective larvae on day 0 and 12 PT. Results revealed that fenbendazole (S1) reduced the FEC by 74.77% on 12th day PT with upper and lower confidence levels as 86.41% and 53.15%, respectively indicating moderate anthelmintic resistance. Morantel (S2) caused 49.84% reduction in FEC with upper and lower confidence levels as 65.04% and 28.04%, respectively indicating severe anthelmintic resistance. Thus, the present study revealed presence of cross anthelmintic resistance against fenbendazole and morantel in Haemonchus population in sheep of unorganized sector in Haryana as the post-treatment coproculture showed only Haemonchus contortus larvae.

Title: Decline in Reproductive Performance in High Producing Murrah Buffalo
Abstract :
In the present investigation the average performance of various performance traits in Murrah buffaloes has been studied. Data on 1224 lactations of Murrah buffaloes scattered over 19 years from January 1993 to October 2011 maintained at organized herd of National Dairy Research Institute. A total of 522 buffaloes completed first lactation and 368, 226 and 108 animals completed second, third and fourth lactations, respectively. Following traits were studied, age at first calving (AFC), days to first service (DFS), service period (SP), pregnancy rate (PR), lactation length (LL), 305 days or less milk yield (305 DMY) and 305 days or less wet average (WA). Study revealed that average performance of AFC, DFS and SP was 43.97 ± 0.36 months, 90.10 ± 1.60 days and 139.91 ± 2.96 days. Overall average pregnancy rate was estimated as 0.36 ± 0.013 whereas it was found to be 0.34 ±
0.02, 0.39 ± 0.02, 0.33 ± 0.03, 0.38 ± 0.05 for first, second, third and fourth
parity, respectively in Murrah buffalo. The average performance of LL, 305 DMY, WA were estimated to be 284.38 ± 1.08 days, 2034.42 ± 20.79 kg and 7.29 ± 0.06 kg. It may be inferred that intense selection of buffalo for milk production if continued for long with giving due attention to reproductive traits then it is likely to cause deterioration in reproduction traits in days to come.
Title: Relationship of Body Condition Score at Estrus and Conception Rate in Graded Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :
Seventy graded Murrah parous buffaloes presented for the first postpartum AI maintained under village system of rearing free from apparent pathological abnormalities of the reproductive tract were selected to study the effect of body condition score (BCS) and size of the preovulatory follicle on conception rate. After evaluating Body condition score (BCS) by visual examination and estrus intensity based on the scorecard, Preovulatory follicle (POF) sizes were measured ultrasonographically and grouped as small preovulatory follicle (SPOF), medium preovulatory follicle (MPOF) and large preovulatory follicle (LPOF). The mean values of BCS, intensity of estrus and serum progesterone at AI and on day 10 post AI were estimated and the relation to conception rate was analyzed. Positive correlation was observed with the body condition of the buffaloes at the time of AI to POF size and intensity of estrus. The mean values of BCS in pregnant and non pregnant buffaloes did not differ
significantly and it has a nonsignificant (P>0.05) negative correlation with pregnancy status, however proper nutrition during
breeding season is necessary for acceptable reproduction. It was concluded from the present study that physiological maturity of the follicle rather than its diameter influenced the fertility in graded Murrah buffaloes under field conditions.
Title: Repair of Humeral Fracture in a Peregrine Falcon by Nailing of an Injection Needle
Abstract :
A young peregrine falcon was presented with a right midshaft open fracture of the humerus. This report describes an innovation technique for intramedullary pinning using an injection needle as a pin device of internal fixation.
Title: Effect of Organic Selenium and Vitamin E Supplementation on Physico-chemical Characteristics of Broiler Meat
Abstract :
Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic selenium and vitamin E on physico-chemical characteristics of broiler meat. This study was a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of three levels of organic selenium (0, 0.1, and 0.2 ppm) and two levels of vitamin-E (0 and 300mg/kg). Day-old Vencobb broiler chicks (n=180), were randomly assigned in 6 treatment groups. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The six different dietary treatments were: T1- Control diet without organic selenium and vitamin E; T2- 300mg/kg vitamin E; T3- 0.1ppm organic selenium; T4- 0.1ppm organic selenium and 300mg/kg vitamin E; T5- 0.2ppm organic selenium and T6- 0.2ppm organic selenium and 300mg/kg vitamin E. Supplementation of organic selenium and vitamin E had no signifi cant effect on pH of broiler meat. Extract release volume (ERV) and water holding capacity (WHC) were signifi cantly (P<0.01) increased in organic selenium and vitamin-E supplemented groups as compared to control and was recorded highest in birds fed 0.1ppm organic selenium with 300mg/kg vitamin-E. Signifi cantly (P<0.01) decreased level of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and tyrosine value (TV) were observed in birds fed organic selenium and vitamin-E as compared to control and was least in birds fed 0.1ppm organic selenium with 300mg/kg vitamin-E. There was marked interaction between organic selenium and vitamin E for ERV, WHC, TBA and TV (P<0.01) however it was non-signifi cant for pH. Supplementation of organic selenium and vitamin E reduces the lipid peroxidation and autolysis, thus improves the shelf life of broiler meat. 
Title: Effect of Eugenol (Eugenia Aromatica) Treatment and Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) on Storage Stability of Chicken Noodles during Storage at 35±2°C Temperature
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eugenol treatment and modifi ed atmospheres (50 % N2 + 50 % CO2) packaging (MAP) on the storage stability of chicken noodles stored at 35 ± 2°C for 90 days. A total four treatments were assigned (i) control aerobic (C-AP), (ii) eugenol treated aerobic (ET-AP), (iii) control MAP (C-MAP), and (iv) eugenol and MAP treated (ET-MAP). All samples were evaluated for changes in pH, water activity (aw), antioxidant activity, Lovibond tintometer colour (L, a*, b*), texture profi les, sensory attributes, lipid stability and microbial quality. ET-MAP packaging were significantly (p<0.05) infl uenced oxidative stability of noodle samples. ET-AP and ET-MAP treated samples shown to had higher (p>0.05 antioxidant activity. The standard plate count (SPC) of noodle samples was higher for both aerobic and MAP controls. ET-MAP samples were exhibited greater antioxidant activity and sensory scores but lower SPC and water activity than other samples.
Title: Smallholder Pig Farming for Rural Livelihoods and Food Security in North East India
Abstract :

Smallholder pig farming is an important livelihood resource for the poor and tribal people in India. However, the smallholder pig farms are faced with a number of problems. The present study thus aimed to build up the capacity of the smallholder pig farmers by some interventions on knowledge build up, pig variety replacement, shelter management and veterinary services in Tripura, a State of North East India. Two-stage stratified random sample survey on 178 smallholder tribal farmers using pre-designed, semi-structured questionnaires was conducted to collect information before and after the interventions. The majority of the beneficiaries (83.71%) belonged to either low or medium income groups, of which 14.04% of the beneficiaries were the poorest group in the present study. After the shelter management and adoption of improved husbandry practices, a good and very good conditions in and around the pig shelters were recorded among 71.34% and 24.16% of the beneficiaries, respectively. Non- descriptive, local pigs (50%) were replaced by high yielding indigenous or exotic or crossbred pigs in the study area. Previously, 86.51% of the farmers reared pigs for fattening purpose, while 92.13% of the farmers practiced breeding of sows for piglet production after the intervention. The present interventions have brought significant impact (p<0.05) on rearing factors as well as socio-psychological factors. The implementation of ‘piglet production farming system’ augmented food security by 148 days.

Title: Comparative Performance Among Different Genetic Groups of Large White Yorkshire Crossbred Pigs
Abstract :
The Present investigation was carried out to analyse the data on growth and
reproductive traits in Large White Yorkshire (LWY) crossbred pigs. A total of 1635 records of two genetic groups i.e. 50% crossbred (n=845) and 75% crossbred (n=790) LWY x Desi, spread over the 16 years (1994 to 2010) were taken from the animals maintained under All India Coordinated Research Project on pigs, at Livestock Farm, JNKVV, Adhartal, Jabalpur (M.P.) At slaughter age, 75%LWY were found to be slightly heavier than the 50% LWY crossbreds. The genetic group and year had significant effect (Pd”0.05) on almost all body weights. A significant year effect (Pd”0.05) was observed for all the traits. Littersize at birth had a significant (Pd”0.05) effect on litter weight at birth.
Title: Studies on Growth Performance of Improved Varieties of Chicken
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out to study growth traits in improved varieties of chicken. Six different varieties namely CARI Shyama, Vanaraja, Kalinga Brown, Black Rock, Caribro Dhanraja and Kuroiler used in Chhattisgarh for backyard poultry were studied. The growth parameters studied were body weight, average daily gain, and average weekly gain up to 10 weeks of age. Significantly (P<0.01)) higher growth rates in males compared to females were recorded. The highest rate of growth was recorded for Caribro Dhanraja. The overall mean values for 10 weeks body weight were observed to be 1259.48±30.00, 1393.27±35.52, 871.98±25.24, 1366.91±30.96, 1823.47±33.74 and 1219.62±29.50g for CARI Shyama, Vanaraja, Kalinga Brown, Black Rock, Caribro Dhanraja and Kuroiler, respectively. Variety and age significantly affected the feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratios were observed to be 2.77, 2.55, 2.76, 2.50, 1.96 and 2.45 for CARI Shyama, Vanaraja, Kalinga Brown, Black Rock, Caribro Dhanraja and Kuroiler, respectively. Significant (P<0.01) effect of variety on shank length and keel bone length was observed. Sex also significantly (p<0.05) affected the shank length in present study. There was significant effect of variety on the growth performance of chicken.

Title: Identification and In-silico Annotation of Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of the Candidate Gene Association with the Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor Disease
Abstract :
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a histiocytic tumor of the dog that mainly affects the external genitalia, commonly found at tropical and subtropical zones. In the present investigation, we undertook this work mainly to perform a computational analysis of snSNP in the BTNL2 to identify the possible mutations and proposed the model structure of the mutant protein. Four deleterious mutations were identified in BTNL2 in 109 and 319 residual positions. Moreover, we constructed the homolgus structure of native and mutant proteins to predicate the stability. I-Mutant was used for routine analysis of protein stability and for the single site mutation analysis. It was found that mutation of L to S at residual position 109 and A to T at 319 residue position has shown maximum negative effect on the protein stability and considered for further analysis. The mutational effect on the protein function was analyzed by project HOPE. It was found that the wild-type residue is very conserved, but a few other residue types have been
observed at this position too. Based on conservation scores this mutation is probably damaging to the protein. The present investigation was further used for molecular expect of the CTVT infection which might be useful in diagnosis and prevention of CTVT in canine.
Title: Physico-Chemical and Sensory analysis of Probiotic Dahi Packed in Oxobiodegradable and Areca Nut Sheath Cups
Abstract :A study was carried out to evaluate the probiotic dahi and to develop eco friendly cups using areca nut sheath and to utilize it to store the probiotic dahi. The different packaging materials namely plastic cups (control), oxo-biodegradable cups and areca nut sheath cups were used to evaluate the keeping qualities of probiotic dahi. Physico-chemical properties, microbial qualities and sensory evaluation were carried out on the product stored in different containers. Statistical analysis showed there was no significant difference between different packaging materials. Sensory analysis of probiotic dahi in different packaging materials was carried out. Statistical analysis showed that the appearance and overall acceptability scores significantly differed in different packaging materials. There was no significant difference in flavor, body/texture and sourness score of probiotic dahi in different packaging materials.
Title: Epigenetic Reprogramming of Adult Mammalian Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) - An Emerging Paradigm
Abstract :

The field of stem-cell biology has been catapulted forward by the startling development of reprogramming technology. The ability to restore pluripotency to somatic cells through the ectopic co-expression of reprogramming factors has created powerful new opportunities for modelling human diseases and offers hope for personalized regenerative cell therapies. Worldwide increases in life expectancy have been paralleled by a greater prevalence of chronic and age-associated disorders, particularly of the cardiovascular, neural and metabolic systems. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are an emerging paradigm that may address this. Reprogrammed somatic cells from patients are already applied in disease modelling, drug testing and drug discovery, thus enabling researchers to undertake studies for treating diseases ‘in a dish’, which was previously inconceivable. Although there are currently several strategies to deliver reprogramming factors to induce iPSCs. In this study we have focus is on utilize plasmid vector to reprogramm because of convenience, reasonable efficiency and zero genes fingerprints and xeno free production of iPSCs. This virus-free technique reduces the safety concern for iPScell generation and application, and provides a source of cells for the investigation of the mechanisms underlying reprogramming and pluripotency.

Title: Effect of Heat Stress on Haemato-biochemical and Endocrinological Profile
Abstract :
Present study was planned to investigate the cause of postpartum true anoestrus in buffaloes during summer through the analysis of hemato-biochemical and endocrinological profile of anoestrus buffaloes. Blood samples were collected from 50 buffaloes belonging to two groups i.e. cyclic (n=10), and summer anoestrus buffaloes (n=40) animals respectively. The samples were analysed for haematological parameters including total erythrocytes count (TEC), total leukocytes count (TLC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration(MCHC), biochemical parameters viz., glucose, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine amino transaminaseand aspartate transaminase, calcium, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, copper cobalt and hormones of the plasma sample viz., progesterone, estradiol tri-iodothyronine (T3) thyroxine (T4) and cortisol using commercially available kits. The results revealed that Hb and MCH varied significantly (P<0.05) between the groups and other haematological parameters did not vary between two groups. In biochemical parameters glucose, total protein, albumin and total cholesterol were significantly (p<0.05) lower in anoestrus buffaloes than normal cyclic buffaloes and the progesterone, estradiol, tri-iodothyronine and the cortisol concentration varied significantly (P<0.05)between two groups. It can be concluded that variation in some hematobiochemical and hormonal levels might be the cause of the anoestrus during summer stress in buffaloes.
Title: Development of Chicken Meat Powder Incorporated Instant Idli Mixes
Abstract :
A study was conducted to standardize the instant rice idli mix and instant semolina idli mix incorporated with chicken meat powder (CMP), simultaneously. The control sample of rice idli mix was prepared using rice grit, salt, spice mix, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, sodium carbonate and dry curry leaves and the control semolina idli mix was prepared by replacing the rice grit with semolina. Three different levels of chicken meat powder viz.10%, 20% and 30% were tried for development of both rice and semolina idli mixes. The developed products were selected on the basis of sensory attributes and evaluated for their physicochemical properties. Incorporation of chicken meat powder in rice idli mix at 20% level and in semolina idli mix at 30% level were found to be optimum for development of idlies. CMP incorporation in both the idli mixes decreased the percent moisture content and increased the protein, fat and ash content signifi cantly. The percent protein content of reconstituted idlies prepared from rice idli mix incorporated with 20% CMP and semolina idli mix incorporated with 30% CMP increased signifi cantly from 3.38 to 8.28 and from 4.49 to 12.50, respectively. However, cooking yield of both rice and semolina idlies was decreased and the pH value were increased signifi cantly on incorporation of CMP. Hence, we conclude that by incorporating 20% and 30% CMP in rice and semolina instant idli mixes, respectively both the overall acceptability score and amount of nutrients were improved.
Title: Sialic Acid Content in Colostrum of Two Cross Breed Dairy Goat: Effect of Breed and Lactation
Abstract :
The present study aims to investigate the sialic acid content in colostrum of two crossbred goats, Sannen ×× Beetal and Alpine × Beetal, and to compare the effect of milking time on the sialic acid content between the breeds. Colostrum samples were collected from all the animals, at an interval of 12 hours, beginning at kidding
till 72 hours thereafter. The sialic acid concentrations were estimated from the processed colostrum samples by fluorimetric method. The sialic acid content in colostrum of Alpine × Beetle and Sannen × Beetle goats ranged from 0.19 to 1.03 and 0.17 to 0.98 mg/ml, respectively. Sialic acid concentrations of colostrum in both the breeds were higher at 0 hour of milking and a gradual decrease in their levels was observed till 72 hours of milking. The mean ± S.E. sialic acid concentrations of Alpine × Beetal colostrum at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than their respective values for Sannen × Beetle colostrum. This study indicated that the breed and milking time have significant effect on sialic acid concentration of goat’s colostrum.
Title: Effect of Garlic and Chromium Picolinate Supplementation on Production Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Immunological Parameters of Guinea Fowls
Abstract :

A study was conducted on 120 guinea fowls to see the effect of garlic powder and chromium picolinate supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immunological parameters of guinea fowls. The birds were randomly divided into four treatment groups, having three replications consisting of ten birds each. The birds in the control group (T1) were not given any supplement, whereas, in treatments, birds were supplemented with garlic powder @ 1 % of basal diet (T2), chromium picolinate @ 1500 ppb in drinking water (T3) and chromium picolinate @ 1000 ppb in drinking water plus garlic powder @ 0.5 % of basal diet (T4) respectively. Results of trial indicated that both garlic and chromium picolinate supplementation improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) of Guinea fowls. Feed intake of birds was also found reduced (P<0.05) in all treatment groups in comparison to control. At the end of twelve week of age, the carcass traits-eviscerated weight with and without giblet and organ weights did not differ significantly between treatment groups. The abdominal fat expressed as percentage of live weight was significantly lower (P<0.05) in all treatment groups as compared to control group. Immune response as revealed by delayed type of hypersensitivity (measurement of skin thickness) and serum immunoglobulin were improved in all the three supplemented groups. Thus it can be concluded that both chromium and garlic supplementation can improve growth performance and immunity and thus can be used as growth promoters in poultry.

Title: Comparative Gross Morphological Studies on the Os-Coxae of Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) and Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on os-coxae of crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl. The os-coxae consisted of three bones namely ilium, ischium and pubis. All the three bones were fused and the space between these bones was occupied by lumbo-sacral mass. Ventrally, the bones of os-coxae did not unite with each other leaving the pelvis open. Ilium was divided into pre-acetabular and post-acetabular parts. The dorsal surface of the pre-acetabular part was elongated and concave whereas post-acetabular part was small and convex in both the species. A very sharp and prominent crest was observed dorsally on either side of the lumbo-sacral mass. The renal fissure for the lodgement of the kidneys was observed in both species. The ischium was flat and somewhat triangular in shape. It formed a large sciatic foramen with the ilium and obturator foramen with pubis. The pubis was a thin rod-like elongated bone situated along the ventral border of the ischium and formed ischio-pubic incisures in brown wood owl but in crested serpent eagle, the pubis was completely fused with the ischium forming a flat plate-like structure. There was a small pectineal process at the anterior end of the pubis in the brown wood owl. The acetabulum was circular in outline and in the form of a foramen for articulation with the head of the femur.

Title: Conservation of Indigenous Cattle Breeds
Abstract :
India, one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries in the world, is home to large diversified cattle genetic resources, having 190.9 M cattle and so far 43 registered native cattle breeds. These cattle breeds are specially adapted to different agro-climatic conditions of India and their genetic diversity is due to the process of domestication over the centuries. There is decrease of 4.10% in cattle population and 3.14% in cattle genetic resources of India as compared to the quinquennial livestock census. The exotic / crossbred population has been increased by 20.18% during the period of last census while population of indigenous cattle has been decreased by 8.94% during the same duration. The reasons for depletion of native breeds includes crossbreeding with exotic breeds, economically less viable, loosing utility, reduction in herd size and the large scale mechanization of agricultural operation. The native breeds need to be conserved for genetic insurance in future, scientific study, as a part of our ecosystem, cultural and ethical requirements and for energy sources in future. The indigenous breeds of cattle posses various unique characteristics such as the presence of unique genetic variation in HSP70 gene family, carry a ‘thermometer gene’ and presence of A2 allelic variant in cow milk, which makes them well adapted to the tropical climate. The conservation includes the preservation along with up-gradation (improvement) of the genetic potential and management of a breed for use in future. The effective management of indigenous cattle resources includes identification, characterization, evaluation, documentation and conservation. The future strategy should be to combine genetic improvement and conservation. Establishment of regional gene banks and people’s participation by involving breeders, communities, gaushalas, NGOs and other relevant stakeholders in conservation programs. For more effective conservation measures, proper coordination and integration among various agencies (ICAR, SAHD, SAUs, SVUs and Research Institutes) is highly needed. “National Consortium of Partners’ comprising different stakeholders should be formulated for conservation of indigenous breed resources with a holistic approach.
Title: Patho-morphological Study of Gigantocotyle spp. Infection in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract :

A total of 12 adult buffaloes were presented for the necropsy over the period of 6 months at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh. Prevalence of Gigantocotyle spp. parasite infection was found to be 16.67% (2/12). Significant number of parasites was found in the bile duct and ductules of the infected liver along with the necrotic debris caused by parasite. Other gross lesions observed were included hepatitis, haemorrhages and fibrosis of the liver. Black color hard nodules at the site of mucosal attachment of parasites were noticed. Microscopic changes observed were included bile duct hyperplasia, haemorrhages, moderate fibrosis and granulomatous nodule characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells.

Title: Seasonal Prevalence and Antibiogram Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Bovine Mastitis
Abstract :
The current study examines the prevalence and seasonal occurrence of major bacterial pathogens and effect of different
antibiotics on bacteria isolated from 935 bovine mastitic milk samples in northern region of India for characterization and
culture sensitivity against different antibiotics. A major proportion of mastitis samples- 412 (44%) were recorded during rainy
season, while, samples in equal shares, 276 (28%) and 247 (27%) were documented in winter and summer seasons, respectively.
Out of total 935 mastitic milk samples, 889 (95%) samples showed microbial growth, while, 46 (5%) samples were found
negative for any bacterial growth. Among total isolated bacteria, Gram positive- 471 (53%) shared a major proportion, followed
by Gram negative 341 (38%), while a small part of 53 (6%) and 24 (2%) samples yielded mixed unidentifi ed cultures and Candida species, respectively. In antibiogram study, gentamicin (91.21%), ciprofl oxacin (89.60%), enrofl oxacin (88.28%) and tetracycline (71.30%) were found to be highly effective antibiotics, while, penicillin (86%), colistin (83.30%), cloxacillin (78.62%), amoxycillin (70.71%) and ampicillin (62.51%) showed least effect against both Gram positive and negative bacteria. The present study showed that there was close association between season, bacterial pathogens and occurrence of of bovine mastitis. Overall, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and E. coli contributed as major mastitis dweller bacteria.
Title: Immune Response of Yak (Poephagus grunniens) Following Trivalent Oil Adjuvant FMD Vaccination Along With Immunomodulator
Abstract :
The present investigation was carried out to determine the immunomodulatory effcet of Levamisole on antibody response in
yaks using liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (LPBE) following trivalent oil adjuvant FMD vaccine (O, A, Asia-1). Twenty numbers of apparently healthy and young yaks were divided into two groups viz. groups I and II comprising of 10 animals in each group. All the animals of groups I and II were treated with a single dose of broad spectrum anthelmintic, fenbendazole orally prior to vaccination. The animals of group II were injected with Levamisol, six days prior and after FMD vaccination. On 30 days of post vaccination (dpv), there was a sharp rise to the antibody titres against all the 3 serotypes in animals of both the groups and the protective antibody level (log 10 ≥ 1.8) was maintained up to 90 dpv. A drastic fall of antibody titres against all the 3 serotypes was observed at 120 dpv in animals of both the groups. However, the protective antibody titre against the three serotypes at 180 dpv was maintained in few of the animals of the experimental group II but in Group I the protective titre was found up to 150 dpv only.
Title: Characterisation of Mizoram Native Cattle of Indian Origin
Abstract :
A total of 33 farmers from 11 villages of Champhai and Kolasib districts were interviewed and 237 animals of different age and sex were recorded for physical and morphometric characteristics and performance to characterise indigenous cattle of Mizoram state. Based on the maximum number of indigenous cattle revealed from livestock census, two districts were selected for survey viz. Champhai (6663) and Kolasib (4720). Animals were reared mainly on extensive management conditions. The body colour varied in different colours i.e. brown (85%), black (11%) and gray (41%). Animals were small in size with cylindrical type of body. Udder was small and milk veins were not prominent. The daily milk production ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 kg. The average milk yield was 1.54±0.11 kg. The average age at first calving, lactation length, dry period, service period, calving interval, herd life and number of calving during life time were 1160 days (28 to 42 months) 178 days (150-210 days), 132 days (120-150 days), 121 days (90-120 days), 638 days (12-24 months), 15-20 years and 8-10 calving, respectively. A pair of bullock may plough about 0.5 acre of land in 5-6 hours. Different body measurements revelead that animals are small in size. It was observed that cows had good potential for milk production in the difficult climate. There is urgent need plan genetic improvement programs to improve the productivity of indigenous cattle of the state.
Title: Study on the Prevalence of Ovine Fasciolosis in Ambasel Woreda, South Wollo Zone,Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
Abstract :
The present study was carried out in and around Ambasel Woreda namely, Marye, Chafi e and Wuchalie from June 2012 to September 2012. Coprological examination was used to determine the prevalence of Ovine fasciolosis. Out of 384 feacal samples examined, 137(35.68%) were found positive for fasciola. Chi-square statistical analysis technique was used to evaluate the variations between the epidemiological area (origin), age, sex and body condition. The prevalence rate of Ovine Fasciolosis with regard to Origin Chafi e (31.72%), Wuchalie (34%) and Marye (44.94%), age (young = 17.99%, and adult = 45.7%), Sex (Male = 34.6% and Female = 36.6%) and Body condition (Good = 18.71% and Poor= 47.16%), were found in the study area. According to the result the disease has a statistical signifi cance association with Age (P = 0.031) and body condition (P = 0.0164) but there was no signifi cant difference among sex groups (P = 0.381) and origin (0.246). Feacal examination indicates that fasciolosis is the most important disease of sheep in the study area by the result of coprological examination. Therefore, the present study indicated that Ovine Fasciolosis was widely distributed with high prevalence in the study area.
Title: Phenotypic Characteristics of Indigenous Goat of Bundelkha
Abstract :

This experiment was undertaken to know the phenotypic characteristics of indigenous goat. The study was conducted to investigate morphometric characters of goat in four different blocks Charkhari, Jaitpur, Panwari and Kabrai of Mahoba. Characteristics of body weight, body length, heart girth, wither height, fore leg length; hind leg length, head length, ear length, ear width, horn length etc were collected from mature goat. The results indicate that the average litter size, birth weight, weaning weight and body weight gain were comparatively higher in goat of Jaitpur than those of other three blocks. The average numbers of service/conception, post partum heat period (days), age at first heat (days), age at first kidding (days), kidding interval (days), gestation length were 1.45, 49.96, 347.11, 538.03, 358.92, 150.82 respectively in Jaitpur block flock which were comparatively better than the other three blocks. The average litter size, birth weight male, female (kg), weaning weight (kg), body weight gain (g), milk yield (kg) and lactation length in Jaitpur block flock were 1.65, 1.40, 1.16, 6.31, 52.09, 100.38 and 155.96 consequently. The average milk composition of fat, protein, lactose, SNF and mineral were 5.5, 3.9, 5.7, 10.9 and 0.7, respectively in all block. The overall performance of the goat of Jaitpur block flock were comparatively better than the others which may be due to the result of selective breeding, improve feeding, housing, health management etc.

Title: Comparative Gross Anatomy of the Sternum in Peacock (Pavo cristatus), Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and White-breasted waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurlus)
Abstract :

Comparative gross anatomical studies were conducted on the sternum of peacock, turkey, duck and white breasted waterhen. In peacock and turkey the sternum was quadrilateral strongly concave plate like whereas, in duck and white-breasted waterhen, it was rectangular in shape. The spina sterni was large, quadrilateral in shape with a large foramen at its root in peacock and turkey. In duck and white breasted waterhen the spina sterni was pointed and no foramen was present in it. Processus lateralis cranialis was hamulus shape, directed cranio-laterally and did not extend up-to the spina sterni in peacock, whereas in turkey it was dagger shaped, extended beyond the apex of spina sterni. In duck, the processus lateralis cranialis was hook like and lag behind the spina sterni. In white breasted waterhen it was large, triangular shaped and extended up-to the base of spina sterni. In peacock, two foramen pneumaticum medianum were present on the mid line at the dorsal surface of body of sternum. In duck single median pneumatic foramen was present on the mid line close to anterior border of sternum. The processus thoracicus was absent in duck and white breasted waterhen. The processus caudalis lateralis was long and narrow, widened out in its terminal in peacock and turkey, but in duck and white-breasted waterhen, the process was clasp like. In peacock, turkey and duck this process did not reach up-to the caudal end of the metasternum but in white–breasted waterhen, it reached beyond the caudal end of the metasternum.

Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 3, June 2019
Abstract :
Title: An Economic Analysis of Different Farming Systems Prevailing in Udaipur District of Rajasthan
Abstract :
The Present study was conducted in Udaipur District in Southern Rajasthan during 2013-14 with the aim to identify the existing farming systems and to study the economics and income and employment generation by different existing farming systems. Four prominent farming systems were observed in the study area, viz; FSI: Crop + Dairy (C + D); FS- II : Crop + Dairy+ Goat (C + D + G); FSIII : Crop + Dairy + Vegetable (C + D + V) and FS-IV : Crop + Dairy + Goat + Vegetable (C +D+ G + V) Girwa and Gogunda two tehsils were selected randomly for the study. FS - I was being adopted by maximum no. of farmers in Girwa tehsil while in Gogunda tehsil maximum number of farmers adopted FS-III. The total cost of farming system in Girwa tehsil was lowest in FSI and it was highest in FS-IV in both the tehsils. In Girwa tehsil the highest net returns were observed in FS-IV while in Gogunda tehsil highest net return were observed in FS-II due to internal adjustment of costs in taking goat and dairy enterprises along with crop cultivation even though the total costs in these farming systems were also higher. The return per rupee investment in both the tehsils of Udaipur district was highest in FS-IV (C+D+G+V) and On per hectare basis employment generated in Girwa tehsil was minimum in FS-III (225 man days) and maximum in FS-II (250 man days). In Gorgunda tehsil lowest employment was generated in FS-III (C+D+V) (250 man days) and in highest FS-IV (350 man days).
Title: Contribution of Carcass Cuts in Meat Production of Kadaknath, Aseel and Vanraja Breeds of Chicken
Abstract :

A comparative study was conducted to find out the differences in contribution of carcass cuts in meat production from indigenous breeds such as Vanraja, Aseel and Kadaknath breeds with respect to a broiler strain, Cobb-400. The primal cuts of Cobb-400 had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight than all indigenous breeds. Among indigenous breeds Aseel exhibited higher weight of all primal cuts except neck while lowest values were recorded in Kadaknath with the exception of wing and breast. The highest weight cut was breast in Cobb-400 and Kadaknath while in Vanraja and Aseel, the maximum values were observed for leg. Neck was recorded as lowest weight cut in all chicken breeds.

Title: Study on Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine and Human Schistosomiasis in Bahir Dar and its Surrounding Areas
Abstract :
The study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011 in Bahir Dar and its surrounding areas, north-western Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of Bovine schistosomosis and its associated risk factors. A cross sectional study was conducted on coproscopical, abattoir examination to bovine schistosomosis and retrospective study three years health institution record to assess human schistosomiasis. A total of 400 cattle were examined, 300 cattle for field survey and 100 cattle for abattoir survey. From the 300 cattle, 24.3 %( n=73) were found for schistosoma bovis on coproscopic examination. The prevalence of schistosomosis with regarded to body conditions was found 10.3% (poor), 12.3% (medium) and 1.7% (good) and has also statistically signifi cant difference (p= 0.00). The prevalence of the disease was higher in local breed cattle (24.9%) than cross breed cattle (Local x Holstein-Friesian) (18.52%). The prevalence of the disease in was higher in extensive management system (25.18%) than semi-intensive management system (15.38%). However it has no statistically significant difference (P=0.201) between the two management systems. In the second part of the study, 100 cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar municipal abattoir were examined. Out of these 22 % (n=22) harbored Schistosoma bovis in their mesenteric and portal veins and 10 % (n=10) in coproscopic examination of slaughtered animals. In the third study the infection rate of S. mansoni in human the rate decreases in three consecutive years (2000, 2001, and 2002; 45.1%, 37.0% and 9.8%) respectively. The rate of schistosomiasis was highest in young people (69.0%), adult (15.3%) and old people (7.5%).
Title: Quality Evaluation of Milk Products Retailed in Hisar City of Haryana State
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to determine the chemical quality and microbiological safety of some selected milk products retailed in Hisar city of Haryana state. Samples of burfi, paneer, rasogolla and gulabjamun were collected three times from five different sweet shops of Hisar city. The chemical and microbiological analysis of samples were carried out and compared with Indian standard (IS) as given by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). Significant (P<0.05) deviation in moisture, titratable acidity and lactose content of burfi from specification were observed. Chemical analysis of paneer, rasogolla and gulabjamun also indicated a variation from the specification. Microbiological safety was assessed by determining standard plate count (SPC) and coliform counts. SPC of rasogolla samples was reported significantly (P<0.05) higher than specification. The coliform count was found under specified limit by BIS. The higher bacterial load indicated poor hygiene practices during preparation and packaging of products and which may cause serious health hazards to consumers.

Title: Study on Neuroendocrine Disrupting Potential of Cadmium in Rats and Evaluation of Role of Green Tea
Abstract :

The protective role of green tea extract was studied in neuroendocrine disrupting actions of cadmium. Twenty four weaned Sprague dawley male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 rats in each .Group 1 served as Sham control, Group 2 was treated with CdCl2 @5mg/kg b.wt. per orally for 3 months, Group 3 was treated with Green tea extract(1.5%) and Group 4 with CdCl2 + green tea extract. The serum testosterone, Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) hormones were monitored at monthly interval. At the end of 3 months rats were sacrificed and testes were collected for estimation of thio barbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS), reduced GSH, protein carbonyls and sperm count. Before sacrifice, rats were subjected to elevated plus maze (EPM) and morris water maze (MWM). Administration of CdCl2 resulted in decrease of serum testosterone, T4 hormones, testicular GSH, sperm count and increase in serum T3 and testicular TBARS and protein carbonyls while, number of entries and time spent in open arm of EPM increased and the total distance travelled in MWM increased. Treatment with green tea significantly ameliorated (p<0.05) toxic effects of CdCl2 by restoring biochemical and hormonal profile to normal. It is concluded that green tea extract exhibits neuro-endocrine protective property in CdCl2 induced neuroendocrine disruption.

Title: Association of Different Genetic Variants of Alpha S2-Casein Gene (CSN1S2) with Milk Production Traits in Cattle
Abstract :

The present experiment has been planned to study the association of different genetic variants of αS2-Casein gene (CSN1S2) with lactation length (days), fat (%) and protein (%) in Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle. The analysis of variance for different genotypes of αS2-casein gene in four breeds of cattle was found significant (P<0.01) for lactation length (LL) trait. Significantly higher LL was recorded in AA genotype of HF crossbred, while, the lowest LL was noticed in AB genotype of Nimari. The mean LL between AA and AB genotype of Malvi, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle showed non-significant difference. The higher mean fat (%) was noticed for AA genotype than AB genotype of Malvi and Nimari, however, in HF crossbred higher fat (%) was observed for AB genotype. The mean fat (%) between AA and AB genotypes showed non-significant difference in Malvi, Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle but the mean protein per cent was significantly higher in Malvi and Nimari and non-significantly higher in HF crossbred for AB genotype as compared to AA genotype. Among the different genotypes of all four breeds of cattle, significantly higher protein per cent was recorded in Nimari for AB genotyped animals.

Title: Effect of Temperament on Some Blood Biochemical Parameters and Growing Traits of Lambs During Fattening
Abstract :
Aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of temperament on certain metabolic parameters (cortisol, glucose, serum fructosamine, triglyceride, albumin, total protein, urea), as well as daily weight gain in fattening lambs. Eight calm (score 1) and eight nervous (score 4 and 5) German Mutton Merino ram lambs were involved in the investigation on a sheep farm. Lambs’ temperament was evaluated by a temperament test (movements of animals were assessed in 5-score system during weighing – from 1: calm, to 5: nervous - while spending 30 sec on the scale) at three times: 1st, 20th and 40th days of the 40-day experiment. The blood samples were taken immediately after temperament scoring. The calmer lambs had lower (P<0.05) concentrations of plasma cortisol (17.11 nmol/l), serum fructosamine (346.53 μmol/l), triglyceride (0.214 mmol/l), and urea (3.31 mmol/l) as well. In addition calm lambs had higher (P<0.05)daily weight gain (466.67 g/day), compared to the nervous animals (25.13 nmol/l, 503.76μmol/l, 0.275 mmol/l, 5.51mmol/l and 345.36 g/day, respectively). These results suggested that lambs’ blood biochemical parameters influenced by temperament, nervous and calm lambs differ in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, demonstrated by an increase in urea, triglyceride and serum fructosamine in nervous lambs.
Title: Gross Morphological and Morphometrical Studies on Heart of Chital (Axis axis)
Abstract :
The study was conducted on hearts with attached root of major trunks collected from four, approximately 3 years old chital,
brought for post-mortem examination at Centre for Wildlife Forensic and Health, Jabalpur. The heart was washed thoroughly,
weighed (353.75 ± 2.39 gm) and then fi xed in 10% buffered formalin. The right surface was formed mostly by the right ventricle
and a small part by left. About one third of left surface was formed by the right ventricle and the remaining by the left ventricle.
Cranial border was convex measuring 17.35 ± 0.15 cm. However caudal border was short and 10.65 ± 0.06 cm in length. It is
nearly straight and entirely formed by left ventricle. The right and left longitudinal grooves continued with each other at the right side of cranial border and this point of meeting was 2.89 ± 0.04 cm above the apex of the heart. Circumference of heart at coronary groove was 24.12 ± 0.42 cm. Externally the number of serration at edges of appendix of left atrium was deeper and more than the right. Internally in right ventricle three papillary muscles were observed while in left ventricle these were two in number. In right ventricle one unbranched moderator band was observed however in left ventricle these were two in number.
Title: Studies of Some Hormonal Parameters in Rambouillet Sheep during Seasonal Migration in Jammu Region
Abstract :
The investigation was undertaken to study some hormonal parameters in migratory Rambouillet sheep of Jammu (India) during seasonal uphill and downhill migration. Thyroid hormons and cortisol concentrations were analysed in male and female sheep of 1-2 years (young) and 2-4 years (adult) of ages. Non-significant increase of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) levels were recorded during uphill migration. Highest thyroid hormones concentrations were found immediately after reaching the high altitude in all
groups. During downhill migration, thyroid hormone levels increased non-significantly at mid station and remained high at base station as compared to the values of high altitude. Again, non-significant increase of cortisol level was recorded in both uphill and downhill migration in all the groups. The cortisol and thyroid hormone levels were found higher in young as compared to adult sheep. The cortisol levels were found higher in female animals, whereas non-significantly higher thyroid hormone levels were recorded in male animals.
Title: Quality and Shelf-Life of Precooked Spent Broiler Breast Fillets during Refrigeration Storage under Aerobic Packaging Conditions
Abstract :

The storage stability study was conducted for precooked breast fillets T1 (without post-mortem ageing, T2 (PM ageing for 4 h at room temp) and T3 (PM ageing for 24 h at refrigeration temp). Nutritional profiles were evaluated on 0 day and 15th day of aerobic storage. The samples were also evaluated for physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory parameters at 5 days interval up to 20 days. Moisture content decreased significantly (P≤0.05) from 0 day to 20th day of storage. The overall protein content was significantly lower at 20 day of storage as compared to fresh sample. Fat content showed slight decrease in T1, T2 and T3 during storage period. pH values were increased with the increase of storage intervals but after 10th day onwards the values showed decreasing trends. T3 showed least Warner Bratzler shear force value (W-BSFV) but values were decreased non-significantly. Overall thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were increased with the increase of storage time, and accordingly amongst the different treatments, overall TBARS values in breast fillets were also differed significantly. Peroxide value (PV) showed significantly increasing trends for T1, T2 and T3 with advancement of storage days. Highest overall free fatty acids (FFA) content was observed for T3. T2 and T3 showed significantly higher overall titrable acidity than T1. Titrable acidity range was between 18 to 20%. Changes in microbiological quality were observed with the increase of storage days. However, these only the values of standard plate count (SPC) were much lower than the permissible limits of FSSAI for meat products. However, overall acceptability scores of breast fillets decreased significantly up to 20th day of storage period. The breast fillets of T3 sample had significantly higher overall acceptability score.

Title: Nutrient Digestibility and Plane of Nutrition of Different Varieties of Normal and High Quality Protein Maize (HQPM) Fodder at Pre-cob and Post-cob Stage in Lactating Sahiwal Cows
Abstract :

The objective of the study was to evaluate the nutrient intake and digestibility of four different varieties (HTHM 5101, DHM 117, HM 5 and Shaktiman/900M Gold) of normal and three (HQPM 5, HQPM 7, HQPM 9/ Vivek) HQPM fodder at pre-cob and post-cob stage in lactating sahiwal cows. Thirty-two multiparous Sahiwal cows in early to mid lactation were selected from herd maintained at ILFC, Mathura and were divided into eight group of four animal each. The seeds of experimental varieties were procured from International Maize and Wheat Centre (CIMMYT) New Delhi and the fodders were cultivated under identical conditions in different plots.. Each group was fed with different variety of maize along with basal diet.. Two digestibility trials of seven days were conducted both at the end of feeding of pre and post cob stages of fodder respectively.. The variety DHM 117 have shown higher (P<0.05) DCP and TDN intake at both pre and post-cob stages of the fodder. The digestibility of DM, OM and CP was significantly (P<0.05) higher for DHM 117 whereas, in post cobs stage the normal varieties (DHM 117, HM 5, and HTHM 5101) exhibited higher DM and OM digestibility. However, the digestibility of DM, OM and CP was lower for HQPM 9 and HQPM 5 varieties at both stages respectively. From the present study varietal effect was observed and the variety DHM 117 have shown higher intake and digestibility at both pre and post-cob stages however long-term study with large number of animals is advisable. for recommendation.

Title: Determination of Sperm Transfer Time and Retention times of different Regions of Hamster Epididymis
Abstract :
Most of the scientific researches deal with the epididymal sperm maturation but not with the storage of sperms in epididymis. The present study was carried out to determine sperm transfer time, sperm retention time and sperm motility in different regions of hamster epididymis after placing ligations. Ligations were made at the initial segment of the epididymes. The total number of sperm was assessed using the haemocytometer counting method and sperm counts were taken on defined time intervals starting from the 3rd day to the 78th day of post-ligation. Total sperm count was decreased 50% by 3 days in caput and corpus regions and by 15 days in cauda region. Yet, there were a few numbers of sperm in all regions of hamster epididymis even after 78 days of post-ligation. By 15 days, sperm motility was decreased rapidlyin all epididymal regions and the majority of sperms were immotile by the 24th day of post-ligation. Both sperm counts; immotile and motile sperms in control side was significantly different compared to that of the ligated side of the epididymis (p< 0.05). Sperm emptying time was approximately 18 days in the caput alone, 14 days in the corpus and 46 days in the cauda. It is concluded that in the ligated hamster epididymis sperm transfer takes more than 78 days. The findings of the present study will be vital for future studies on mechanisms of sperm transport and sperm storage in the cauda epididymis in detail.
Title: Genetic Polymorphism of Myostatin (MSTN) Gene in Sheep Breeds
Abstract :

Myostatin (MSTN) is one of the most important growth regulatory genes that resulted in higher growth of skeletal muscles in livestock species. So the study was undertaken to identify the polymorphism of myostatin (MSTN) gene as a genetic marker for growth traits in Madras Red, Mecheri and Nilagiri sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu. The blood samples were collected from unrelated animals of Madras Red (n = 127), Mecheri (n = 101) and Nilagiri (103) breeds of sheep from different agroclimatic regions of Tamil Nadu. Part of 5’UTR, exon 1 and part of intron 1 (797 bp) of MSTN gene was amplified with suitable primers. The amplified products were digested with the Msp I and Hae III restriction enzymes. But both the PCR-RFLP results of Msp I and Hae III was found to be monomorphic in all the three breeds of sheep indicating that the MSTN gene is highly conserved and of use in evolutionary studies

Title: Fixation of T allele in G>T Polymorphism in Exon 7 Region of Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) Gene in Indian Cattle Breeds
Abstract :

Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) is popularly known as osteopontin (OPN), which plays an important role in initiation and maintenance of pregnancy, as well as in the development of the fetus and milk production. In the present study, investigation of G>T polymorphism in exon 7 region of SPP1 gene was undertaken in 147 Sahiwal and Hariana cattle maintained at Livestock Farm Complex (LFC), DUVASU, Mathura using HpyCH4IV/PCR-RFLP assay. Amplification of SPP1 exon 7 region revealed 204 bp product and HpyCH4IV restriction digestion screening showed monomorphic pattern. Only one type of genotype, namely, TT (204 bp) was observed in population. The frequency of TT genotypes was 100% in all screened samples with T allele (1.0). The results revealed that SPP1 T allele seems to be fixed in screened cattle population. Consequently, we could not perform the association study of this substitution with milk production traits.

Title: Effect of Different Feeding Regimes on Biochemical and Hormonal Profile of Holstein Friesian × Kankrej Crossbred Cows
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted on 18 crossbred cows to study the effect of different feeding regimes on biochemical and hormonal profiles. Animals of T1 (Farmers’ feeding) group (n=6) were maintained as per the feeding regime, followed by small and marginal farmers. Animals in T2 (Modified feeding) group (n=6) comprised feeding with scientific interventions. Animals of T3 (Farm feeding) group (n=6) were fed as per standard feeding followed at Livestock Research Station. Average plasma glucose did not differ significantly from each other while plasma phosphorus was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 as compared to T1 but the value of T2 group was at par with the other two groups. Average plasma protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 when compared with T1 group. Average plasma creatinine did not differ significantly among treatment groups. Average plasma progesterone (ng/ml) was below 1 ng/ml on the day of parturition, which increased to more than one ng/ml on the 28th, 21st, and 21st d post-partum in T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively indicating the onset of cyclicity was earlier in animal of T2 and T3 group as compared to T1 group. It may be concluded from the present study that plasma glucose and creatinine were not influenced by the feeding regime. However, the feeding regime had a significant effect on plasma protein and phosphorus. Further, plasma progesterone levels in animals of modified and farm feeding groups indicated resumption of cyclicity earlier as compared to animals of farmer’s feeding group.

Title: Prevalence and Economic Significance of Hydatidosis in Cattle Slaughter at Debretabore Abattoir, North Gondar, Amhara region, Ethiopia
Abstract :
Hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most important helminthzoonosis in the world. The distribution of hydatidosis is normally associated with underdeveloped countries, especially in rural communities where humans maintain close contact with dogs and various domestic animals, which may act as intermediate hosts. A crosssectional study on bovine hydatidosis was conducted in Debretabore municipality abattoir from July 2012 to September 2012 with the aim of investigating the prevalence and economic losses in cattle slaughtered for human consumption. Out of the total 384 cattle examined 106 (27.64%) were found infected with hydatidosis. From the examined animals 51 (13.28%), 34 (8.85%), 16 (4.17%) and 5(1.3%) contained hydatid cysts in their lungs, livers, hearts and kidneys respectively. Age related infection was signifi cant in that older animals were more infected (P<0.05). Assessments of hydatid cyst with body condition scoring were made; accordingly cattle with poor body condition scouring had higher prevalence (p= 54.72%), medium (33.02%) and fat (12.26%) were examined from infected animals. Plan based control measure against the source of infection of Hydatidosis should practice for decreasing tendencies in prevalence.
Title: Cytotoxic and Anticancer Activity of F. Racemosa Fruit Extract on MCF7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line by SRB Method
Abstract :

Present study was aimed to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of F. racemosa on MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. Effect of ethanolic extracts of tender fruits of F. racemosa on MCF7 human breast cancer cell lines by Sulphorodamine B (SRB) assay was carried out. Three observations viz. LC50, TGI, GI 50 were recorded. The absorbance was recorded on an Elisa plate reader at a wavelength of 540 nm with 690 nm. F. racemosa showed LC50, TGI and GI50 activity at ≥ 80 μg/ ml concentration. Thus, it can be concluded that F. racemosa fruit extract hassome cytotoxic and anticancer activity (in vitro)at ≥ 80 μg/ ml concentration of plant extract on MCF7 human breast cancer cell line.

Title: Vaginal Bacterial Profile in Buffaloes Following Treatment with Progesterone Insert
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to characterize the vaginal bacterial flora and subsequent conception rates after AI in buffaloes subjected to 3 different estrous induction regimes-the use of CIDR and use of two intravaginal sponges (Polyurethane sponges with micronized progesterone and Polyurethane sponges with micronized progesterone with Carboxy methyl cellulose). The estrus induction was 100% in Group I and II followed by 91.67 % in group III. The pregnancy rates were Group I, II and III were 50.00, 66.67 and 54.55% respectively. All the vaginal swabs in all three groups yielded growth of bacteria and the predominance of mixed isolates over single isolates 81.94% vs 18.06% was indicative of dominance of mixed culture over single isolates. E. coli, Staphylococcus, Proteus and Klebsiela spp. were the commonest isolates obtained prior to insertion and after removal of implants in postpartum anestrus buffaloes. The gram positive bacteria were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Bacillus spp. while, gram negative bacteria were E. coli, Proteus and Klebsiella spp. These organisms could be considered as a part of the normal bacterial flora of the buffalo.

Title: Serum Haptoglobin Concentration to Monitor Recovery from Postpartum Sub-Clinical Endometritis in Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :
A total of 150 postpartum apparently healthy buffaloes were screened. Out of these 30 buffaloes were found to be positive for sub-clinical endometritis were selected and divided into five groups. The group wise treatment allotted were: Group I (cloprostenol,), Group II (cloprostenol + benzathine cephapirin, single I/U infusion),
Group III (100 ìg E. coli LPS, single I/U infusion), Group IV (500 mg Oyster glycogen, single I/U infusion) and Group V (0.25% Lugol’s iodine 20 ml, single I/U infusion). All the animals were subjected to trans-rectal ultrasonography, endometrial cytology, microbial assay and blood sampling for serum haptoglobin concentration before and after treatment. Total viable bacteria count revealed non-significant (p > 0.05) difference within pre- and post-treatment samples between different treatment groups. Post-treatment total viable bacteria count significantly (p < 0.05) reduced to zero in treatment groups III and IV. Out of 30 pre-treatment uterine lavage samples obtained from all the treatment groups, 25 (83.33%) samples were found positive. E. coli 08 (30.76%) was highly prevalent followed by 07 (26.92%) Staphylococcus spp., 03 (11.53%) Streptococcus spp.,
03 (11.53%) Proteusspp., 03 (11.53%) Acinetobacter spp. and 01 (07.69%) Bacillusspp. Serum haptoglobin concentration in different treatment groups ranged from 76.62 ± 1.58 to 85.83 ± 2.12 ìg/ml prior to treatment and 26.37 ± 0.86 to 42.57 ± 9.08 ìg/ml post-treatment. Significant reduction (p < 0.05) was observed in haptoglobin concentration between pre- and post-treatment values in all the treatment groups. It was concluded that assessment of haptoglobin concentration in sub-clinical endometritic postpartum buffaloes can be used to monitor course of treatment at different points of time.
Title: Preparation and Functional Characterization of Decellularized Bovine Tendon Scaffolds for Tendon Tissue Engineering
Abstract :
The study was conducted to develop a naturally derived tendon tissue engineered scaffold with the preservation of the native ultra-structure, tensile strength and biochemical composition of the tendon extracellular matrix. Decellularization was achieved by using two different protocols viz. repeated freeze and thaw technique and
2% SDS. In vitro evaluation of the graft was done by H&E staining, Masson-Trichome staining, Alcian blue staining, DNA quantification analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The in vitro evaluation suggested that SDS was better than freeze and thaw technique in terms of effective decellularization. The cell removal was better in SDS group than freeze and thaw as depicted by H&E staining and DNA quantification. Also the structure and alignment of collagen fibers were preserved in SDS group. The intrinsic ultra structure of tendon tissue was well preserved based on scanning electron microscopy examination.
Title: Genetic and Non-Genetic Parameters of First Lactation Milk Yield, Composition and Energy Traits in Karan-Fries Cat
Abstract :

Records of 1471 Karan-Fries cows from 102 sires with five or more daughters per sire during the period 1989-2013 were used to study genetic and non-genetic parameters for First lactation 305-days or less milk yield (FL305MY- kg), First lactation 305 days or less wet average (FL305WA- kg), Average test day milk yield (ATDMY- kg), Average test day fat percentage (ATDFP-%), Average test day fat yield (ATDFY-g), Fat based energy per kg (FBE/kg-cal) and Fat based energy per first lactation 305 days or less milk yield (FBE/FL305MY–kcal). The non-genetic parameters were analysed by fixed linear model. Heritability and phenotypic/genetic correlations were estimated by paternal half sib correlation method and sire variance and covariance, respectively. Period of calving was significant for all the traits. Season had significant effect on all the traits except ATDFP and FBE. Age group was significant for ATDFP only. The FBE/FL305MY had positive and significant (P<0.01) genetic and phenotypic correlations with FL305MY, FL305WA, ATDMY and ATDFY. The positive phenotypic correlation of ATDFP and FBE/kg with composition and energy traits revealed selection for an increased fat percentage will improve the concentrations of other constituents in milk. Higher estimates of heritability, significant genetic and phenotypic correlation between FL305MY and FBE/FL305MY revealed that any of the two traits can be used for genetic evaluation of Karan-Fries bulls when genetic improvement is sought.

Title: Evaluation of Vitamin D3 - Calcium Therapy in Rachitic Dogs
Abstract :

This study was designed to evaluate the influence of treatment on clinical signs, cortical indices (CI) of radius and ulna (measured radiographically), and serum concentrations of the Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and osteocalcin (OC, bone biomarker) in 12 rachitic dogs. The dogs were treated with vitamin D3 @ 20, 000 IU/kg body weight (BW) intramuscularly at a weekly interval along with daily oral Ca supplementation @ 25 mg/kg BW for two months. Dogs were re-evaluated at 30th and/or 60th day post-treatment. Nine apparently healthy dogs were kept as control for comparison of CI and biochemical parameters. Data were analysed by paired and two-sample t-tests. Results showed appreciable improvement in most of the clinical signs within the 1st month of treatment. When compared to control group, at day 0, serum P concentration did not vary significantly (p<0.05), CI and serum concentrations of Ca, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and OC were lower (p<0.05), while ALP was higher (p<0.05) in rachitic dogs. Moreover, during the treatment period, serum P concentration did not change significantly (p>0.05) while serum Ca increased (p<0.05) and ALP decreased (p<0.05) from the baseline values. There were significant differences between the pre- and post-treatment values of CI and Ca to P ratio (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and OC increased post-treatment at day 60 (p<0.05). In this study, treatment with vitamin D3 and Ca stimulated bone remodelling, as demonstrated clinically and by significant increase in the serum concentrations Ca, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and OC.

Title: Prevalence of Tropical Theileriosis in Cattle in Chhattisgarh State
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to record the prevalence of Bovine Tropical Theileriosis (BTT) caused by the protozoan parasite, Theileria annulata in cattle. Animals were screened on the basis of clinical signs like fever, anorexia, with or without superfi cial lymph node enlargement, blood smear and lymph node biopsy examination for presence of Theileria annulata. Out of 150 cattle screened, 35 (23.33%) were found to be positive for Tropical theileriosis. The prevalence of Tropical theileriosis was higher in female (25.45%) than male (17.5%). The prevalence of Tropical theileriosis in cattle in respect to age showed highest prevalence (24.34%) in adult cattle of above 3 years age, followed by 23.80 % in the age group of 1 to 3 years and 14.28% in 0 to 1 year. The prevalence of Tropical theileriosis in respect to breed was maximum in HF cross (29.85 %) followed by 23.33 % in Jersey cross, 15.38 % in Sahiwal, and 14.81% in Gir.
Title: Antimicrobial Effects of Oxygen Against Bovine Mastitogenic Isolates
Abstract :

In the present study oxygen in the form of ozonated water has been used to tests its antimicrobial activity against the pathogens isolated from bovine mastitis. Ozone is a well-known oxidant that can be commercially manufactured using basic ozonizer equipment. Ozone dissolves quickly in water and keeps its antibacterial properties even when dissolved as reported by several researchers. In this study, the effect of 0.1 ppm,0.3 ppm, 0.4 ppm and 0.6 ppm ozonated water charging after of time 20 minutes was analyzed on different microbial isolates isolated from mastitis. The antimicrobial effect of ozonated water was evaluated using the disc diffusion method following routine procedure. The 0.6 ppm ozonated water was found to be highly sensitive against S. aureus. As its action was studied with single charging, multiple charging or using ozonated water in 20 minutes interval may reduce the microbial load as an ideal antiseptic. Ozonated water at different concentration was effective in reducing the bacterial load, but it did not eliminate them completely. It may be advocated as a surfactant before milking like microbial antiseptics.

Title: Effect of Replacing Inorganic Zinc with Lower Levels of Organic Zinc on Zinc Retention and Follicular Population in Rats
Abstract :
An experiment of 10 weeks duration was conducted on 48 weaned female rats (285.2 ± 1.95 g) of strain Sprague Dawley to study the effect of replacing dietary Zn (12 ppm) supplementation from inorganic (ZnCO3) to organic (Zn nicotinate; Zn-nic) source at lower (6 or 9 ppm) or equal (12 ppm) levels on Zn retention and ovarian follicular population. Higher Zn concentration (on day 42) in serum (P<0.01) and liver (P<0.05) was noticed with 9 and 12 ppm Zn supplementation as Zn-nic compared to other dietary treatments. Zn deposition in pancreas, muscle and kidney was comparable among the dietary treatments. In comparison to 12 ppm inorganic Zn, RBC catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities (42nd d) improved (P<0.05) with 9 and 12 ppm organic Zn. Significantly (P<0.05) highest and lowest serum progesterone concentration was observed with 9 or 12 ppm Zn as Zn-nic and 6 ppm as Zn-nic supplementation, respectively. Regular estrous cycle was observed with 9 or 12 ppm Zn supplementation as Zn-nic, while 30% rats fed on other dietary treatments showed irregular estrous cycle. The proportion of primary follicles was lowest (P<0.01) and that of corpus uteum was highest (P<0.01) with 12 ppm Zn supplementation from Zn-nic, compared to other dietary treatments. The study indicated that Zn concentration in diets could be reduced by 75% (9 ppm) when supplemented as Zn nicotinate without affecting estrous cycle and follicular population. In addition, replacement of 12 ppm inorganic Zn with 12 ppm organic Zn significantly improved its retention and follicular population.
Title: Efficacy of Endometrial Cytology to Diagnose Subclinical Endometritis in Repeat Breeder Cows
Abstract :

A total of 500 cows included in the study were randomly selected from college livestock farm, Kuthuliya and different villages in and around Rewa (M.P.). On the basis of characteristics of cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM), per-rectal examination, Whiteside test and endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique, the prevalence of clinical and subclinical endometritis in these repeat breeder cows was recorded as 16.00 (80/500) and 28.00 (140/500) per cent, respectively. Endometrial cytology revealed polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) per cent in normal, clinical and subclinical endometritis groups to be 4.00±0.03, 34.80±0.25 and 14.02±0.14 per cent, respectively and difference between them was significant (p<0.05). It was concluded that the prevalence of subclinical endometritis in repeat breeder cows was recorded as 28.00 (140/500) per cent. Endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique is effective diagnostic technique for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in repeat breeder cows at field level.

Title: Utilization of Animal Power for Low-Density Briquettes Production
Abstract :

Draught animals have been the backbone of Indian agriculture through ages for supplying draught power. Animal operated implements available in the country are primarily meant for field operation and haulage. Therefore animals remain idle for a considerable period for which the farmer continues to provide fodder and shelter. It is estimated that the annual use of animals is limited to 300-350 hours only but the potential use of animal in a year is nearly 1800 hours. To achieve this target an appropriate, cost effective and easy to operate biomass briquetting machine operated by animal power rotary mode unit was developed. The machine was tested to produce low density briquettes by different biomass like charcoal, paddy husk, pigeon pea stalk and saw dust. On the basis of proximate analysis charcoal briquette has highest calorific value of 4480 Kcal/kg followed by pigeon pea stalk, saw dust and paddy husk having calorific value of 4200, 3890 and 3200 Kcal/kg respectively. The highest machine efficiency was 88.33 % for charcoal briquette followed by 85.76%, 86.00% and 83.20% for paddy husk, pigeon pea stalk and saw dust briquette respectively.

Title: Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Somatic Cell Count in Tharparkar Cows under Hot Arid Region of Thar Desert Area
Abstract :
The study was conducted to determine the effect of non-genetic factors on Sub-Clinical Mastitis (SCM) and to investigate the relationships between these factors with Somatic cell count (SCC) in Tharparkar Cattle raised at Livestock Research Center, Chandan, Jaisalmer in Thar desert of Rajasthan, India. Quarter wise milk samples were collected and examined by somatic
cell count to check the status of subclinical mastitis. Data were collected from the record register maintained at farm and data evaluated by Parity, Stage of Lactation and Season of calving by the SPSS packet program. On analysis of variance result revealed that the parity had highly significantly (P<0.01) effect on SCC. Higher incidence of SCM was in later parities in comparison to primiparous animals. No statistical difference was found between different stages of lactation. Season of calving had significant (P<0.05) effect on SCC. Lower incidence of SCM and SCC were revealed in summer and winter season of calving as compared to the autumn and rainy season of calving groups. So it can be concluded from the present study that the non-genetic factors like parity, stage of lactation and season of calving have a significant effect on Milk SCC. Thus, dairy farmers are advised to spend more time on their herds and given extra care to their animals in later parity stage, early stage of lactation and in the autumn or rainy season of calving to prevent the infection of sub-clinical mastitis.
Title: Prevalence and Risk Factor Identification of Calf Coccidiosis in and Around Bahir Dar Town in Amhara Regional State, North West Ethiopia
Abstract :
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 in and around Bahir Dar town to determine the prevalence of Coccidia infection in calves and to identify associated risk factors. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 384 randomly selected calves with the age of under 2 years. Collected fecal samples were examined for the presence of Eimeria oocyst by fl otation technique. Out of 384 calves, 73 (19.01%) were found to be positive for Eimeria oocyst. Analysis of potential risk factors has revealed that; there was statistically signifi cant difference (P< 0.05) in the prevalence of coccidia infection to different age groups of animals, fecal consistency, origin, body condition, hygienic status and management system. However, the difference was not statistically signifi cant (P>0.05) between coccidia infection with sex and breed of calves. In conclusion, the present fi nding has demonstrated that calf coccidia are one of the most important pathogens in calves in the study area. Therefore, further epidemiological investigations are required to determine the Eimeria species composition and different agro ecological risk factor on the occurrence of the disease.
Title: Effect of Aminoguanidine-Hemisulphate on Amikacin Induced Hematological Alterations in Wistar Rats
Abstract :
In the present study, haematological alterations induced by intraperitoneal administration of amikacin and the effect of aminoguanidine-hemisulphate alone and their combination was studied in wistar rats of either sex.Twenty-four healthy wistar rats divided into 4 groups (I, II, IIIand IV) were taken for the study. The intraperitoneal administration of amikacinat at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight for 28 days (Group-II) caused a significant decrease in haematological parameters like Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC as compared to control-group. Although a significant increase in parameters was found in aminoguanidine treated-rats on day 15th and 29th as compared to day zero within same group. However after the co-administration of amikacin and aminoguanidine, a non-significant change was found in same parameters (Hb, TEC, PCV and TLC) as compared to control.
Title: Activity of Enzymatic Antioxidants and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Seminal Plasma of Murrah Bulls during Cryopreservation
Abstract :
Semen samples with mass motility of 4+ or more and an initial progressive motility ≥ 80% collected from murrah buffalo bulls were utilized for study. Semen samples were evaluated for various seminal attributes, enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and total antioxidant capacity at fresh, pre-freeze and post-thaw stage. Seminal attributes (progressive motility, viability, acrosomal integrity and hypo-osmotic swelling response) were signifi cantly (p<0.05) higher in bull II as compared to bulls (I & III) at pre-freeze and post-thaw stage. Superoxide dismutase was signifi cantly higher in bulls (II & III) than bull I at fresh stage (p<0.05) and signifi cantly (p<0.01) higher in bull II as compared to bulls (I & III) at pre-freeze and post-thaw stage. Catalase was signifi cantly higher in bull II than bulls (I & III) at fresh (p<0.05) and pre-freeze (p<0.01) stage. Signifi cantly, higher total antioxidant capacity was noticed at pre-freeze (p<0.05) and post-thaw (p<0.01) stage in bull II and bulls (II & III), than bulls (I & III) and bull I, respectively. On the basis of our fi ndings, it could be concluded that seminal enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase & catalase) and total antioxidant capacity varied among bulls at various stages of cryopreservation. There was progressive reduction in activity of enzymatic antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity from fresh to post-thaw stage.
Title: Effect of Mitomycin-C Inactivation on Expression Pattern of Pluripotency Related Transcriptional Factors in Buffalo Fetal Fibroblasts and Wharton’s Jelly
Abstract :
Present study examined the effect of mitomycin-C (MMC) treatment on expression profi le of pluripotency genes (Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog) in buffalo fetal fi broblasts (BFFs) and Wharton’s jelly (BWJ) stem cells, generally used as a feeder cell support to grow the pluripotent stem cells. In a time dependent study, a variable response in relative mRNA expression of pluripotency genes was observed, expression of Oct-4 in BFF declined immediately post MMC inactivation but a signifi cant elevation (P<0.05) was noticed later on. The relative mRNA expression remained unchanged in BWJ, up to 24 h post MMC treatment and thereafter, it increased signifi cantly (P<0.05). A similar trend for the expression pattern of Sox-2 and Nanog was observed in both the cell types. MMC inactivation caused an upregulation in the expression of Sox-2 and Nanog in BFF while it remained unchanged (P>0.05) in BWJ. Results of this study suggests that MMC inactivation of the cells used as feeder support modulates the expression profi le of pluripotency genes and this alteration in gene expression pattern is variable in different cell types.
Title: Incidence of Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD) in Mizoram
Abstract :

The study conducted to evaluate the incidence of canine atopic dermatitis in Mizoram and to assess its clinical features according to the diagnostic criteria of the disease. The dogs brought with the history of recurrent pruritus and fulfilling clinical criteria given by Favrot et al. (2010) were subjected for various diagnostic techniques. After exclusion of other pruritic dermatological problems such as flea allergy dermatitis, scabies and demodecosis, intradermal test with environmental allergens was performed on atopic dogs. They were later evaluated for distribution of clinical lesions and severity measured by Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index. Evaluation of serum IgE using Canine IgE Rapid test kit and serum Interleukin-31 levels using the Serum Interleukin-31 ELISA kit was done. Blood samples were analyzed for hemato-biochemical parameters. The incidence rate of canine atopic dermatitis was 3.27% (20/612) and the age group of 6 months to 3 years were mostly affected. Incidence was higher in female dogs. Hematological study revealed significant changes in total leukocyte count, leukocytosis, neutrophilia and eosinophilia. For biochemical parameters, there were no significant changes in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein and albumin. Serological estimation of immunoglobulins and interleukin revealed significant (p<0.05) increase in levels of IgE and interleukin-31 in the serum of atopic dogs. The dogs showed positive intradermal test to house dust, house dust mite and some pollen.

Title: Prevalence and Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Mastitis in Dairy Cattle in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a dreaded pathogen in human and veterinary medicine. MRSA as a cause of mastitis in dairy cattle has got profound economic and serious public health significance. A total of 111 dairy cattle were screened for mastitis by CMT from six dairy farms of Jabalpur. The 85 mastitis milk samples were screened for MRSA by bacterial culture method using cefoxitin for enrichment. The MRSA strains were identified and characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods for virulence determinants and methicillin resistance. The MRSA strains showed β-haemolysis as a predominant haemolysis pattern. The strains were positive for mecA gene which is considered as a gold standard for the confirmation of methicillin resistance. The prevalence of MRSA mastitis in dairy cattle was 16.47%. The MRSA strains were positive for the virulence factors associated with pathogenicity. The economic and public health implication of the finding is discussed.

Title: Effect of Azolla Supplementation on Growth, Immunocompetence and Carcass Characteristics of Commercial Broilers
Abstract :
One hundred and twenty, one week old, Cobb 400 broiler chickens were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments having four replicates each with ten birds. The birds of the control group (T1) were fed a basal diet (23.16% CP 1-3 weeks & 19.68% CP 3-6 weeks) while the other two groups were offered the treatment diets (T2& T3) replacing 4.50% or 5.50%, of the dry matter of the basal diet with dry Azolla pinnata powder on dry matter basis, respectively. Feeding azolla meal did not significantly (p>0.05) affect the weekly body weight gain of the birds during the experimental period. Total immunoglobulins and mercaptoethanol sensitive (IgM) antibody titer (log 2) values in response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the birds fed T3 diet compared to the other two dietary treatments at 6 weeks of age. Cell mediated immune response i.e. in vivo cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity response to lectin phytohaemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA-P) determined as foot web index was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the T3 birds compared to the other two dietary treatments. Dressing percentage was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 compared to the other two treatment groups.
However, there was no significant difference among the treatment groups in the other carcass traits. Thus, it may be inferred that replacement of basal diet with dry Azolla pinnata meal on dry matter basis did not adversely affect the growth and carcass characteristics. Moreover, Azolla pinnata possesses promising immunomodulatory potential in commercial broilers.
Title: Prevalence of Arthropods Intermediate Host Infected with Parasitic Larval Stage in and Around Ranchi
Abstract :
The study was conducted to find out the prevalence of different arthropod intermediate hosts infected with different parasitic larval stages in and around Ranchi. A total of eighteen hundred different arthropods intermediate host viz., Ticks, Mites, and Ants (600 each) were examined microscopically to find out the prevalence of parasitic stage of different parasite. 3.17 % ticks were found infected with different parasites, out of which 2.29% Hyalomma and 4.40% Boophiluswere found harbouring parasites. Amongst oribatid mites,
overall prevalence was found to be 2.83 %.with the percentage of infection in Oppiaspp .and Mesostigmata oribitid mites were 2.52% and 4.07% respectively. Amongst ants, 26 (4.33%) were found infected with parasitic larval stage. The percentage of infection in Camponotus compressusand Myrmicaria brunnea ants were
5.79% and 4.97% respectively.
Title: Cytological and Bacteriological Evaluation of Tracheal Aspirates for the Diagnosis of Lung Affections in Horses
Abstract :

Transtracheal wash technique is commonly employed for collecting aspirates and determining the bacterial agents involved in lower respiratory tract infections by culture examination. In addition, the cytologic analysis of transtracheal wash is also useful for diagnosis and differentiation of lower respiratory diseases of inflammatory and non-inflammatory origin. In present study four horses (two foals and two adult horses) with frank respiratory signs, inflammatory leukogram and radiologic findings suggestive of respiratory involvement were subjected to transtracheal wash collection. Cytology of the stained smears and culture examination revealed Rhodococcus equi in two horses whereas in other two horses, Staphylococcus spp. was isolated. Isolates of Rhodococcus equi were sensitive to erythromycin, amoxicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, norfloxacin and sulfadiazine, whereas Staphylococcus isolates were found sensitive to amoxicillin, ampicillin, doxycycline, gentamicin, neomycin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin and streptomycin and resistant to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Two horses (treated with amikacin and penicillin) and one foal (treated with erythromycin and rifampicin) responded to recommended doses of antibiotic therapy and recovered smoothly.

Title: Detection of Enterotoxin Genes (seg, seh and sei) in Staphylococcus aureus Milk Isolates from Cow with Subclinical Mastitis
Abstract :

Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus can be isolated from various sources and are responsible for food poisoning in addition to many suppurative infections. In the present study, from 82 physically normal milk samples from cattle subclinical mastitis 33(40.24%) were isolated to S. aureus. Out of these, 22 (66.66%) S. aureus isolates had either one or more enterotoxin genes. Both seg and sei enterotoxin genes were carried by 19 (57.5%) S.aureus isolates while only three (9.09%) isolates were positive for seh gene. This study showed the evidence of presence of enterotoxin genes seg, seh, and sei in S. aureus isolates from subclinical mastitis. The presence of these enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains in milk indicates potential public health concern.

Title: Effect of Monensin Supplementation on Growth Performance of Crossbred Male Kids
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to study the effect of monensin supplementation on the attainment of sexual maturity and semen quality in bucks. Eighteen weaned kids aged 3 months were divided into three groups. The control animals were fed according to the requirement of ICAR (2013) standards, with 40:60 ratios of concentrate and green roughage. The treatment group was fed similar to control with addition of 10 mg/head/d and 20 mg/head/d of monensin in T1 and T2 group respectively. One month period of adaptation allowed before starting the experiment. The supplementation experiment was started at the age of four months for sixty days. The final body weights of animals (kg) did not differ (P>0.05) significantly; i.e. 19.32 ± 0.54, 20.44 ± 0.78 and 21.42 ± 0.36 kg in control, treatment I and treatment II respectively. The ADG was higher (P<0.01) in treatment groups (119.3 ± 3.9 and 127.3 ± 6.09 respectively in T1 and T2)as compare to control (91.00 ± 2.33). There was no significant effect on DMI in treatment groups.

Title: Development and Evaluation of Quality Characteristics of Meat Nuggets Prepared with Inclusion of Nelumbo nucifera Root Powder
Abstract :

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of Nelumbo nucifera powder into formulation of chicken nuggets at four different levels viz. Control (0 % C), 1.5 % (T1), 3.0 % (T2) and 4.5 % (T3). Different quality parameters were evaluated to access the effect of incorporation of Nelumbo nucifera powder in fiber-enriched chicken meat emulsion (pH, emulsion stability, moisture, fat), as well as in cooked chicken meat nuggets viz. physico-chemical properties, cooking determinants, proximate compositions and sensory quality attributes. Additions of Nelumbo nucifera showed higher (P < 0.05) pH value in treated groups than control and represent an improvement in significantly (P < 0.05) in cooking yield and emulsion stability. Nelumbo nucifera root powder added groups showed comparatively lower (P > 0.05) in protein, fat and energy values but significantly higher (P < 0.05) in ash, fiber,moisture carbohydrate, moisture retention, fat retention and moisture protein ratio than control. Sensory panelist rated significantly higher (P < 0.05) score for T2 (3 % Nelumbo nucifera) juiciness, texture and overall acceptability than other groups. Results concluded that, Nelumbo nucifera at 3.0 % added level have better potential as source of dietary fibers without compromising quality characteristics of meat nuggets and with effecting eating quality of meat nuggets.

Title: Investigating the Effect of Meat Level and Processing Conditions on Quality Characteristics of Extruded Chicken Meat Noodles Using Response Surface Methodology
Abstract :
A three factor three level central composite design was adopted to determine interactive effects of meat level (55-65%), steaming time (12-18 minutes) and drying time (7-9 hrs) on pH, moisture, protein content, fat content and other quality characteristics (Hardness, adhesiveness, total colour change and overall acceptability) of extruded chicken noodles. Moisture, protein, fat level and total colour change was found to be increased with increase in meat level while decreased with increasing processing conditions. However hardness decreased with increasing interaction of meat level and steaming time while increased with interaction of meat level and drying time and inverse were true for adhesiveness. Overall acceptability and pH had negative correlation with interactions. pH showed increasing trend with increase in processing conditions. The models for moisture, pH, protein, fat percentage, allokramer hardness, adhesiveness, total colour change and overall acceptability had the R square values of 0.91, 0.81, 0.83, 0.81, 0.87, 0.91, 0.82 and 0.94, respectively. 120 g (60%) meat level, 15 min steaming time and 9 hrs drying time were found to be optimized level on the basis of desirability plots for the development of chicken noodles.
Title: Knowledge Level of Women Dairy Farmers about Various Farming Practices in Border Area of Punjab
Abstract :

Livestock farming is the most proficient occupation in India and women play a very significant role in livestock farming practices in the country. A study was conducted on 160 women dairy farmers of 4 border districts namely Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Taran-Taran and Ferozepur of Punjab to ascertain their knowledge level about various practices related to dairy farming. A pretested structured questionnaire comprising questions on management, nutrition, breeding, health etc. was developed and same was filled during the personal interview with women farmers. Data so collected was analyzed descriptively to draw inference. The data revealed that majority (68.75%) of women has medium knowledge level on various recommended dairy farming practices, 13.75 has low and only 17.5% has high (17.50%) knowledge level. Further this knowledge was significantly (P<0.01) correlated with the number of labor employed, milk production, herd size, and education level. Study concluded that there is an emerged need to educate women on scientific dairy farming practices.

Title: Assessment of Pre and Final Year Undergraduate Veterinary Students Information Literacy Competencies and Attitude towards e-Learning
Abstract :
The study was conducted to assess the information literacy competencies of pre and final year undergraduate veterinary students and their attitude towards e-learning. The 120 pre-final and final year veterinary students studying at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana were selected randomly and data was collected with the help of a
structural questionnaire consisting of 25 items with respect to concept identifi cation, search strategy, document types, search tools, use of results and e-learning. The study revealed that only 12.5% of the veterinary students belonged to high knowledge level category whereas majority of them 68.3% (P<0.01) possessed low knowledge towards information literacy competencies. A high percentage of veterinary students lacked the necessary knowledge and skills to identify main concept and significance of words (52.5%), to opt appropriate search strategy (83.1%), to select required document types (42.1%), to utilize efficient search tools (73.8%) and to evaluate and use results (68.8%). Only 18.3% students had ability to use computer as experts. About 62.5% respondents used search engines as e-learning tool. About 87.9 and 89.7% male and female respondents possessed favourable attitude towards use of e-learning tools. Gender and OCPA had no significant association with knowledge level as well as e-learning attitude of veterinary students. The study revealed notable gaps among students towards information literacy competencies and e-learning, hence, teaching of credit-bearing Information Literacy courses is imperative to enhance undergraduate veterinary students’ knowledge and information seeking skills.
Title: Haemato-Biochemical Comparision of Meloxicam/Ketoprofen in Combination with Atropine-Dexmedetomidine-Butorphanol-Midazolam as Preanasthetic to Ketamine Anaesthesia in Female Dogs
Abstract :

The study was conducted in 12 female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy divided into two groups of six animals each to evaluate and compare hemato-biochemical findings in meloxicam/ ketoprofen along with atropine - dexmedetomidine - butorphanol - midazolam - ketamine anesthetic combination. Adequate muscle relaxation, sedation and analgesia necessary for surgical intervention were achieved along with smooth and uneventful recovery in all patients. Blood samples were collected at 0min (baseline), 15min, 30min, 45min, 60min and 90min for assessment of Hb, TLC, DLC, plasma urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine. Results were non-significant decrease in Hb, increase in plasma urea nitrogen and increase in plasma creatinine in both the groups. TLC showed non-significant decrease up to 30min followed by gradual increase to baseline. Variation in DLC was clinically insignificant. Both meloxicam and Ketoprofen produced a comparable degree of clinico-physiological and haemodynamic stability in atropine- dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam - ketamine anaesthetic combination in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.

Title: Standardization of Acidity Level in Hurdle Treated Chicken Croquettes using Lactic Acid
Abstract :
Study was conducted to standardize the acidity level of hurdle treated chicken croquettes (treated with humectants in combination
of 0.5% carrageenan + 5% texturized soya protein) using lactic acid. Three different treated meat batters having pH 6.0 (T1), 5.6 (T2), 5.2 (T3) along with control (C) were prepared using chicken meat along with other ingredients in required quantity. The products were examined for different physico-chemical quality, texture & colour profi les and sensory quality. It was revealed that water activity was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3 than in T2, T1 and control. Product pH, emulsion stability and cooking yield was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3 as compare to other treatments and control. The colour profile showed a significantly lower L value and lower a* value in T3 as compare to C, T1 and T2.,while the texture profile exhibited a significantly (P<0.05) lower value for hardness, springiness, stringiness, chewiness, gumminess and resilience and cohesiveness in the T3 product as compared to other batches. The evaluation of sensory attributes showed a significantly higher score for flavour, juiciness and overall acceptability in respect of T2. Hence it was concluded that meat batter having pH 5.6 was the preferred pH for the preparation of chicken meat croquettes.
Title: Constraints Faced by the Households in Existing Farming Systems in Chittorgarh and Banaswara Districts of Southern Rajasthan
Abstract :
Chittorgarh district from Agroclimatic zone IV-A and Banswara district from zone IV-B was selected for the study of integrated farming systems, as these districts have high potential for development of agriculture and livestock. Multi stage random sampling plan was used in two villages of two different tehsil from each district in such a way that one has highest proportion of irrigated
area and other one have highest share of rainfed area to total net sown area. Fifteen households from each village were selected. Thus a total sample of 120 households was selected, representing 60 households from rainfed and 60 households from irrigated farming systems. There were four farming systems prevalent in the rainfed and irrigated condition of Chittorgarh and Banswara districts. Farming system (FS-I) describes crops + vegetables and crops + dairy cattle forms FS-II. Crops + dairy + goats constituted the FS-III. Crops either supported by poultry or orchards were the part of FS-IV in both the situations of the selected districts. In rainfed and irrigated area of Chittorgarh and Banswara districts households reported as lack of timely availability of good quality seeds, followed by lack of availability of agricultural labour in peak season, low price of farm produce at the time
of harvest and high cost of quality seeds. Constraints faced by households in livestock enterprises in Chittorgarh and Banswara districts were low productivity, non-availability of green fodder, lack of A.I and veterinary facilities and high cost of feed and fodder were the most important constraints.
Title: Gross and Histomorphological Studies of Liver in Neonatal Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Abstract :

Rabbit is a laboratory animal and is used to conduct wide variety of experiments for the welfare of human as well as animals. Liver is the main organ of metabolism and study of xenobiotics is usually carried out in this particular organ. The present study was conducted on six rabbits (non-descript) between 0-3 days of age, procured from laboratory of department of Microbiology, college of Veterinary Science & A.H. Jabalpur. The liver was carefully dissected out and fixed in 10% formalin. After gross measurements tissue samples were processed and 5-6 μm thick paraffin sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and silver impregnation method for histological studies. Mean weight, length, width and height of liver were 16.30±0.37gm, 2.52±0.05 cm, 2.15 ±0.04 cm and 1.07 ±0.03cm respectively. The liver was comprised of two main lobes, right and left, that are separated by a deep median cleft. There were five lobes viz., Left Lateral, Left Medial, Right, Caudate and Quadrate lobes. The extent of the caudate process was bigger than that of the papillary process and the smallest structure in length and height was quadrate lobe. Histologically Mitoses was observed in the liver cells. The cell outline was indistinct and cytoplasm showed extreme variation in appearance as vacuolated, granular, deep staining or pale. There was presence of haematopoietic cells (megakaryocytes) in the stroma of liver.

Title: Food and Foraging Niches of Carnivorous Bird Species in Orchards:Implications for their Conservation
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to assess food and foraging niches of carnivorous bird species in mixed fruit orchard selecting two transects I and II at Punjab Agricultural University campus from March 2015 to February 2016. There were observed 12 and 11 carnivorous bird species out of total 52 and 38 bird species recorded in transect I and II respectively. Habitat features (hedgerows, un-cemented water channel), irrigation schedules and fruit developmental stages seemed to determine the bird composition, especially carnivorous bird species in mixed fruit orchard.

Title: Prenatal Development of the Lingual Intrinsic Skeletal Musculature, Lingual and Von Ebners Glands of the Tongue in Goat Foetii (Capra hircus)
Abstract :
The present study conducted on the tongue of 18 goat foetii revealed that the differentiation of skeletal muscle was first noticed among the mesenchymal cells at 40 days of foetal age (CRL = 3. 40 cm). These were better differentiated at 62 days of gestational age (CRL=10.0cm) and showed continued gradual development with advancing foetal age. The typical cross striations in the lingual intrinsic skeletal muscles was first observed at 121days of foetal age (CRL = 27.50cm). The first appearance of lingual gland in the tongue of the goat foetii was observed at 62 days of gestation (CRL = 10.10 cm) and the first indication of appearance of Von- Ebner’s gland was observed in the tongue of goat foetii at 120 days ( CRL= 31.1 cm).
Title: In vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Efficacy of Condensed Tannins Containing Tree Leaves Extract of Jammu Province
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to assess the antioxidant potential and antibacterial efficacy of lyophilized condensed tannins (CT) extract from locally available tree leaves (Acacia nilotica, Eugenia jambolana, Ficus religiosa, Leucaenea leucocephala and Psidium guajava) against bacterial species (viz. Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus). Antioxidant activity was determined by 1, 1-Diphenyl-2- picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and total reducing power assays. Lyophilized CT extracts of P. guajava and E. jambolana showed significantly (P<0.05) higher antioxidant potential compared to standard ascorbic acid and other CT sources. Antibacterial efficacy was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using micro dilution method. The MIC and MBC values of CT extracts were significantly (P<0.05) higher for F. religiosa and L. leucocephalla then that of A. nilotica, E. jambolana and P. guajava. The MBC value for S. enteritidis was lower than E. coli and. S. aureus. Lower MIC and MBC values against E. coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis in CT extracts of different sources showed better results compared to E. faecalis which showed statistically non-significant difference among all CT sources. It may be concluded that all CT sources possess antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy and were found to be effective against E. coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis except E. faecalis and the comparison among the CT sources, E. jambolana and P. guajava were found to be most potent CT source as well as potent alternative antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Title: Effect of CIDR on Conception Rate in Repeat Breeding Cattle Inseminated with Liquid Semen
Abstract :
A trial was conducted to study the effect of CIDR on conception rate (CR) in repeat breeding (RB) Vrindavani cows following insemination with liquid semen. After insemination with liquid semen, the experimental RB cows were divided into two groups: group-I (n=13) was treated with CIDR between day 5 and 18 post-insemination, while group-II (n=12) was kept as negative control. Pregnancy diagnosis was done on day 60 post-insemination by per rectal palpation. Conception rate (%) in CIDR treated group was 5/13 (38.46%), whereas, it was 2/12 (16.67%) in the control group. Though the increase of CR by 21.79% in the CIDR treated group was statistically non-signifi cant as compared to the control
Title: Effect of Carrot Powder on the Quality Attributes of Fibre-Enriched Spent Hen Meat Cutlets
Abstract :
The present study was envisaged to develop fibre-enriched chicken meat cutlets with the incorporation of carrot powder. Chicken meat cutlets incorporating four levels of carrot powder viz. 0% (control), 2.0 % (T1), 4.0% (T2) and 6.0% (T3), were prepared by replacing lean meat with carrot powder in the basic formulation of chicken meat cutlets. The developed cutlets were evaluated for various parameters such as proximate, physicochemical, instrumental texture and colour profile, and sensory attributes. The moisture, dietary fibre, cooking yield increased significantly (P<0.05) whereas fat content decreased significantly with the increasing levels of carrot powder. The dimensional parameters were better maintained in the treated groups than control. Hardness value of the cutlet increased significantly (P<0.05) upon the incorporation of carrot powder and the values for T2 and T3 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than T1. Increasing trend was also observed in a* values with increase in the incorporation level of carrot powder which might be due to red colour of carrot powder. The overall acceptability scores of the chicken meat cutlet with 4% carrot powder was significantly (P<0.05) higher than control and other treatment products.
Title: Effect of Prepartum Concentrate Supplementation on Blood Biochemical Profiles of Native Ewes in Coastal Odisha
Abstract :
Present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of concentrate supplementation on the periparturient blood biochemical profiles of native ewes, two months before expected date of lambing in coastal Odisha. Forty (40) pregnant ewes were randomly distributed into two treatment groups (T1 and T2) based on their body weight, age and parity. First group (T1) was maintained on grazing only, while the second group (T2) was supplemented with a balanced concentrate mixture @ 200 g/sheep/day along with grazing. Blood samples were collected one month before and one month after parturition for analysis of serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea and creatinine. Significant (P<0.05) increase was observed for serum glucose and globulin, both before and after parturition in (T2) (before: 56.65 ± 1.86 mg/dl and 5.08 ± 0.59 g/dl; after: 53.93 ± 1.62 mg/dl and 4.04 ± 0.32 g/dl) as compared to T1 (before: 51.23 ± 1.90 and 4.12 ± 0.45g/dl; after: 45.88 ± 1.57 mg/dl and 3.25 ± 0.45 g/dl). Non significant results were observed for rest of the biochemical parameters studied between the control and the treatment both before and after lambing. It was concluded that prepartum concentrate feeding @ 200 g /day/ewe is required to maintain the glucose and globulin level in ewes after compensating the energy needs of growing foetus and colostrum production in mammary gland.
Title: Replacement of Animal Model for Propagation of Classical Swine Fever Challenge Virus by Adaption in the PK-15 Cell Line
Abstract :

Classical swine fever (CSF) challenge virus has been adapted in PK-15 cell line from infected splenic suspension of the challenge virus maintained hitherto by pig to pig passages. Confirmation of viral presence was done by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT). A reasonably good titre of 106.5 TCID50/ml was obtained at 6th passage level. The cell culture adapted challenge virus at a dose of 105.0 TCID50 produced CSF symptoms in pigs from 2nd days post infection (dpi) onwards and succumbed to the infection between 11-12 dpi. Cell culture adapted CSF challenge virus offers advantage to inoculate exact virus particles over the traditional tissue suspension (20% w/v) in potency testing. Adapted challenge virus will replace the use of pigs for propagation of challenge virus; hence follows 4 R’s (replacement, reduction, refinement and rehabilitation) principle. This challenge virus can be attenuated by further serial passages and can be used to develop indigenous live attenuated cell culture based vaccine.

Title: Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Lifetime Performance Traits in Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :
The data on 171 Murrah buffaloes sired by 49 pertaining to lifetime performance traits were collected from history cum pedigree sheets maintained at Buffalo Research Centre (BRC), Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar over a period of 20 years from 1990 to 2009. Analysis of variance done by restricted maximum likelihood method of Harvey (1990) using mixed linear regression model with regression effect of age at fi rst calving. The overall least squares means for lifetime milk yield (LTMY), productive life (PL), milk yield per day of productive life (MY/PL), herd life (HL) and milk yield per day of herd life (MY/HL) averaged as 8607.93±481.93 kg, 1161.59±54.17 days, 5.59±0.15 kg/day, 3340.22±120.67 days and 2.55±0.10 kg/day, respectively. The effect of period and season of calving and age at fi rst calving (linear and quadratic) was statistically non-significant on all the lifetime performance traits under study except that significant effect of period of calving on MY/PL. The heritability estimates along with standard errors for different lifetime performance traits were obtained as 0.18±0.10, 0.26±0.17, 0.11±0.04, 0.26±0.20 and 0.29±0.13 for LTMY, PL, MY/PL, HL and MY/HL, respectively. The
genetic and phenotypic correlations among lifetime performance traits were positive and high except genetic and phenotypic associationship of HL with MY/HL and MY/PL. Therefore, moderate to high genetic correlations among lifetime traits indicated that selection based on any one of these traits could result into improvement through positive correlated response in all other traits.
Title: Plasma iron, Hemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume during Puerperal Period in Beetal Goats
Abstract :

The present research work was undertaken to study the puerperal hematological changes in Beetal at different stages of parity in Jammu region, J&K. Thirty six adult Beetal goats were categorized into 3 parity groups viz. group-A (1-3 parity), group-B (4-6 parity) and group-C (7-8 parity). Blood samples were collected 3 and 1 week before and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks after kidding. The hemoglobin, PCV and plasma iron was analyzed from the collected blood samples. Analysis of haematological parameters viz. Hb and PCV revealed significant decline during the 1 week before and 1 (p<0.001) and 4 (p<0.005) weeks after kidding compared with 16 weeks after kidding. Prevalence rate of anaemia in goats having Hb level <8 g/dl and PCV level <22 per cent was highest 1 week after followed by 1 week before and 4 weeks after kidding. Low plasma iron levels were observed during peri-partum period. No significant difference in levels of Hb and PCV among various parity groups was observed. Physiological conditions- late pregnancy and early lactation are accompanied with marked decrease in Hb and PCV levels

Title: Composition of goat milk in Grenada, West Indies: A preliminary study
Abstract :
Goat farming is a common practice on the island of Grenada, West Indies. In the years post-Hurricane Ivan (2004), the dairy goat industry has been gradually evolving into a commercial entity, in order to provide goat milk and milk products to the community. Vital to the sustainability of this industry is the maintenance of a high-quality and reproducible product. However, there are no data available on the current composition of goat milk in Grenada. This preliminary study was undertaken to assess the composition of goat milk to assist farmers in the further development of the Grenada goat milk industry. Using a commercial milk analyzer, 115 goat milk samples from four Grenada parishes were analyzed. The results gave an average of dairy goat milk composition in Grenada, including values for fat (4.53%), protein (3.47%), non-fat solids (9.07%), lactose (4.91%), and total solids (13.60%). Milk values were significantly different among the four parishes, with St. Patrick having the lowest values and St. Andrew the highest. Additionally, there was no significant difference between values derived for Grenada versus those recently reported in the neighboring island of Trinidad. The composition of goat milk in Grenada and the differences among parishes is hypothesized to be influenced in
large part by nutrition. Future plans are underway 1) to advise goat farmers on the husbandry and feeding of goats to optimize the quality of milk and 2) to perform updated analyses on the milk composition postimplementation.
Title: Physico-chemical Properties of Mutton Patties Prepared from Munjal and Harnali Breeds of Sheep
Abstract :

Meat obtained from Munjal and Harnali breeds of sheep were used for preparation of patties and were analyzed for quality attribues. The breed effect on the product quality was analyzed to produce a detail picture in reference to the parameters like physicochemical, textural, sensory characteristics. It was found that Munjal and Harnali breeds have no significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on physico-chemical and functional properties of patties. The color parameter indicated that L* and a* values have no significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference but b* values have significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference. However the Texture Profile Analysis and sensory panel scores indicated a lower quality attributes for the products prepared from the Harnali breed in comparison to Munjal. Hardness, gumminess, chewiness, firmness and toughness of patties have significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference. The microbial count indicated more than 6 log cfu/gm after 20 days of storage indicating a shelf life of less than 20 day in refrigerated storage.

Title: Molecular Detection and Therapeutic Management of Exudative Epidermitis in Swine
Abstract :
Of 343 swine examined, 34 (9.91%) were found to be affected with exudative epidermitis from which 39 S. hyicus and 6 S. aureus isolates were recovered. Out of 39 S. hyicus, 34 S. hyicus isolates were found to be positive for virulence genes of which, 6 isolates (17.64 %) were positive for exhA gene and 28 isolates (82.35 %) were positive for exhD gene with an exhibited band size of 316 bp and 588 bp respectively in PCR. Early recovery of swine with exudative epidermitis was found with amoxyclav with supportive therapy than ceftriaxone and tazobactam combination with supportive therapy though the recovery rates with both the antibiotics were 100 per cent.
Title: Seroprevalence of Bluetongue among Sheep Population of Odisha
Abstract :

Serum analysis was performed during October 2015 to April 2016 to ascertain the prevalence of bluetongue (BT) virus infection among sheep population in Odisha. Samples were collected randomly from apparently healthy sheep from 10 different agro-climatic zones of Odisha. Serum samples were screened for BT virus (BTV) antibodies using indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) at Division of Virology, IVRI, Mukteswar. Out of 217 samples screened, 60.36% samples were found positive for BTV infection. The prevalence of BTV antibodies in different agro-climatic zones ranged from 38.09% to 100%. This seroprevalence picture of BT, first of its kind, unfolds this viral infection among sheep population in Odisha.

Title: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence and Identification of Major Ixodid Tick Parasites of Cattle in Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia
Abstract :
A cross- sectional study was conducted from November, 2015 to April, 2016 in Gondar town with the objective to estimate the prevalence of ticks, to investigate their genera and assessing association with the different risk factors such as breed, sex, age, body condition scores, and management system. Adult ticks were collected from 384 cattle from local and cross-breed
cattle. Out of the total of 384 cattle examined, 287(74.7%) were found to be infested by one or more genera of tick parasites. A total of 919 adult ticks, which belongs to four genera of ticks were collected and identifi ed using stereomicroscopy. In this study Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Boophilus were identifi ed as 27%, 26%, 25.3%, and 21.7% respectively.
The prevalence of male and female animals was found to be 136 (68%) and 151 (82.06%) respectively. According to their management variation animals kept in extensive and intensive farming system were infested with 207 (76.1%) and 80 (71.4%) respectively. The prevalence in local and cross breed was 180 (77.58%) and 107 (70.39%) respectively. The prevalence in young and adult animals was found to be 104 (72.3%) and 183 (76.25%) respectively. Based on their body condition score of animals, poor 176 (75.8%), medium 71 (80.68%) and good body condition 40 (62.5%). In this study there was statistically significant association of infestation rate with the sex of the animals (P<0.05) and x2=10.042. Special attention should be given to the control and prevention of ticks.
Title: Effect of Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation with Animal Fat on Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicken
Abstract :
Study was carried out to find out the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on carcass characteristics in Venncobb broiler chicks fed with diet containing animal fat. Eighty day old commercial broiler chicks were randomly allotted to two treatment groups (T1 and T2) with four replicates of ten chicks each. The birds were fed with standard broiler chicken ration (BIS, 1992) containing 5% animal fat. T1 was the control, while T2 was supplemented with L-carnitine (900 mg/kg feed). At the end of 42 days, five birds from each treatment were slaughtered in order to determine carcass traits and organ weights. The results revealed that the supplementation
of L-carnitine lowered the abdominal fat content of birds. However, L-carnitine supplementation had no effect on the body weight gain, slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, giblet yield percentage and weight of internal organs.
Title: Effect of Storage Temperature and Packaging Material on the Quality of Kashmiri Fireen
Abstract :
Kashmiri Fireenis a cereal based Indian dairy product, very popular in Kashmir region of the country. Kashmiri Fireen was prepared from milk, wheat semolina and sugar as per pre- standardized method and packed in three different packaging materials and stored at refrigerated (4 ± 1oC) and ambient (25 ± 1oC) temperature for a period of 20 days. The product was subjected to the microbiological study and sensory evaluation at regular intervals of 5 days for determination of its storage stability. Significant variations were noticed during refrigerated storage as well as at ambient temperature in the sensory and microbiological quality of Kashmiri
Fireen. The product exhibited progressive increase in microbial growth in terms of standard plate count, yeast and mold count and coliform count. It was observed that the product packed in aluminium foil with low density polyethylene (LDPE) laminates showed best results in terms of preservation for 20 days. The sensorial acceptability and microbiological quality of the product remained good and within the prescribed acceptability limits for 20 days at refrigerated temperature and 10 days at ambient temperature while using aluminium foil with low density polyethylene (LDPE) laminates as packaging material. The study revealed that packaging of Kashmiri Fireen in aluminium foil with low density polyethylene (LDPE) laminates combined with its storage at refrigerated (4 ± 1oC) temperature enabled prolonged preservation of the product for 20 days.
Title: Seroprevalence of Canine Leishmaniasis in Owned and Stray Dogs from Ggrenada, West Indies
Abstract :The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Leishmania antibodies in two populations of dogs (owned and stray) in Grenada, West Indies. Leishmainiasis caused by a hemoflagelate protozoan, is zoonotic disease that affects a wide range of animals including man. Dogs are considered main reservoir for the organism. Antibodies to Leishmania spp were determined in serum samples from 836 dogs (344 stray and 492 owned dogs) using qualitative immunochromatographic dipstick tests (ICTs) based on recombinant antigens specific for visceral leishmaniasis (Kalzar detect rapid test:In Bios, USA). Seropositivity for leishamanis spp. was detected in 23 dogs (2.7%, 95% confidence Interval (CI) 1.06%to 3.8%). Thirteen of these were stray dogs (3.7%) and ten were owned dogs (2.0%). Results from this study indicate that dogs in Grenada are exposed at a low level to leishamaniasis.
Title: Effect of Coumestrol on Efferent Ductules in Dogs
Abstract :
The present study was conducted on twelve adult stray dogs of age 2 – 3 years, weighing 14 - 18 kg and randomly divided into three groups. Animals in group I (n = 5) and group II (n = 5) were orally given 300 and 500 microgram coumestrol dissolved in di-methyl sulfoxide in the commercial dog treats on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28, respectively. Animals in control group III (n = 2) were given DMSO alone as per above schedule. Castration was done one week after the completion of the treatment. Tissues for histology and electron microscopy were fi xed in Bouin’s fi xative and Karvonsky’s fi xatives, respectively. Epithelial lining of the efferent ductules was composed of cuboidal or columnar epithelium having ciliated and non- ciliated cells. Cellular architecture of the efferent ductules was normal. Scanning electron microscopy revealed normal efferent ductules with presence of cilia on luminal surface. In conclusion, oral feeding of 300 microgram and 500 microgram of coumestrol has no adverse effects on the functioning of efferent ductules in dogs and at this dose rate, this compound cannot be used for population control of stray dogs. 
Title: Assessment of in situ Feeding Regimen of Dairy Cattle of R.S. Pura Block of Jammu District, India
Abstract :
Study was conducted with the objective of assessing the in situ feeding regimen of dairy cattle managed by marginal livestock farmers of R S Pura block of Jammu District. Three well inhabited villages of R S Pura block were selected. In each village, 10 dairy farmers (herd size 2-5 dairy cattle) were randomly selected as respondents for survey and for feed sample collection. Results indicated that cattle farmers are primarily agriculturist of middle age with formal education up to primary level and with land holdings of marginal or small size. Dairy cattle of respondents were mainly 2-5 years in age. Almost two-third of the surveyed animals were non-pregnant multiparous animals. More than half of the surveyed animals were medium milk producers, whereas 27.78% producing more than 10 lts per day. The feeding during post kharif period was green berseem fodder and paddy straw based, supplemented with wheat bran, cotton seed cake and/or commercially available compounded feed. Feeding regimen in post-rabi season is mainly based on maize fodder with paddy straw. Wheat bran, mustard oil cake and compounded feed are the major supplements. No farmer was providing mineral mixture to the livestock; however, all of them
were supplementing diet with salt. It may be concluded that except berseem, there is dearth of leguminous fodder in dairy cattle
diet of surveyed region and therefore conservation of berseem as hay needs to be encouraged to ensure year round availability
and mineral supplementation needs to be increased especially in diets of high milk yielders.
Title: The Ultra Structural Studies of Duodenum of Goat (Capra hircus)
Abstract :

The tissues from small intestine containing duodenum were collected from six young goats and processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies. The villi of the duodenum varied in shape and size. The duodenal mucosal surface showed leaf shaped villi along with scanty population of goblet cells on the villi surface. The mucosal surface was having very faint corrugations and dense mat of microvilli. The basal surface of the villi, the number of goblet cells was more. The crypts openings were evident at some places. The transmission electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of different cell population which included columnar or absorptive cells and goblet cells in surface epithelium of the duodenum. The columnar cells were having many uniform regularly spaced microvilli. The goblet cells were very few in the villus epithelium and were interspersed in between the columnar cells and their cytoplasm was distended with mucus granules. The crypt region or glandular epithelium was consisted of polymorphic cell population which included the Paneth cells, enterochromaffin cells and goblet cells.

Title: Microbiological Analysis and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Water for Wild Animals in Nandankanan Zoo, Odisha
Abstract :

The incidence and prevalence of bacterial pathogens affecting zoo animals is increasing due to consumption of contaminated water containing the various persistent bacterial pathogens with increased antimicrobial resistance. The consumption of this antimicrobial resistance water causes transmission of several water borne bacterial diseases. Hence to save the lives of wild animals and to protect the ecological balance of our environment, a critical routine systemic analysis of supplied water with good monitoring practice and development of a database for routine screening of the water for captive animals is very much essential. So, the experiment was conducted to assess the microbial load in the form of CFU/ml and the identification of antibiotic resistant bacteria by antibiotic resistance test (ABST) in the supplied water from the enclosure pools at Nandankanan Zoo, Odisha. It was found that several bacterial isolates like E. coli, Pseudomonas spp, Salmonella and Corynebacterium spp are exclusively present in this contaminated water based on the cultural, morphological and biochemical characterization. Under antibiotic sensitivity test (ABST), tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was found resistant for E.coli in all the collected samples of wild animal species including birds and reptiles. Cephalothin and Sulfisoxazole were moderately resistance to E. coli in case of birds whereas Gentamycin and Neomycin were moderately resistance to the sample collected from Lions enclosure.

Title: Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms from the Upper Respiratory Tract of Equines in Himachal Pradesh
Abstract :

The present investigation was conducted to identify different bacterial agents associated with the respiratory infections of equines in the submountaineous region of Himachal Pradesh. Nasal swabs were collected from a total of 119 animals, including horses (n=59) and mules (n=60), exhibiting respiratory disease manifestations (n=20) as well as apparently healthy animals (n=99); and subjected to routine cultural, staining and biochemical examinations for the identification of the isolated bacteria. The bacterial genera thus isolated and identified included Staphylococcus spp. 12 (38.71%), Corynebacterium spp. 6 (19.35%), Bacillus spp. 3 (9.68%), Streptococcus spp. 2 (6.45%), Micrococcus spp. 2 (6.45%), Pseudomonas sp. 1 (3.23%) and others 5 (16.13%) from the 15 samples from diseased equines; and Staphylococcus spp. 83 (44.62%), Corynebacterium spp. 30 (16.13%), Bacillus spp. 33 (17.74%), Micrococcus spp. 12 (6.45%), Streptococcus spp. 6 (3.23%) and others 22 (11.83%) from the 81 samples from apparently healthy animals, whereas, 23 samples were bereft of any bacterial growth. Further speciation of Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and Bacillus spp. was also carried out by means of biochemical tests.

Title: Cloning and Sequencing of Thioredoxin Reductase (trxB) Gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Isolated from Poultry
Abstract :
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxB) is a flavoprotein which acts as an integral part of Thioredoxin (Trx) system. This Trx system produces reducing equivalent in various oxidation-reduction reaction which ultimately targets in various metabolic processes inside cell. TrxB must be playing role in combating various stress conditions confronted by Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) inside its host. The aim was to clone and sequence Thioredoxin reductase (trxB) gene of ST strain E2375 and to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the information obtained after aligning the trxB sequence with other serovars of ST. Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) strain E2375 was procured from National Salmonella Centre, Indian Veterinary Research institute, Bareilly, India. Genomic DNA was isolated from the bacteria followed by amplification of Thioredoxin reductase(trxB) gene by PCR. The gene was restriction digested and cloned into a vector pET28c(+). The cloned trxB plasmid was transformed into NEB 5-alpha cells. The gene was sequenced and submitted in the gene bank. After multiple alignment analysis of that sequence by
BLAST, a phylogenetic tree was constructed with the help of MEGA4.0 software. The sequence of trxB was found to be highly
conserved among the salmonella serovars.
Title: Prevalence and Economic Significance of Cystic Hydatidosis: Bovine at Kombolcha Elfora Industrial Abattoir, North Wollo, Ethiopia
Abstract :
A cross-sectional study design was conducted out from July 2014 to September 2015 Kombolcha ELFORA industrial abattoir to assess the prevalence of hydatid cyst in slaughtered cattle through post mortem inspection procedure of visualization, palpation and incision of vital organs. During study period there were 384 cattle examined by random sampling data collection method. Among 384 examined slaughtered in the abattoir 53 (13.8%) were found harboring hydatid cyst. There were variation in prevalence rate among different geographical location could be do to strain difference of echinoccus granulosus that exist in different geographical location, culture of people, social activities and probably physiological activities of cattle, health condition and duration of exposure time were contributed for infestation. Hydatid cyst were predominantly in lung and liver representing 10% and 6% respectively, because the lung and liver posses greater capillary field which allows these organs efficiently filter the ingestion oncospher from blood liver and lung undergo sequential which is followed by pulmonary filtration action before other are invaded. Higher percentage of hydatid cyst in the lung compared to liver because lung tissue has soft consistency relatively lower reticulo endothelial cell and less abundant connected tissue.
Title: Hospital Prevalence of Canine Hemolytic Anemia in Punjab
Abstract :
The present study was conducted on anemic dogs presented to the small animal clinics of the department of Veterinary Medicine GADVASU Ludhiana, Punjab from September 2014 to August 2015. Total number of the cases screened randomly in this period were 1749 and among them 214 cases were having haemolytic anemia and the prevalence was 12.25%. The most prevalent causes of haemolytic agent was Ehrlichia canis in this study followed by Babesia gibsoni, primary immune-mediated haemolytic anemia, neoplasia, Babesia canis and toxicity.
Title: The Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters of Growth Curve Traits in Sirohi Goat Using Brody Function
Abstract :

The objectives of this study were to investigate growth patterns of Sirohi goat applying the Brody function and estimated the parameters of growth curve including genetic evaluation of growth curve traits. The data used in this study, collected in All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) on goat improvement, Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, India from year 2009 to 2017 and were included 340 male and 715 female kids body weight measured at birth to 12th month of age in every three months interval. Least-squares means for growth curve parameters of A (Asymptotic weight), B (folding point of growth) and K (maturity rate) were 26.18±3.11 (kg), 0.88±0.00 (kg) and 0.16±0.00 (days), respectively. Fixed effects (cluster, year and season of birth, sex, and type of birth) were significantly influenced the parameters of growth curve. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.02±0.01 (“K”) to 0.40±0.05 (“A”). The genetic correlation between A-K and B-K was negative, which might be due to the compensatory growth effect.

Title: Molecular Genetic Characterization of Local Buffalo Population of Jammu and Kashmir Region using Microsatellite Markers
Abstract :

In the present study, genetic characterization of local buffalo population, a native to north temperate region of India in Jammu and Kashmir, was carried out for the purpose of breed characterization and assessing existing intra-population genetic diversity. A total 50 blood samples procured at random from genetically unrelated animals of two sexes and different age groups were collected from different locations in the breeding tract of these buffaloes. The multi-locus genotype data were generated using 15 FAO recommended buffalo specific microsatellite markers, which gave amplification and various parameters were estimated through PopGene software (1.3.1). A total of 103 distinct alleles were observed with mean observed and effective number of alleles as 6.8667±0.29 and 5.5683±0.2 respectively across all 15 studied loci. The maximum (9) alleles were contributed by loci (CSM013 and CSM061) and the least (5) by (ILSTS030). The mean Observed and Expected Heterozygosities across all loci were 0.6840±0.01 and 0.8250±0.007 respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.7227 (CSM038) to 0.8357 (CSM013) with mean PIC of 0.7913±0.008. The Nei’s genetic distance measures varied from 0.7606 (CSM038) to 0.8528 (CSM013 and BRN) with mean genetic distance of 0.8167±0.007. The mean Shannon’s index value ranged from 1.5220 (ILSTS030) to 2.0320 (CSM013) with mean of (1.7894±0.03). Microsatellite analysis thus revealed high level of polymorphism across studied microsatellite markers and informativeness of the markers for genetic diversity analysis studies which can be utilized to plan future association studies to exploit the uniqueness and adaptability of indigenous buffalo population.

Title: NEWS
Abstract :

CONGRATULATIONS TO OUR FOUNDER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

 

Associateship of National Academy of Dairy Science (India) was conferred to Dr. Vikas Vohra, Senior Scientist, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal (Haryana) on 26th May 2014.

Title: Haemodynamic and Electrocardiographic Changes Following Epidural Ropivacaine with or without Dexmedetomidine in Black Bengal Goat
Abstract :

The aim of this study to find out the effect of ropivacaine and its combination with dexmedetomidine in goats on systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and electrocardiographic changes. A total of 10 clinically healthy goats of 1-3 years aged and weighing between 10-15 kg were used for the present experiment. All the animals were randomly divided into two groups of five animals each. Ropivacaine (0.75%) @ 1 mg/kgbwt was epidurally administered in the lumbosacral space in group I whereas, the animals of group II were given dexmedetomidine @ 2 μg/kgbwt in combination with ropivacaine hydrochloride (1 mg/kgbwt). Haemodynamic parameters viz. SAP, DAP and MAP revealed non-significant alterations in group I, whereas, group II showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in SAP and MAP at different intervals of observations. Electrocardiogram revealed bradycardia in group II with prolongation of RR intervals, QT intervals and width of QRS complex, whereas, in group I these changes was variables which of little significance. In conclusion, the ropivacaine in combination with dexmedetomidine was synergistically decreasing the systolic arterial and mean arterial pressure within normal physiological limits and transient changes in ECG. Hence ropivacaine along with dexmedetomidine can be used in cardiovascular compromised animals.

Title: Effect of Different Heat Ameliorating Measures on Micro-Climatic Variables in Loose Houses During Hot Humid Season in Murrah Buffalo Heifers
Abstract :
The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of heat ameliorating measures on micro-climatic variables in the loose houses during hot-humid season. In the study different heat ameliorative measures viz. control (T0), cooling jacket (T1), cooling jacket + forced ventilation (T2) and sprinkler + forced ventilation (T3)
were utilized to ameliorate the thermal stress in Murrah buffalo heifers (n = 24). Daily maximum and minimum temperatures relative humidity (RH) and temperature humidity index (THI) of both micro and macro climate were measured at 10.00 am and 2.00 pm of Indian Standard Time (IST) by using maximum and minimum and
dry and wet bulb thermometer. Significantly (P<0.05) lower maximum temperature was observed in T3, T2 and T1 groups (29.93 ± 0.19, 30.43 ± 0.18 and 31.27 ± 0.19oC, respectively) as compared to T0 group (32.25 ± 0.19oC). However, significantly (P<0.05) lowest minimum temperature was found in T3, T2 and T1groups (25.28 ± 0.22, 25.81 ± 0.23 and 26.60 ± 0.23oC, respectively) and higher minimum temperature in T0 group (27.60 ± 0.22oC). We observed significantly (P<0.05) lower RH in T3 and T2 groups (69.84 ± 0.57 and 71.93 ± 0.51%, respectively) than those of T0 (77.18 ± 0.49) at 2.00 pm. During the peak hot period significantly (P<0.05) lower temperature humidity index (THI) was reported in T3, T2 and T1 groups (78.89 ± 0.24 and 79.43 ± 0.25 and 81.39 ± 0.23, respectively) as compare to T0 group (82.36 ± 0.20). Therefore, it can be concluded that forced ventilation with
sprinklers or cooling jacket is an important mean to protect animals from thermal stress under loose houses during hot-humid season.
Title: Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites in stray dogs (Canis familiaris) from Grenada, West Indies
Abstract :

In the present study, fecal samples from 445 stray dogs, collected during July 2008 to December 2012 were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. Fecal samples were collected throughout the six parishes of the country, under the national rabies control program. Fecal samples were examined for gastrointestinal (GI) parasites by flotation technique. Out of 445 dogs 394 (88.5 %) (95% Confidence interval (CI) 84.54% to 91.46%) dogs were found infected with one or more species of gastrointestinal parasites. The results revealed the presence of at least one parasite egg of 73 % Ancylostoma spp., 15.7 % Trichuris vulpis, 3.8% Toxocara canis, 1.4% Coccidia spp. and 1.1% Strongyloides spp. The prevalence of the GI parasites according to stray dog age groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05, χ2). There was no significant difference between male and female dogs (p>0.05, χ2). Analyzing the prevalence of GI parasites in various age groups the results showed that dogs under 12 weeks of age had a higher prevalence than juveniles (12-24 weeks) and adults (over 24 weeks). The presence of zoonotic parasites in stray dogs in Grenada, poses possible risks of contamination of the environment which may have public health implications

Title: Dietary Supplementation of Ascorbic Acid on Hemato-Biochemical and Hormonal Parameters in Swamp B
Abstract :

Effect of ascorbic acid on hemato-biochemical and hormonal profile of swamp buffaloes were investigated during summer and post summer months. Eighteen swamp buffaloes (Avg. b.wt.336.24±10.27kg, age 3.5 years) were divided randomly into three groups of six each. The animals were supplemented with ascorbic acid (AA) at the rate of 0, 10 and 15 g/animal/day for 150 days and designated as T 1, T2 and T3. Blood was collected on 0, 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th and 150th day of the experiment and analysed. Results indicated that the value of haemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and thyroxin was higher (p<0.05) in T3 as compared to T1 and T2 groups. The value of Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) was significantly (p>0.05) higher while total leucocytic count (TLC), neutrophil, eosinophil, total protein, AST (Aspertate aminotransferase) and ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) was lower in T2 and T3 as compared to T1. Across the treatment T2 and T3 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher tri-iodothyronine and lymphocytes and (p<0.05) lower serum glucose and cortisol concentration as compared to T1. From this study, it is concluded that dietary supplementation of AA modulated hemato-biochemical and hormonal parameters in beneficial ways in swamp buffaloes to cope up thermal stress during summer and post summer months. The dose rate of AA 15 g/day/animal found to be more effective than 10 g/d/animal.

Title: Effect of Niacin Supplementation on in-vitro Rumen Fermentation Pattern in crossbred Cattle
Abstract :
An in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of different levels of niacin (0, 300, 400, 500, 600,
700 and 800 ppm) on rumen fermentation and digestibility. The substrate comprised of concentrate mixture, maize fodder and wheat straw (40:20:40). Results revealed that TCA-ppt. N (mg/100 ml incubation media) and TVFA concentration (meq/100 ml incubation media) were signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher at 600 ppm (17.56; 7.28) as compared to control (12.12; 6.38). The molar proportion of propionate was also higher at 600 ppm (26.52%) as compared to control (25.87%). The total gas (ml) production increased in a linear fashion whereas methane level decreased signifi cantly (P<0.05) with graded levels of niacin. The NH3-N (mg/100 ml incubation media) decreased signifi cantly (P<0.05) from 15.26 (control) to 10.71 (600 ppm). The IVDMD (%) and IVOMD (%) also increased from 44.04 to 48.04 and 53.91 to 57.38, at 0 and 600 ppm niacin supplementation, respectively. The three higher levels of niacin viz. 600, 700 and 800 ppm had comparable fermentation parameters viz. digestibility, total gas, methane, TCA-ppt. N, TVFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate. It was concluded that 600 ppm niacin level is comparatively better than other niacin levels
Title: Comparison of Two Methods of Calculating Breeding Efficiency of Crossbred Cattle and Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :
A total of 1474 and 1935 production and reproduction records of crossbred cattle and Murrah buffaloes from the year 1992 to 2012 were utilized in the present study to investigate breeding effi ciency (BE) at Gadvasu Dairy farm. Breeding effi ciency was calculated using Wilcox (1957) and Tomar (1965) methods and then Least squares of Harvey (1990) model was used to study the effects of various non-genetic factors (period, season) on breeding effi ciency. Average breeding efficiency of Crossbred Cattle was 82.31 ± 0.97% ranging from 75% to 85% by Wilcox method and 98.14 ± 1.09% ranging from 95% to 99% by Tomar method. Breeding efficiency of Buffaloes was 78.03 ± 1.01% ranging from 69% to 84% by Wilcox method (1957) and 78.39 ± 0.39% ranging from 74% to 80% by Tomar method under the present management and production conditions. The little differences in two methods may be attributed to different methods of calculation as well as large variation in the no. of calvings, calving interval and age at fi rst calving across 20 years. Hence it may further be concluded that the two methods were equally useful in the calculation of reproductive effi ciency in dairy animals.
Title: Effect of Ovsynch Estrus Synchronization Protocol on Certain Mineral Profile of Cyclic Murrah Buffaloes in Summer and Winter Season
Abstract :
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Ovsynch estrus synchronization protocol on plasma Zn, Cu, Ca and P levels in cyclic Murrah buffaloes during summer and winter season. The buffaloes were categorized in to two groups: 1) summer (n = 20) and, 2) winter (n = 18). Estrus cycle of buffaloes were synchronized with Ovsynch protocol (Pursley et al. 1995) as per standard procedure followed by artificial insemination (AI) at 8 and 24hrs after second GnRH treatment. The blood samples were collected on the day of start of protocol (d0) and day of AI (dAI) for the estimation of minerals concentration. The pregnancy was confirmed through
sonography on day 45 post-AI. Levels of Zn were lower (P<0.05) in summer as compared to winter season (1.0 ± 0.1 vs. 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.1 vs. 1.9 ± 0.1 ppm, respectively) whereas Cu, Ca and P levels showed no seasonal variation. Pregnant and Non-pregnant buffaloes had significant lower (P<0.05) concentration of Zn on d0 and AI in summer as compared to winter season (0.9 ± 0.1 vs 1.6 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.2 vs. 1.7 ± 0.1ppm, respectively and1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.5 ± 0.1 ; 1.3 ± 0.1 vs. 1.6 ± 0.1 ppm, respectively). The pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes exhibited similar mineral profiles in both seasons. In conclusion, plasma mineral concentrations remain lower during summer as compared to winter season in buffaloes that could be responsible for lower fertility in summer.

 

Title: Effect of Urea on Hematological and Selected Biochemical Parameters of Ggrowing Somali Lambs
Abstract :

A study was carried out to evaluate the probiotic dahi and to develop eco friendly cups using areca nut sheath and to utilize it to store the probiotic dahi. The different packaging materials namely plastic cups (control), oxo-biodegradable cups and areca nut sheath cups were used to evaluate the keeping qualities of probiotic dahi. Physico-chemical properties, microbial qualities and sensory evaluation were carried out on the product stored in different containers. Statistical analysis showed there was no significant difference between different packaging materials. Sensory analysis of probiotic dahi in different packaging materials was carried out. Statistical analysis showed that the appearance and overall acceptability scores significantly differed in different packaging materials. There was no significant difference in flavor, body/texture and sourness score of probiotic dahi in different packaging materials.

Title: Effect of Incorporation of Rice DDGS on Serum Biochemical Profile, Carcass Characteristics and pH in Japanese Quail Diets
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to study the effect of dietary incorporation of rice DDGS on serum biochemical profile and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails. Day old Japanese quails (n=180) were distributed randomly into five dietary groups each with three replicates of 12 birds and were maintained under uniform conditions. Experimental diets were prepared with incorporation of rice DDGS at 0% (T1: control), 5% (T2), 10% (T3), 15% (T4) and 20% (T5) levels by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Feed and water were provided adlibitum. The birds were housed in battery cages during the experiment period of 0-5 weeks. Findings revealed that serum total protein was significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing levels of rice DDGS. Whereas, Serum albumin, globulin and Albumin Globulin ratio were not affected by level of rice DDGS. But, serum total cholesterol was significantly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of rice DDGS. The carcass traits like live weight and carcass weight were significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing levels of rice DDGS. On other hand, incorporation of rice DDGS from 0 to 20% in diet had no significant effect on dressing percentage, liver, heart, gizzard and giblet weights. The meat quality parameter i.e., pH of meat of quails revealed that incorporation of rice DDGS up to 20% level had no effect. Rice DDGS can be incorporated at 20% level in diets of quails without having any adverse effect on serum profile, carcass traits and pH.

Title: Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationship Analysis of two Rabbit Breeds by Microsatellite Markers
Abstract :

Soviet Chinchilla (SC) and Californian White (CW) breeds of rabbits maintained in the Rabbit research Centre, college of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad were utilized for the present study. Rabbit specific microsatellite primers utilized were successfully amplified in both the breeds by PCR and these primers are highly polymorphic and informative with number of alleles ranged from 4 to 11 in SC and 6 to 10 in CW. A total of 199 alleles (102 in SC and 97 in CW) were observed across the amplified loci. The overall mean of observed, expected and unbiased expected heterozygosity values were 0.681, 0.842 and 0.872 in SC and 0.665, 0.849 and 0.880 in CW, respectively. The mean inbreeding coefficient was 0.194 in SC and 0.221 in CW. Only 1 locus showed negative inbreeding coefficient in both the breeds. The mean PIC was 0.822 and 0.831 in SC and CW breeds respectively. The overall mean FIS, FIT and FST values were 0.208, 0.238 and 0.040 respectively. At two loci SAT07 and SAT16 moderate and high degree of differentiation was observed between the two breeds and all the remaining 10 loci have the FST values less than 0.05 suggesting that differentiation did not exist between the two breeds at these loci. The sufficiently high mean values of observed number of alleles, observed heterozygosity and PIC for various microsatellites in the present study supported their suitability for genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship studies.

Title: Biometric Studies on Frieswal Heifers Born Under Field Conditions
Abstract :
A total of 58 Frieswal heifers from fi ve different artifi cial insemination (A.I.) centres were selected to study 14 biometric traits.
The overall least- squares means for 58 heifers were 117.3 ± 2.1 cm for BL, 109.7 ± 1.5 cm for HAW, 141.4 ± 2.8 cm for CG, 146.4 ± 3.1 cm for PG, 40.9 ± 0.9 cm for FL, 27.9 ± 1.0 cm for FW, 18.1 ± 0.4 cm for EPL, 65.7 ± 1.2 cm for HE, 34.3 ± 1.6 cm for HK, 105.7 ± 1.5 cm for HPB, 110.7 ± 1.7 cm for HHB, 4.61 ± 0.26 mm for ST, 224.3 ± 11.3 kg for BW and 3.02 ± 0.09 m2 for BSA respectively. Higher values for various biometric traits were observed in Pantnagar A.I. centre. Higher values for various traits were observed in heifers reared by farmers having herd size up to 3 AUE, and also for the heifers reared by landless farmers. Land holding also had a signifi cant effect on FW. However, there was no signifi cant effect of AI centre, education level and season of birth on any of the traits and the majority of the heifers of this age group were pregnant
Title: Level of Satisfaction of Member Dairy Farmers Regarding the Milk Procurement System of Milkfed in the Different Zones of Punjab
Abstract :

To assess the satisfaction level of dairy farmers’ regarding the milk procurement system of milkfed, a study was conducted in Amritsar, Bathinda and Ludhiana districts of Punjab, India. A total of 225 member dairy farmers of milkfed i.e. 75 from each Amritsar, Bathinda and Ludhiana districts were selected for the study. Data was collected with the help of questionnaire comprising of different type of questions regarding the milk procurement system of milkfed. The results revealed that only 3.11% farmers from three districts attained the facility of uplifting of milk at their doorstep while 96.89% farmers poured milk to the societies on their own vehicles. Further, 84.44% farmers responded that Verka procured full quantity of milk produced by them. A trend has been observed that there is a well-established milk collection system of milkfed, 75.11% farmers responded that milkfed provides subsidy for installation of BMC and 96.44% farmers revealed that expenditure to run BMC is also provided by Verka. 95% farmers received their payment for the milk at every tenth day. 99.11% farmers believed that price of milk is lowered in winters. Although , there is lowering in pricing of milk during winter season, still 61.33% farmers of the three districts were satisfied with the pricing pattern of milkfed.

Title: Reemergence of Foot and Mouth Disease in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Abstract :

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals which has been discovered more than 100 years ago. The causative organism is a RNA virus belongs to the Aphthovirus genus, Picornaviridae family. The disease is endemic in India and every year the economic loss due to direct and indirect cause is more than USD 4 billion annually. The Andaman & Nicobar Islands also suffered due to the outbreak of FMD in the year 2005 which was due to serotype O. However, in the present study the reemergence of FMD virus almost after a gap of 13 years has been reported from the South Andaman district of the A & N Islands. The outbreak was confirmed as serotype O and is mainly affected more than 800 cattle, goat and buffalo population. The reemergence of the FMD virus in the islands has posed a serious concern to the livestock of this island which is now being considered as almost free from many of the dreaded disease. Based on the epidemiological investigation it could be concluded that the virus might have entered through the transport of straws which is being used as packing materials for vegetable and fruits from mainland.

Title: Growth Performance, Behaviour and Faecal Consistency of Kids Fed on Guar Meal
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Guar meal, an unconventional feed on growth performance, behavioural traits, faecal consistency in kids (3 months old) with an average body weight of 9.46 ± 0.15 Kg divided into three equal groups (D1, D2 and D3) following completely randomized design. Experimental diets were formulated by replacing ground nut cake (GNC) from the control (D1) group, with guar meal at 50 (D2) and 100% (D3) level in the concentrate mixture. Dietary replacement of GNC with unconventional protein source (GM) either at 50 or 100% had no negative influence on dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio. ADG was signifi cantly (P<0.01) higher in D2 group but comparable to that of D1 group. No signifi cant difference was observed in behavioural aspects in kids fed on three different rations. The percentage of time spent on eating was recorded highest in all the groups. Faecal consistency score was significantly (P<0.05) higher in kids fed D3 ration compared to those fed D1 and D2. Guar meal based diets were found to be more economic than conventional type. 
Title: Colour-coded and Pulsed Doppler Sonography of Testicular and Prostatic Artery in Dog
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to measure the various indices of Testicular and Prostatic Artery in Dogs at Different Age using Colour-coded and pulsed Doppler Sonography. Colour-coded and pulsed Doppler sonography was used to study the blood fl ow of the testes and prostate gland in a total of 6 mongrel male dogs at different age starting from 4 weeks of age. After detection of the vessels by colour-coded Doppler sonography, the blood fl ow patterns were determined by pulsed Doppler sonography and measured the Peak systolic Velocity
(Vmax) , the end-diastolic velocity (Ved), the pulsatile index (PI) and resistance index (RI) in relation to their age. Results: The physiological testicular fl ow pattern was monophasic with a high diastolic fl ow While the prostatic blood fl ow pattern was biphasic. Vmax, Ved, PI and RI of testicular artery show variation with age of mongrel dogs. The results of the present investigation demonstrate that the colour-coded and pulsed Doppler sonography give additional valuable information which improves the andrological diagnostics in the dog.
Title: Endocrine Status of Serum Testosterone, Estrogen and Thyroid Hormones in High Fertility Breeding Buffalo Bulls and their Male Calves
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to assess the endocrine status of serum testosterone, estradiol and thyroid hormones in good fertility breeding buffalo bulls and their male calves. Fifteen buffalo bulls were categorized into good fertility bulls on the basis of semen evaluation and reproductive history. Thirty one male calves were selected from these fi fteen buffalo bulls. Average testosterone concentration was higher (p<0.05) in adult buffalo bulls than male calves (2.93 ± 0.44 ng/ml versus 1.20 ± 0.35 ng/ ml). Similarly estradiol concentration in adult buffalo bull was (p<0.05) higher (51.66 ± 2.54 pg/ml) as compared to male calves (15.352 ± 2.47 pg/ml). Serum TSH was found higher (p<0.05) in adult buffalo bulls(18.83 ± 4.15 µIU/ml) than their male calves (7.08 ± 2.48 µIU/ml) but serum concentrations of T3 and T4 were similar in adult buffalo bull and their male calves (5.84 ± 0.60 ng/ml and 4.96 ± 0.52 µg/dl versus 3.73 ± 0.38 ng/ml and 3.34 ± 0.29 µg/dl, respectively)
Title: Modeling of Monthly Arrival of Rohu Fish using ARIMA in Jammu Region of J&K State
Abstract :

In this study, the Box-Jenkins methodology has been applied to build Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model for monthly arrival of Rohu fish in Jammu region of J&K state. The values ADF and Durbin Watson statistics were -3.65** and 2.11 respectively. Among the ARMA(1,1), ARIMA(1,1,1), ARMA(2,2), ARMA(2,1), ARMA(1,2), ARIMA(2,1,1) ARIMA(1,1,2), ARIMA(1,1,3), ARIMA(2,1,2), ARIMA(2,2,2), the best model obtained was ARMA (2, 2) on the basis of significance of model and parameters. The values of R2 MAPE and -2 loglikelihood were 0.74, 0.70, 4.23 and 473.80, respectively. The AIC and SBIC of selected model were 483.01 and 459.51.

Title: Development of an Improved Rabbit Model of Spinal Cord Compression by Embolectomy Catheter
Abstract :
The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the efficacy of epidural balloon inflation into the unroofed spinal cord for the creation of a experimental spinal cord injury model in rabbits. Ten New Zealand white rabbits were used for this study. Before operation and after anasthesia with 60 mg/kg ketamine and 6 mg/kg
xylazine. A midline skin incision was done on the lumbar skin at the level of L1-L4 lumbar vertebrae. Paravertebral muscles were bluntly dissected bilaterally. A microhemilaminotomy was done in the right L3 lamina close to the midline. An arteial embolectomy catheter was inserted into the spinal column between the bone and dura mater to the level of L1-L2 intervertebral space. The microballoon was gradually inflated by using a volume-controlled microballoon inflation syringe over a period of 3 minutes. The microballoon was
deflated 8 minutes later and removed completely from the epidural space. All rabbits were paraplegic after the operation. In conclusion, this experimental study demonstrated that the microballoon inflation technique is a very successful method for the evaluation of spinal cord injury in rabbits. Unroofing of the spinal column is extremely important because decompression may be an effective treatment in spinal cord injury. A suitable spinal injury model was created, that is minimally invasive, uniform and easily reproducible.
Title: Efficacy of Lactoferrin with Dexamethasone Sodium on Hematological Profile Against Acetic Acid Induced Colitis in Rats
Abstract :

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a member of transferrin family. It is a glycoprotein that binds mainly to iron. Lf is present in exocrine secretions and it has been reported to have various defensive function. The present study was aimed to evaluate the hematological parameters when lactoferrin (@ 200 mg/kg b.wt.) was administered orally in acetic acid-induced colitis (4% @ 2 ml single dose intra-colonic) in rats. Hematological parameters revealed that, the means of Total Leucocyte Count (TLC) and Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC) were improved significantly (P < 0.05) in Lf treated group. The results were suggested that, Lf has positive effect on hematological profile on acetic acid - induced colitis in rats. Therefore, Lf is a promising potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of colitis.

Title: Protective Role of L-ascorbic Acid in Oxidative Stress Induced by Repeated Oral Administration of Bifenthrin in Wistar Rats
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to evaluate the modulatory role of L-ascorbic acid against oxidative stress in bifenthrin intoxicated rats. Rats were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Group I animals received corn oil and served as control while as group II animals were orally treated with bifenthrin @ 5.8mg/Kg/day. In group III, vitamin C was orally administered @ 60mg/Kg/day where as group IV received both vitamin C and bifenthrin @ 60mg/Kg/day and 5.8mg/Kg/day respectively. After 30th day of treatment, blood samples were taken and analysed for oxidative stress parameters. Significant (P<0.05) increase in MDA levels was observed in bifenthrin treated animals as compared to control and vitamin C treated animals. Blood glutathione level decreased significantly (P<0.05) in bifenthrin intoxicated animals as compared to control. Similarly, the activities of antioxidant enzymes viz., SOD, GSH-Px, GST and CAT decreased significantly (P<0.05) in bifenthrin treated rats as compared control. Ameliorative group receiving both bifenthrin and L-ascorbic acid significantly restored the normal values of various oxidative stress parameters except GST

Title: Seroprevalence of Bluetongue Virus in Small Ruminants of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India by Competitive ELISA
Abstract :
Bluetongue is an infectious, noncontagious, vector borne viral disease causing heavy morbidity and mortality. Disease is prominent in sheep with apparent clinical signs while goats and bovines may serve as reservoir hosts. Most of the times fi eld veterinarians diagnose bluetongue based on clinical signs only. The serological tests like competitive ELISA (c- ELISA) are helpful in diagnosis and prevalence studies of bluetongue. Serosurveillance of bluetongue virus in sheep (n=350) and goat (n=100) of Krishna district (AP) was conducted
using commercially available c-ELISA kit. The results revealed that among 450 serum samples, 62.66% (63.71% in sheep and 59% in goat) were detected positive for bluetongue virus antibodies.
Title: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Impact of Subclinical Endometritis on Reproductive Performance of Nili-Ravi Buffalo
Abstract :

Subclinical endometritis (SCE) is the inflammation of endometrium without systemic illness, hence remains mostly undiagnosed and untreated. The early diagnosis necessitates the evaluation of important risk factors. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors of SCE and their effects on reproductive performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo. 100 buffaloes approaching parturition were selected. During calving, various risk factors viz., type of calving, peri-parturient disorders, sex and birth weight of calf, gestation period and season of calving were recorded. Buffaloes were subjected to endometrial cytology using cytobrush method on 45 day postpartum (DPP) and divided into 2 groups viz., buffaloes ‘with SCE’ (>5% PMN; n=38) and ‘without SCE’ (≤5% PMN; n=62). Buffaloes in estrus were artificially inseminated and fertility parameters were recorded. The occurrence of SCE was significantly affected by calving assistance (OR=11.74; P<0.001), peri-parturient disorders (OR=6.87; P<0.05) and gestation period (OR=1.16; P<0.05). Sex, birth weight of calf and season of calving were not associated with SCE. The service period of buffaloes did not vary between two groups. The median days open was significantly (P<0.05) higher in buffaloes with as compared to buffaloes without SCE (141 vs. 117 d). Buffaloes with SCE had significantly (P<0.05) lower first service conception (21.1 vs. 43.5%) and took more (P<0.05) mean number of services per conception (2.71 vs. 1.62) compared to buffaloes without the SCE. It may be concluded that risk factors around the time of calving control the onset of SCE which in turn has negative impact on reproductive performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes.

Title: First report of Maedi-Visna and Caprine Arthritis- Encephalitis viruses in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract :

Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) in sheep and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis virus (CAEV) in goats, two genetically related diseases caused by small ruminant lenti viruses (SRLVs). These viruses are reported to pose serious economic threats in industrialized countries. The present study reports the epidemiological presence of antibodies by using ELISA test against these viruses in small ruminants in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. The seropositivity was recorded as 4.28% against MVV and 4.5% against CAEV with an overall seropositivity of 4.32%.

Title: Comparative Anatomical Studies on the Uterus of Pati and Chara-Chemballi Ducks during their Laying Periods
Abstract :
In the present investigation, twelve eachPati and Chara-Chemballi ducks were utilized at 42 weeks of age. The uterus was collected immediately after death and studies were made on it. The uterus was a sac- like dilation between the isthmus cranially and the vagina caudally and was located just ventral to the synsacrum. The length, breadth, thickness and weight of uterus of Chara-Chemballi ducks were signifi cantly higher than Pati duck. The mucosa of uterus of both Pati and Chara-Chemballi duck showed many leaf shaped folds. These folds were mainly primary, secondary and tertiary types. In some primary folds concave surface were also present. The surface epithelium of uterus was pseudostratifi ed ciliated columnar in both Pati and Chara- Chemballi ducks. The mean height of lamina epithelialismucosae of uterus was 28.058±0.367µm in Patiduck and 33.228±0.234 µm in Chara-Chemballi duck. The surface epithelium and glandular epithelium showed moderate PAS positive reaction in both Pati and Chara-Chemballi ducks. Histologically, there is no signifi cant difference between thePatiand Chara-Chemballi ducks. However, the height of lamina epithelialis mucosae of oviduct was significantly higher in Chara-Chemballi duck than Pati duck.
Title: Effect of FecB Gene on Body Weight in Black Bengal Goat
Abstract :
FecB gene is first described gene which has been found to increase ovulation rate and litter size in sheep. But, work related to genetic mechanism and genetic markers for caprine proliferation has not been done so much. The present study was aimed to screen Black Bengal goat population for polymorphism of FecB gene and to study its effect on body weight at different growth stages. DNA samples from 96 animals were isolated and subjected to PCR. Amplified fragments obtained were allowed for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the detection of single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) variants. Among all samples, three different SSCP variants were found which were marked as AA, AB and BB. The highest genotype frequency was observed for AB (0.38), which was followed by BB (0.33) and AA (0.29). Least-square analysis of variance showed significant (P<0.01) effect of genotype on body weight at birth only. The least square mean of body weights at birth for genotype BB (01.17±00.03 kg) was significantly lower than that of genotype AA (01.43±00.03 kg) and genotype AB (01.36±00.02 kg). It was also observed that genotype had non-significant effect on body weight at 4-week, 8-week, 12-week, 24-week, 36-week and
48-week of age. These results indicate that effect of FecB on body weight was limited at birth only. No significant effects were found on growth rate at later stage of life. FecB gene was hitherto linked to prolificacy. So, the effect of FecB gene on other traits has important bearing if the research is continued further with more number of species specific primers at other loci.
Title: Assay of BLf using Sandwich ELISA and its Comparative Study of Holstein-Friesian Crossbred and Sahiwal with Poda Thurpu Cow Milk
Abstract :

Bovine lactoferrin (BLf) is a multifunctional bioactive protein found in high concentration in milk. The present study was done to evaluate, isolate and compare the quantity of BLf present in the milk of exotic cross bred and indigenous breeds of cow. Milk samples were collected from exotic HF cross bred and indigenous breeds like Sahiwal and Poda thurpu. The quantification of BLf was done by using sandwich enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The processed milk samples of each of three breed were then subjected to cation exchange column chromatography using Sephadex C-50 resin. The eluted fractions obtained from the chromatography were used to run sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) along with a protein marker to confirm the identity of BLf. The estimated BLf values (μg/mL) from ELISA were found as 306.47+8.91, 369.06+14.04 and 403.9+20.10 in HF cross bred, Sahiwal and Poda thurpu cow breed. Further electrophoresis results showed a clear band was formed at 80KDa approximately when compared with the standard protein marker with a more prominent band in indigenous breeds than HF cross bred where a thin band was seen.

Title: Pathomorphological Changes in Various Organs of Experimentally Induced Salmonellosis in Mice
Abstract :
In the study, a total of 36 BALB/C mice divided into twelve equal groups were used. Eleven groups were administered 50 μl of inocula containing 107 CFU prepared from eleven isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium, administering one isolate in each group.
One group was kept as negative control and each mouse in this group was given 0.5 ml of normal saline per os.The study was conducted for 15 days during which symptoms viz., ruffl ed feathers, hunched posture, etc., exhibited by the mice were observed and deaths were recorded. At necropsy, gross lesions of moderate to severe focal hepatic necrosis characteristic of Salmonella infection were observed. In some cases, brain and spleen were congested. No signifi cant gross lesions were observed in heart, lung and kidney. Salmonella was isolated from liver, spleen and brain of mice that died1st to 4th day post- exposure. Surviving mice were sacrifi ced on 14th day post- exposure, three of these had necrotic foci on the liver and Salmonella was isolated from all of these mice.
Title: Effect of Feed and Feeding Strategies on Oocytes Development in Labeo rohita:A Histomorphological Study
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to study the effect of different diets and feeding strategies on the development of oocytes during the pre spawning and post spawning period in Labeo rohita. The study showed the presence of oocytes in different developmental stages viz., primary growth phase, secondary growth phase, maturation phase, post ovulatory phase and atretic oocytes during both pre spawning and post spawning period. The primary growth phase comprised of oogonia stage, chromatin nucleolus stage, early perinucleolar stage and late perinucleolar stage, whereas, the secondary growth phase was differentiated as cortical alveolus stage, early vitellogenic stage and late vitellogenic stage, and early and late types of atresia. The percentage occurrence (92-28 %) of these different stages varied during pre spawning and post spawning period respectively The study revealed that (65%) of the oocytes were in the vitellogenic and maturation phases during pre spawning period, while as perinuclear stage and atretic oocytes (27.6%) were seen during post spawning period. All the developmental stages showed more active oocytes in the ovaries of fish fed with vitamins and minerals indicating that diet influences the reproductive efficiency of the fish

Title: Clinical Evaluation of Demineralized Bone Matrix Allograft in Femur Fracture in Dogs
Abstract :

Eight clinical cases of dogs having femur fracture, were divided into two groups, A and B with four dogs (n=4) in each group. Group A animals were treated with intramedullary pinning (IMP) alone and group B were treated using IMP alongwith demineralized bone matrix (DBM) implantation at the fracture site. The efficacy of healing was evaluated on the basis of clinical evaluation, haemato-biochemical and radiographic parameters on the day of admission (day 0), followed by 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th post-operative days. The weight bearing was observed to be better in dogs of group A. Swelling was completely absent after 15th post-operative day in dogs of both the groups. The mean values of Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC showed a non-significant variation on subsequent post-operative days in both the groups. There was a significant increase in serum calcium up to 30th post-operative day and thereafter, followed a decreasing trend. The serum alkaline phosphatase values showed non-significant variation in group A while in group B animals significant increase observed on 15th, 30th and 45th post-operative day. Radiographically, the dogs of group B showed better radiographic union of fracture evidenced by early disappearance of fracture line than those of group A.

Title: Effect of Lactation Order on Morphological Traits of Teat and Udder in Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactation order on morphological traits of teat and udder in Murrah buffaloes. A total of 59 buffaloes were selected for the study which were milked twice daily (morning and evening) by hand milking method. From date of calving to 7th month of lactation, the udder morphological traits viz. teat length, teat diameter, distance between teats, udder dimension, udder depth and height of udder from the ground were recorded fortnightly by using measuring tape and vernier calliper. The teat length (cm) of left fore quarter in 7th lactation order was signifi cantly (p<0.05) higher (9.43 ± 0.19) than fi rst (6.77 ± 0.11), second (7.93 ± 0.07) and third (7.91 ± 0.17) lactation orders. The teat diameter (cm) of left fore quarter in 1st lactation order was signifi cantly (p<0.05) lower than all other lactation orders. The distance
between right fore and left fore teats in 5th lactation order was signifi cantly (p<0.05) higher than 8th lactation order. Further, the udder depth rear in 9th lactation order (20.05 ± 0.27) was signifiantly (p<0.05) higher than 8th lactation order (17.11 ± 0.32). The height of udder base from the ground was signifi cantly higher in fi rst lactation order than subsequent parity except for 2nd lactation order. It was concluded that udder morphological traits of Murrah buffaloes varied from lactation to lactation order as the age advanced which could be deciding factors for selection of precious dairy animals to maximize the profi tability at farm.
Title: Dynamics of Livestock Population and Output in Rajasthan: A Temporal A
Abstract :

The total livestock population in the last five and half decades in Rajasthan was noticeably increased from 32426.98 thousand number in 1956 to 57732.20 thousand number in 2012. The increase in buffalo population during this period was more than four times. As far as population of small ruminants are concerned, sheep and goat dominated the livestock population and constituted over 50 per cent of livestock population in the state. The goat population has been growing at faster rate than sheep population. Annual milk, egg and meat production in state have grown about four times, seven times and ten times, respectively, since 1985-86 to 2014-15. The annual production of wool has declined. The per capita availability of milk, egg and meat in state has significantly increased during 1985-86 to 2012-13. The per capita availability of milk in state was higher than ICMR recommendation while that of egg and meat was lower than its recommendations. The gap between demand and supply for milk has changed from negative to positive since 1994-95 onwards while it was negative in case of meat and egg products.

Title: Production Cost of Mutton Nuggets Developed by Incorporating Flaxseed Flour, Blend of Essential Oils and their Selected Combinations
Abstract :

In the present study, production cost of mutton nuggets formulated with pre-optimized level of flaxseed flour (8%) (T-1), blend of essential oils (0.25%) (T-2) and their selected combination (4% flaxseed flour + 0.25% blend of essential oils) (T-3) were studied in comparison to that of the control. Optimization of levels for flaxseed flour and blend of essential oils was done under different experiments based on sensory attributes and those having sensory status closer to control were selected. It was found that the production cost of 1 kg product was ` 428.16, 392.41, 436.01 and 418.16 for control, flaxseed, essential oil (EO) and combination of flaxseed and essential oil incorporated mutton nuggets, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that formulation with 8% flaxseed flour at the cost of lean meat was most economic among the various other combinations.

Title: A PCR Assay for Identification of Buffalo Origin of Tissue by Amplification of the mt. D-loop Gene
Abstract :

The present study was carried out with aim to develop and standardize the protocol for species-specific PCR assay for detection of tissue of buffalo origin. Muscle tissue samples from viz: cattle (postmortem), buffalo, sheep, goat and pig were used to extract the DNA and the good quality DNA samples having OD260:280 of 1.8-2.1 were used in this study. Species-specific primers for buffalo was designed through homology comparisons of the mitochondrial gene regions from these species using Megalign (DNA- STAR) and designed primer pairs were tested for their specificity by BLAST analysis. The PCR conditions were optimized in terms quantity and concentration of various components for PCR mix and annealing temperature. The developed assay was evaluated for its species specificity and sensitivity. Efficacy and reliability of developed assay was also validated on known samples, samples from meat admixture and samples subjected to diverse heat treatment viz: boiling, autoclave and microwave. The developed species-specific PCR assay resulted in amplification of DNA template exclusively from buffalo samples and resulted in amplified PCR product of 742bp. Sensitivity of the assay was determined by making 10-fold serial dilution of genomic DNA, which showed that only 10ng of absolute DNA content, was required for PCR amplification and successful identification of tissue of buffalo origin. Thus, it was concluded that developed species-specific PCR assay is effective in identification of tissue of buffalo origin.

Title: Cholesterol Loaded Cyclodextrin Increases cryopreservability of Marwari Stallion (Equus ferus caballus) Spermatozoa by Increasing Cholesterol to Phospholipid Ratio
Abstract :

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) addition on cooled and frozen-thawed spermatozoa of Marwari stallion. A total of 48 ejaculates were collected from six adult Marwari stallions (8 ejaculates from each stallion) aged between 4 to 7 years. Immediately after collection semen sample was macroscopically evaluated and filtered into a warm, graduated measuring bottle to get gel free semen. The level of cholesterol (C) and phospholipid (P) in fresh spermatozoa were measured using ELISA. The semen sample was divided in to five equal aliquots (T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4). Primary extender containing different concentrations of CLC was added to each aliquot (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 mg/ml CLC in T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). All the aliquots were incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C for incorporation of CLC in sperm plasma membrane and then cryopreserved. Level of C and P in spermatozoa was also evaluated at pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. The mean C, P and C: P ratio in fresh sperm was 15.36±0.47 μg/100 × 106 sperm cells, 46.21±1.27 μg/100 × 106 sperm cells and 0.33±0.071, respectively. The mean C content and C: P ratio were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group T3 as compared to other groups at both pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. It was concluded that addition of CLC may be helpful in increasing cryopservability of stallion spermatozoa.

Title: Effect of Solid State Fermentation (SSF) Biomass Supplementation on Growth Performance of Kid
Abstract :
Present study was carried out to study the eff ect of solid state fermentation (SSF) biomass on growth performance of Surti growing kids. Fourteen kids (4-7 months age) weighing around 9 kg, were randomly divided in two groups of 7 each. All the kids were fed rations containing 50 % jowar straw and 50% compound concentrate mixture. Animal of group 1 served as control and were off ered TMR (total mixed ration) without biomass, while animals of another group were off ered solid state fermentation (SSF) biomass @ 4% in the TMR, All the experimental kids were weighed at weekly intervals and body measurements (height at wither, body length and heart girth) were taken fortnightly in the morning for two consecutive days before feeding and watering for the entire experimental period of 90 days. Average total gain (ATG) during 90 days experimental period was 4.47 and 5.23 kg with average daily gain (ADG) of 46.53 and 54.42 g in control and treatment groups respectively. The results revealed an improvement of about 17% in average daily gain though remained statistically similar between the two groups.
Title: Enzyme Histochemistry of Thyroid Gland in Prenatal Indian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on buffalo foetuses (n=19) ranging from 7.4 (62 days) to 108 cm (317 days) curved crown rump length (CVRL) to study the distribution of phosphatases and oxidoreductases in thyroid gland during prenatal development. A progressive increase in phosphatase activity from 12.50 cm CVRL (85 days) to 41 cm CVRL (166 days) was observed around the blood vessels in the developing thyroid. Mild activity of Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) was observed at 13.50 cm CVRL (89 days) whereas Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was absent at this stage. SDH activity was correlated with mitochondrial localization in developing thyroid. Weak to moderate LDH activity was observed at 56 cm CVRL (200 days) suggesting the presence of glycolytic pathway in developing thyroid. Mild to moderate Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-diaphorase) and Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase) was noticed in the follicular cells and interfollicular spaces of the thyroid gland at 12.50 cm CVRL (85 days) which progressively increased with gestational age and became intense at 56 cm CVRL (200 days) indicating increase in metabolic activity

Title: Myocardial Tei Index in Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Mitral Valve Disease Affected Dogs
Abstract :

Tei proposed an index of myocardial performance (IMP), which was devised to investigate combined measurement of systolic and diastolic function. The present study was undertaken to study importance of myocardial tei index in Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Mitral valve disease (MVD) affected dogs. A total of 63 dogs were examined for calculation of TEI index. Out of 63 dogs, 37 and 26 dogs suffering from DCM and MVD were taken as separate groups. LV Tei index was increased in both DCM and MVD affected dogs. The mean and standard error of the Tei index in DCM and MVD were 0.51±0.11 and 0.63±0.11, respectively and no significant difference was observed between these groups. Tei index appeared to correlate with severity of disease and can be used for early diagnosis of DCM.

Title: Carcass Characteristics of Commercial Broiler Chicks as Affected by the Supplementation of Probiotics
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of probiotic on carcass characteristics of commercial broiler chicks. Two probiotic levels (without and with probiotic supplementation) were considered for the study. The experiment consisted of two replicates for probiotic groups. The carcass characteristics and Conformation traits of broiler was evaluated at 6th week of age. Data were analyzed on survivor and equal number of bird’s per subclass basis. Analysis of variance revealed that the difference between replicates were not significant for the different traits under study as such all subsequent analysis was performed on combined sex basis. Inclusion of probiotic showed the significant effect on males, females and on combined sex basis the results of present study on per cent shrinkage, per cent dressing, per cent giblet and on total per cent meat yield. Higher per cent yield was estimated for most of the carcass components in the control group than the diet supplemented with probiotic. The cut-up parts yield (leg, breast, back with neck & wings) more or less similar in control and probiotic supplemented dietary group and also the percentage was lower in probiotic supplemented diet than the control group. The proximate principles of the meat revealed that there was no effect of the treatments on moisture, fat and ash content. However, the protein content was reduced significantly in broilers diet containing Probiotics. The lactobacillus counts were recorded higher in probiotic fed groups than the control.

Title: Effects of Storage Type and Inclusion of Sodium Propionate on Microbial Profile of Feed Ingredients Commonly Used in Pig Diets
Abstract :
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of storage type and inclusion of antifungal agent (sodium propionate) on microbial profile of feed ingredients commonly used in pig diets. Total of six feed ingredients (corn, wheat, soybean meal (SBM), corn DDGS, fish meal and poultry by-products) were stored in granary or feed bin with or without antifungal agent (0.30% sodium propionate) for 8 weeks period and microbial profile were investigated at the beginning of the experiment (week 0) and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of
storage. At the beginning of the experiment, microbial profile of all feed ingredients were not different ( p>0.05) among ingredients stored in granary or feed bin with or without sodium propionate. Irrespective of storage type and addition of sodium propionate, salmonella was not detected in any of all feed ingredient during 8
weeks of storage period. Inclusion of sodium propionate reduced ( p<0.05) populations of staphylococci in corn (2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks), wheat (8 week), SBM, DDGS, fish meal and poultry by-product (4, 6 and 8 weeks). Clostridia populations were reduced ( p<0.05) in sodium propionate added corn, SBM, DDGS, fish meal, poultry by-products (4, 6 and 8 weeks) and wheat (6 and 8 weeks). Coliforms populations were reduced ( p<0.05) in all sodium propionate added ingredients at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of storage, whereas the inclusion of sodium propionate reduced total anaerobic bacteria in fish meal, (2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks), poultry by-product (2 and 4 weeks), SBM (4 and 6 weeks) and corn, wheat, DDGS (4, 6 and 8 weeks).Yeast and mold count were reduced ( p<0.05) in wheat, SBM, DDGS, fish meal and poultry by-products (week 4, 6, and 8) and corn (week 6 and 8). However, storage type (granary vs. feed bin) had no effects ( p>0.05) on populations of staphylococci, clostridia, coliforms, total bacterial count, yeast and mold counts during any storage period. The results obtained in the present study indicated that microbial profile of feed ingredients was not affected by storage type (granary vs. feed bin), but the inclusion of sodium propionate improved the microbial profile of all feed ingredients commonly used in pig diets.
Title: Comparative Efficacy of Coccidiostats on Growth and Feed Conversion Efficiency in Broiler Birds Experimentally Infected with E. tenella
Abstract :
The current study was undertaken at University Poultry Farm, Anand to know the comparative efficacy of commonly used coccidiostats on oocyst index, growth and feed parameters in Cobb-400 strain of broilers. Fifty chicks T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups were given Diclazuril (0.1%), Salinomycin (12%), Diclazuril (0.1%) + Salinomycin (12%) in shuttle programme and Maduramicin (1 %) at a dose rate of 100 g, 50 g, 100 + 50 g and 50 g per 100 Kg broiler feed as coccidiostat, respectively. One group of 50 chicks will be kept as infected control (T5) and another group of 50 chicks will be kept as uninfected control (T6) without coccidiostat in feed. Oocyst Index value indicates better efficacy of T4 and T2 as compared to T1 and T3 group and T4 group showed highest body weight gain followed by T2, T1 and T3 group after experimental infection of E. tenella on 22nd of age. At the end of six weeks, significantly highest feed consumption was observed in T2 group followed by T4, T3 and T1 group.
Over all FCR value were found lowest in T4 group followed by T1, T2, and T3. Signifi cantly highest FCR (2.42 ± 0.01) was
observed in T5 group and lowest (1.97 ± 0.51) in T6 group among all groups signifying better effi cacy of Maduramicin followed
by Diclazuril. This is the fi rst time study undertaken in middle Gujarat to access the effi cacy of commonly used coccidiostats
in E. tenella infection in broiler chickens.
Title: Draftability of Kutchi Camel under Agro Climatic Condition of Middle Gujarat
Abstract :

Present study was conducted on five clinically healthy adult Kutchi camels (B.wt. 450-550kg) with the objective to assess the effect of different payloads (L1-1500kg, L2-2000kg and L3-2500kg), under different seasons (S1- hot dry, S2-hot humid and S3- winter) and work rest cycles (WR1: 2h (W) - 1h (R) - 2h (W) - 1h (R) + 2h (W) and WR2: 1h (W) - 15 min (R) - 1h (W) - 15 min (R) - 1h (W) - 1h (R) - 1h (W) - 15 min (R) - 1h (W) - 15 min (R) - 1h (W). The Kgf, Hp, power output (W), stride (no/100m), time (sec/100m), stride length (m) and duration of stride/sec were recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher under L2 and L3 as compared to L1 under different work rest cycles, whereas speed (m/sec) declined significantly (p<0.05) under L2 and L3 as compared to L1. The no of strides/sec did not differ under any pay loads under different work rest cycles. The Hp, power output (W), speed (m/sec) and number of stride/sec increased significantly (p<0.05) under S2 and S3 as compared to S1 whereas time (sec)/100 m and duration of stride/sec declined significantly (p<0.05) under season S2 and S3 as compared to S1. The stride length (m) recorded significantly (p<0.05) high in S2 an compared to S1 and S3. The Kgf did not alter in any season.

Title: Digestive Morphology of Native Pig Supplemented by Different Levels of Fermented Vigna radiata L.
Abstract :

This study investigates the growth performance, the response of the digestive morphology of native pigs, which treatment will stretch quality output and variations under different levels of fermented mungbean. The experimental research design was employed to determine the response of the three (3) pigs treated with mungbean for 70 days. The growth performance of pigs treated with different levels of fermented mungbean has a total gain weight of 7.50 kg for Treatment 1; Treatment 2 is 9.00 kg and, Treatment 3 is 6.50 kg and is observed no significant difference on the final weight and the total weight with a p-value of > 0. 050; the response on digestive morphology such as small intestine, large intestine, heart, stomach, liver, lungs, esophagus, spleen, and kidney of pigs shows no variations on their length, width, and weight with a p-value of >0.050 under the different level of fermented mungbean; the treatment output treated with different level of fermented mungbean is observed on Treatment 2 with a lowest feed conversion efficiency of 3.89 for feeds and 1.39 for mungbean. Treatment 2 has the highest gain weight among the treated sample; the intestinal morphology of pigs treated under the three treatments; thus, treatment 2 has the lowest feed conversion efficiency.

Title: Effect of Cold Stress on Milk Yield, Physiological and Hemato-biochemical Profile of Cross Bred Dairy Cattle
Abstract :

The present study was performed to evaluate haematological and biochemical parameters with response to milk production of dairy cattle at low temperature. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded and the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated as indicator of thermal comfort zone for cattle. Lactating crossbred dairy cattle were selected for this study. A significant increase in RBC, Hb, and PCVWBC was recorded in winter. Glucose and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin level showed a significant increase in winter. Milk production level was decrease due to cold stress. These results provided an insight into the haematological and biochemical responses of Jersey crossbred cows to different environmental conditions. Hence, this study will be helpful for the better dairy cattle management in winter seasons for higher production at the cold arid high altitude region

Title: Contents Vol. 8, No. 6, December 2018
Abstract :
Title: Impact of Dairy Self-Help Groups on Income and Employment of Milk Producers in Belagavi District of Karnataka
Abstract :

The study was conducted in Belagavi district of Karnataka and identified the income and employment generation through Women Dairy Self Help Groups (WDSHGs). For the study, 90 members and non-members were selected randomly making a total of 180 respondents. Then, the sample was post stratified into small (1-3 milch animals), medium (4 & 5 milch animals) and large (6 & above milch animals) categories. Results of regression analysis showed that members have more monthly income from dairying than non-members. The season has found to be positive impact and it is significant, indicates that the more income in rainy season than in summer season. Also, found that average annual employment was found to be more for members as compared to non-members. In terms of time, more time spent on bringing fodder from the field. The study has concluded that WDSHGs has positive impact on income and employment of members in the study area.

Title: Genetic Parameters for Reproductive Traits in Indigenous Uttara Chickens
Abstract :

The present study was carried out by utilizing 25 sires and 200 dams at the Instructional Poultry Farm (IPF), of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar from July 2014 to February 2016 using 3836 eggs using MMLSML computer programme. The purpose of this study was the estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters of reproductive traits in indigenous Uttara chickens. The mean percentages for FERT, HFES, HTES, ASM and WSM were 70.09 ± 0.75, 68.80 ± 0.98, 49.71 ± 1.08 %, 171.24 ± 0.13 days and 1408.67 ± 0.92 g respectively. The small standard error for ASM indicated close uniformity in age at sexual maturity of the flock and is indicative of better managemental practices being followed at the farm. The highest heritability estimate (h2) was 0.36 ± 0.02 for HTES. Genetic correlations for FERT with HFES (0.61 ± 0.03), HFES with HTES (0.92 ± 0.06) and FERT with HTES (0.86 ± 0.08) were positive and significant. Individuals with high breeding value for HTES would have high breeding values for HFES and FERT because of the high genetic association between them. These results suggest that HTES should be included as a selection criterion in genetic breeding programs to improve the reproductive performance of chickens, because HTES had the highest heritability estimate and high genetic correlation with FERT and HFES, and it is the easiest to measure.

Title: Quantification of Sexual Behaviour Traits in Presence of Teaser Male in Relation to Libido and Semen Quality in Buffalo Bulls
Abstract :

Screening and selecting bulls for desirable reproductive traits and high libido is known to improve the reproductive performance of the herd. Evaluation of sexual behaviour and semiogram is very useful in demarcating the high fertility bulls. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to quantify the sexual behaviour in presence of male teaser in relation to semen quality in buffalo bulls. Bulls were categorized into two groups (high and low libido) on the basis of reaction time. The average duration of first licking of prepucial area was significantly (p<0.05) lower in high libido bulls as compared to low libido bulls. The average frequency and overall duration of licking of prepucial area until ejaculation in high libido buffalo bulls was significantly (p<0.05) lower as compared to low libido bulls. The average time lag to show flehmen response following sniffing and licking the prepucial area and urine of teaser male was similar (p>0.05) in high and low libido buffalo bulls. The average chin resting time were similar (p>0.05) in high and low libido buffalo bulls. Individual sperm motility (%) and viability (%) was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in high than the low libido bulls. Sperm abnormality (%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in low libido bulls. Therefore, it can be concluded that breeding buffalo bulls can be demarcated for high libido based on quantification of sexual behaviour traits in relation to semen picture.

Title: Effect of Different Doses of Poultry Manure and Cow Dung on the Growth of Indian Major Carp, Catla catla
Abstract :
In view of the beneficial and some harmful impacts of use of livestock manure in fish farming, the present experiment was designed to assess the growth of Catla catla under the influence of low, medium and high doses of cow dung and poultry manure. Experimental water in tubs were treated with low (TC1)@ 10,000kg/
ha, medium (TC2) @ 15,000kg/ha and high (TC3) @ 20,000 kg/ha doses of cow dung and also with low (TP1) @ 8,000kg/ha, medium (TP2) @ 10,000kg/ha and high (TP3) @ 12,000 kg/ha doses of poultry litter, respectively along with control (T0). The control were maintained on conventional feed without nutrient input. Recording
of length and weight to know specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (CF) was done initially and after 60 days at the end of the experiment. Fish were also observed for mortality throughout the experiment to calculate the survival rate. The treatment with poultry manure and cow dung caused significant change (P<0.05) in length when compared to T0. Maximum increase in length of fish was observed in TC1 and TP2 throughout the experiment period. While in TC3, no growth was recorded till the end of experiment. Maximum weight gain was also observed in TC1. Highest values of SGR% and CF were seen in TC1. Maximum survival rate (%) was recorded in T0 and TC2 followed by TC1.
Title: Characterization of Exon4 of FSTN Gene and its Association with Growth Traits in PD-1 Broiler Chicken
Abstract :
Follistatin play vital role in biological processes which includes cell proliferation, differentiation, and skeletal muscle growth. The present study was carried out to study polymorphism of exon4 of follistatin gene and its association with body weight in PD-1, a broiler line of chicken. A product of 225 bp of exon-4 was amplified and structural variability was studied using polymerase chain reaction, single strand confi rmation polymorphism and sequencing method. This study revealed that the FSTN gene was monomoprphic at exon4. Growth data was also analyzed, the growth performance of male and female differed
significantly at six week of age.
Title: Animal Welfare Practices followed by Dairy Farmers of Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir State
Abstract :
As we all are aware that safe and quality milk is being produced from healthy animals using management practices that are sustainable from an animal welfare, social, economic and environmental perspective. This study was carried out to fi nd out the common animal welfare practices being practiced by randomly selected 120 dairy farmers in the four blocks of Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir state of India. For the study, a door to door survey was conducted using semi-structured interview schedule to collect primary data on various dairy animal welfare practices like calf rearing, feeding, housing, breeding, health care and milking welfare keeping in mind the “Five Freedoms” concept for animal welfare. Data from the study revealed that 100 percent of the farmers took care of the calves at the time of birth, provided colostrums (44%) after the removal of placentaand fed milk to their calves for more than four months after birth, but as far as total calf welfare was concerned they were not practicing cutting, ligation and disinfection of naval cord as required. They were also providing necessary amount of greens and concentrates to their animals and in some parts of district, they had maintained the standards of feeding welfare by exposing their animals to green pastures. Majority of the respondents had constructed a separate (54%) and well directed (61%) houses for their animals. Height of the shelters was suffi cient (67%) and had kacha fl oor (51%) in their animal sheds. Regarding the breeding welfare practices, majority of the respondents were practicing artifi cial insemination method and also got their animals examined after 90 days of insemination, which was a good breeding welfare practice. Majority of them had provided proper prophylactic measures to their animals from contagious diseases for their health welfare. They were milking their animals twice a day in the same place where they usually tied them. Majority of them were following good milking welfare practices by
cleaning their hands, utensils and udder of the animal before milk
Title: Retrieval and Recovery Rate of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Oocytes Through Aspiration Technique
Abstract :
The objective of the present study was to retrieve good and excellent quality of oocytes from the ovaries of buffalo having unknown reproductive history by using the aspiration technique. The retrieval as well as recovery percent was recorded. Total nine hundred and twenty ovaries were collected during the period of study, on an average 20 ovaries were collected per slaughter. Buffalo cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC’s) were retrieved by aspiration technique and further graded on the basis of cellular investment and homogenicity in to grade A, B, C and D. The mean recovery rate (i.e. no. of oocytes/ ovary) was 2.20 ± 0.08, while that of grade A, B, A+B were 0.82 ± 0.03, 0.53 ± 0.03 and 1.35 ± 0.06, respectively. The mean retrieval percent of Grade A, B and A+B COC’s were 37.10 ± 0.67, 23.74 ± 0.62 and 60.83 ± 0.84, respectively. The present finding led to the conclusion that aspiration technique seems to be a very promising technique for retrieval of developmentally competent oocytes from surface follicles and not from the deeper cortex which contained developing oocytes. By using aspiration technique, less amount of tissue debris obtained which may otherwise have adverse effect on the oocytes maturation and subsequent development of poor quality of embryos in vitro.
Title: Physiological Responses of Indigenous Sheep under Water Restriction
Abstract :
Eighteen farm born indigenous hoggets were selected on the basis of body weight (25-30kg) and randomly divided in to three treatment groups viz. T1 (Control), T2 (WR1:20%WR) and T3 (WR2:40%WR) and each treatment comprised of six animals to evaluate physiological responses. The pulse rate (per min) recorded at 7.30 am significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in 40% WR group as compared to 20 and 0% WR groups whereas respiration rate (per min) and rectal temperature (0F) recorded at 2.30 pm significantly (P < 0.05) elevated when animals were subjected to 40% WR as compared to 20 and 0% WR indicated that the 40% water restriction was more stressful to the animals.
Title: Development and Process Optimization of Biodegradable Films Based on Banana (Musa sp.) Flour
Abstract :

A study was conducted to develop banana flour based edible film using Response Surface Methodology. A Central Composite Design was adopted in the optimization of banana flour and sodium alginate level for the development of edible film with 13 different runs and 5 trials of two similar centre points. Effects of banana flour (2-4% w/v) and sodium alginate (0.5-1.0% w/v) level on the thickness, moisture, solubility, Hue angle and Chroma value of banana flour based edible film were investigated. For each response, a second-order polynomial model was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. The coefficients of determination, R2 of all the response variables were higher than 0.95 and the lack-of-fit tests were not significant. Applying desirability function method, optimum conditions were found to be 2.81% w/v banana flour and 0.80% w/v sodium alginate level for banana flour based edible film. At this optimum point, thickness, moisture, solubility, Hue angle and Chroma value were found to be 170.18μm, 17.80%, 27.23%, 83.73 and 9.27 respectively. The composite film has a good potential as secondary packaging material to enhance the functionality of meat, dairy, poultry and seafood.

Title: Effect of Fibrolytic Enzyme on Nutrient Utilization and Rumen Fermentation Pattern in Sheep
Abstract :
Effect of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on nutrients utilization of sheep was studied. Twelve male Patanwadi sheep (12-15 month) were randomly divided in two groups of 6 each. Sheep were fed rations containing 50 % wheat straw and 50% compound concentrate mixture. A fibrolytic exogenous enzyme @ 0.025% was added to the ration of animal fed TMR. At the end of 14 weeks experimental period, animals were kept on digestion trial and three animals of each group were used for rumen fermentation analysis. There was no difference in final body weight between the groups due to enzyme treatment. There was non-significant difference on intake of dry matter and organic matter and also digestibility of DM, OM, CF and EE were not affected by treatment. However, the digestibility of CP and NFE were observed significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment group as compared to control group. There was no significant effect on pH, TVFA, ammonia-N and NPN concentrations. However, the Total-N and protein-N concentration were significantly higher in treatment group as compared to control group. The daily feed cost was ` 6.04 and 5.90 under T1 and T2, respectively (P>0.05) which was somewhat lower in T2 in comparison to T1. It could be concluded that fibrolytic enzyme have no effect on feed intake, body wt gain, digestibility except protein utilization.
Title: Contents Vol. 11, No. 06, December 2021
Abstract :
Title: Chemical Composition, Phenolic Fractions, Protein Fractions and In Vitro True Dry Matter Digestibility of Fodder Top Foliages of District Poonch of Jammu and Kashmir
Abstract :

Top foliages are a source of digestible energy, rumen degraded and undegraded protein, vitamins, and minerals in small ruminants’ diets. However, the presence of phenolics and their interaction with protein degradability affects their utilization in the ration. Small ruminant production is a critical component of the agro-ecological scenario in hilly regions of Jammu and Kashmir. In these areas, top foliages are the primary feed resource for sheep and goats. In the present report, we scrutinized the ten commonly available top foliages of District Poonch of Jammu and Kashmir for nutrient composition, phenolic fractions and in vitro true dry matter digestibility to assess their utilizability as a feed resource. Crude protein content was found highest in Melia azedarach (21.20) and lowest in Acacia nilotica (10.20). The total phenolics content varied from 0.75 per cent in Grewia optiva to 7.32 per cent in Zizyphus jujuba. The protein fraction B3 (per cent of total nitrogen), which indicates bypass protein fraction, varied from 6.96 in Melia azedarach to 36.32 in Salix alba. The unavailable protein fraction C (per cent of total N) was maximum in Z. jujuba (42.73) and minimum in M. azedarach (6.54). Based on these parameters, it is concluded that Celtis australis, Ficus palmata, Ficus religiosa, Grewia optiva, Melia azedarach, Morus alba and Zizyphus jujuba leaves of District Poonch have high nutritional potential.

Title: Haemato- Biochemical Alterations in Subacute Oral Toxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Wistar Rats
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to determine the extent of haemato-biochemical alterations in 28 days repeated dose oral toxicity of sodium fl uoride (NaF) at three dose levels in Wistar rats. The administration of NaF caused dose dependent reduction (p ≤ 0.01) in the levels of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and lymphocyte percent while an increase in mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and neutrophils of all the rats belonging to group II (5 mg/kg body weight, per os), group III (25 mg/kg body weight, per os) and group IV (50 mg/kg body weight, per os) as compared to rats of control group (group I). Macrocytic- normochromic anaemia was recorded in NaF intoxicated rats. Biochemical alterations were dose dependent elevation (p ≤ 0.01) in plasma enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in group II, III and IV in comparison to rats of control group. Hyperglycaemia (p < 0.01) was recorded in rats of group III and IV. Hypoproteinaemia (p < 0.01) and hypoglobulinaemia (p < 0.01) were seen in Wistar rats of group II, III and IV as compared to control group. Moreover, increased (p < 0.05) albumin to globulin ratio, blood urea nitogen, creatinine and uric acid levels were observed in the intoxicated rats of group II, III and IV as compared to control group. Thus, it is concluded that 28 days subacute toxicity of NaF in wistar rats has adverse effects on haemato-biochemical profi le. 
Title: Sero-prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camel at Akaki Abattoir, Central Ethiopia
Abstract :

The present study was delineated to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in camels brought for slaughtering at Akaki abattoir, Ethiopia during the period between December 2015 and April, 2016. Serum samples from 201 apparently health camels were initially screened for the presence of Brucella antibodies by the Rose bengal Plate Test (RbPT) and positive reacting sera were further confirmed by the Complement Fixation Test (CFT). Out of total 201 samples tested for RBPT, 13 (6.5%) were positive for brucellosis, of these, 9(4.5%) were confirmed to be seropositive for brucellosis upon further testing by CFT. There was significant difference in seroprevalence (based on CFT) of camel brucellosis in different age groups (χ2=34, p< 0.05), sexes (χ2= 6.3, p<0.05), and animals with difference body score condition (χ2= 11.85, p< 0.05). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in animals of 5-9 years age group, females, poor body condition when compared to animals with other age groups, male animals and animal with medium or good body score condition respectively. The results of the present investigation indicate that Brucella spp. exists within the camels in Borena, Oromia region. Coordinated nationwide epidemiological surveillance in camel and other ruminants is required together with typing of infecting strains, thus enabling the transmission dynamics to be elucidated and initiating immunization campaigns, public health education and eradication strategies.

Title: Storage Stability of Chevon Rolls Incorporated with Ethanolic Extracts of Aloe vera and Cinnamon Bark at Refrigeration Temperature (4±1°C)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to assess the storage stability of chevon rolls prepared by incorporating various phyto-extracts viz. Control (C), T1 (chevon rolls with 0.40% ethanolic aloe vera extract) and T2 (chevon rolls with 0.25% ethanolic cinnamon extract) during refrigerated storage (4±1oC) under aerobic packaging conditions. Chevon rolls were stored for 35 days and analyzed for pH, oxidative stability, microbial and sensory attributes at a regular interval of 7 days. The pH followed gradual decreasing trend with the advancement of storage period irrespective of treatments. The various oxidative stability parameters such as PA (peroxide value), TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reacting substances) and FFA (free fatty acid value) followed an increasing trend in all products with treated samples (T1 and T2) showed lower value than control. Standard plate count and psychrophilic count were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in treated products than control and microbial count was better maintained in T2 than control. As the days of storage increased, scores for overall acceptability showed significantly (P<0.05) decreasing trends, however the score was recorded highest for T1 during entire storage. Thus chevon rolls could be successfully stored upto 28 days under refrigerated condition (4±1°C) under aerobic packaging.

Title: Variation in Test Day Milk Yield and Composition at Day 15 and 60 Postpartum in Surti and Jafarabadi Buffaloes
Abstract :

The study was carried out to study individual test day variability in yield and composition of Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes milk at day 15 and 60 postpartum (pp). 10 healthy Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes of each breed were selected at random from Livestock Research Station, Navsari and Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh, Gujarat, respectively. Buffaloes were further divided into four different groups for data analysis and comparisons. Overall mean Test day milk yield (TDMY) was found to be steady without any notable significant differences among the four groups of buffaloes. There was increase of 0.88 kg and 0.33 kg in mean Fat and protein corrected test day milk yield (FPCTDMY) with advancement of lactation between day 15 and 60 pp in Surti and Jafarabadi buffaloes, respectively. The mean FPCTDMY of S15 and J15 groups were found to be significantly different (p≤0.05), showing 45.07% higher yield in Jafarabadi buffaloes. The mean fat percent of Jafarabadi buffaloes was significantly (p≤0.05) higher with magnitude of 28.79% over fat% of Surti buffaloes at day 60 pp. The mean SNF% in milk of Jafarabadi buffaloes was 12.27%, significantly (p≤0.05) higher than Surti buffaloes milk at day 15 pp. The mean protein% in milk of Jafarabadi buffaloes was 17.71 and 10.51% significantly (p≤0.05) higher than Surti buffaloes milk at day 15 and 60 pp, respectively. The mean lactose% in milk of Jafarabadi buffaloes was 13.39 % higher than Surti buffaloes milk at day 15 pp, the difference being statistically significant (p≤0.05). As major finding, Jafarabadi buffaloes produced significantly higher milk in terms of FPCTDMY (at day 15 pp) and Fat percent (at day 60 pp) as compared to Surti buffaloes, respectively.

Title: Prevalence and Species Identification of Ixodidea Tick on Bovine in and Around Bahirda Town West Gojam, North West Ethiopia
Abstract :

A cross- sectional study was conducted in and around Bahir Dar, from November, 2016 to April, 2017 to estimate the prevalence of major ixodidea ticks on bovine and to identify ticks on the species level. Study animals were selected randomly. Out of the total of 384 cattle examined, 157(40.9 %) were found to be infested. About 822 adult ticks were collected both sides of animal body parts, then preserved with 70% alcohol within universal bottle and were identified to species level by using stereo-microscope. From the total ticks collected, four genera and species namely; Amblyomma varigatum, Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsis and Hyalomma marginatu were identified and account for 45.3, 22.9, 15.8 and 17.03%, respectively. From different variables (sex, age, breed and body condition), body condition and predilection sites were statistically significant with tick infestation (p< 0.05). The prevalence of tick infestation was found highest in poor body condition animals (16.9%) while in medium and good body condition, it was found (14.58%) and (9.36%), respectively. It has also been evident that the favorable predilection sites of A.varigatum ticks were preferred scrotum/udder and pernial region. B.decoloratus preferred dewlap, scrotum/udder and Rh.evertis had a strong affinity on anus, dewlap and tail tip. H.marginatum the perineum region and dewlaps were its hiding sites. From this study we can make a conclusion that the prevalent ticks could also be responsible for transmission of tick borne diseases in addition to their physical damage.

Title: Effect of Feeding Compressed Complete Feed Block Containing Guar Meal on Blood Biochemical Profile of Crossbred Calves
Abstract :
A study was conducted to assess the effect of feeding compressed complete feed block (CCFB) containing 5% guar meal on the blood biochemical profi le in the crossbred (CB) calves. Twelve growing crossbred male calves (6-10 months old), were selected
and divided into two groups (six in each) by using paired random design. The control group (T1) was fed CCFB alone while treatment group (T2) was fed with CCFB containing 5% guar meal. Both the diets were iso-nitrogenous and were formulated to meet the requirement of 600 g/d average daily gain. The study was conducted for 120 days. Blood was collected to harvest the serum and serum metabolites were analyzed using standard protocol. The mean values for Hb (mg/ dl), serum glucose (mg/ dl), total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), globulin (g/dl), A: G ratio, SGOT, SGPT (IU/L) and serum urea-N (mg/dl) of all the experimental CB calves were found to be statistically similar with that of the control group. It is concluded that the inclusion of guar meal at 5% in CCFB has no any adverse effect on the blood biochemical profi le in the CB calves in long term feeding.
Title: Factors Affecting Age at First Calving in Kankrej Cattle
Abstract :
The data of 35 years from 1980 to 2014 were analyzed to study the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors viz. period of calving, season of calving as fixed effect and sire as random effect on the reproduction trait (age at first calving) of Kankrej cattle maintained at Livestock Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat. The least square mean of age at first calving in Kankrej cows was found to be 1376.0 9 ± 14.55 days. Heritability estimates was 0.44 ± 0.18 for the age at First calving. Genetic correlation of age at first calving (AFC) with first lactation 300 milk yield (F300Y), total milk yield (FLY and lactation length (FLL) were 0.358 ± 0.218, 0.341± 0.216 and 0.661 ± 0.361, respectively while the phenotypic correlation were 0.055, 0.048 and 0.044, respectively. The effect of period of calving and sire was significant (P<0.01) on age at first calving. Season of calving did not affect significantly to this trait under study. Effect of season of calving was not significant on age at first calving indicated breed characteristic for adoption in particular environment. Age at first calving showed a significant variation over the period that indicated some selection measures for age at first calving.
Title: Sero-prevalence and Molecular Detection of Brucella species in Slaughter Pigs (Sus scrofa) of Punjab, India
Abstract :

Huge losses have been reported due to brucellosis in livestock populations of the country. However, limited studies have been carried out on porcine brucellosis in India. As far as we are aware, this is the first epidemiologic study carried out to determine Brucella species circulating in naturally infected pigs (Sus scrofa) in Punjab, India. The blood samples were collected from 330 pigs slaughtered in small slaughter shops located in 5 districts of Punjab state of India. The samples were screened using Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT), Standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and ELISA. For molecular identification, conventional PCR was employed on all the seropositive and 30 negative samples. Nine (2.72%), eight (2.42%) and ten (3.03%) samples were found positive using RBPT, STAT and ELISA, respectively. Out of 10 seropositive samples, 4 were found positive using conventional PCR. The results indicate that pigs are infected with Brucella species and policies must be developed for prevention and control of brucellosis in the country.

Title: Evaluation of Diuretic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Dolichos biflorus Seeds against Ethylene Glycol Induced Renal Stone in Experimental Rats
Abstract :
Aqueous extracts of seeds of Dolichos biflorus was evaluated for its diuretic activity against experimentally induced renal stone in rats. The animals were grouped into seven groups of six animals each. Hyperoxularia was induced by giving ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride to a final concentration of 0.75 % and 2% in
drinking water for a period of 28 days. The first group of animals served as negative (healthy) control and received normal distilled water. The second group served as positive (untreated) control and no extract was given to this group. Rest groups received aqueous extract of Dolichos biflorus at a dose of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mg/kg. The urine volume was recorded for all the groups after every seven days for about 28 days. The extracts treated groups showed increase in total urine production and the extract treated group (300 mg/kg) showed significantly and markedly increased the urine output (p < 0.01). There was significant (p < 0.01) decrease in pH of positive control rats as compared to extract treated rats. Urinary pH also showed dose dependent effect, the higher the dose the lesser the decrease in pH of urine. The extract treated rats showed lesser decrease in pH as compared to positive control rats. Crystals in urine also varied with dose of extract and lesser crystals were found in rats treated with higher dose of extract and maximum crystals were found in positive control group. These findings suggest the possible traditional use of this plant in nephrolithiasis as diuretics.
Title: Effect of Replacement of Wheat Straw with Maize Cobs with or without Physico-Chemical Treatment on Degradation of Dry Matter, Truly Digestible Organic Matter and Production of Microbial Biomass of Composite Ration In Vitro using Goat Rumen Liquor
Abstract :
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of replacement of wheat straw by different levels of maize cobs in composite ration on in vitro degradation of dry matter, truly digestible organic matter and production of microbial biomass in order to determine its level of supplementation in ruminant ration. Wheat straw was replaced by maize cobs @ 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 100% level to formulate composite rations. The different formulae of composite rations were used for in vitro gas production studies using goat rumen liquor with wheat straw. In physical treatment only soaking was done while under chemical treatment application of urea, molasses and combination of both urea and molasses were applied before conducting in vitro studies using goat rumen liquor. Proximate composition, fi ber fractionation and calcium and phosphrous content of all the composite rations were estimated. The in vitro degradability of maize cobs based diets is better than wheat straw based composite ration. There was no signifi cant (P>0.05) improvement in per cent IVDMD of maize cob based diet by water soaking irrespective of the soaking period, however, a signifi cant (P<0.05) improvement in in vitro degradation parameters were observed with urea-ammoniation of maize cobs. No benefi t of molasses treatment either in isolation or in combination was observed over maize cobs utilization as compared to urea-ammoniated maize cobs. It is concluded that feeding value of maize cobs is similar to wheat straw as indicated by IVDMD while urea-ammoniation appears to be the ‘treatment of choice’ for improving nutritive value of maize cobs.
Title: Sensory and Microbiological Quality of Pork Sandwich Spread Enriched with Honey, Vitamin-C and Nisin
Abstract :
Pork sandwich spread incorporated with functional ingredients like honey, vitamin – C and nisin was stored at refrigeration temperature and studied for its shelf life, acceptable in terms of the sensory and microbiological parameters. A highly significant (P≤0.01) difference for the appearance, texture, spreadability and adhesionability scores were found signifi cant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) for Juiciness and overall acceptability scores was recorded while there was an increased level for the flavor score were even on the 30th day of storage of pork sandwich spread. The remarkable acceptability for the pork sandwich spread was given by the panelists even on 30th day of storage. Total Plate Count (TPC) and Psychrophilic count on 30th day of storage were found to be 2.92 l log cfu/g and 2.21 log cfu/g respectively. The Coliform, Yeast and Mould were not detected throughout the experimental period in the treated sample and it was found safe for consumption.
Title: Clinical and Haematological Studies in Buffaloes Suffering from Diarrhoea
Abstract :
Diarrhoea in buffaloes was most commonly encountered in age group ranged between calf hood to thirteen years and majority of affected animals were more than four years old in their third to fourth lactation with drastic reduction in milk production therefore, causing great economic loss to animal owners. Duration of illness was found to be one day to one year and 57.5% cases were chronic patients. Associated clinical findings revealed slight variations in rectal temperature but an appreciable increase in pulse rate and respiration rate, congested mucus membrane (67.5%) and decreased or absent rumen motility in most of the cases as compared to healthy controls during the course of investigation. Hematological findings in diseased animals revealed signifi cant (p <0.05) anemia, lower hemoglobin, higher DLC showed neutrophilia along with lymphopenia and absence of any haemoprotozoan parasite.
Title: Multi Drug Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from Canine Pyoderma
Abstract :
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important opportunistic pathogen of companion animals, especially dogs. Four dogs with a long-term inflammatory skin disorder due to infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius(MRSP) are described. Bacteria was isolated from the skin swab samples from diseased animal and characterized with the different biochemical test and identification strips. Antibiotic resistance pattern has been examined. All strains were shown multidrug resistance pattern and found sensitive
only for Amikacin. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was also found coagulase positive and methicillin resistant strain.
Title: Comparative Efficacy of Moxidectin Ivermectin Doramectin and Fenbandazole Against Natural Infection of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep at Hisar
Abstract :

This study aim to evaluate the effectiveness of moxidectin (cydectin), ivermectin (Neomec), doramectin (dectomax) and fenbendazole (Panacur) against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep at central sheep breeding farm, Hisar, Haryana. The study includes 50 crossbred sheep divided randomly into five groups (group A, B, C, D and E) of 10 animal in each. Group A, B and C were treated with moxidectin, ivermectin, doramectin (@10 mg/ kg BW) and group D with fenbendazole (@5 mg/ kg BW) and group E served as the untreated control. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated through determination of epg, body weight gain/loss and Hb concentration. Fecal, body weight and blood were collected before treatment on day 0, and on 7, 14 and 21 day post-treatment. The results showed that the fecal egg count reduction percentage in group A, B, C, D compared to control were 100, 90, 100 and 80 respectively on 21 day post treatment. The body weight of the treated group A, B, C sheep were slightly increased on 21 day post treatment but the differences was non-significantly (P<0.05) when compared with group D and E. The Hb values was significantly higher (p<0.01) between group A, B, C when compared with group D and E on day 21 post treatment. On the basis of these results it was concluded that moxidectin and doramectin proved the most effective against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the present farm, while ivermectin being comparatively less and fenbendazole the least effective.

Title: Factors Affecting Weight Gain in Magra Sheep under Arid Condition of Rajasthan
Abstract :
The data for the Present investigation were analyzed from records (1999-2008) of Magra Sheep research fl ock maintained with CSWRI, ARC, Bikaner. Records of 1638 Magra lambs for growth performance was analyzed to assess the impact genetic group, period of birth, sex and parity. The overall least-squares means were observed for average daily gain in body weight during 0-3, 3-6, 6-12 and 0-12 months of age were estimated as 124.20 ± 1.135, 78.88 ± 1.792, 32.99 ± 0.895 and 68.52 ± 0.745 gm/day, respectively. Effect of sire, period and sex were found highly signifi cant on weight gain. The parity had signifi cant effect on
average daily gain in body weight during 0-3 and 3-6 but non-signifi cant during 6-12 and 0-12. Regression of dam’s weight at lambing had highly signifi cant effect except average daily gain 3-6 months of age.
Title: Contents Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2021
Abstract :
Title: Effect of Ovarian Types on Retrieval of Follicles and Culturable Cumulus Oocyte Complexes in Bovine
Abstract :

The experiment was conducted for evaluation of bovine slaughter house ovary, follicles and recovery rate of cumulus oocyte-complexes (COCs) and to compare different COCs. The collected slaughter house ovaries were classified as without corpus luteum (CL-) (type-I) and with corpus luteum (CL+) (type-II). It was found that 53.13% of the ovaries collected were without CL and 46.87% were with corpus luteum. For collection of COCs, aspiration technique was performed and accordingly number of follicles collected was recorded. The mean number of follicles recovered per type-I ovary were recorded as 5.30 which was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the corresponding values 3.27 for type-II ovary. The mean recovery of cumulus oocyte complexes were recorded as 3.41 and 1.67 per type-I and type-II ovaries respectively. The follicular materials collected from both the techniques were observed under microscope to categorize the COCs as grade A (oocyte surrounded with more than 4-5 layers of cumulus cells homogenously), grade B (oocyte surrounded with 2-4 layers of cumulus cells partially), grade C (oocyte surrounded with 1-2 layers cumulus cells) and grade D (denuded) oocytes with degeneration observed both in oocyte and cumulus cells). Grade A and grade B were classified as culturable and grade C and grade D were considered as non-culturable. Ovaries having no CL contributed more numbers of culturable COCs per ovary (3.41) than that of ovaries with CL (1.67) in aspiration technique.

Title: Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Lactating Cattle and Buffaloes by Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test and Bovine Gamma-Interferon Immunoassay
Abstract :
Two hundred lactating animals (158 cattle and 42 buffaloes) of organized and unorganized farms were investigated for the bovine TB using comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT) and IFN-γ assay. CITT was performed using avian and bovine PPD and IFN-γ assay by Mycobacterium bovis gamma interferon test kit. Overall, 14.5% and 11.5% animals were found positive by CITT and IFN-γ assay, respectively. However, 22.5% animals were detected TB positive through combination of both the tests. So, both CITT and IFN-γ assay, when used together lead to more accurate screening for bovine TB in dairy herd.
Title: Detection of Virulence Genes in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Subclinical Mastitic Milk
Abstract :

Subclinical mastitis is a crucial problem influencing dairy animals across the globe. Staphylococcus aureus is generally considered to be a contagious udder pathogen, which mainly spreads within and between cows at milking. It can also be transmitted through the consumption of raw milk and milk products. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major concern for human health which can cause severe infectious diseases in humans. In the present study, bovine subclinical mastitic milk samples were processed for the isolation, identification and molecular characterization of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In total, 400 quarter milk samples were collected from 10 organized dairy farms of Udaipur district, Rajasthan from June 2021 to October 2021. These samples were screened for subclinical mastitis through Modified California Mastitis Test (MCMT) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC). Out of the 85 S. aureus isolates obtained from bovine subclinical mastitic milk (n=133), 5 isolates were confirmed as MRSA on the basis of phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility pattern giving a prevalence rate of 5.89%. All the MRSA isolates (n=5) were found to be positive for species specific (23S rRNA) and thermonuclease gene (nuc). Prevalence of virulence genes viz., clfA, fnbA and hlb in MRSA isolates was 60%, 80% and 40%, respectively. The presence of these virulent MRSA strains in milk indicates a potential public health risk.

Title: Isolation and Molecular Characterization of C. perfringens from Meat Samples
Abstract :

The objective of the study was to observe the presence of C. perfringens in various meat samples and characterization of the isolates with molecular typing. The samples were collected from different retail outlets in Jabalpur city and processed aseptically. The samples were enriched in alternative thioglycollate medium followed by selective isolation in tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar. Out of 200 samples screened (50 each of raw buffen, chevon, chicken and fish meat), C. perfringens were isolated from 46 samples (23%). The highest presence of C. perfringens was found in buffen (28%), followed by fish (24%) and chevon and chicken (20% each). Lecithinase activity was shown by all the isolates of buffen, chevon and chicken, while, 11 (91.66%) isolates from fish were positive for lecithinase activity. Likewise, 36 (78.28%) isolates of C. perfringens displayed stormy fermentation in IMM within 14 – 18 hrs. The molecular study showed that all the isolates 46(100%) were found to harbor the 16S rRNA and lecithinase (cpa) gene, while none of the isolates displayed enterotoxin (cpe) gene. The presence of C. perfringens in raw meat indicated that the meat wasn’t processed hygienically and poor sanitary conditions in retail outlets. Therefore, consumption of such meat may produce infectious disease and is a public health threat as many food poisoning strains of C.perfringens are heat resistant.

Title: Prevalence, Cyst Characterization and Economic Importance of Bovine Hydatidosis in Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise, Ethiopia
Abstract :
A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, cyst fertility and economic importance of bovine hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise, Ethiopia. The study revealed 20.16% (98/486) occurrence of hydatidosis based on the postmortem examination of 486 cattle slaughtered and examined. Prevalence of hydatidosis is signifi cantly associated with body condition score (P< 0.05) and higher prevalence was recorded in animals with poor body condition. However, there was no signifi cant association between hydatidosis infection and age of the animals (P>0.05). Of the 98 viscera harboring hydatid cysts, the highest 57(58.17%) were found in lung followed by liver 24(24.49%), kidney 2(2.04%) and 1(1.02%) heart. In addition, out of the total 361 cysts collected 63(17.45%) were fertile, 210 (58.17%) sterile and 88 (24.38%) calcifi ed. During viability test of fertile cysts, 33.33% hydatid cyst viability rate was observed. The rate of cyst calcifi cation was higher in liver (43.24%) than in the lung (11.43%). Based on the study, the direct annual economic loss due to organs condemned at Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise was estimated to be 345334.84 Ethiopian Birr. The present study showed higher prevalence of hydatidosis in Addis Ababa abattoir. Therefore to break the life cycle of hydatidosis, public education should be undertaken in addition to regular treatment of dogs and fencing the surrounding of the abattoir should be encouraged to reduce the spread of the disease.
Title: Incidence and Severity of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants at Hisar, Haryana
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to detect the incidence and severity of parasitic infection in small ruminant at Goat and Sheep Breeding Farms of Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Haryana. For this, faecal samples of 202 animals (100 sheep and 102 goats) were screened for qualitative (floatation and sedimentation), quantitative (McMaster) and coproculture examination. Faecal sample examination revealed significantly higher (p<0.01) infection in sheep (100%) as compared to goats (96%). The eggs of strongyle, Strongyloides, Trichuris, amphistome, Moniezia and coccidian oocyst were observed as 100%, 13%, 46%, 29%, 15% and 90% in sheep, respectively and 96.1%, 15.7%, 7.8%, 17.6% and 87.2% in goats, respectively. Majority of animals had the infection of strongyles with EPG more than 1200 and were also harbouring light infection of coccidia. The coproculture revealed the predominance of Haemonchus contortus along with other nematodes.

Title: Inuence of Non-Genetic Factors on Birth Weight of Tellicherry Kids Reared under Intensive Goat Farming in Tamil Nadu
Abstract :
A study was conducted in sixty numbers of tellicherry kids at a well managed private farm, Chennai in 2014. The factors assessed were sex of the kid, type of birth (single, twin and triplet), age of the doe and weight of the doe at the time of kidding. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS statistical package program (SAS, 1998). Diff erence between two means was evaluated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The overall least squares mean of birth weight and type of birth in Tellicherry goats was 1.95±0.08 and 2.27±0.09 respectively. Our fi ndings revealed that type of birth, sex of the kids and age and weight of the doe exerted a significant effect (P<0.001) on birth weight of kids. It was concluded that farmers should consider the age as well as weight of the dam before breeding for be er birth weight of kids.
Title: Study of ABCG2 Gene polymorphism in Sahiwal and Hariana Cattle by PstI/PCR-RFLP Assay
Abstract :
ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2 transporter (ABCG2) is located in membrane of mammary glands alveolar epithelial cells in cows that actively extrudes xenotoxins and drugs into milk from blood. Polymorphism of the ABCG2 gene have been found to be associated with milk yield and composition in cattle. In the present investigation, Sahiwal and Hariana cattle were studied for polymorphism of ABCG2 gene by PstI/PCR-RFLP assay. The RE digestion of the 292 bp PCR product showed the presence of AA genotype with a genotypic frequency of 1.0. AC and CC genotype were not observed in screened
samples. The allelic frequency of ABCG2-A allele was calculated as 1.0 and that of ABCG2–C allele was zero. The present study revealed monomorphic nature of ABCG2 gene in the screened samples of Sahiwal and Hariana cattle breed.
Title: Prevalence and Financial Losses of Lungworm Infection in Sheep in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia
Abstract :

This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2013 and March 2014 to determine the prevalence of lungworms in sheep in two districts of South Wollo zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Alongside the financial losses encountered due to lungworm infection in sheep during retrospective study in Dessie municipal Abattoir was also assessed. A total of 477 fecal samples collected from sheep were examined using modified Baerman technique. Out of which 218 were found to be positive (45.71%). The lungworm species were Muellerius capillaris 212(23.48%), Dictyocaulus filaria 39(8.18%), Protostrongylus rufescens 28(5.87%) and mixed infection 39(8.18%) either with two or three species. The prevalence of lungworm infection was significantly different between sexes (χ2=32.2, P= 0.000), age groups (χ2=72.561, p=0.000) and body conditions (χ2=113.66, p=0.000). Prevalence was significantly higher in female sheep (57.94%), sheep of above 3years of age (69.01%) and poor body condition (89.62%) than males, sheep of less than 3years of age (<1 year, 1-3years) and medium/good body conditions, respectively. Moreover, sheep showing respiratory clinical syndromes, kept under extensive management system and sampled during wet season showed statistically significant variation (p<0.05) when compared with those sheep without respiratory syndrome, kept under semi-intensive management system and sampled in dry season, respectively. The mean annual financial losses by organ condemnation and carcass weight reduction due to lungworm infection in sheep slaughtered at Dessie municipal abattoir were estimate to be 7445549.6 ETB, equivalent to 402462.1USD.

Title: Evaluation of Biochemical Profile Alterations and Oxidative Stress in Mice Model on Oral Exposure to Deltamethrin
Abstract :
Present study was conducted to observe the biochemical alterations as well as oxidative stress in swiss albino male mice on exposure to low dose of deltamethrin through oral route for 15, 30 and 60 days. Three doses of deltamethrin viz., 0.5 mg/kg wt/ day, 1 mg/kg bwt/day and 1.5 mg/kg bwt/day dissolved in groundnut oil were administered orally. Control group was administered groundnut oil alone. Results indicate that the serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine increased significantly (P < 0.05) on exposure to all the doses of deltamethrin as compared to control groups whereas TP and albumin decreased significantly indicating hepatic and kidney dysfunction. It was observed that deltamethrin causes severe oxidative stress to mice as observed by measuring the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker for analyzing peroxidation of the lipid in the cells. The levels of MDA as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found to be significantly high in the treatment group at all doses and exposure periods as
compared to the control group indicating the oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study indicates significant alterations in
biochemical profile as well as oxidative stress in mice exposed to the pesticide.
Title: Efficacy of Indirect Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay and Passive Haemagglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Bovine Herpes Virus -1 (BHV-1) Infection
Abstract :
A total of 255 sera were collected from unvaccinated crossbred (174) and indigenous (81) cattle and buffalo having history of respiratory and reproductive disorders. All the sera sample were subjected to indirect ELISA and passive haemagglutination (PHA) test for the detection of BHV-1 antibodies. Indirect ELISA and PHA test detected significantly (P<0.01) varied prevalence of BHV-1 antibody i.e. 60.39 % and 35.69%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of PHA test in comparison with indirect ELISA was 55.19% and 94.06%, respectively. Moderate agreement (kappa = 0.442) was noticed between ELISA and PHA for the diagnosis of BHV-1 antibodies. Significantly (p< 0.01) higher prevalence of BHV-1 antibodies was observed in crossbred (70.11%) as compared to indigenous cattle and buffalo (46.91%). Hence, it is be concluded from present investigation that the indirect ELISA could be reliable and sensitive test than PHA test to screen BHV-1 antibody.
Title: Effect of CpG ODN on Infectious Bronchitis Virus Replication in Trachea and Kidneys of Chicken Embryos
Abstract :

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in the immune response and defense against infections. TLRs are essential for initiation of the innate immune responses and development of the adaptive immune responses. The immunomodulatory property of TLR agonists has led to their exploitation as both prophylactic agents to enhance host immunity to pathogens and adjuvants to induce robust immune response against vaccine antigens. The CpG DNA is the most widely used TLR agonist as an adjuvant in several infectious diseases of chicken such as fowl cholera, avian influenza and pathogenic E. coli. The present study was conducted on the hypothesis that the pre-treatment of specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) with CpG ODN may reduce the viral load of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in the trachea and kidneys of ECEs. The antiviral activity of CpG ODN was tested in SPF ECEs. The CpG ODN was administered in 18 days old ECEs through allantoic route. The Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline was given in the control group. The trachea and kidneys were collected after 24 and 72 h of IBV infection and quantification of IBV was done in the trachea and kidneys. The results revealed that the CpG ODN significantly reduced the IBV titer in trachea and kidneys of the treated group as compared to the control group. In conclusion, the CpG ODN may act as a good antiviral agent and an adjuvant for improvement and development of in ovo vaccines against IBV.

Title: Ameliorating Potential of Panax Ginseng on Oxidative Stress following Subacute Exposure to Acetamiprid in Rats
Abstract :

Oxidative stress is common when the cellular antioxidant capacity is overwhelmed by the reactive oxygen species generated by the metabolism of pesticides which either inhibit or modulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The present study was made with objective to evaluate the ameliorating potential of Panax ginseng on oxidative stress following subacute exposure to Acetamiprid in rats. Twenty four adult male Wistar rats were divided in four groups comprising six each. Group I served as control and was administered with groundnut oil (1ml/100gm), group II was administered with Acetamiprid (52.5 mg/kg body weight), group III served as Panax ginseng (50 mg/kg body weight) control and in group IV possible ameliorative effect of Panax ginseng was examined against Acetamiprid. Vehicle, Acetamiprid and Panax ginseng were administered daily to the rats orally by gavage for 28 days and animals were sacrificed at the end. Liver, kidney, spleen and brain were processed for determination of oxidative stress related parameters viz: Lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione reductase (GR) levels. Acetamiprid produced toxicity which was evident in the form of enhanced lipid peroxidation and decrease in activities of GSH, SOD, catalase and glutathione reductase levels in all the organs examined. Panax ginseng was significantly effective in restoration of these parameters towards normal. Thus, it was concluded that Panax ginseng has ameliorating potential on oxidative stress following subacute exposure to acetamiprid in rats

Title: Quality and Acceptability of Restructured Goat Tripe Nuggets with added Goat Meat Emulsion
Abstract :

Restructured goat tripe nuggets from goat rumen meat with 15, 25 and 35 % of added goat meat emulsion were prepared and quality evaluated. Restructured goat tripe nuggets prepared with 100% goat rumen meat were used as control. Significantly (p<0.05) increased values were observed for product yield, moisture and protein contents in goat meat emulsion incorporated restructured goat tripe nuggets than control. However, significantly (p < 0.05) decreased values were observed for pH, product shrinkage, drip loss and fat content. Sensory evaluation scores for flavor, juiciness, binding and overall acceptability were highest for 25% goat meat emulsion incorporated restructured goat tripe nuggets followed by 35, 15% goat meat emulsion incorporated restructured goat tripe nuggets and control restructured goat tripe nuggets. However, scores for appearance and colour and tenderness were highest for 35% goat meat emulsion incorporated restructured goat tripe nuggets followed by 25, 15% goat meat emulsion incorporated restructured goat tripe nuggets and control restructured goat tripe nuggets. The appearance and colour, flavor, juiciness and tenderness scores between 35 and 25% goat meat emulsion incorporated restructured goat tripe nuggets did not differ significantly. Thus, it can be concluded that 75% goat rumen meat and 25% goat meat emulsion can be used for preparation of restructured goat tripe nuggets without affecting quality and acceptability.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Hematological Parameters in Hardhenu, Hariana and Sahiwal Cattle at Different Age Groups
Abstract :

Study comprising seventy two cattle of three breeds/strain viz. Hardhenu crossbred strain, Hariana and Sahiwal breeds were carried out to evaluate the differences in hematological parameters. Each group consisted of 24 animals of different age groups i.e. 0-1 year, 1-2 year, 2-3 year and >3 year. The various hematological parameters i.e. hemoglobin (Hb), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in all the three breeds/strain at different ages were studied. Significantly higher Hb % especially at the age of 2-3 year was observed in Sahiwal animals over other 2 breed groups. Well known feature of higher disease resistance of Hariana breed was supported by significantly higher TLC as compared to other two breeds. The age wise significant difference was observed for group 1-2 years and, >3 years while Hariana showing high count. The lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophils, Hct, TEC, MCH and MCHC were comparable in all the three breeds/strain.

Title: Standardization of Protocols for Extraction of Aloe vera and Cinnamon Bark Extract
Abstract :

The present study was envisaged to optimize the extraction protocols viz. time, temperature and solvent concentration for extraction of phyto-extracts from aloe vera and cinnamon bark based on antioxidant efficacy in-vitro. These were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and completely randomized design (CRD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A total number of 17 different combinations of time, temperature and ethanol concentration in BBD and 13 different combinations of time, temperature in CRD were considered for optimizing extraction protocols for aloe vera and cinnamon respectively. The in-vitro 1, 1 diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH % inhibition) and 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ABTS+ radical scavengering activity of aqueous extract of cinnamon bark was recorded highest for the combination of 99% concentration at 80°C temperature for 3h amongst all 13 runs. The 90% ethanolic extract of aloe vera and cinnamon bark exhibited higher in-vitro antioxidant ability than aqueous extract at time, temperature combination of 15 min for 65°C and 9h for 60°C respectively.

Title: Bacterial Isolation and Antibiogram of Uterine Lavage from Repeat Breeder Cows Suffering from Subclinical Endometritis
Abstract :

A total 500 cows were randomly selected from college livestock farm, Kuthuliya and different villages in and around Rewa (M.P.). After recording history all the animals were subjected to gynaeco-clinical examination, Whiteside test and endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique. On the basis of above tests performed all the animals were selected for the study. They were divided into three groups as follows: Normal (n=280), Clinical endometritis (n=80) and Subclinical endometritis (n=140). All the animals were subjected to aseptic collection of uterine fluid by low volume lavage technique. Uterine fluid samples obtained were used for microbial assay and antibiotic sensitivity tests. Among the bacterial isolates Staphylococcus species (36.31%) was highly prevalent. The antibiotic sensitivity of isolates was found to be maximum for ceftriaxone and sulbactum combination 91.67 per cent followed by levofloxacin 89.07, ciprofloxacin 79.69, ceftriaxone 73.43, enrofloxacin 61.45 and gentamicin 56.78 per cent, respectively. It was concluded that Staphylococcus species was highly prevalent bacteria isolated and a combination of ceftriaxone and sulbactum was found to be highly sensitive.

Title: Efficacy of Microtiter Method of Direct Antiglobulin Test in diagnosis of Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia in Dogs
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to assess the efficacy of microtiter method of direct antiglobulin test in diagnosis of Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia in Dogs. Two hundred and fifty eight anaemic dogs with pale/icteric mucous membrane were used for the present study. Initial screening of these dogs was done with saline agglutination test. Forty seven dogs were found positive for saline agglutination test. Whole blood samples of these dogs were used for direct antiglobulin test (DAT). The test was performed using polyvalent antiserum in a 96-well microtiter plate allowing multiple dilutions of antisera. Twenty five dogs were found to be positive for DAT at various titers. The use of microtiter method helped in detecting 8 additional Coombs’ positive dogs which would be negative in standard tube method dilution. The use of this method increases the sensitivity of DAT by overcoming prozone effect.

Title: A Retrospective Study of Tumors of the Nasal and Paranasal Regions of Dog in Grenada, West Indies
Abstract :
This retrospective study on tumors of canine nasal and paranasal regions covered the period from 2001 to 2014. It involved review of biopsy and necropsy reports submitted to Pathobiology laboratory of the St George’s University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Grenada, West indies. Out of a total 987 dogs with neoplasia in various sites of the body, 14 (1.4%) were diagnosed in nasal and paranasal regions. The type and number of these tumors were in descending order as follows: Transmissible venereal Tumor 4 (29%), Adenocarcinoma 4 (29%), Chondrosarcoma 3 (21%), Squamous cell Carcinoma 2(14%), and Adenosquamous Carcinoma 1(7%). Majority of dogs affected with tumors in nasal and paranasal regions were local mixed breed referred to as Pothounds (7), others were Collie/mix (1), and a few were pure breeds: Rott weiler (3), Pitbull (1), German shepherd (1) and Doberman (1). The mean and median age of the affected dogs was 8 years with a range of 2.5 years to 14 years. As far as authors are aware, there is no published report on neoplasms in the nasal and paranasal regions of dogs from Grenada and the wider Caribbean. This is the fi rst report on neoplasia of nasal and para nasal regions of dogs from Grenada.
Title: Mastitis Occurrence Pattern in Dairy Cows and Importance of Related Risk Factors in the Occurrence of Mastitis
Abstract :

Mastitis in dairy animals is a most prevalent disease of livestock, which is challenging to field veterinarians and dairy farmers. The present study was planned to understand the occurrence pattern of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) in lactating cows at organized and unorganized farms in Jammu region with possible role of risk factors in the development of mastitis. A total 2200 quarters of 550 cows were screened by Modified California Mastitis Test (mCMT) during 2016-17. The occurrence rate of SCM and CM was 59.00% and 13.50%, respectively, while quarter-wise prevalence was 42.65% and 10.87%. In the present study, subclinical mastitis (SCM) occurrence rate was higher at unorganized farms (65.08%) than at organized farms (51.82%). Out of 550 and 650 cows at organized and unorganized dairy farms, 11.09% and 15.54% animals showed clinical mastitis signs at organized and unorganized dairy farms, respectively. In Jammu region large numbers of dairymen (63.46%) have small herds (1-5 heads/herd) and about 1.92% only dairymen’s have ≥11 heads per herd that ranged from 11 to 95 heads per herd. Cows between 6 to 9 years old had higher prevalence of mastitis and showed increasing trend of mastitis with increasing age and parity. Animal in late stage of lactation showed high prevalence rate of mastitis followed by in early and mid lactation in both managemental practices. Present study concluded that higher occurrence rate of mastitis is an alarming situation for dairy farmers, hence this is the high time to control the this dreadly diseases of dairy animals.

Title: Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Stomach of Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
Abstract :

The present work was conducted on the stomach of guinea pigs from neonate to adults (0-2 wks, 2-8 wks, 8-16 wks and 16-32 wks) to study the histological changes in the three regions of stomach. Present study revealed that tunica mucosa of all the three regions of the stomach was lined by the simple columnar epithelium. Simple tubular cardiac glands were lined mainly by mucous cells along with few parietal cells, enterochromaffin and undifferentiated cells. In fundic glands mucous cells and parietal cells were predominantly in both upper and lower half of the glands where as chief cells and enteroendocrine cells were predominantly occupied in the lower half of the fundic glands. Pyloric glands were simple branched tubular glands were lined by mucous acinar cells. Tunica muscularis of cardiac region comprised of skeletal and smooth muscle fibres whereas other two regions were comprised of smooth muscle fibres. The mean thickness of tunica mucosa was the maximum in fundic region and the minimum in pyloric region The mean thickness of tunica muscularis external was the maximum in pyloric and the minimum in fundic region.

Title: Analysis of Socio-economic Characteristic of SHG (Self-Help Group) of Women Associated With Dairy Farming
Abstract :
SHG empowered the rural women socially, economically and politically and thus overall development of women and reduction of poverty in the nation. Micro- enterprise establishment for economic empowerment is one of the major objectives of SHG movement. More than 400 SHG have formed in the Udhampur district by various govt. agencies and NGOs. Out of these, 10 SHG villages were selected through simple random sampling and 15 women who were associated with dairy farming selected and thus forming a sample of 150 respondents. The study revealed that the majority of SHGs women associated with dairy were of middle age group, having 3to 5 milch animals, smaller family size, middle level of annual income( 50001 to 100000) and having cemented pucca house. Besides it was also observed that majority of respondents were lack of mass media exposure towards processing activities and farmer women were having medium level of change proneness, economic motivation and risk taking capacity.
Title: Study on Major Causes of Organs Condemnation and Financial Loss in Cattle Slaughtered at Hayik Municipal Abattoir
Abstract :

  A cross- sectional study was conducted from October, 2016 to April, 2017 to identify and determine the major diseases and pathological conditions of organ condemnation and to estimate the magnitude of the direct financial losses attributed to the condemned organs from cattle slaughtered in the Hayik municipal abattoir. From a total of 384 animals, 61(15.88%) of animals antemortem inspection showed some clinical sign that were assumed as minor and attention was paid at postmortem examination of these animals. During post postmortem examination from 384 slaughtered animal liver 72 (18.75%) followed by lung 25 (6.5%), heart 17(4.4%), kidneys 18(4.68%) and tongue 18(4.68%) were rejected due to various causes. The main causes of organ condemnation were fasciolosis 24(33.33%) followed by calcification, abscess and hydrated cyst 12(16.67%), 12(16.67%) and 9(12.5%) respectively. An attempt also made to estimate the direct financial losses due to condemnation of edible organs during meat inspection. Consequently, annual direct financial loss from organ condemnation was estimated to be 3,736,231.25 Ethiopian Birr. The study identified the parasitic disease as major causes of organ condemnation. Therefore, creation of awareness on animal attendants and/or cattle owners and abattoir workers about the effect of parasites and safe disposal of condemned organs must be made and recommended as the findings showed that the rate of organ condemnation at the abattoir is very high which signifies the need for rapid disease control programs to be implemented.

Title: Efficacy of Carboxymethyl Cellulose as Fat Replacer on the Processing and Storage Quality of Buffalo Mozzarella Cheese
Abstract :
Processing and storage (4 ± 1°C) quality of Low-fat buffalo mozzarella cheese (BMC) was evaluated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as fat replacer. Five treatments of BMC viz. Control full-fat cheese (6.0% milk fat; CFFC), Control low-fat cheese (<0.5% MF) without CMC (CLFC), Low-fat cheese with 0.2% CMC (LFC-1), 0.4% CMC (LFC-2) and 0.6% CMC (LFC-3) were comparatively evaluated. Melting time increased, whereas hardness and chewiness decreased with CMC in BMC. Sensory panellists awarded LFC-2 highest and lowest to LFC-3, however treated products at all selected levels were superior than CLFC. Oxidative and microbial stability was improved in LFC-2 than CFFC during storage. Results concluded that 0.4% CMC is optimum for the development of extended shelf life functional BMC.
Title: Cost Effective Screening and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis in India
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to characterize Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in mastitic milk of cow using rapid and cost effective genotypic as well as phenotypic method. Different phenotypic and genotypic methods were compared in detection of S. aureus and MRSA. Present study also optimized and standardized the boiling and snap chilling method of genomic DNA extraction for rapid screening of S. aureus and MRSA in pure culture. Detection of species specific thermo nuclease (nuc) gene was found more sensitive than phenotypic test in identification of S. aureus whereas both rapid cultural methods such as cefoxitin disc diffusion test and use of chromogenic agar was found comparable to mecA gene based PCR in characterization of MRSA. Furthermore, despite less purity and minute concentration of DNA obtained from boiling and snap chilling method, there was no non-specific and cross reaction in PCR assay. Therefore the boiling and snap chilling method could be recommended as an alternative and economical method of genomic DNA extraction for rapid screening of S. aureus and MRSA particularly in developing countries like India.

Title: Postnatal Gross Morphological and Histoenzymic Studies on the Thyroid Gland of Assam Goat
Abstract :

The thyroid gland was composed of right and left lateral lobes connected by a narrow isthmus. The location of the isthmus over the trachea varied in male goats which ranged from 4th to 9th tracheal rings. Various biometrical parameters viz. length, width, thickness and weight of the thyroid gland showed a highly significant (P<0.01) increase between various age groups as well as between the thyroids of right and left sides of the body in Assam goats. Accessory thyroid tissue was not observed in any of the male goats. Different biometrical parameters of the isthmus showed an increasing trend with the advancement of age and the variations were found to be highly significant (P<0.01) between various age groups, except in respect of their weight. The activity of LDH in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland varied from weak to intense from 4 to 10 months of age (groups-III to VI). However, MDH showed a strong activity in these cells at birth (group-I), which was reduced to moderate in 4 month old kids (group-III) and again elevated in older goats. The enzymic activity of G-6-PDH was variable from mild to moderate in the male goats. The intertubular stroma of the thyroid gland showed no activity for MDH and G-6-PDH in all the age groups. But a mild activity of LDH enzyme was seen in goats from 6 month of age (group-IV) onwards.

Title: Effect of Supplementation of Mineral Mixtures on Haematological and Serum Mineral Profile in Beetal Kids
Abstract :

Sixteen healthy male Beetal goat kids of three months old were selected and divided into 2 groups of eight animals each in order to assess the comparative efficacy of feeding university (LUVAS) prepared mineral mixture and commercial mineral mixture on haematological parameters and serum mineral profile of kids. Animals were maintained on green fodder available at that time, gram straw, concentrate mixture comprising of maize, GNC and barley. Concentrate mixture was supplemented with university (LUVAS) prepared mineral mixture fed to group-1 and in group-2 concentrate mixture was supplemented with commercial mineral mixture. Haematological parameters like haemoglobin, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count and total erythrocyte count and serum parameters like triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipid and low density lipid were found similar and no significant differences were found in between the treatment groups. Serum calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iron and copper mineral profiles were found better in university (LUVAS) prepared mineral mixture supplemented group than commercial mineral mixture supplemented group. It can be concluded from this study that better absorption of minerals was found in university supplemented mineral mixture.

Title: Incidence and Factors Affecting Subclinical and Clinical Mastitis in Selected Organised Dairy Farms Located in Tamil Nadu
Abstract :

The study is undertaken in five organised dairy farms located in Chennai, Trichy and Karur districts of Tamil Nadu to assess the incidence of clinical and sub clinical mastitis and predisposing factors such as Herd, Breed, Parity, stage of lactation and the efficiency of two screening tests for the diagnosis of sub clinical mastitis (SCM) in the dairy farms. A total of 159 cows with 636 quarters samples screened for clinical mastitis signs and SCM by modified California mastitis test (mCMT) and somatic cell count (SCC).The results showed that 9.4 per cent of animals had clinical mastitis, 66.7 per cent had SCM by mCMT and 77.4 per cent by SCC. The quarter wise incidence of SCM was 47.6 per cent as screened by mCMT and 51.7 per cent by SCC. There are no significant differences observed in the incidence of clinical mastitis and SCM in farm and breed wise. Parity (p<0.01), Stage of lactation by SCC method (p<0.05), Quarter-wise (p<0.05) incidence have significant differences of occurrence. SCM as screened by mCMT and SCC were compared for agreement by Cohen’s Kappa statistics and the per cent agreement for the two methods of screening SCM was 54.7 per cent with a P-value of 0.000. The study conclude that the higher SCM incidence in organised dairy farms as 66.7 per cent by mCMT and 77.4 per cent by SCC and necessitate the need of effective mastitis control program to be implemented at the farm level.

Title: Augmentation of Meat Quality Attributes of Spent Hen Breast Muscle (Pectoralis Major) by Marination with Lemon Juice vis-a-vis Ginger Extract
Abstract :

A study was conducted with the aim of augmentation of post harvest quality attributes of spent hen breast meat with lemon juice (LM) vis-a-vis ginger extract (GM) marination. Moisture content and water holding capacity (WHC) significantly (P<0.05) increased whereas, protein, fat, ash, cholesterol, muscle fibre diameter, firmness and toughness values significantly (P<0.05) decreased. Percent marinade absorption and pH values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in GM and significantly (P<0.05) lower in LM compared to Con. LM showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in Na and increase in S, Si and Cl whereas GM showed increase in S, Ca, K, Zn, Cu and Fe along with reduction in Na and Cl content when compared to Con. Marination improved firmness and toughness and was corroborated by endomysium degradation seen in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. Hence, in light of improving the quality attributes of spent hen breast meat; LM and GM could be effectively used.

Title: Biochemical and Molecular Detection of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) from Human and Porcine Diarrheic Cases in Assam, India
Abstract :

In North Eastern region of India pig rearing is an important livestock farming occupation with cohesive habitation of humans and pigs. A variety of diarrhoeal diseases in these two hosts occur due to pathogenic forms of E. coli harbouring virulence, specific colonisation factors and pathogenicity associated genes. 115 faecal samples were collected from human and pigsin Assam, India out of which 93 samples were positive for E. coli presence resulting in 80.80 percent positivity for isolation. Out of these, 51 were positive for human and 42 were positive for pig. The isolated E. coli confirmed by morphological and biochemical identification. Molecular characterisation studies targeting the virulence genes viz., stx1, stx2, eae for shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) was made by multiplex PCR using a cocktail of type specific primers. The presence of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) among the positive isolates was identified by simplex PCR aiming the eae and bfp genes. Among the 51 human isolates, 20 were EPEC and none contained the bfp gene, signifying as atypical EPEC. However, none of the pig isolates were found to be typable. This baseline study on pathogenic form of E. coli may help in further serogrouping of the organism for diagnostics and pathogenesis implications.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Vegetarian and Meat Based Dry Pet Food on Palatability, Food Intake and Growth Performance in Growing Nondescript Female Dogs
Abstract :

A study was undertaken to compare and evaluate vegetarian and meat based dry pet food on palatability, food intake and growth response by growing non-descript dogs. Twelve growing non-descript female dogs were randomly divided into two experimental groups of six dogs each, fed with vegetarian and meat based complete dry pet food, respectively for twelve weeks period. Palatability, daily dry matter intake (DMI), daily digestible crude protein (DCP) intake, weekly body weights and weekly body weight changes were recorded during the experimental period. The palatability of meat based pet food was found to be better than vegetarian diet. No significant difference (P˃0.05) was observed in dry matter intake between the two groups, however, there had a significant difference in digestible crude protein intake as well as feed intake per kg gain. Dogs from meat based group weighed constantly more (6.8%) at the end of experiment than the dogs of vegetarian group. The type of diet had significant (P≤0.05) effect on average weekly body weights, indicating that meat based group had significantly higher body weight at the end of experiment. At the end of experiment, dogs from meat based group gained about 41.80% more body weight as compared to the dogs of vegetarian group. Here, the type of diet had highly significant (PË‚0.01) effect on average weekly gain in weights, indicating that the dogs receiving meat based diet gained significantly higher weights than those receiving vegetarian diet. However, in terms of economics, meat based diet was little costlier than vegetarian diet.

Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Rumen Protected Methionine and Lysine on Nutrient Utilization and Growth Performance in Sahiwal Female Calves
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of rumen protected methionine (RPM) and rumen protected lysine (RPL) individually and in combination on nutrient utilization and growth performance in twenty Sahiwal female calves. Sahiwal female calves having age groups of 7 to 12 months and between 80 to 111 kg body weights were randomly allotted into four groups of five animals in each, viz., T1 (basal diet), T2 (basal diet with RPM 5 g/d), T3 (basal diet with RPL 15 g/d) and T4 (basal diet with RPM 5 g plus RPL 15 g/d) their body weight for 90 days. The results revealed that intake of DM and CP were similar amongst all four groups. Digestibility of nutrients was also similar amongst the groups while average daily gain was found to be better in supplemented groups.

Title: Effect of Supplementation of Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii on the Follicular Development in Delayed Pubertal Sahiwal Heifer
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to study the effect of Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii on the follicular development in delayed pubertal Sahiwal heifers. A total of 14 anoestrus Sahiwal heifers with a mean age of 32.85 ± 0.86 months and were divided in to two groups viz. Group-1 (G-1) (n=8) and Group-2 (G-2) (n=6). Heifers in G-1 were treated with shade dried
grinded leaves in combination in concentrate mixture for 9 days after dose extrapolation from the effective 50% ethanolic extract dose in rats (i.e. 1000 mg/ Kg b. wt.) showing optimum ovarian function. Heifers in G-2 were not given any treatment. All the heifers were monitored by a trans-rectal USG scanner in alternate day for 10 occasions. At pretreatment, the difference
in the mean number of total follicles and diameter of Largest follicles (LFs) between the groups remained (P>0.05) similar. However, on herb supplementation, the mean size of LFs (12.8 mm) increased (P<0.001) signifi cantly as compared to control (8.70 mm). The growth rate of LF was faster (P< 0.05) in herbs treated (0.55 mm/day) than control (0.25 mm/day) heifers. The
mean number of total follicles prior to treatment and each day of scanning remained similar between the groups (P> 0.05). Results revealed that in the delayed pubertal heifers, the follicular development continues and the number of total follicles at any day remained constant. It was concluded that supplementation of Aegle marmelos and Murraya Koenigii can infl uence the
growth processes of LF by the attainment of dominance, accelerated growth rate, preovulatory size and the process of ovulation.
Title: Haemato- biochemical Changes Following Administration of Propofol in Combination with Buprenorphine in Atropinized Dogs
Abstract :
The aim of study to fi nd out the effect on haematological and biochemical parameters following administration of propofol alone
and in-combinaiton with buprenorphine. Propofol was given to effect in group I (control), whereas buprenorphine @ 0.015 mg/kg b.wt. was given as preanaesthetic before propofol “to effect” in dogs of group II .Atropine sulphate was injected I/M @ 0.04 mg/kg b.wt. 20 minutes prior to each treatment in both the groups.Hb, PCV and TEC showed a signifi cant fall (P<0.05) at initial intervals of observation as compared to base line whereas, other haematological parameters were non-signifi cantly variables at different intervals of observation in both the groups.A non signifi cant alteration in the level of total serum protein, alkaline phosphatase activity, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen could be recorded at different observation periods either within the group or among the groups. There was signifi cant increase in serum glucose level at 1hr in both treatment groups followed by a progressive decrease in its value which reached to pretreatment value within 24hrs. There was signifi cant increase (P<0.05) in AST value at 1hr in group Iwhereas in group II, it could be recorded at hr 1 and 2 of observation.A signifi cant elevation (P<0.05) in ALT value could be recorded in both groups of animals at hr1 and 2 of observation as compared to their respective baseline value.It is concluded that propofol alone and in combination with buprenorphine produced no deleterious effect on the vital organs, hence can be used safely in dogs.
Title: Contents Vol. 8 No. 5 October 2018
Abstract :
Title: Estimation of Probability of a Particular Milch Animal to Pick Up Mastitis
Abstract :

Mastitis is the most important and expensive disease of dairy industry. The aim of this study was to investigate management and animal level risk factors that favour occurrence of bovine mastitis. The identification of risk factors is important for the design of mastitis control programs in dairy herds. The present study was conducted at the Large Animal Clinic of Madras Veterinary College (MVC) Hospital, Chennai. Out of two hundred and eighty milch animals examined during the study period, sixty cows were affected by mastitis. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the probability of a particular milch animal to pick up mastitis and to model the relationship of incidence of mastitis with other explanatory variables. Results obtained revealed that increase in unit change of milk yield (one litre) would increased the incidence of mastitis by 1.658 times. The chance of getting infected by mastitis would be reduced by 2.5 times when the mastitis affected cows were milked last. Incidence of mastitis in non-hygienic farms were 11.675 times more when compared to farms maintained in hygienic manner. Overall, binary logistic model was 84.6 percent accurate in predicting the occurrence and non-occurrence of mastitis. Incidence of mastitis, having been associated with a variety of factors inherent in animals and factors resulting from improper farming practices, appeared to decrease when the management practices are proper and scientific. Well knit extension program is the need of the hour to effectively communicate the farming group about the importance of mastitis control strategies in dairy farming.

Title: Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation during Buffalo Semen Cryopreservation on Sperm Characteristics and Oxidative Stress
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of vitamin E supplementation to Tris-egg yolk diluent on post-thaw semen quality and oxidative parameters of buffalo bulls. Semen samples (eighteen ejaculates) were diluted in Tris-yolk egg medium without antioxidant (control group) and with vitamin E in different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/ml) and cryopreserved. After thawing, samples were subjected to selective semen parameters. Based on post-thaw selected sperm parameters, the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml vitamin E seemed to be most effective. Therefore, thirty ejaculates from same bulls were further collected, divided into two fractions [control and vitamin E supplemented (1.0 mg/ml)] and evaluated for semen characteristics and oxidative stress in post-thaw semen. The results revealed that progressive motility (29.0 ± 2.2 vs 24.1 ± 1.7%), sperm viability (63.2 ± 2.5 vs 56.7 ± 1.9%) and plasma membrane integrity (36.1 ± 2.2 vs 28.9 ± 1.4%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in extender supplemented with vitamin E than in control. Regarding sperm kinematics, addition of vitamin E to extender significantly increased (P<0.05) VCL, VSL and STR when compared to control. Lipid peroxidation, as manifested by MDA production was significantly lower (P<0.05) in vitamin E supplemented than in control semen (187.0 ± 19.8 vs 245.5 ± 25.9 MDA μmole/109 spermatozoa). It is, therefore, concluded that addition of vitamin E to extender prior to cryopreservation of buffalo bull semen protected sperm membrane against oxidative damage and improved the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa.

Title: Effect of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) Supplementation on Production Indices, Mortality and Cost of Production of Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The present study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of three physical forms of aloe vera viz. powder, gel and juice on the energy efficiency (EE), protein efficiency (PE), performance index (PI), production number (PN), mortality pattern and cost of production of broiler chicken. Two hundred and forty day old unsexed broiler chicks (Cobb 400) were distributed in four groups with four replicates, each consisting of fifteen chicks on a completely randomized design. The treatments included the control (T1- basal diet as per BIS 2007) and three groups with basal diet mixed with aloe vera powder @ 0.5% in feed (T2), gel @ 2% in feed (T3) and fresh aloe vera juice @ 2% in drinking water (T4), respectively. The results revealed that PE and EE were significantly (p<0.05) different during last week among T2 and T3 groups as compared to control group. Values of PI and PN showed non-significant results among treatment groups. Mortality recorded was within standard limits which showed that there was no detrimental effect of aloe vera supplementation on health and performance of broilers. The cost of production calculated at the end of experiment revealed that net profit on drawn weight (`/kg) was 3.96 (powder form), 7.39 (gel form) and 8.77 (juice form) as compared to control group (basal diet only). Thus, aloe vera can act as an efficient, effective and economical herbal feed additive in broiler industry.

Title: Carcass Characteristic and Physico-chemical Properties of Broiler Chicken Meat Supplemented with Azolla pinnata
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted on 110, day old commercial poultry broiler birds which were divided into 5 groups (1 control and 4 treatments) within 2 replicates having 11 chicks in each replicate. Four levels of Azolla were included in the diet i.e. 2.5 percent Azolla, 2.5 percent Azolla with carbohydrase and phytase enzymes, 5.0 percent Azolla and 5.0 percent Azolla with carbohydrase and phytase enzymes served as components of treatment T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, where as T0 served as standard control diet. These dietary treatments were arranged in complete randomized block design and analyzed for the carcass, physico-chemical and sensory quality of meat. Results revealed that the overall acceptability of cooked meat was significantly higher (P<0.05) in broilers offered Azolla meal at 5 percent substitution. The breast meat yield and cooking yield value was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Azolla fed groups. There was significantly (P<0.05) higher gizzard weight in treatment T1 and treatment T2 offered 2.5 percent Azolla substituted feed as compared to the control T0. The results may be attributed to improved digestibility of nutrients because of better gizzard functioning owing to increased thickness and increased gastro-duodenal reflexes facilitating the contact between nutrients and digestive enzymes. Based on the findings it can be concluded that dried Azolla meal can be safely administered as unconventional feed ingredient in commercial poultry broiler feed up to 5 per cent level without affecting the organoleptic parameters.

Title: Effect of Heat Stress on Physiological and Hemato-biochemical Profile of Cross Bred Dairy Cattle
Abstract :

The present study was done to see the effect of heat stress on blood parameters in dairy cattle. Dairy cows of similar physiological status were selected. Blood samples were collected and analyzed based on the temperature-humidity index (THI). Blood samples were collected and analyzed for packed cell volume PCV(%), red blood cell count RBC count, white blood cell count (WBC) and hemoglobin (Hb). Significant rise in physiological parameters such as respiration rate (RR), pulse rate, was observed. Hematobiochemical parameters such as red blood cell count (RBC), (WBC), (PCV%), (Hb), Cholesterol, creatinine, ALT, AST, Cortisol and BUN were increased. From the present study it can be concluded that THI is a sensitive indicator of heat stress.

Title: Pre and Post-operative Haemato-Biochemical Changes in Pyometric Bitches
Abstract :
The study on canine pyometra was conducted to assess the alteration in clinico-haemato-biochemical status before and after
ovariohysterectomy. Signalment and history recording of six bitches was followed by clinical examination, ultrasonography and blood sampling. Most common clinical signs were vulvar discharge, inappetance, polydipsia, polyuria, vomition and paresis. At presentation, uterine diameters ranged from 1.3 to 5.0 cm along with leukocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Levels of BUN, creatinine, and ALP were elevated. Five out of six bitches had plasma P4 concentration above basal (> 1.0 ng/ml) level. The mean haemato-biochemical parameters returned to normal by day ten post-surgery. The progesterone concentration decreased to basal by 10th day. The changes in haemato-biochemical profi le were related to the degree of improvement of the clinical conditions of the bitches. Out of the six bitches, one bitch died on 21st post-operative day while another recovered gradually after initial episodes of severe vomition for a week post-operation.
Title: Haematological, Biochemical and Hormonal Profile of Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Layers Fed Different Crude Protein Diet in the Seasons in Ghana
Abstract :

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of varying dietary protein level and season on haematological characteristics, biochemical and hormonal profiles of Indigenous Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Sixty Pearl Guinea fowls of 12 weeks of age were subjected to four treatment groups of diets containing 16%, 18%, 20% and 22% crude protein and reared in three seasons (Dry: December-March, Major rains: April-July and Minor rains: August-November) in a 3x4 factorial experiment. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model procedure of SAS. Dietary crude protein had no significant effect (p>0.05) on all haematological parameters. Total serum protein and albumin increased (p<0.05) with increasing dietary protein, but not globulin and cholesterol. Progesterone and oestrogen were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dietary protein level. Haemoglobin and MCHC were highest (p<0.05) in the major rainy season whereas PCV and platelets increased (p<0.05) in the dry season. WBC and monocytes increased (p<0.05) in the rainy seasons and lymphocytes levels were lowest (p<0.05) in the major rainy season. Albumen was highest (p<0.05) in the hot dry season and lowest in the minor rainy season. Globulin increased (p<0.05) from the dry season to the highest in the minor rainy season. Oestrogen, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by season. Results indicate that 16% crude protein is adequate and that seasonal variations influence haematological, biochemical and hormonal profiles of Guinea fowl during laying period.

Title: The Relationship Between Meat Quality Characteristics and Nutritional Composition of Nandanam Quail-III Slaughtered at Different Ages
Abstract :
In recent years, Japanese quail meat has gained much popularity among consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the meat quality characteristics and nutritional composition of Nandanam Quail-III (Coturnix coturnix japonica) meat as influenced by age at slaughter. Totally twelve birds were divided into two different age groups. The birds were slaughtered and breast muscle was obtained. The meat quality characters, proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid content of meat of two age groups were analysed. The significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in muscle fibre diameter, myofibrillar fragmentation index, moisture, protein, fat, major amino acids, total saturated fatty acids, total P/S, cholesterol content between two age groups. Based on the results it was concluded that the meat of young Nandanam Quail-III had the superior meat quality characters in terms of less fibre diameter, lesser myofibrillar fragmentation index and nutritional composition like less fat, saturated fatty acids, higher poly unsaturated fatty acids and amino acids.
Title: Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Bovine Herpes Virus Type-1 (BoHV-1) in Ruminants of Grenada, West Indies
Abstract :
This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) in Cattle, and small ruminant from Grenada, West Indies. The prevalence was determined by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. A total of 920 sera samples, consisting of 132 cattle, 476 sheep and 312 goats were tested. An overall seroprevalence was 7/ 920 (0.76 %; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2% to 1.32%). The bovine 5/132 (3.8%) showed highest Seroprevalance followed ovine 2/476 (0.42%). None of goat samples were seropositive. There was statistically no significant difference in prevalence (p > 0.05) of antibodies to BoHV-1 in cattle, sheep and goats. This is the first report on seroprevalence of BoHV-1 in ruminants in Grenada, West Indies.
Title: Effect of Polyherbal Additives on Intake, Growth and Nutrient Digestibility in Yorkshire Male Pigs
Abstract :

Growth trial of thirteen weeks’ duration was carried out on 24 pigs (2 months age; 12.5 kg b. wt.) which were divided into four groups of 6 pigs each and were fed with control diet concentrated feed mixture (CFM) (T0), CFM plus polyherbal superliv (500 g/ton) (T1), CFM plus polyherbal Ruchamax (500g/ton) (T2) and CFM plus AV/AGP/10 polyherbal (500g/ton) (T3). The dry mater intake (DMI) (g/d) in T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups were 1152.80, 1277.59, 1204.73 and 1186.13 respectively where significantly (P<0.01) higher dry mater intake (DMI) was observed in T1 group. Significant (P<0.01) difference was observed among treatment groups in organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose intake. Similarly, significantly higher (P<0.05) weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) was noticed in T1 group when compared to other groups. The digestibility of DM, OM, NFE, NDF, Cellulose and Hemicellulose were significantly (P<0.01) different. It was concluded that superliv polyherbal supplemented group significantly improved weight gain, FCR and net profit than the other polyherbal supplemented and control group without any deleterious effect on pigs.

Title: Physico-chemical and Instrumental Colour Properties of Emu Meat
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to analyze the physico-chemical and colour properties of emu meat. The leg, back and breast portion along with a uniform mix of these three cuts were taken for evaluation of emu meat quality in respect to various physico-chemical parameters. The pH of breast meat was found significantly (P<0.05) lower than meat from leg and back portion. Water holding capacity of leg meat was significantly (P<0.05) higher than back and breast meat. The breast meat had significantly (P<0.05) higher shear press value (98.99 N) than other portions meat. Myoglobin and metmyoglobin were found from 7.02 to 8.95 mg/g and 28.39 to 45.70 % respectively. The lightness value of breast meat was higher than leg and back meat. Thus, results showed the good acceptability of emu meat in category of red meat and can be an alternative to other meat.

Title: No Association of Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Gene and litter size in Gaddi Goat Breed Reared under Migratory System in Western Himalayan Ranges of Himachal Pradesh
Abstract :

Gaddi is the predominant Indian goat breed also known as “White Himalayan goat”, constituting 60-65% of total goats in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The polymorphism of prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene was found to have relationship with prolificacy in goats. In present study, polymorphism of intron 2 region of PRLR gene was investigated in Gaddi goats (n = 89) using PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing approach. PCR-SSCP assay of 176 bp amplicon of intron 2 region of PRLR gene revealed polymorphism with three types of genotypes viz., AA, AB and BB with genotypic frequencies as 0.31, 0.55 and 0.14, respectively. The allelic frequency of alleles A and B were 0.59 and 0.41, respectively in all the screened goat population. Genetic diversity analysis revealed the value of Ne, Hobs, Hexp and PIC were 1.96, 0.52, 0.49 and 0.37, respectively. The Ne and Hobs values also indicated that sufficient genetic variation exists at the studied locus. FIS estimate was observed as -0.15 indicating heterozygous excess at studied locus. DNA sequencing of amplified product revealed one nucleotide mutation (T92C) in intron 2 region of PRLR gene. The mean litter size in AA, AB and AB genotypes were 1.27±0.12, 1.41±0.09 and 1.84±0.26, respectively. No significant (P>0.05) associations of PRLR genotypes with litter size were observed. Effect of season and parity were also found to be non-significant (P>0.05) on litter size. Consequently, the study on additional data based on more number of animals in diversified flock should be carried out for future association studies.

Title: Effect of Prill Fat and Rumen Protected Choline Supplementation on Feed Intake, Body Weight Changes and Economics of Lactating Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of prill fat and rumen protected choline supplementation on daily dry matter intake, body weight changes and economics in lactating Murrah buffaloes (n=18) divided into three equal groups (Control, T1 and T2). Buffaloes in all the three groups were fed similar basal diet as total mixed ration comprising of berseem green fodder, wheat straw and concentrate mixture. Buffaloes in T1 group were daily supplemented with prill fat @ 2.5% of total DMI whereas; buffaloes in T2 group were daily supplemented with 54 g rumen protected choline along with same quantity of prill fat as supplemented in T1 group. Fortnightly and overall dry matter intake and body weight of experimental buffaloes was comparable in all the three groups. Net profit/animal/day (`) was increased by 3.12 and 8.25% in T1 and T2 groups over the control. Thus it was concluded that supplementing prill fat in the ration of lactating Murrah buffaloes increased the net profit without any significant effect on dry matter intake and body weight changes, which was furthermore enhanced by supplementing the ration with rumen protected choline.

Title: Replacement of Synthetic Choline Chloride by Herbal Choline in Diets on Liver Function Enzymes, Carcass Traits and Economics of Broilers
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to evaluate the replacement of synthetic choline chloride by herbal choline in diets on liver function enzymes, carcass traits and economics of broiler production. Three hundred straight-run Cobb-400 day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five treatment groups having three replicates having 20 chicks in each and reared up to 6 weeks. The treatment group T1 (control) offered basal diet (BIS, 2007), T2 offered basal diet with choline chloride-60% @ 1 kg/ton of feed, groups T3, T4 and T5 offered basal diets with herbal choline @ 0.25, 0.35 and 0.50 kg/ton of feed, respectively. The SGPT, SGOT and ALP were significantly (P<0.01) reduced in treatment group T5 as compared to control group. There was non-significant difference for blood loss, feather loss, edible carcass yield and abdominal fat percent in all treatment groups. The net profit expressed in terms of rupees per kg live weight in treatment groups was increased by 18.35% (T2), 14.37% (T3), 21.05% (T4), and 38.55% (T5) over the control group (T1). It may be concluded that the herbal choline supplemented at dose levels of 0.35 kg/ton and 0.5 kg/ton of feed was found to be useful to improve the overall performance due to better growth resulting into increase in profit margin of broiler production replacing synthetic choline chloride (1kg/ton) in broiler diets. Moreover, the supplementation of herbal choline at 0.5 kg/ton of feed was more beneficial in terms of improved liver protection, carcass traits and economics of broiler production.

Title: Optimization of Economic Traits of Sahiwal Cattle
Abstract :

A study was conducted for estimation of optimum range of age at first calving (AFC), service period (SP) and preceding dry period (DP) on Sahiwal cattle (n=462) data, spread over a period of 15 years (1997-2011), maintained at Livestock Research Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. In order to determine the optimum range of these economic traits class interval method was used. A class was considered as optimum, if it accommodated maximum number of observations along with better productive performance on the basis of four production parameters i.e., 305 days or less days milk yield (305DMY), total milk yield (TMY), milk yield per day of lactation length (MY/LL) and milk yield per day of calving interval (MY/CI). In thi study, optimum level of AFC, SP and preceding DP were found to be 32-37 months, 55-88 days and 49-88 days, respectively. Because of high rearing costs of heifers, managing heifers to first calving at 32 to 37 months of age could be very advantageous. The present obtained ranges of optimum SP and preceding DP can help in obtaining one calf per year in indigenous cattle that in turn, will help in improving overall productivity of indigenous cattle.

Title: Efficacy of Calcium Borogluconate and Lime Water Therapy in Anagallis arvensis Intoxicated Cattle
Abstract :

Anagallis arvensis is a common weed seen in agricultural fields in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. This weed contains different poisonous principles like glycosides, volatile oil, saponin (anagallin), tannin, and oxalates. In scarcity of fodder, cattle in some regions had exposure to Anagallis arvensis weed causing oxalic acid toxicity and nephrotic syndrome. Twenty Anagallis arvensis affected cattle were randomly distributed in two groups (Group-I; n=10 and Group-II; n=10). Anagallis arvensis intoxicated cattle of Group-I were subjected to primary therapy of calcium borogluconate @ 450 ml per cattle slow I/V, whereas, Group II cattle were treated with combination of calcium borogluconate @ 450 ml per cattle and lime water (1 kg of lime mixed to make 10 litres of water and one litre of this solution was administered twice a day) therapy. Based on improvement in clinical, haematological, biochemical parameters and recovery; parentral calcium borogluconate and oral lime water therapy along with standard supportive regimen was found highly efficacious in the treatment of Anagallis arvensis toxicity.

Title: Assessment of Factors for External Injuries and Welfare Problems of Equine in South Wollo Zone Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Abstract :

A cross-sectional study was carried out in selected districts of South Wollo zone of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia during the period between April 2013 and December, 2013 to identify the major factors associated with external injuries in equines. Moreover, 180 randomly selected farmers were interviewed to collect relevant data on equine management and welfare issues. 586 working equines (346 donkeys and 240 mules) were examined clinically for screening injuries on body parts. Among the equines, 95.9% donkeys and 80.8% mules were used as pack animals. 63%, 27% and 9.8% of donkeys and 35%, 56.7% and 8.3% of mules were in thin, medium and good body condition score, respectively. The study revealed 66.6% overall prevalence of external injuries. The incidence of external injury in these animals was independent of age and species. Injuries caused by improper harness (saddle) design and overload were more common in both donkeys and mules. Injuries were most common in the back (31.8%), brisket region (12.3%), flank (10.8%) and tail base (6.2%). Out of a total of 108 interviewed farmers, 13.8% did not provide any treatment to their equines and 33.4% used their equine continuously regardless of the presence and severity of injures. In general, improper harnessing, overloading and ill-fitted saddle design were the major causes of external injuries in working equines of the area. The study disclosed higher prevalence of external injuries and absence of proper management of working donkeys and mules in south Wollo zone. Thus, a comprehensive equine health and welfare promotion program should be taken without any delay to alleviate the existing problems in the near future.

Title: Detection of Anti Mycoplasma gallisepticum Antibodies in Different Age Group of Chicken by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay
Abstract :

Mycoplasma gallisepticum is an important Mycoplasma species, causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry. Present study was conducted with the aim of detection of anti Mycoplasma gallisepticum antibodies in different age group of chicken by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Chicken serum samples were collected from different areas and unorganized farm of district Rewa (Madhya Pradesh). A solid phase blocking ELISA test was performed in serum samples using SVANOVIR MG-Ab, Sweden kit. Around 98 serum samples of different age group of chicken were collected. Chicken were divided into four different age groups viz. group I (6-24 Wks), II (25-42 Wks), III (43-60 Wks) and IV (61-77 Wks), each group further divided into three subgroups according to age. Age wise study of Mycoplasma gallisepticum antibody detection revealed that age group I (6-24 wk age), II (25-42 Wk age), III (43-60 Wks) and IV(61-77 wk) were showing 30%, 20.83%, 20.83% and 12.50% seroconversion respectively. Study revealed that age group 6-24wks showing maximum antibody titer and age group 61-77 wks showing minimum antibody titer. Age subgroup 6-12 wks showing maximum 40% antibody titer. In overall study, Out of 98 samples tested 21.40% samples were positive by ELISA test. ELISA is used as a highly specific test for the detection of anti MG antibodies in chicken serum.

Title: Serologic Profiles of Classical Swine Fever Vaccinated Backyard Pig Farms in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
Abstract :
Small and marginal farmers with low livestock holdings do not strictly follow recommended vaccination schedules and procedures. The aim of this study was to follow antibody titers against Classical Swine Fever (CSF) virus before and after vaccination of cross-bred pigs from three farms in Khon Kaen. One dose of vaccine was given to the pigs at 41, 49, and 52 days age. It is a modifi ed lived vaccine containing 102 PD50 (50% protective dose) of the CSF virus (government produced Lapinized Chinese-strain, Department of Livestock Disease, Thailand). Blood samples were collected at 0, 14, and 22 days postvaccination (dpv). Neutralization test was performed in cell cultures using a constant-virus/varying-serum method. In Pigs born o sows that had been vaccinated once a year, geometric mean titers at 0 dpv of 41, 49, and 52 days old pigs were 2.05, 1.24, nd 0.72, respectively. The lowest/highest maternal antibody titers were 1:32/1:512, 1:8/1:64, 1:2/1:16, the median titers were 1:32, 1:16, and 1:8, in farms 1, 2, and 3, respectively. At 14 dpv, SN antibody titres of pigs in farm 1 decreased but that of farm 3
increased. Consequently, SN antibody titers of pigs in farms 2 and 3 increased after vaccination and had GMT of 1.82 and 1.09 (p<0.05) at 22 dpv, respectively. General vaccination guideline is not applicable to all farms. Higher SN titers at the day of fi rst vaccination impeded antibody response (14 days old). However, the lowest titer (1:8) and the oldest pigs (52 days old) did not have the best SN titer after CSF vaccination. There should be laboratory confi rmations of CSF antibody titers before and after vaccination in order to assure successful outcome of vaccination practice.
Title: Gross and Microscopic Study of Different Organs in Zinc Intoxicated Male White Leg Horn
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of excess zinc on the gross and microscopic changes of different organs along with performance parameters in male white leg horn (WLH) chicks. A total of 80 WLH male birds of 4 weeks age were randomly and equally divided into four groups (C, G1, G2 and G3). Zinc sulphate was incorporated in drinking water @ 15000 ppm, 25000 ppm and 35000 ppm to group G1, G2 and G3, respectively, for a period of 8 weeks. The birds from each group were sacrificed at the end of the experimental trial for pathomorphological changes and estimation of organ body weight ratio. Significant histopathological changes were noticed in liver, spleen, gizzard, bursa kidneys and pancreas. Atrophy of liver, testes, spleen, bursa, pancreas and gizzard were also noticed. This study confirms that, the high levels of zinc have an adverse effect on health and performance of the birds.
Title: Copro-ovoscopical Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Captive Canine and Feline Carnivorans
Abstract :

The health surveillance through a copro-ovoscopical study was conducted to assess the gastrointestinal parasitic infections in captive canine {jackal (Canis aureus), wolf (Canis lupus), dhole (Cuon alpinus) and hyaena (Hyaena hyaena)} and feline carnivorans {lion (Panthera leo), tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus) and jungle cat (Felis chaus)}, maintained at Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka. A total of 41 fecal samples from apparently normal/healthy captive lions, 35 from tigers, 34 from leopards, 14 from jungle cats, 4 from dholes, 4 from wolves, 4 from jackals and 2 from hyenas were collected over a period of 12 months during 2015-2016 and were screened using classical parasitological techniques including sedimentation and floatation technique followed by microscopic identification of eggs. It revealed the prevalence of ova of 3 (7.31%) Strongyle sp., 8 (19.51%) Ancylostoma sp., 21 (51.21%) Toxocara sp., 16 (39.02%) Toxascaris leonina, 4 (9.75%) mixed (Ascaris and Ancylostoma sp.) in lions; 19 (54.28%) Toxocara sp., 8 (22.85%) Toxascaris leonina, 6 (17.14%) Ancylostoma sp., 2 (5.71%) oocyst of Eimeria sp., 2 (5.71%) Spirometra sp. in tigers; 13 (38.23%) Toxocara sp., 6 (17.64%) Ancylostoma sp. in leopards; 7 (50%) Isospora sp. and 2 (14.28%) Toxocara sp. in jungle cats; 2 (50%) Ancylostoma sp. in jackals; 2 (50%) Toxocara canis and 1 (25%) Ancylostoma sp. in wolves; 2 (50%) Toxocara canis in dholes; while ova of only 1 (50%) Ancylostoma sp. could be observed in hyaena. This preliminary data may be useful for health management of the said species in captivity.

Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seed Powder on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economics of Feeding in Broilers
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed powder as herbal feed additives on growth performance, carcass characteristics and economics of feeding in broilers. A total of 320 day old broiler chicks of Cobb-400 strain were divided into four treatment groups with 4 replicates of 20 chicks in each treatment using completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were basal diet without any supplementation (CON), basal diet supplemented with 0.5% garlic bulb powder (GAR), 0.5% fenugreek seed powder (FEN) and 0.5% of each garlic bulb powder and fenugreek seed powder (GAR-FEN). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the garlic supplemented group (GAR and GAR-FEN) as compared to CON and FEN group. Carcass characteristics showed non-significant (P>0.05) effect of garlic, fenugreek and either combination on dressing percent, weights of liver, gizzard, heart, spleen and length of intestine, caecum and carcass. Return over feed cost and profit per bird was highest in garlic supplemented group followed by combination of garlic and fenugreek, fenugreek and lowest in control group. Whereas, benefit: cost ratio was observed maximum in garlic group followed by control, fenugreek and lowest in combination of garlic and fenugreek. The present study reveals that supplementation of garlic bulb alone or in combination with fenugreek seed improves the growth performance and feed utilization efficiency and return over feed cost and profit per bird.

Title: Effect of Thermal Stress on Haematological Parameters and Enzymatic Activities in Two Breeds of Goat after Thermal Stress
Abstract :
The influence of thermal stress (heat and cold stress) on haematological parameters and some enzyme activities were studied in Beetal and Toggenberg goats. A total of 36 healthy adult (2-4 years of age) female Beetal and Toggenberg goats were selected. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activities. Haemoglobin concentrations were found significantly higher (P<0.01) in all seasons, whereas, significantly higher (P<0.01) PCV was found in summer and autumn; ESR in summer season only in Toggenberg as compared to those of Beetal goat. In between three different seasons, irrespective of breed, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) values were significantly higher (P<0.01) in summer followed by autumn and winter season whereas alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was significantly higher (P<0.01) in winter than those of other two seasons. In between the breeds, significantly higher (P<0.01) enzyme activities (AST, ALT and ALP) were found in Toggenberg goats in all seasons as compared to Beetal. When the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values were considered separat ly in Beetal and Toggenberg goats in different seasons, significantly higher (P<0.01) activities were found in summer followed by autumn than those of
winter season in both the breeds.
Title: Changes in Biochemical Profile of Superovulated Sahiwal Cows through Hormonal Manipulation at Mid Luteal Phase of Estrous Cycle
Abstract :

In the present study, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) administered during mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle and effect on biochemical profiles of Sahiwal donor cows was noted. Altogether eighteen cows (n=18) were selected and divided into 3 groups; control (n=6, untreated), T-I (n=6, Insulin-treated) and T-II (n=6, IGF-I treated). Superovulatory treatment was started on day 9th of the estrous cycle. With the 6th dose of FSH, prostaglandin was injected to induce superovulatory estrus. The superovulated cows were bred and superovulatory response of each animal was recorded. The collections of embryos were done non-surgically on the 7th day of superovulatory estrus. About 15 ml blood without anticoagulant was collected on days 5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19 and 21st or day of embryo recovery where day 0 of estrous cycle was taken as the day of estrus. Serum was separated, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes and transferred into sterilized serum vials. All samples were stored at -20 oC till analysis. Serum glucose, cholesterol, total protein, urea, and creatinine were estimated by Span Diagnostic Kits. The concentration of serum glucose increased significantly in insulin-treated and IGF-1 treated Sahiwal donor cows. It may be concluded that exogenous insulin and IGF-1 administration during mid-luteal phase may be helpful in follicular and embryonic development by increasing the level of serum glucose. The concentration of serum cholesterol, total protein, urea, and creatinine remains unaffected.

Title: Comparative Assessment of Carcass Traits in Indigenous Chicken
Abstract :

A study was conducted to find out the differences in carcass traits among the Cobb-400, Vanraja, Aseel and Kadaknath Breeds of chicken. Cobb-400 showed significantly (P<0.05) higher live weight and dressing percentage than indigenous breeds (Vanrja, Aseel and Kadaknath) at the age of six week. Hot carcass weight as well as cold carcass weight were significantly (P<0.05) higher in comparison to studied indigenous breeds. The same pattern was reported for meat bone ratio and meat yield. Among all indigenous breeds Aseel showed highest live weight, dressing percentage, hot and cold carcass weight as well as meat bone ratio and meat yield. However, these values were comparable between Vanraja and Kadaknath breeds. The carcass traits values overall had lower values than most of the studied reports which might be due to lower slaughter age of indigenous breed used in present study. So the need is to upgrade the growth status of indigenous chicken breeds to meet out the daunting demand of meat of these breeds.

Title: Predicting the Impact of Degree and Duration of Uterine Torsion on Uterine Blood Supply in Cattle using Doppler Ultrasonography
Abstract :
The aim of study was doppler ultrasonography-aided assessment of uterine blood fl ow in relation to duration and degree of uterine torsion in cattle. Fourteen dairy cattle with uterine torsion were detorted and fetal delivery was completed after detorsion. Six live and eight dead calves were delivered by cattle having torsion from lesser and prolonged duration, respectively. Whereas the dams of majority of live (n = 4/6) or dead (n = 5/8) fetus had uterine torsion ≤180° or >180°, respectively. Doppler ultrasonography of middle uterine artery ipsilateral (IpsiUA) and contralateral (ContUA) to the side of torsion was carried out before uterine detorsion for doppler indices viz. blood fl ow volume (BFV), time-average peak velocity (TAP), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). With increase in degree and duration of torsion, BFV in both IpsiUA and ContUA reduced signifi cantly (p<0.05) but TAP decreases only with increase in duration of torsion. In ipsilateral uterine artery PI (PI- IpsiUA) increased with an increase in duration of torsion (p<0.05). The presence of Pre-diastolic notch in IpsiUA and ContraUA validates the hindrance in blood fl ow through the vessel and absence of diastole in higher degree and/or duration of uterine torsion defined the severity of torsion which further relates to fetal viability. In conclusion, assessing the blood fl ow parameters of middle uterine artery in relation to degree and duration of uterine torsion can serve as useful prognostic indicator. The cattle having
lesser degree of uterine torsion could have more chances of fetal survival due to lesser alterations in blood fl ow.
Title: Detection of Anti-Map Antibodies in Serum Samples of Slaughtered Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) by Indigenous ELISA Kit in Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :

Recent emerging evidences have established a link between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), suggesting its zoonotic importance hence the present study was designed to find out seroprevalence of MAP in buffaloes of Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh by using indigenous ELISA kit. The study was conducted in one to ten-years-old 150 buffaloes (120 females and 30 males) belonging to different places of Malwa region slaughtered at Cantonment Board slaughter house, Mhow and Nagar Nigam Indore. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 89.33% (134/150) whereas sex-wise, it was recorded as 91.56 and 80% in case of females and males, respectively.

Title: Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economics of Broilers
Abstract :
One hundred and eighty (n=180) day old white commercial broiler chicks (Cobb 400) were randomly divided into three groups to study the effects of garlic supplementation on growth performance. Dietary treatments were control (T1- basal diet only), garlic powder supplemented at 0.1% (T2) and 0.5 % (T3). Daily feed intake, weekly body weight and residue left any were recorded to calculate the feed conversion ratio. At the end of experiment six birds from each group were sacrificed to determine the carcass characteristics. Results revealed that dietary supplementation of 0.1% garlic powder (T2) significantly (P<0.01) improved body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and FCR as compared to birds supplemented with 0.5 % garlic powder (T3) and control (T1). Dietary supplementation of 0.1% garlic (T2) resulted in significant (P<0.05) improvement in dressed yield as compared to T3 and T1. On the other hand, comparable (P>0.05) effect was observed on shrinkage loss, blood loss, feather loss, eviscerated yield and relative weight of giblet. Mortality (%) in T1, T2 and T3 was 3.33,
0.00 and 1.67, respectively. Total feed cost, total cost/kg live weight and total cost/kg meat was reduced (P<0.05) in 0.1% garlic (T2) as compared to 0.5 % garlic (T3) supplemented birds or control (T1). Thus, dietary supplementation of 0.1 % garlic had beneficial effect on growth performance, dressed yield and cost of production.
Title: Molecular Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Targeting esxB (CFP-10) in Blood Samples and Lymph Node Aspirates by Conventional PCR and qRT-PCR TaqMan Assay
Abstract :

Bovine tuberculosis, a chronic infectious disease is caused by an intracellular acid-fast bacilli Mycobacterium bovis that affects broad range of mammalian hosts. CFP-10 is a 10 kDa secreted antigen coded by esxB gene located on RD1 region of genome and is responsible for virulence of Mycobacterium bovis. DNA extraction of blood (n=48) and lymph node aspirates (n=48) was done and extracted DNA was subjected to PCR by targeting esxB gene with band size of 302 bp. None of the blood sample and lymph node aspirates was positive for M. bovis with esxB gene by PCR. The sensitivity of esxB was 8 pg/μl by conventional PCR. Among 48 blood samples targeted for esxB (CFP-10) gene using In house developed primer probe mix, one sample (2.1%) whose CT was 34 was considered positive by real-time PCR. Out of 48 animals (lymph node aspirates), four samples (8.3%) whose CT was between 29-34 were considered positive by real-time PCR. Remaining samples whose CT values were equal to or greater than 35 were considered negative. The sensitivity of esxB was 800 fg/μl by real time PCR. This study indicates the diagnostic potential of esxB by using real time PCR TaqMan Assay

Title: Marketed Surplus and Factors Affecting Milk Market Outlet Choices in Raipur District of Chhattisgarh
Abstract :
The present study was undertaken in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. A total of 100 milk producing sample households comprising of 52 small, 38 medium and 10 large herd size categories were randomly selected from the four village viz. Sarkhi and Kolar from Abhanpur block and Farfoud and Shivani from Aarang block. Marketed surplus and disposal pattern of dairy farmers were worked out through tabular analysis while Multinomial Logit Model was employed to analyze factors affecting milk market outlet choice. Among the herd size categories, of the total milk produced marketed surplus ranges from 45% for small category to 76% for large category. Largest share of milk was disposed to Dairy Co-operative Society (DCS) constituting 58.71% followed by consumer (23.57%) and the least (17.71%) to market. Small category disposes maximum quantity of milk to consumer while medium and large category dispose maximum quantity to DCS. Among the different milk outlet choice
maximum of the dairy farmers prefer to sell to local consumer directly, followed by DCS and market. Analysis on the factor affecting milk market outlet choices revealed that education, milch animal holding and DCS positively affect the selection of local consumer as a milk outlet choice while land holding and non-farm income negatively affect the selection of consumer as a milk outlet choice. For sale of milk to DCS and market, age of head of household and milch animal holding had a positive effect. 
Title: A Community Based Survey on Rabies Control and Prevention using KAP in Jammu, India
Abstract :

As per revised estimate nearly 20,583 people die of rabies every year in India, contributing to one third of the global rabies burden. Community based surveys with respect to Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) are important both for human deaths due to rabies and for the effective control of disease in animals. The present cross-sectional survey was carried to investigate level of community knowledge as well as attitudes and perception about rabies in and around Jammu, North India. A total of 200 respondents in the age group of 18 to 29 (55%) years were interviewed using pre-tested and structured questionnaires. Location wise origin of the respondents was 130 (65%) from urban and 70 (35%) from rural areas and sex-wise 157 (76%) males and 48 (24%) were females. Dog owners and being urban respondents had good knowledge level and attitude towards rabies compared to non-dog owners and rural dwellers. Surveyed population with 77.8 and 77 percent had heard of rabies and believed it to be fatal respectively. Urban respondents (98.9 %) believed rabies to be fatal and was transmitted by dogs or other species, 94 percent believed that owned dog must receive rabies vaccine, 89 to 94 percent believed reporting to hospitals or higher authorities regarding dog bite and outbreak of rabies in a community whereas 78 percent believed in killing stray dog if rabies was suspected. Good practices prevailed in respondents that owned dogs. The knowledge, attitude and practices with respect to prevention and treatment of rabies were not found adequate amongst the rural population. Thus, community based health education becomes essential in these areas to create awareness regarding rabies.

Title: Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) in Raw and Meal Forms on the Production Performance, Immunocompetence, Development of Digestive Organs and Carcass Quality Traits of Coloured Chicken
Abstract :

One hundred and twenty day old straight run coloured chicken (Chabro) were distributed into four treatments: T1-basal diet, T2-5% of basal diet replaced with Azolla meal on dry matter basis, T3- Basal diet+Raw azolla after 4 weeks, T4- T2+Raw azolla after 4 weeks. Average weekly weight gain of T1, T2 and T3 were significantly higher (P<0.01) than T4 birds at 2nd week. There was no significant difference in the weekly FCR among the treatment groups during the experiment. Humoral immune response to 1% SRBC (log2 titre) and cell mediated immune response to PHA-P was comparatively better in T2 group. Per cent gizzard weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 than other groups. There was no significant difference among the treatment groups in the carcass quality traits. It may be concluded that azolla meal can replace poultry feed up to 5% level with higher humoral and cell mediated immune responses.

Title: Studies on Plastic Bezoar Ingestion in Free Range Axis Deer in Summer
Abstract :

Present study was planned to conduct the prevalence of poly-bezoars and its effect on free range axis deer (Axis axis) in around Jabalpur, India. A retrospective study was conducted in and around Jabalpur, India for February to June 2017 to observe the prevalence of poly-bezoars in wild herbivores health. During the study period 19 post-mortem examination was conducted and in 4 cases (21.05%) showed poly-bezoar. The quantity of the poly-bezoars collected from the rumen and reticulum was ranging from 0.75 to 3.5 kg. The study identifies types and estimates the prevalence of foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of Axis deer. Awareness may be created on careless disposal of plastic bags and as well as the periodical cleaning of these wastes in the forest/grazing areas.

Title: Gross and Morphometrical Studies on the Testes of Large White Yorkshire Pig (Sus scrofa)
Abstract :

A study was conducted on the testes of 30 Large White Yorkshire pig aged between seven months to around one and half year. The testes were procured from apparently healthy animals from private abattoir house in Bikaner. The testes were located in the perineal region. The left testis was larger and longer than right testis. Long axis of the testis was vertical in position. The parenchyma of testis was reddish grey in colour. The mediastinum testis was an axial strand of fibro-elastic tissue and white in colour. It was well developed. The parameters of length, breadth, thickness, circumference, volume and weight of left testes were non-significantly higher than right one.

Title: Changes in Livestock Weather Security Index (Temperature Humidity Index, THI) During the Period 1917-2016 in Veracruz, Mexico
Abstract :
In Veracruz, raising livestock takes place in an environment that offers little comfort, and this condition has worsened since 1990. Projections of climate change scenarios for Veracruz, Mexico, show increases in temperature; central Veracruz will be the most affected. Analysis of daily temperatures (ºC) and relative humidity (%) for the period 1917-2016 was carried out to obtain
the Livestock Weather Security Index (LWSI) using the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) provided by the forecast center of the Gulf of Mexico and to determine changes in THI. Cattle comfort was obtained with the equation: THI = 1.8 × T + 32 - (0.55-0.55 × HR) × (1.8 × T - 26); Where “T” is temperature (°C) and “RH” relative humidity (%). THI values were interpreted
as ≤ 74 Comfort, 75-78 Alert, 79-83 Dangerous and ≥ 84 Emergency. Periods of 30 years known as Normal I: (1917-1930), II: (1931-1960), III: (1961-1990), IV: (1991-2016) were made. THI means in the time periods were (I) 75.15 ± 0.061, (II) 75.80 ± 0.041, (III) 75.55 ± 0.044, and (IV) 76.62 ± 0.049 (p < 0.05). Percentage (%) of days for THI categories in each Normal was (I) 34.15, 46.69, 19.14, 0.0; (II) 30.84, 42.13, 27.01, 0.0; (III) 32.53, 39.67, 27.78, 0.009; (IV) 27.54, 34.10, 38.17, 0.17 for Comfort, Alert, Dangerous and Emergency (p < 0.05). Comfort has been reduced in recent years; increases in the percentage of days with THI > 79 are expected.
Title: Effect of Feeding of Tinospora cordifolia on Immune Response in Cattle
Abstract :
Thirty two apparently healthy local non descript cows were experimentally divided into two groups viz. treatment and control group having 16 animals each. The animals under treatment group were fed dried stem powder of Tinospora cordifolia (100 mg/ kg BW) by mixing it in concentrate mixture for a period of 5 days. The control group animals were fed equal amount of the basal concentrate mixture without T. cordifolia supplementation. Blood and serum samples collected on day 0, 15, 30 and 45 day after feeding of T. cordifolia were subjected for concentration and purifi cation of IgG, phagocytic activity by neutrophils, T cell count and haemolytic complement activity to assess the level of immune response in animals. Signifi cant increase (P<0.05) of total serum immunoglobulin and mean phagocytic index was recorded in treatment group as compared to control group; however complement activity and T cell count did not vary signifi cantly (P>0.05) between treatment and control group. In conclusion, it
can be stated that T. cordifolia feeding had signifi cant immunomodulatory effect in cows.
Title: Economics of Small Broiler Units in Jammu District of Jammu and Kashmir
Abstract :

The economic analysis of small broiler units was carried out in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state of India. The majority of broiler farms were existed in and around Jammu city of Jammu district. The cost and returns were calculated by categorizing broiler farms into three sizes; less than 500 birds, 501-1000 birds and more than 1000 birds. The data were collected from 60 broiler producers, 20 from each category during the year 2013-2014. The cost of production, mortality rates and returns from broiler production were estimated in different categories of broiler farms under study. The cost of chicks constituted the highest item of variable cost in all categories of farms i.e. 40.47% which was followed by cost of feed (37.19%), cost of medicine, vaccination and veterinary fee (11.78%), cost of labour (5.49%), miscellaneous cost (2.71%), cost of flooring material (1.35%), cost of electricity (0.74%) and cost of fumigation (0.27%). The overall gross income in all the broiler farms was ` 12705.08, whereas net income was Rs. 4139.72. The overall benefit-cost ratio was 1.48. The analysis of benefit-cost ratio for 100 chicks signifies that large broiler farms were more profitable than the small farms due to the optimum utilization of both fixed and variable inputs involved in the broiler production. The ratios of Marginal Value Product (MVP) to Marginal Factor Cost (MFC) were positive and more than unity for chicks, human labour and vaccine, drugs and veterinary fee i.e. 1.4768, 1.3934 and 5.3531 respectively, indicating the under-utilization of these resources, whereas for feeds, the ratio although came positive but it was less than unity i.e. 0.5779, indicating that the resource was over-utilized.

Title: Effect of Bread Waste Feeding on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Crossbred Pigs
Abstract :
The study was conducted at Pig farm of AICRP on Pigs, Livestock farm, Adhartal, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Jabalpur (M.P.) for a period of three months. A total of 36 Large White Yorkshire crosses (LWY X Desi) were randomly assigned to six different groups and diets were formulated as per ICAR (1998) standard. All the diets were isoproteinous except group-6, which was formulated as per farmers practice. Composition of the diets (Table-1) are as follows; G-1(Control); concentrate mixture-1, G-2; concentrate mixture-2 (75%)+ bread waste (25%), G-3; concentrate mixture-3 (50%) + bread waste (50%), G-4; concentrate mixture-4 (25%) + bread waste (75%), G-5; wheat bran (19.5%) + bread waste (66%) + GNC (10%) + fish meal (3%) + mineral mixture (1%) + common salt (0.5%), G -6; rice bran (50%) + bread waste (50%). At the end of the experiment, the two animals from each group were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Daily feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) varied among the groups. Highest daily feed intake (kg/pig/day) was observed in G3 group (1.647) and lowest value observed in G6
group (1.219). Average daily gain (ADG) were significantly (P<0.01) different and highest ADG (kg/pig/day) was observed in group G2 (0.377) and lowest ADG (kg/pig/day) observed in G6 group (0.171). Carcass characteristics were not significantly varied among the experimental groups. Finally, the study concluded that bread waste could be fed to the growing crossbred pigs without affecting performance.
Title: Effect of Supplementation of Mineral Mixture and Bypass Fat on Performance of Crossbred Cattle
Abstract :
A total of sixty reproductive disordered animals having 38 cows and 22 heifers were selected for this experiment which were divided among three groups in equal numbers of 20 animals in each, having anoestrus and repeat breeding problems. Animals in control group (C) were maintained as per the traditional practices of the farmer where as treatment groups were fed with mineral mixture @ 50 g per day per animal in T1 group and bypass fat @ 100 g per day per animal along with mineral mixture @ 50 g per day per animal in T2 group. The growth performances were measured in tunes of body weight and average daily gain (ADG). Heamoto-biochemical and mineral profi le (Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Mn) were assessed for the analysis of the reproductive status of the animals. The average daily gain (g) of all the treatment group differed signifi cantly (P<0.05) from the control group. Higher percentage of conception was achieved in group II (55%) followed by group III (40%). The least percentage was in group I (15%). It may be concluded that mineral mixture and bypass fat supplementation increased growth and reproductive performances of crossbred cattle. 
Title: Ameliorating Effect of Seabuckthorn Leaf Extract Supplementation on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Wistar Rats
Abstract :
Study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Seabuckthorn leaf extract (SLE) supplementation on biochemical parameters in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups namely CON (negative control), SCO (Seabuckthorn control), DCO (Diabetic control), and DSL (Diabetic seabuckthorn treatment group). Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intra peritoneal injection of STZ @ 50 mg/kg body weight in DCO and DSL group of rats. SLE was administered orally @ 100mg/kg body weight for 40 days to SCO and DSL groups. CON served as the negative control. Blood samples were collected from experimental animals on zero, 20th, and 40th days of trial to study various biochemical parameters. Significantly (P<0.01) lower levels of total serum protein, and hepatic glycogen and significantly (P<0.01) higher serum glucose, total cholesterol, urea and creatinine levels were observed in DCO group in comparison to CON group. However, in SLE treated diabetic rats (DSL group) significant (P<0.01) improvement was observed in all the above parameters. It may be concluded that SLE exerts ameliorative effect over Diabetes mellitus induced biochemical alterations in Wistar rats.
Title: Studies on Coccidia in Experimental Infection with Eimeria spp in Rose-Cobb Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The experimental completely randomized design was conducted on poultry coccidiosis of Rose-Cobb breed of one hundred broiler chicken from November 2015 to April 2016 in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar. The experimental animals (n=100) were randomly allocated into four equal groups, group one (G-I), group two (G-II), group three (G-III) and group four (G-IV) with 25 chickens in each group. The G-I, G-II, and G-III were treatments groups challenged by different Eimeria sporulated oocysts, while G-IV served as the control group. In this study, the infective dose of E. tenella (G-I), E. acervulina (G-II) and mixed Eimeria spp (G-III) was 2x104 sporulated Eimeria oocyst inoculated orally at three weeks of age in broiler chicken and subsequent alterations in different haematological constituents were evaluated at interval of 5, 7 and 9 day of post inoculation. The Eimeria species identified from the natural infected chickens were E.tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. necatrix. E.tenella was more pathogenic than E.acervulina and mixed Eimeria spp. Oocyst counts per gram of faeces in pure (E. tenella and E. acervulina) and mixed Eimeria spp. infection showed marked increase from the 5 to 8DPI. Pure single infection of E. acervulina and E. tenella showed highest oocyst excretion on 6 DPI (62,395 oocyst/g of faeces) and 7 DPI (86,535 oocyst/g of faeces) respectively. Whereas mixed Eimeria spp. infection reached a maximum oocyst count of 51, 270 oocyst/gm of faeces on 7 DPI.

Title: Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Dairy Farmers
Abstract :
The present study was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state during 2014-15 to know socio-economic and psychological characteristics of the dairy farmers and their relationship with entrepreneurial behaviour. The present investigation included 120 benefi ciaries from Bishnah, R.S. Pura, Arnia and Suchetgarh blocks of Jammu district. Results revealed that majority (68.40%) of dairy farmers had medium level entrepreneurial behaviour followed by 18.30 per cent having high level of entrepreneurial behaviour. Out of twelve, eight variables namely viz., education, land holding, innovativeness extension contact, annual income, experience of dairying, economic motivation and information seeking had positive and signifi cant relationship but only age was negatively signifi cant correlated with their entrepreneurial behaviour.
Title: Effect of Antioxidants Mixture on the Quality Characteristics of Pork Sandwich Spread Stored under Refrigeration (4±1oC)
Abstract :
Effect of antioxidant level butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 1:1) on the quality characteristic of pork sandwich spread during storage was studied. Three levels of antioxidant mix viz:100 ppm, 200 ppm and 400 ppm were tried and product was evaluated weekly for physiochemical, microbiological and sensory properties along with the control during refrigerated storage (4±1oC) period of 28 days. The pH and water activity of the developed product were stable for a week during initial storage period followed by progressive decline, however, pH was again stable during latter part of storage period. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value as well as Total plate count (TPC) increased significantly at weekly intervals. Treated samples had lower TBARS value and TPC as compared to control. No Psychrotroph was detected till 14th day but after that it increased significantly. Psychrotrophic count of treatments and control did not vary significantly. No coliform or yeast and molds were detected throughout study period. There was no effect of antioxidant treatment on the scores of color, texture, juiciness, adhesion ability and spreadability of pork sandwich spread. However, flavour and overall acceptability scores increased with the increase in antioxidant levels. The scores of color, texture, juiciness, adhesion ability, spreadability did not vary signifi cantly with progressive storage period. But the flavour and overall acceptability scores decreased significantly (P<0.05) at every week. Study concluded that antioxidant (BHA + BHT, 1:1) treatments significantly improved the sensory and microbiological properties of pork sandwich spread at refrigerated storage (4±1°C).
Title: Patho-Physiological Response of LPS Defective Brucella abortus S19Δper in Experimentally Infected Mice
Abstract :

Brucellosis is an anthropozoonotic infectious disease in which infected animals pose a threat to humans. This disease has considerable social, economic and international trade importance. Despite past and current efforts to eradicate brucellosis, a large number of new human cases are reported annually worldwide. In this study, patho-physiological response to Brucella abortus S19Δper infection in BALB/c mice was assessed in comparison to its parent strain, B. abortus S19 and virulent strain, B. abortus 544. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of bacteria in liver and spleen. Comparatively lower serum Aspartate aminotranferase (AST) level and observation of less number of microgranulomas in liver indicated that B. abortus S19 Δper was less infectious and failed to cause active infection unlike S19 and 544 strain. S19Δper, thus could be a safer vaccine candidate as an alternate to the S19 vaccine strain. Hematological studies indicated clinical manifestation of thrombocytopenia in different Brucella infected mice including S19Δper. Therefore, measurement of platelets count and serum AST level may offer as reliable indicators of brucellosis in clinical cases.

Title: Effect of Different Feeding Systems on Growth Performance of Rohilkhandi Goat Kids
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to see the effect of different feeding systems on the performance of kids. A total 21 local goat
kids of Rohilkhand region weighing around 7-11 kg and ageing 4-5 months were selected and randomly made in to 3 groups. Group-I (Gr- I) was fed un-chopped green fodder in circular feeder (newly designed). Group-II (Gr- II) was fed un-chopped green fodder in linear feeder, similar to the existing farm practice. Group-III (Gr-III) was fed chopped green fodder in linear feeder (modifi ed version). Amount of concentrate and dry fodder fed was kept constant. Adlibitum green fodder was fed and at the end left over was recorded. The ADG of kids in Gr I, Gr II and Gr III were 33g, 33g and 40 g respectively. Gr III had consumed signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher than Gr-I and Gr-II at every fortnight both on fresh and dry matter basis. The green fodder wastage was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher for Gr I and lowest in Gr-III. The overall FCR was 1:9.46, 1:8.93 and 1:9.37 in Gr-I, Gr-II & Gr-III respectively. The total time required for feeding and cleaning of the pens was signifi cantly higher in Gr I than Gr II and Gr III. It can be concluded that provision of un-chopped fodder in circular feeder did not give any advantage over linear feeding trough. Further chopped fodder did not help in body weight gain but helped in reducing the feed wastage.
Title: Study on Genetic Variation of Microsatellite and Their Association with Mastitis Occurrence in Crossbred Cattle
Abstract :

In present study, the polymorphism at five microsatellite loci BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were investigated for finding their association with the somatic cell counts (SCC) in crossbred cattle. Total 130 animals were tested using california mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) to screen animals for mastitis. Total 83 alleles were found in all five microsatellites where 23 alleles (9 in BM302, 3 in BM4505, 2 in BMS2684, 8 in CYP21 and 1 in DIK20) were differing significantly in case-control animals. Total number of genotypes for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 148, out of which 11 were differing significantly in case-control animals. The allele size ranges for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 146 bp to 166 bp, 212 bp to 252 bp, 82 bp to 108 bp, 180 bp to 228 bp and 164 bp to 196 bp, respectively. The polymorphism information content/heterozygosity/allelic diversity for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 0.88/0.92/0.89, 0.91/0.53/0.91, 0.81/0.56/0.82, 0.91/0.65/0.92 and 0.82/0.60/0.84. The genotypes ‘146/158’, ‘148/156’, ‘148/158’, ‘150/164’, ‘152/164’, and ‘152/166’ at BM302, ‘238/238’ at BM4505, ‘186/186’ and ‘196/196’ at CYP21 and ‘174/186’ and ‘180/192’ were differing significantly in case-control animals. It revealed that the information observed in the present study was valuable and it may be helpful for improving mastitis resistance in crossbred cattle.

Title: Fertility Response of the Sex Sorted and Conventional Semen in Cattle
Abstract :

The present research work was carried out to observe fertility response of the sex sorted semen in crossbred pubertal heifers and cattle. A total 20 crossbred heifers and 20 pluriparous cows were selected for the present study. Animals were divided into four equal groups. The GPG + G protocol was used in all four groups. Inj. GnRH @ 20 mcg on day 0, inj. PGF2α @ 2 ml on day 7, inj. GnRH@ 10 mcg administered on day 9 and inj. GnRH @10 mcg at the time of A.I. on day 10, FTAI was performed 24 h after the second GnRH injection. Group I (n=10) was included pubertal heifers and inseminated with sex sorted semen. Group II (n=10) was carried out pubertal heifers and inseminated with conventional semen, Group III (n=10) was inseminated sex sorted semen in pluriparous cows and Group IV (n=10) used conventional semen in pluriparous cows. Duration of estrus was observed as 25.2±4.54, 24.60±2.27, 20.2±1.87, 30.00±2.68 hrs in Group I, II, III and IV, respectively. The overall conceptions achieved in present research by use of sex sorted semen and conventional semen was 50.00, 70.00, 70.00 and 80.00 per cent in pubertal heifers and pluriparous cows, respectively.

Title: Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Ehrlichia canis in Dogs of Jammu Region
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on dogs presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, between March 2015 and December 2016. A total of 5711 dogs were presented for treatment in small animal medicine OPD of Referral Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu. Out of which a total of 200 dogs suspected to be suffering from various Tick borne diseases (TBD’s) were screened and 100 were found positive for different TBD’s, of which 36 were found positive for Ehrlichia canis (E. canis). The prevalence of Ehrlichia canis was found to be 36 percent (based on PCR) with maximum occurrence in summer. 13 cases were found positive in giemsa stained thin blood smear. PCR was performed using standard protocol. In SNAP4Dx plus kit 30 out of 60 cases (50 %) were found positive. Males (63.88 %) were more affected than female with highest prevalence in Labrador breed. Dogs in the age group of (1 - 5 year) (72.23%) were found most susceptible to E. canis. Canine ehrlichiosis causes acute febrile illness in dogs but subclinical stage, lasting months to years, is not associated with clinical signs of illness and therefore may go unnoticed by pet owners and undiagnosed by veterinarians unless antibodies are detected during annual screening with in-clinical kits. Therefore, it is not possible to rely on a single serological result for diagnosis of E. canis, it may be concluded that PCR is most reliable method, useful in the clinical laboratory for specific and early diagnosis of ehrlichiosis in dogs.

Title: Booroola Gene (Fec B) Polymorphism and its Liaison with Litter Size in Indigenous Sheep Breeds of Telangana, India
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to find out the presence of Fec B gene in Deccani and Nellore with its association to litter size. From forty ewes of each Nellore and Deccani breed, having variation in litter size, blood was collected and genomic DNA extraction was done. Animals were screened by PCR-RFLP method for the presence of Fec B gene. Digestion of the Fec B gene 190 base pair with Ava II restriction enzyme resulted in separation of non-carrier (++) 190 bp band (wild type) and heterozygous carrier (B+) 160+190bp indigenous sheep. Frequency of Fec B gene polymorphism distributions was different among these breeds. Among the forty Nellore sheep blood samples, there was only one ewe with (BB) homozygous (160bp) genotype, five ewes with (B/+) heterozygous (160+190bp) genotype and thirty four ewes with (+/+) homozygous (190bp) genotype in Fec B loci. There was only five ewes with (B/+) heterozygous (160+190bp) genotype and thirty five ewes with (+/+) homozygous (190bp) genotype in Fec B loci and none of the individuals carried homozygous genotype for the Fec B gene in Deccani sheep. The average litter size of ewes with the homozygous Fec B (BB) gene was 2.0, heterozygous Fec B (Bb) gene was 1.4 and 1.2, respectively in Nellore and Deccani breeds and others were 1.0 in respective genotypes of both breeds. The study revealed the presence of Fec B gene in indigenous sheep breeds of Telangana, India having good association with litter size in both the breeds.

Title: Litter Performance of Large White Yorkshire Sows Raised in Different Farrowing House Systems in Tropical Climate
Abstract :

Preweaning piglet mortality, mainly due to crushing is an important concern in pig production systems adversely affecting the profit from the farm and welfare of the animals. The present study compared three different systems of farrowing houses viz. conventional farrowing house with guard rail and one-third slated floor (T1), farrowing house with guard rail and floor level ventilation (T2), and farrowing houses with farrowing crates (T3) to identify the best system to minimize the farrowing house stress and mortality. There were no changes in average daily feed intake, serum cortisol levels and maternal behaviour of the sows in different groups. The litter size and litter weight at birth were more or less similar in all treatment groups, whereas litter size and litter weight at weaning was higher (P < 0.05) in T3 compared to other groups. There was significant reduction in piglet mortality in houses with farrowing crates (T3) compared to other two groups (P < 0.05). Cost of production per kilogram live weight of piglets on housing cost basis was also observed to be lower in system with farrowing crates. The payback period required to meet the housing cost for T3, T2 and T1were calculated as 1.63, 2.94 and 3.11 years, respectively. The results of present study identified that farrowing houses with farrowing crates significantly reduced piglet mortality, thereby increasing the profitability of swine husbandry without any adverse effect on the performance of sows.

Title: Trace Minerals and Biochemical Profile in Buffalo Calves Manifesting Coat Colour Depigmentation in the Fluoride Endemic South-West Punjab
Abstract :
The present work aimed to study trace minerals and haemato-biochemical profi le of buffalo calves manifesting depigmentation of coat colour (depigmented calves: DC) in comparison to calves having normal coat colour (normal calves: NC) in the fl uoride endemic zone of the South-West Punjab. Plasma fl uoride concentrations in NC and DC were higher than the normal but it did
not vary between the groups. Plasma copper concentration in DC was lower than the critical limit of 0.70 µgml-1 and it was signifi cantly (p<0.05) lower as compared to NC. Hair copper and plasma ceruloplasmin activity did not vary between the groups. Plasma molybdenum, and plasma and hair zinc and manganese concentrations were normal and did not vary between the groups. Plasma iron concentrations in both the groups were higher than the physiological limit of 2.50 µgml-1. The hair iron concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in DC. The Hb, PCV, TEC, serum total proteins, albumin, globulin, plasma urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, ALP, AST, CK and GGT were normal in both the groups. It is concluded that depigmentation of coat colour in buffalo calves from the fl uoride endemic South-west Punjab is due to deficiency of copper.
Title: Effect of Cysteine Protease in Diet to Reduce Soybean Meal Without Affecting Performance of Kadaknath Birds in India
Abstract :
Soybean meal is highly acceptable vegetable protein source in poultry industry, due to this demand of soybean meal is always high. But the increased use of soybean in human being is major challenge  of availability for poultry industry. Indegenous breed “Kadaknath” is well known for delicious black fl esh with special capabilities such as aphrodisiac properties, adaptability to local environment, resistance to certain diseases and meat quality. It has been neglected commercially because of its poor production
potential. In an experiment of twelve weeks, one hundred Kadaknath chicks were randomly divided into two equal groups with fi ve replicates, each replicate consisted of ten chicks. One of the two diets was supplemented with cysteine protease @ 250 gm per ton with 4% reduction of crude protein, lysine and methionine. The metabolizable energy was reduced at the level of 50 Kcal per Kg of diet to meet the requirement of the birds as per BIS (2007). Approximately min. 20 kg of soybean meal (45 % CP) was reduced in cysteine protease supplemented diet per ton. The body weight gain and FCR were statistically similar in both groups. The crude protein and crude fat digestibility were signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in cysteine protease supplemented
group. Profi tability was numerically higher in cysteine protease group due to reduction of soybean meal in diet. In the above
study, it was concluded that cysteine protease is very economic enzyme to improve performance of birds and fulfi l scarcity of
high protein ingredients like soybean meal.
Title: Studies on Malassezia Infection in Otitis External of Do
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of Malassezia in common ear affections of dogs. A total of 115 dogs with ear affections were evaluated between March 2014 and May 2015. Otoscopic examination and microbiological isolation was done for diagnosis. Case prevalence of Malassezia infection in otitis externa was 19.1%. Relatively higher proportion of Malassezia was found in males 68.2% (n=15) as compared to females 31.8% (n =7). The yeast was more prevalent in adult dogs (1-3 years old). Labrador, Beagle and Cocker Spanial were breeds more commonly predisposed to otitis externa. The prevalence was relatively higher in rainy season (July-August) 63.6% (n=14) followed by summer (April-June) 18.2% (n=4), winter (December-March) 13.6% (n=3) and autumn (September-November) 4.6% (n=1). Head shaking, frequent itching and malodour were the common presenting signs. It can be concluded that Malassezia infection is quite common in otitis externa, and can be diagnosed using otoscopy and microbiological isolation.

Title: Effect of Dietary Protein, Fibre and Lipotropic Factor on the Management of Canine Obesity
Abstract :

The study formulated and evaluated different therapeutic diets viz., high protein high fibre (T2), high protein medium fibre (T3) and choline supplemented diet (T4) for the management of canine obesity against the control (normal adult dog maintenance diet, T1) in 24 Labrador retriever obese dogs selected on the basis of their body condition score (BCS) and body weight and randomly distributed into 4 groups and fed therapeutic diets for a period of four months. The change in BCS, body weight, dry matter intake and caloric intake were recorded at fortnightly intervals. Dogs on T2 diet (21.90 % CP and 11.28 % CF diet) recorded loss 30.3 g/d while on T3 diet (21.73 % CP and 8.23 % CF diet) lost 17.67 g/d. Body condition score was reduced 5.04 and 3.03 per cent in T2 and T3, respectively. Thus, the result indicated increase of 21% protein and 11% fiber in diet helped to improve weight loss 5 to 8% in dogs in 4 months period.

Title: Assessment of Socio-economic Status of Pig Rearers and Management Practices of Pigs in Assam
Abstract :

The study was conducted to appraise the in-depth scenario of socio-economic status of pig rearers, management practices in pigs and to identify constraints in rural areas of Kamrup and Darrang districts of Assam. A base line survey was conducted and a total of 300 pig owning households were interviewed randomly. In the study, it was found that majority of rearers were women (84.7%) for the purpose of business (76%) in backyard (92.8%). Neck/girth tethering (72.3%) was the preferable rearing system by the farmers. Pigs were mostly fed twice a day with kitchen waste, colocasia, rice polish and juguli. It was concluded that due to lack of awareness, majority of farmers do not follow scientific feeding, breeding and health care practices.

Title: The Spleen Morphology of the African Giant Pouch Rat (Cricetomys gambianus-Waterhouse, 1840) from Eastern Nigeria
Abstract :

The spleen morphology of the African Giant pouch rat from the rainforest vegetative region of Nigeria was investigated to establish is basic biology as there dearth of information on it from available literature. Grossly, the spleen was shaped like an elongated triangle, with the two ventral sides of the triangle forming a hilus at the apex of their both convergence. This hilus served as the site of entry and exist of blood vessels and nerves. Microscopically, the spleen was covered by a capsule of connective tissue. The parenchyma was composed mainly of red pulp and isolated areas of white pulp. The red pulp contained splenic cords, sinusoids and other vessels. The white pulp contained the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath which presented a germinal centre, marginal zone and eccentrically located artery surrounded by small lymphocytes. The microanatomy of the spleen revealed an organ involved in blood storage, blood purification and body immune response. This paper will fill the knowledge gap and serve as baseline data for further investigative research.

Title: Effect of Dietary Addition of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on Performance and HSP70 Gene Expression in Coloured Broiler Chicken during Extreme Summer
Abstract :

This study was designed to access performance of coloured broiler chickens (n= 112) fed diets with or without addition of Amla fruit powder during extreme summer (May-June, 38°C to 43°C). There were four dietary treatments with 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% Amla fruit dried powder respectively in broiler starting (0-3 wk) and finishing (3-6 wk) diets. Feed intake was lower (P<0.001) in broilers fed diets containing Amla fruit powder at any level in comparison to control. FCR during all phases improved (P<0.001) in treatment group compared to control and other dietary treatments. The feather loss, giblet, liver, gizzard, eviscerated yield and dressed yield differed significantly among various treatments. The yields of breast (P<0.01) and drum stick (P<0.001) increased at 0.1% or 0.2% level with reduction of cut of part-back yield (P<0.001). Cell-mediated immune response (CMI) improved (P<0.01) on addition of Emblica fruit powder. Lower levels of reduced glutathione (P<0.01) was estimated in treatment group and the values were lowest at 0.1% level. The m-RNA expression of HSP-70 in liver and bursa remain comparable while in spleen it was significantly down-regulated (P<0.001) on dietary addition of amla at 0.3% level (in comparison to control group) by a mean factor of 0.506. Use of Amla fruit powder 0.2% in diets was beneficial to improve FCR, CMI response while 0.3% was beneficial to improve HSP-70 expression during extreme summer.

Title: Novel Polymorphism at Exon 2 of Caprine MHC Class II DRB3 Gene in Marwari Goats
Abstract :

The highly polymorphic genes of the MHC play a major role in the immune recognition of pathogens and parasites. The purpose of this study was to study the polymorphism of CLA-DRB3 (Caprine Leukocyte Antigen- antigen D Related β3-chain) gene in Marwari goat using PCR-RFLP technique. A region of exon 2 encompassing 285 bp fragment of DRB 3.2 gene in Marwari goats was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The restriction digestion by Hin1I revealed two alleles, A and G with frequencies 0.452 and 0.548, respectively and three genotypes, AA (285 bp), AG (285/174/111 bp) and GG (174/111 bp) with frequencies 0.242, 0.420 and 0.338, respectively. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value and expected heterozygosity were 0.373 and 0.495, respectively which were high in both cases. The present study shows polymorphic nature of MHC Class II DRB3 gene at this locus in Marwari goats.

Title: Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Campylobacter species among poultry and poultry handlers of Jammu
Abstract :
Campylobacter is one of the emerging zoonotic pathogens with poultry and their products serving as an important source of human infections. The present study was aimed to assess the prevalence of Campylobacter species among poultry and poultry handlers of R.S. Pura, Jammu and their antibiogram pattern. A total of 177 samples from poultry (n = 167) and poultry handlers (n = 10) were examined and 39 samples were found positive for Campylobacter species (32 C. jejuni, 6 C. coli and 1 C. lari). The prevalence of Campylobacter was 40.3, 13.2, 7.7 and 30.0% in poultry faeces, poultry meat, poultry carcass swabs and poultry handlers, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates was studied against nine antibiotics. Multidrug resistance among the isolates was found against ampicillin, metronidazole and cepholathin while high sensitivity was observed towards gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, furazolidone and tetracycline. The results of the present study indicate high prevalence of Campylobacter both in poultry and poultry handlers with varying in vitro sensitivity to different antibiotics. The outcome enunciates that appropriate control measures ensuring safety of poultry products and human health need to be devised. 
Title: Factors Determine the Use of Indigenous Technical Knowledge by Dairy Farmers of Kathua, J&K in Animal Husbandry Practices
Abstract :
The present study was undertaken purposively in Kathua district of J&K to identify and prioritize the factors determining the use of Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITKs) by dairy farmers in animal husbandry practices. 120 dairy farmers from six villages of three blocks of kathua district (Hiranagar, Billawar and Barnoti) were selected as respondents who had at least one milch animal and those practicing ITKs at the time of investigation. The results of the study revealed that “locally and easily available medicinal plants”
was the most important perceived factor followed by “farmers having deep knowledge of ITK”. In addition “distant location of Veterinary hospital, non availability and high cost of Veterinary medicines” was perceived as the third most important factor that determine the use of ITKs by the dairy farmers in maintaining animal health. Easy availability of indigenous plants, deep knowledge and trust regarding ITK were the main factors that determine the use of ITKs by the dairy farmers.The reason for adoption of ITKs may be due to the fact that it suits their beliefs, habits and traditional values and can be performed using available resources.
Title: Global Warming: Impact, Adaptation and Ameliorative Measures of Semen Quality under Tropical Climatic Conditions in Crossbred Bulls
Abstract :

Provision of good semen quality is necessary throughout the year for sustainable dairy development. The aim of rearing crossbred cattle is to enhance the productivity. However, heat stress, which is common to tropical countries, influences their productivity. The semen quality of crossbred bulls declines under heat stress. The thermoregulatory mechanism of testes is affected under higher ambient temperature, which in turn enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS attack causes lipid peroxidation of sperm membrane, which results in reduced sperm motility. The spermatogenesis process and testosterone production are affected under heat stress. The quality of semen is affected significantly under stressful conditions, which affects the growth of dairy sector. Poor semen quality contributes to the failure of artificial insemination and conception. Some of the sperm defect cannot be evaluated through routine examination, viz., the genetic/or molecular defects. The management of bulls under summer stress is necessary for production of good quality semen. This review aims to focus on examination of semen quality based on physical, biochemical and heat shock protein expression under tropical climatic conditions

Title: Gross Anatomical and Sex wise Biometrical Studies on the Atlas and Axis of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)
Abstract :

The present study was carried out on the atlas and axis of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. Both the atlas and axis were atypical cervical vertebrae. The atlas presented a large rough tuberosity on its dorsal arch, thick ventral arch and less curved wings those were thick and more horizontal plate bones. They terminated into a rough curved ridge laterally and exceeded behind the articular surface caudally. The cranial articular cavities for the occipital condyles were partially divided into dorsal and ventral parts by a non-articular area and were separated by a narrow interval below. The caudal articular surfaces were flattened behind and were continued to the vertebral canal forming an extensive area known as fovea dentis for articulation with the dens of the axis. There were presences of cranio-internal intervertebral foramen and cranio-external alar foramen connected by a short furrow. A deep atlantal fossa was present in the ventral aspect of wing of atlas. The axis was the longest cervical vertebra that presented a spout like odontoid process projected from the body cranially and an intervertebral foramen at the base of the transverse process. The supraspinous process was blade like cranially that increased in height and thickness backwards and terminated abruptly beyond the level of caudal articular surface of the body. The infraspinous process was in the form of a median ridge. The Biometrical observations on different parameters of atlas and axis reflected significance (P<0.05) differences between the sexes of this species.

Title: Immunization of Chicken with Live Eimeria tenella Sporulated Oocysts for Control of Caecal Coccidiosis
Abstract :

Eimeria tenella is the most pathogenic and one of the commonest species of Eimeria infecting broiler chickens raised under deep litter system throughout the world, causing caecal coccidiosis and incurring huge economic losses to the poultry industry. In the present study, the immunization potential of live Eimeria tenella oocysts was evaluated following homologous oocyst challenge in broilers. The birds were immunized at seven and 21 days of age orally with 1000 live sporulated oocyst of Eimeria tenella and challenged with homologous strain of parasite on 28 days of age. The immunization potential was evaluated in terms of relative weight gain, caecal lesion scoring, oocyst output and the anti-coccidial index (ACI). The results revealed that immunization with live oocysts of Eimeria tenella resulted in significant relative weight gain (82.47%), reduction in oocyst output (93.74%) and ACI of 161.47, indicating that oral immunization of chickens against E. tenella was effective in preventing the clinical disease and decreasing the oocyst burden in poultry farms.

Title: Histology and Histochemistry of Interstitial Tissue of Testes in Mountain (Gaddi) Goats- A Postnatal Developmental Study
Abstract :
Testicular tissues obtained from 30 mountain (Gaddi) goats ranging from newborn to > 60 months age divided into 3 age groups viz; prepubertal (neonatal to < 18 month), pubertal (>18 months to <60 months) and postpubertal (>60 months) with at least 10 animals in each group were studied for histological and histochemical changes in their interstitium at various stage of development. The loose connective tissue comprised of various mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, undifferentiated and differentiated Leydig cells-in various stages of development with capillaries and lymphatics filled up the interstices between the sex cords/ seminiferous tubules being more juvenile in neonates (with mesenchymal and young fibroblast cells) and mature (fibroblasts, fibrocytes and Leydig cells) in older animals. The latter also showed mononuclear cell infiltration as an autoimmune reaction of the ageing testicles. It contributed 65% of testicular tissues in neonates but 13-15% in pubertal and slightly less in postpubertal animals. Among the various cell types, Leydig cells were mostly PAS reactive. The Alcian Blue reaction was inconclusive, colloidal iron stained them mildly to moderately in neonates and prepubertal, moderately to strongly in pubertal and postpubertal groups. BPB reaction for protein and Feulgen for DNA was also strongly represented. Sudan black-B and oil red-O revealed an increasing trend with age. AKPase and ACPase activity was moderate in the Leydig cells.
Title: Molecular Characterization of Diarrhoegenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Neonatal Goat-Kids
Abstract :

Faecal samples (n=300) from diarrhoeic neonatal goat-kids of different livestock sheds of ICAR-CIRG, Makhdoom, and field goat-kids of Mathura, UP were aseptically collected, and used for E. coli isolation. On the basis of cultural, morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics, a total of 193 E. coli isolates were identified from 300 fecal samples. Out of 140 E. coli isolates, only 90 isolates could be serotyped at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli, and the most common serogroups responsible for neonatal diarrhoea were found as O88 (n=11), O22 (n=10), O11 (n=8) and O83 (n=7). Congo red dye agar test was done to determine invasiveness of the isolates, and 77.20% (149/193)E. coli isolates showed Congo red binding activity. Identification of shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) was done by PCR amplification of its stx-1 gene, and 5.69% (11/193) isolates were identified as STEC. Pathotype specific primers were used to amplify bundle forming pilus (bfpA) gene of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and 35.23% (68/193) isolates were identified as EPEC. A multiplex PCR was performed to detect labile toxin producing enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC-lt), stable toxin producing enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC-st) and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and 24.35% (47/193), 2.59% (5/193) and 2.07% (4/193) isolates were determined as ETEC-st, ETEC-lt and EIEC, respectively. EPEC and ETEC-st were found as the most prevalent pathotypes associated with neonatal diarrhoea in goat-kids whereas; O88 and O22 were observed as the most common serogroups in causing diarrhoea in the neonatal goat-kids.

Title: Metabolic Health Status of Transition Cows in Dried up Cauvery Delta districts of Tamilnadu, India
Abstract :

Transition cow health assessment study with 28 crossbreed Jersey and Holstein Friesian cows of 3 to 7-year-old were under taken. They were conventionally managed under field conditions over a period of 2 years. Two blood samples were collected from each cow and were assessed for haematological and biochemical analysis. There was significant variation (p<0.05) found between MCH, MCHC and platelet values of pre and post partum cross bred cows. The erythrocyte count in pregnant cows was significantly higher than that of postpartum cows. In the present study, no significant differences were found between the prepartum and postpartum serum metabolites of globulin, phosphorus, total calcium and non-esterified fatty acids levels except for the concentrations of chloride and ionized calcium where the prepartum value was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the postpartum values.

Title: Estimation and Analysis of Genetic Association Between Important External and Internal Egg Quality Traits in White Leghorns
Abstract :
Under this study, it has been aimed to determine the genetic correlations for different external and internal egg quality traits .The
eggs were collected form 548 progenies (1 egg from each progeny) of 282 dams mated to 47 sires of a White Leghorn flock at Central Poultry Development Organization (CPDO), Eastern Region, Bhubaneswar, Government of India. Full-sib method of analysis was adopted to estimate the existing genetic correlations among different egg quality traits. Egg weight was found to have statistically significant (p<0.01), positive genetic correlations with shell weight (0.73), albumen weight (0.73), yolk weight (0.68), yolk height (0.51), yolk diameter (0.46) and yolk index (0.42). It was also determined that most of the internal quality traits of the egg changed at statistically significant levels (p<0.01) according to the changes in egg weight and egg breadth. Our studies show that if selection for albumen height will be operated, it will positively affect to internal and external traits whereas shape index will be affected negatively (-0.52±0.14). It is feasible to formulate an index selection depending upon the magnitude of correlations between different quality traits for improvement of more than one traits at a time.
Title: Prevalence, Molecular Diagnosis and Management of Klebsiella species in Captive Sloth Bears (Melursus ursinus)
Abstract :

Genus Klebsiella from faeces of sloth bears was screened by using culture morphology, Gram’s staining, biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction. Our results showed that out of 60 samples collected, 22 samples (36.67%) were cultured on Klebsiella Selective Agar Base with Klebsiella Selective Supplement and Gram’s stain revealed rod-shaped Gram-negative organism with purple-magenta colony - like colonies. The biochemical tests of cultured samples revealed negative to indole production and methyl red test, positive to Voges-Proskauer test, positive to Simmon citrate utilization test, negative to H2S production and that produced acid over acid reaction in TSI agar and positive to urea production in cultured samples. All Klebsiella species isolates were sensitive to azithromycin followed by enrofloxacin and resistant to clindamycin and methicillin. The gyrA gene was amplified by PCR for the genus Klebsiella and found to be positive of 36.67%. This study may provide information for developing strategies in the future in the control of Klebsiella species infections in sloth bears.

Title: Assessment of Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Activity in Milk as a Marker for Detection of Subclinical Mastitis
Abstract :
Sub clinical mastitis is responsible for heavy economic losses throughout the world in dairy sector. The objective of present study was to investigate lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity in milk for detection of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes Milk samples from 60 buffaloes, including 40 subclinical infected and 20 healthy were subjected to the estimation of LDH using a LDH activity assay kit. LDH concentration in milk of buffaloes having subclinical mastitis was reported to be high (1.88±0.91 µmole/ml/min) as compared to healthy animals (0.26±0.10 µmole/ml/min). The receiver operating characteristics analysis at cut off value of 0.44 µmole/ml/min for LDH activity exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 95% each and area under curve was 0.959. Results of the correlation matrix revealed significantly strong positive interdependence of somatic cell count with enzyme LDH (r = 0.722**; P <0.01). Measuring LDH activity in milk was found both easy and cost effective with high sensitivity and specificity indicating that LDH activity has great potential as a diagnostic tool for detection of sub clinical mastitis in buffaloes.
Title: Spermiogram Characteristics in Epididymal Washings of Bucks During Winter and Summer Season
Abstract :
The present investigation was designed to study certain morphological characteristics of epididymal washings/plasma during winter and summer season in the bucks. The study was undertaken with the view to fi nd out the effect of different season on
the epididymal physiology of bucks. The epididymis was collected from sixteen apparently healthy bucks, immediately after their slaughter. In the laboratory, separation and washings of caput, corpus and cauda epididymis were carried out separately. The spermatozoa of the cauda epididymis showed higher (P < 0.05) mass motility as compared to corpus epididymis in winter as compared to summer season and caput epididymis in which they were non-motile in both the seasons. The result of present study showed high (P < 0.01) concentration of spermatozoa in different part of epididymis during winter as compared to summer season. During winter season, spermatozoa concentration in the cauda was signifi cantly higher (P < 0.01) as compared to corpus and caput. During summer, live per cent values of spermatozoa were signifi cantly lower (P < 0.01) in caput, corpus and cauda epididymis as compared to winter value of caput, corpus and cauda epididymis. Most of the spermatozoa from the caput epididymis showed the higher cytoplasmic droplet at their neck portion. However, the spermatozoa of the corpus and cauda epididymis revealed a non-signifi cant reduction in the cytoplasmic droplet at the neck portion. All the above parameters indicate that summer stress severely affect epididymal physiology and semen quality of buck.
Title: Contents Vol. 12, No. 01, February 2022
Abstract :
Title: Effect of Vitamin C on Some Oxidative Stress Parameters in Water Deprived Goats
Abstract :

The effect of vitamin C on physio-biochemical and hormonal parameters in water deprived goats was studied. Total 18 numbers of adult male goats were selected for the experiment during summer and winter seasons. In control group (n=6, for each season), water was offered ad lib throughout the experimental period; 2 treatment groups (T1 and T2) consisting of 6 animals each. In T1 group, water was restricted and subdivided into 3 experimental periods: in period one (day 1 to 7), animals were adapted to the water restriction regime by limiting access to water gradually from 15 to 3 hrs/day. In period two (day 8 to 14), animals of the treatment groups had access to water for 3 hrs/day. In period three (day 15 to 22), animals had access to water only every second day for 6 hours. In T2 group, the same protocol as mentioned above was followed with addition of vitamin C supplementation at a dose rate of 180 mg/kg b. wt./animal/day. Blood and urine was collected on 1, 7, 14 and 22 day for the estimation of different parameters. In T1 group, increasing trend (P<0.05) was seen in SOD, GPx, GST, catalase and LPO in blood. In T2 group, SOD, GPx, catalase and LPO levels increased upto day 14 and then decreased on day 22. T1 value of oxidative enzymes (SOD, GPx, GST, catalase and LPO) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than T2. Overall summer value of SOD, GPx and LPO were higher as compared to overall winter values.Water deprivation had negative impact on oxidative parameters, which can be ameoliorated by supplementation of ascorbic acid at the rate of @180mg/kg b.wt./day.

Title: Identification of Immunoreactive Polypeptides in Haemonchus contortus by Immunoprecipitation during Prepatent Infection in Sh
Abstract :
In the current study immunoreactive polypeptides in Adult Somatic Extract (ASE), Excretory Secretory Product (ESP) and Larval Somatic Extract (LSE) of L3 stage were identified by employing immunoprecipitation, a lesser utilized technique on helminth parasites. Prepatent polyclonal sera were used to capture polypeptides in immunoprecipitation. Polypeptides eluted from the immune complex in ASE in SDS-PAGE were 26, 60, 120 & 170 kDa whereas in ESP these were 26, 32, 60 and 120 kDa showing absence of 170 kDa and presence of 32 kDa in ESP. In LSE the polypeptides captured were 26, 32, 60 & 120 kDa. Possible functional significance of the peptides in different antigens has been discussed and development of an immunoprophylactic agent has been speculated.
Title: External Fixation using Acrylic versus Epoxy as a Connecting bar for Repair of Compound Fracture in Goat
Abstract :

The study was conducted on 10 goats, aged between 10 months to 5 years, brought to T.V.C.C, Jabalpur for the treatment of compound fracture in metacarpal and tibia. The animals were selected irrespective of their age, sex, breed and body weight. The animals were randomly divided into two equal groups. In group I, external skeletal fixation using Acrylic as the connecting bar was applied whereas in group II, Epoxy putty was used as the connecting bar. Wound area at fracture site decreased significantly at 30th day as compared to 0 day. The mean radiographic score increased significantly at 30th day and was highest at 60th day. Weight bearing score improved on 15th day and complete weight bearing was observed on 12th to 30th days in all goats. Pin loosening, pin tract drainage and inflammation were observed post-operatively.

Title: Effect of Supplementation of Amla (Emblica officinalis) Fruit Powder on Growth Performance during Different Growth Phases of Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotic on growth performance of broiler chicken. A total of 300 commercial broiler chicks were randomly distributed into six treatments having five replicates consisting of ten birds each. The chicks fed with standard basal diet in two different growth phase i.e. starter(0-28d) and finisher (29-42 d) The first group was kept as control (T1) and given basal diet without antibiotic while in second group (T2) basal diet was supplemented with antibiotic, third (T3), fourth (T4), fifth (T5) and sixth (T6) groups were supplemented with amla fruit powder @0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1%, respectively. Over all feed intake ranged 3860.4 (g) (T6) to 4059.0 (g) (T1) and significantly lower feed intake was found in 0.75% and 1% amla fruit powder supplemented group as compared to control. The lower feed consumption in higher levels of amla fruit powder supplemented group might be due to better utilization of nutrients. Over all weight gain at the end of growth period ranged 2105.8 (T1) to 2240.4 (T5) and significant higher body weight gain was found in 0.75% (T5) and 1% (T6) amla supplemented group results in significantly improved FCR as compared to control. Dry Matter metabolizability and Nitrogen metabolizability was significantly higher in 0.75% (T5) and 1% (T6) amla fruit powder supplemented group as compared to control group. Higher gross energy metabolizability was recorded in all amla supplemented and antibiotic supplemented group as compared to control group.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Microscopy and PCR Assay for Detection of Theileria annulata Infection in Ruminants
Abstract :

Bovine tropical theileriosis, a tick borne haemoprotozoan disease, is one of the major threats to the health and production of cattle in the tropics and sub tropics. Diagnosis of the disease mainly relies upon clinical signs and microscopic examination of blood and lymphnode aspirate smears, which suffers with low diagnostic sensitivity, especially in carrier animals. Hence, the microscopy (gold standard test) and a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) were compared in terms of sensitivity, in the prsesnt study. For this, a total of 250 blood samples (cattle-215 and buffaloe-35) suspected for theileriosis were collected and initially screened by microscopic examination of Giemsa stained thin blood smear followed by Tams1 gene based PCR assay. A total of 55 (22.0%) and 95 (38.0%) samples were found positive for Theileria annulata infection by microscopy and PCR assay, respectively. In order to analyze the detection limit of the given PCR assay, the amplified product was cloned in pTZ57R/T cloning vector with DH5α (E. coli) as host cells. The recombinant plasmid was isolated from the bacterial cells and concentration of the same was measured and then, a 10 fold serial dilution of the same was used as template in PCR assay. Present study concludes that Tams1 based PCR has very high level of sensitivity (with respect to microscopy) and detection limit of the test is 10-7ng/μl parasite DNA.

Title: Storage Stability of Functional Spent Hen Meat Cutlets under Modified Atmospheric Packaging at Refrigeration (4±1°C) Temperature
Abstract :
In the current study, storage stability of spent hen meat cutlets enriched with natural antioxidants viz. C (control), T1 (with 4% carrot powder) and T2 (3% broccoli powder) during refrigerated storage (4±1oC) stored under modifi ed atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions containing a mixture of 50% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 50% nitrogen (N2) gases. The samples were drawn at a regular interval of 7 days till the occurrence of incipient spoilage and analyzed for various quality attributes, lipid oxidation parameters instrumental colour and texture profi le, sensory and microbial quality parameters. The pH recorded signifi cantly (P<0.05) lower value on day 7 for control and day 14 for treatments and, thereafter recorded increasingly value with the elapse of storage time, in all samples. Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) value of treated products (T1 and T2) were noted signifi cantly (P<0.05) lower than control on 7th day of storage. Highest value of β-carotene content was recorded for T1. Standard Plate Count (SPC) increased signifi cantly throughout storage with the elapse of storage days; but the value remained well below the spoilage level. There was a declining trend for instrumental colour values during storage. As the days of storage increased, overall acceptability of all samples showed decreasing (P<0.05) trends, however the sensory panelists rated the treated product good to very good even on last day (35th) day of storage. Thus spent hen meat cutlets could be successfully kept for 35 days in MAP conditions with acceptable sensory attributes and permissible microbiological quality.
Title: Studies on the Types and Prognostic Approaches for Uterine Torsion among Ca
Abstract :

In the present study 20 cases of uterine torsion in cows presented to the TVCC of the department were evaluated for type, direction and degree of torsion as well as for liver and kidney function tests to determine prognosis. Of the total, 65% cases were of pre-cervical type and 35% post-cervical. In 75% cases direction of torsion was to the right side than to the left (25%). Forty per cent cases were of 180-360° than 90-180° (25%) and few were of ≤90° (20%) and >360° (15%). Ninety five per cent cases were reported at full term pregnancy. Out of all 65% cases could be delivered per-vaginum while 35% needed laparohysterotomy. The values of plasma GOT/AST at the time of presentation of case, 1-hr and 24-hr following delivery and in control group on delivery were 150.68 ± 3.03, 119.46 ± 1.27, 89.33 ± 1.23 and 69.96 ± 1.00 U/L, respectively. The corresponding values of plasma GPT/ALT were 112.90 ± 3.95, 85.18 ± 0.96, 62.44 ± 1.72 and 39.35 ± 1.20 U/L. The values of plasma bilirubin for the corresponding stages/groups were 1.68 ± 0.07, 1.13 ± 0.03, 0.75 ± 0.03 and 0.34 ± 0.02 mg/dl, respectively. The value of plasma creatinine at the time of presentation, and 1-hr and 24-hr following delivery and in control group were 2.03 ± 0.06, 1.51 ± 0.04, 0.80 ± 0.02 and 0.40 ± 0.02 mg/dl, while the values of BUN were 56.61 ± 1.44, 35.71 ± 0.37, 29.04 ± 0.27 and 17.56 ± 0.70 mg/dl, respectively.

Title: Ameliorative Effect of Aloe vera Supplementation in Poultry Feed
Abstract :

Restricted use of chemical antioxidants and antibiotics as growth enhancers in poultry diet has led to open channels for herbs as natural feed additive in current times. Scientists try to find novel herbal feed additives which are free from toxic effects and exhibit increase in performance of poultry birds. Aloe vera is a well-known herb characterized by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory and growth promoting properties. The therapeutic potential of Alo vera is attributed to its rich phytochemistry. The current study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative potential of alcoholic extract of Aloe vera (family Liliaceae) in poultry birds. The birds were divided in four groups of six birds in each group. Group I: Contol (C), Group II: treatment I (T1), Group III: treatment II (T2) and Group IV: treatment III (T3). Alo vera supplementation was given in three treatment groups at the dose of different concentrations ( T1: 2gms, T2:5gms and T3: 7gms). Blood samples were collected on different time points 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56thdays and analyzed for different parameters. The altered biochemical parameters due to oxidative stress like Lipid peroxidation (LPO), super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glucose -6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine were significantly ameliorated to a great extent by Aloe vera supplementation. The alcoholic extract of Aloe vera showed potent anti-oxidant and hepato-protective activity in poultry birds.

Title: Modern Naturalistic Enclosures: Comparatively an Enhanced Management Practice of Captive Felids in the Zoological Park
Abstract :

Due to the expansion of human population, threat for existence of all wild animals is gradually increasing. They are driven to exist in smaller areas and in the worst case scenario extinction. Zoos are being encouraged to improve the animal’s physical and social surroundings. In this study, the modern naturalistic enrichment introduced to large felids tiger, lion and leopard at Gandhi Zoological Park, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, was studied. The study has envisaged evaluating if the modern naturalistic enclosures could increase activity levels and how the felids opted to these enclosure. The enclosures were divided into menageries and natural enrichment, which had a varying degree of opportunities for the animals to climb, hide and rest above ground level. The environmental enrichment effects on the proportion of time spent engaging in active behaviors and stereotypic pacing in the large felids were compared and recorded using instantaneous scan sampling. The results of this study revealed clearly that large felids kept in more natural and complex enclosures performed less stereotypic pacing (unnatural behavior), and more exploratory (natural) behaviour than those housed in less natural enclosures reducing the stress level in captive tigers will enhance the animals’ overall physical and psychological well being, which will in turn increase the success of captive breeding programs. Furthermore, these results suggest that captive tigers should be housed in large enclosures containing natural substrate and vegetation, water pools, ample shade, a variety of resting locations and enrichment items.

Title: Detection of HA Stalk Specific Antibodies in Chicken Serum Immunized with Different Subtypes of Inactivated Avian Influenza Viruses
Abstract :

To control avian influenza infection in chickens, whole inactivated influenza viruses (IIV) are used as vaccine. These vaccines provide immunity only to antigenically matched strains or homologous viruses. Influenza viruses circulating in field undergo spontaneous antigenic changes in head domain, thereby escape from the preexisting vaccine immunity. Therefore, annual reformulation of vaccines are needed to compensate the antigenic change. To overcome this issue, universal flu vaccines are preferred which may protect against antigenically unmatched strains or heterologous viruses. Apart from natural infection, IIV also may induce stalk reactive antibodies but in meager level. Stalk domain of haemagglutinin is one of the target for the development of universal vaccine as it is conserved among influenza viruses. The antigenic changes are rare in stalk rather than head domain. Designing of stalk is challenging in prefusion conformation as it requires skilled knowledge. In the present study, we have tested the reactivity of in vitro expressed HA stalk protein with sera of chickens immunized with different subtypes of inactivated influenza virus vaccines. Our result showed that the HA stalk is reactive with sera against group I viruses mostly because our stalk belongs to the same group I. Hence, we concluded that in-vitro expressed HA stalk protein used in this study is conformationally stable and mimics the HA stalk as present in the intact viruses. This study provides hope for development of universal influenza vaccine in chicken is possible if the stalk immunogen is designed better.

Title: Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Performance, Mineral Retention and Tissue Mineral Accumulation in Layer Chickens
Abstract :
Twenty-two weeks old Babcock layer chickens (324) were randomly allocated to 9 treatment groups with 3 replicates of 12 birds in each to study and compare the effect of Cr from three sources (inorganic, organic or nano) at two different dosage level on performance, mineral retention and tissue mineral accumulation in layer chickens. The trial lasted for 12 weeks. The control group (T1) was given with the standard layer diet while the other groups were supplemented with Cr at 200 µg/kg (inorganic Cr chloride-T2, organic CrProp-T4, CrPic-T6 and nanoCr-T8) and 400 µg/kg (inorganic Cr chloride-T3, organic CrProp-T5, CrPic-T7 and nanoCr-T9) diets. Neither the source nor the level of Cr supplement had significant effect on body weight, feed consumption, egg production and egg weight during the study period. The organic and nanoCr supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the retention of Cr, Zn, Fe, Ca and P without influencing Cu retention. NanoCr and organic CrPic/CrProp (400 µg/kg) increased the concentration of Cr and Zn in plasma, liver and egg shell, Ca in liver and egg shell and Zn in egg
yolk. It may be concluded that organic or nanoCr supplementation (400µg/kg) in the diet improved the retention and tissue accumulation of minerals in layer chickens.
Title: Method Validation for Analysis of 24 Pesticides in Catla catla fish through Gas Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS/MS)
Abstract :

A multiresidue method was developed and validated for 24 pesticide (Organo chlorine, Organophophorus and Synthetic pyrethroids) residue in Catla fish sample using Gas Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). The method was based on QuEchERs method (quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged and safe) extraction with acetonitrile and dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) cleanup with PSA and MgSO4. The recovery studies were conducted at three spiking levels i.e. 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 μg mL-1 and percent recovery found to be within acceptable limit except synthetic pyrethrnoids at spiking level 0.01 μg mL-1. All RSD values were below 20%. The estimated LOD was in the range from 0.000-0.017 μg mL-1 and LOQ was in the range from 0.001- 0.057 μg mL-1 for all pesticides. The coefficient of determination (R2) for all pesticide ≥ 0.992. The devlop method was found to be fast, simple and reliable for analysis of pesticide residue in fish samples.

Title: Differential Expression of Serum Lysozyme Allelic Variants in Muzaffarnagri Sheep
Abstract :

Lysozyme degrades the bacterial cell walls and gives rise to degradation product that stimulates and activates the immune system. Several gram positive and gram negative bacteria were found to be susceptible to different degree of purified lysozyme. Variation in promoter region may regulate the expression of a particular gene. Hence, considering lysozyme gene a potential marker for general immune response, expression pattern of various genotypes on the basis of variations in promoter region is investigated in Muzaffarnagri sheep. A 268 bp fragment spanning partial promoter, exon 1 and partial intron 1 of serum lysozyme gene were amplified and sequenced. Sequencing revealed five genotypes AA, AB, AC, BB and CC and consequently three alleles A, B and C in Muzaffarnagri sheep. Differential expression study of various genotypes by real time pcr revealed significant difference (P≤0.05) in the serum lysozyme expression in animals having different genotypes. Animals having AA genotype showed higher expression of serum lysozyme than the animals having AB, AC and BB genotype.

Title: Comparison of Wound Healing Properties of Herbal Ointments with Povidone iodine on Basis of Histological Changes
Abstract :

Present study was conducted on 24 dogs, aged between 1 to 8 years, irrespective of sex, breed. The animals were randomly divided in to four groups. In group I, animals were treated with standard dressing material Povidone iodine (5.0%). In animals of group II, III, IV herbal ointments (10% w/w) of hydroalcoholic extract of Marigold leaves, Guava leaves and mixture of both Marigold and Guava leaves extracts respectively were used for dressings of wounds for 7 consecutive days. In animals of group IV, marked re-epithelialization and moderate inflammatory cells, neovascularization and thicker but scattered collagen fibrils were seen on day 7 and mature collagen fibres were observed with least number of inflammatory cells on day 14 as compared to other three groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that group IV (mixture of Marigold and Guava leaves hydroalcoholic extract) revealed better wound healing properties as compared to group I (Povidone iodine 5.0%), group II (Marigold leaves hydroalcoholic extract) and group III (Guava leaves hydroalcoholic extract).

Title: Effect of Micronutrients Supplement on Nutrient Utilization and Growth Performance in Pre-ruminant Calves
Abstract :
The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of micronutrients supplement (MS) on the nutrient utilization and growth performance in pre-ruminant calves. The sixteen day old crossbred calves (body weight 24.50 ± 0.56 kg) were randomly allocated into two dietary treatments; control (C) and treatment (T) groups. Diets were same for both groups and in addition to diet micronutrients supplement was given to individual calf of treatment group. The supplementation of MS in the diet of crossbred calves did not affect the intake and digestibility coefficients of CP, EE, NDF and ADF. Over all body weight changes and feed conversion efficiency did not differ significantly between groups but average daily gain (g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T group as compare to control (C) group. Thus it was concluded that supplementation of micro-nutrients in preruminant calves showed significant improvement in average daily gain while the intake, feed efficiency and digestibility of nutrients were comparable between the groups.
Title: Biochemical and Endocrine Profiling of Bosnia and Hercegovina, s Native Pramenka Sheep
Abstract :

The aim of this investigation is to determine changes in concentrations of biochemical and metabolic hormones in the blood of Pramenka sheep. The study included 117 sheep of Pramenka breed monitored during three different periods (July, August, September) from Livno and Travnik (Vlašic) areas. The following biochemical parameters were determined in sheep blood samples: glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were performed by spectrometric analyzer (Kodak Ektachem, analyzer DT 60 II, DTSC Modul and DTE Modul). In sheep blood serum determined the following hormones by ELISA values: triiodothyronine, thyroxine, cortisol, and insulin. Hormonal status of test animals was relatively stable during periods of sampling, but significant differences have been confirmed based on locality, with the exception of cortisol. The lack of statistical significance of differences for cortisol between areas of Livno and Travnik can be due to stress caused by collecting blood samples which have equally increased cortisol levels and “concealed” all other factors that affect its level in the serum. High concentrations of thyroid hormones, particularly in sheep from the locality of Livno, can be a sign of decreased appetite, which is one of the earliest disorders in conditions of heat stress. In both areas, high insulinemia was determined as well, possibly as a result of feeding which significantly changed the hormonal regulation of metabolism in lactation process and led towards stimulation of the endocrine pancreas.

Title: Comparative Efficacy of Kanamycin, Enrofloxacin, Moxifloxacin and Cefoperazone for the Treatment of Pneumonia in Buffaloes
Abstract :

A study was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of kanamycin, enrofloxacin, moxifloxacin and cefoperazone to treat pneumonia in buffaloes. During study period, a total of 28 buffaloes brought to VCC, LUVAS, Hisar with the history of fever, anorexia, nasal discharge, coughing and dyspnoea. Clinical examination revealed abnormal lung sounds during auscultation. All the buffaloes diagnosed with pneumonia were randomly divided into four equal groups viz. group I, II, III and IV. Animals of group I were treated with kanamycin @ 7.0 mg/kg b.wt., i/m, b.i.d., group II with enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg b.wt., i/m, o.d., group III with moxifloxacin @ 5 mg/kg b.wt., i/m, o.d. and group IV with cefoperazone@ 20 mg/kg b.wt., i/m, o.d., along with supportive therapy for 5 days. Clinical recovery was determined on the basis of remittance of clinical signs. The highest and earliest recovery was found in group II animals.

Title: In vitro evaluation of Niacin Supplementation on Total Mixed Rations with Different NPN Sources
Abstract :
The present was aimed to study the effect of varying levels of niacin supplementation (0, 200, 400 and 600ppm, respectively) on medium urea based total mixed ration (TMR) replacing 20% of total crude protein (CP) of ration with different non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources by in vitro gas production technique. All the rations were iso-nitrogeneous in nature. On the basis of higher partition factor, TD%, OMD%, microbial mass production and efficiency of microbial mass production. Supplementation of niacin in low urea based TMR did not have any significant effect on microbial mass production and its efficiency. The in vitro pH and NH3 concentration was signifi cantly reduced (p<0.05) at 600 ppm level of niacin supplementation. The TVFA concentration was signifi cantly comparable in control and urea based TMR and lowest in uromol based TMR. Niacin supplementation produced significantly higher (p<0.05) TVFA at 400 ppm level and lowest at 600 ppm in TMR. It can be concluded that slow release urea seems to be better option than urea and uromol as NPN supplement in the diets of ruminants
when medium (20% of total CP) urea based TMR is to be prepared.
Title: Quality Evaluation of Chicken Sausages treated with Betle and Spinach Leaves Extract under Aerobic Packaging Condition Stored at 4±1°C
Abstract :

The goal of this study was to explore antioxidant and antimicrobial effectiveness of ultrasound assist extractedbetel (Piper betle spp.) and spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea spp.) extract. Spent hen chicken sausages (SHCS) were prepared as Control (T-1), SHCS with 100 ppm BHT (T-2); positive control, SHCS with 1.5% ultrasonic assisted ethanolic betelleaves extract (T-3) and SHCS supplemented with 2% ultrasonic assisted ethanolic spinach leaves extract (T-4). For 25 days under refrigeration (4±1°C), SHCS were aerobically packed and scientifically tested various oxidative andmicrobiological stability characteristics.Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (T.B.A.R.S), Free Fatty Acids (F.F.A) and Peroxide Value (P.V) are all indications of lipid peroxidation. The pH and water activityof both control and treated SHCS products increased significantly; however, treated products (extracts) had a substantially lower value (P<0.05) than control. The microbiological and sensory properties of the extracts incorporated treatments were better preserved throughout the storage period. Because of its rich antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, ultra-sonic extracted betel and spinach leaves have the potential to improve the storage sustainability of aerobically packaged SHCS stored at refrigerator temperature (4±1°C). It was revealed that stored meat products, such as chicken sausages, may be effectively preserved without any substantial microbial/sensory quality degradation.

Title: Intramammary Propolis Formulation for Prevention and Treatment of Mastitis in Dairy Ruminants (RC.2.2.08-0003)
Abstract :
Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most widespread health problem of dairy cows, goats and sheep (Bačić et al. 2015., Mačešić et al. 2012). Its prevention and treatment contribute to significant financial loss to the milk producers. New research shows
that the total loss due to clinical mastitis in dairy cows is estimated between 110 and 550 litres of milk per lactation, depending on the individual cow. The costs of clinical mastitis include unusable milk, medications and veterinary care costs, extra labour and premature culling (Sharma et al. 2012). Depending on the form of mastitis the treatments cost between 50 and 150 $US per animal
Title: Characteristics of Cervical Mucus for Estrus Detection in Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract :

The objective of the experiment was to study the changes in different characteristics of cervical mucus of Murrah buffaloes in relation to occurrence of estrus. The Murrah buffaloes maintained at Livestock Research Centre (LRC), ICAR-NDRI, Karnal were classified into three groups viz. heifers, primipara and pluripara. Cervical mucus was collected on the day of estrus prior to the artificial insemination by aspiration from the mid cervix using blue sterile sheath and Universal artificial insemination gun through recto-vaginal method. Immediately after collection, mucus sample was taken to the laboratory various physical and chemical parameters were assessed. From the present study it can be concluded that the changes in cervical mucus characteristics can be used for prediction of estrus time and subsequently time of artificial insemination. Murrah buffaloes exhibited higher proportion (70%) of copious discharge, 86 % buffaloes had clean appearance and 68% of buffaloes showed moderate consistency of cervical mucus. The spinnbarkeit value of cervical mucus of 46% of estruses were in 8-16 cm and 58% showed the typical fern pattern predominantly with primary, secondary and tertiary venation. pH of cervical mucus were within 7.5-8.0 and conductivity in a range of 13.50-15.00 mS/cm.

Title: Histochemical and Ultrastructural Studies on the thyroid gland of Pati Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam
Abstract :
A total of 36 ducks were utilised in this study ranging in age from 2 weeks upto 40 weeks of age. For histochemical parameters, the thyroid glands were separated out of the thoracic cavity and the required representative tissue samples were preserved in deep freeze maintained at -80oC. For scanning electron microscopy the tissue samples were processed by SAIF, NEHU, Shillong. The colloid showed a strong PAS positive reaction in all the age groups. The activities of both acid and alkaline phosphatases were present in all the age groups.The scanning electron microscopy revealed the normal structure of the thyroid gland in all the age groups. Parenchyma of thyroid gland was composed of follicles which were separated from each other by interfollicular connective tissue made up of collagen and reticular fibers. The follicles were closely packed together and their shape varied from oval to polyhedral. Microvilli of the follicular cells were observed on the apical surface. The SEM also showed the thyroid artery penetrating the gland.
Title: Immuno Localization of Estrogen Receptor (ERα) and Progesterone Receptor (PR) in Uterus of Buffalo during Follicular and Luteal Phases of Estrous Cycle
Abstract :

The tissue distribution of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) was examined using immunohistochemical technique. Image analysis was done to quantify the immune reactivity. The ERα and PR was localized in luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium, stromal cells, endothelial cells and myometrium and few cells in perimetrium. The immuno staining was observed in the nuclei of cells, however, faint cytoplasmic staining for PR was also observed. Variations were seen in the different tissue compartments of the uterus and during the different phases of the estrous cycle. Significantly higher number of ERα positive cells was observed in lamina epithelialis as compared to stromal cells and smooth muscle cells in myometrium. Significantly higher percentage of ERα positive cells was observed in the lamina epithelialis and lining epithelium of endometrial glands during follicular phase as compared to the luteal phases of estrous cycle (P < 0.05). Higher number of PR positive cells was observed in lamina epithelialis as compared to stromal cells and smooth muscle cells in myometrium (P < 0.05). Higher percentage of PR positive cells was observed in the lamina epithelialis during follicular phase as compared to the luteal phases of estrous cycle (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the immuno reactivity in stromal cells, lining epithelium of endometrial glands and smooth muscle cells of myometrium during the phases of estrous cycle. The study concluded that ERα and PR expressions were higher during follicular phase as compared to the luteal phase.

Title: Correlation Measures among Reproductive and Milk Production Traits in Crossbred Dairy Cows at Holetta Dairy Research Farm, Ethiopia: Multitrait Analysis
Abstract :

Genetic and phenotypic correlations for reproductive and milk production traits were estimated by multitrait analysis of WOMBAT software. Total of 14222 crossbred dairy cows performance records collected from Holetta dairy research farm span over 43 years (1974-2017) were used for this study. Five reproductive; age at first calving (AFC), age at first service (AFS), calving interval (CI), days open (DO) and number of service per conception (NSC) and three-milk production; lactation milk yield (LMY), daily milk yield (DMY) and lactation length (LL) traits were included for estimation. The result of present study revealed that the genetic correlations among reproductive traits were varied from -0.31±0.08 to 0.98±0.03 while phenotypic correlations were ranged from -0.03±0.001 to 0.84±0.04. Strong positive genetic and phenotypic correlations were found between AFS and AFC traits (0.98±0.03) and (0.84±0.04), respectively. For milk production traits, the genetic correlations were ranged from 0.11±0.03 to 0.77±0.12 while phenotypic correlations were in the lower range of 0.07±0.02 to 0.36±0.07. Higher genetic correlations were observed between LMY and LL (0.77±0.12). The genetic correlations among reproductive and milk production traits were also varied from -0.55±0.04 to 0.79±0.07 while phenotypic correlations were ranged from -0.55±0.22 to 0.32±0.10. The higher genetic correlation was between CI and LL (0.79±0.07). The correlation between DMY and AFC (0.32±0.10) was recorded as higher phenotypically. The positive genetic correlations among traits indicates that effective selection of one trait might be improved the other and would be given the chance of broader selection of traits in the breeding goal. Therefore, to improve genetic progress and breeding efficiency of crossbred dairy cows in the research farm, estimation and selection of correlated traits should be done periodically.

Title: Attitude and Perception of Dairy Entrepreneurs Regarding Use of Mobile Phone as an ICT Tool
Abstract :

The study was conceptualised in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra to ascertain the attitude, perception, perceived attributes and adoption period of the dairy entrepreneurs towards use of mobile phone as an ICT tool. For this study, 120 dairy entrepreneurs were selected randomly as respondents. Majority of dairy entrepreneurs’ have favourable attitude towards use of mobile phone, perceived attribute and high adoption period. Regarding relative advantage of mobile phone, 100 per cent of dairy entrepreneurs agreed that use of mobile phone was economical and time saving, 89.17 per cent of dairy entrepreneurs were using radio on mobile phone for news and information related to animal husbandry and allied sectors. 36.67 per cent of dairy entrepreneurs had more than 9 years of adoption period for mobile phone. None of the dairy entrepreneurs were non-adopter of mobile phone. Majority (81.67%) of dairy entrepreneurs found mobile call facility as timely information media sources. 41.67 per cent of dairy entrepreneurs found WhatsApp group as more reliable and easy source of information related to livestock and dairying.

Title: Effect of Area Specific Mineral Supplementation on Growth and Reproductive Performance of Female Black Bengal Goats
Abstract :
To find out the effect of area specific mineral supplementation (ASMS), 24 female Black Bengal goatling were divided into four groups (Gr.I, II, III & IV) which were supplemented with 0, 1, 2% deficient minerals and 2% commercial mineral mixture, respectively. Body weight (BW) was recorded in specific time span. Study revealed that final body weight as well as average daily gain (ADG) in three months significantly (P<0.05) differed from control and treatment group. Among treatment groups, better body weight gain was observed in higher mineral supplemented group but was not significant. But, interestingly, the overall body condition score (BCS) differed significantly (P<0.05) between control and treatment as well as within treatment group. Age at maturity of control and treatment groups were 222.50 ± 5.74,207.50 ±8.92, 187.50 ± 5.12 and 192.50 ± 6.29 days, respectively and the difference was significantly varied. Mean oestrogen and progesterone level was marginally high in mineral supplemented group than control group.
Title: Occurrence Pattern of Different Types of Fracture in Bovine, Caprine and Canine
Abstract :

A total number of 12004 cases of different species were registered in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Jabalpur, during study period. Out of these 12004 cases, 153 animals were presented with the fracture in any of the limb. The incidence of fracture was found to be 1.27%. Canine was the most common (58.82%) species to have a fracture. The incidence of fracture was highest (60.00%) in animals of age below 9 months. Further, the male animals (53.34%) outnumbered female (46.66%) for fracture cases. The tibia-fibula (36.66%) was the most common bone affected with fracture followed by metatarsal (23.33%) and radius–ulna (16.66%). Most of the fractures were oblique and transverse types and were located in midshaft of a bone. Hind limb was found more vulnerable for a fracture than fore limb. Fractures were more commonly recorded in left limbs (66.66%) of animal than the right limbs (33.34%). Automobile accident (50.00%) was found to be most common cause of a fracture.

Title: Evaluation of Milk Production Performance of Lactating Fogera Cows Fed With Urea and Effective Micro-Organisms Treated Rice Straw as Basal diet
Abstract :

The study was conducted for Nine Fogera cows with average age, parity, initial body weight and stage of lactation was 9.3 year, 4.4, 262.7kg and 53.1 days, respectively used for the feeding trial were randomly assigned to three treatments. The treatments were 67% wheat bran and 33% NSC from 2kg concentrate + untreated rice straw (T1), 67% wheat bran and 33% NSC from 2kg concentrate +urea treated rice straw (T2) and 67% wheat bran and 33% NSC from 2kg concentrate + rice straw treated by effective micro-organism (T3). Animals were blocked based on their initial body weight in randomized complete block design. Feeding of Fogera cows with EMO treated rice straw resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher daily dry matter intake (8.52 kg/cow, higher daily weight gain (27.7 g/day), higher daily milk yield (2.82l/day) and highest net income and marginal return rate (MRR) (82.6 and 194%, respectively) when compared with those cows fed on untreated rice straw. Hence, according to the results of this study feeding of lactating Fogera cows with EMO treated rice straw is efficient for both biologically and economically compared to urea treated rice straw.

Title: Emergency Management of Epistaxis in Dogs
Abstract :

Epistaxis is a relatively uncommon clinical manifestation in dogs that may reflect an intranasal or systemic disease process. Therefore, epistaxis is frequently regarded as an emergency which requires prompt therapy. Human studies have demonstrated oxymetazolin, a vasoconstrictor can be used as both decongestant and topical hemostatic agent and widely used in human patients. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of topical oxymetazolin nasal drops in controlling epistaxis in dogs. The efficacy of the drug was assessed based on the arresting of bleeding. Cessation of bleeding was noticed only in two dogs within ten minutes.

Title: Quality Evaluation of Low Fat Chicken Sausages Fortified with Dietary Fibre
Abstract :

The experiment was conducted to optimize the level of dietary fibre sources viz. finger millet (ragi) flour RT1, RT2 and RT3 separately at 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0% level in formulation of low fat chicken sausages. In previous experiment replacement of refined oil upto 50% by using chia seed powder. The emulsion pH, emulsion stability, product pH, cooking yield, moisture, ash content, fat retention and moisture retention values increased significantly (P<0.05), whereas, protein, emulsion fat and product fat content decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of ragi flour. There was no significant difference in water activity values between control and treatments. Among the textural and colour parameters, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, resilience and redness the values increased significantly (P<0.05) but the parameters i.e. lightness and yellowness values decreased significantly (P<0.05) in treatments. The scores of all sensory attributes decreased significantly (P<0.05) at each level of ragi flour incorporation in low fat chicken sausage except saltiness. It was concluded that low fat chicken sausage with improved cooking yield, textural profile and acceptable sensory attributes, can be successfully developed with the incorporation of 5.0% ragi flour.

Title: Occurrence and Management of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Ruminants
Abstract :

The study was conducted on clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants at SKUAST-Jammu from June, 2014 to May, 2015. A total of 22 cases of surgical affections of urinary tract in ruminants were recorded and 18 cases (81.82%) were in the age group of <6 months. Nineteen cases of obstructive urolithiasis (19/22, 86.36%) were recorded; 10 in buffaloes, five in goats and four in cattle. All the animals affected with obstructive urolithiasis were males, intact 17 (89.47%) and castrated 2 (11.53%). Prevalence of urolithiasis was highest in winter. Cystorrhexis was observed in 47.37% of all cases; 70% in buffaloes and 50% in cattle, whereas all goats had intact bladder. Ultrasonography served as a useful diagnostic aid in assessing urinary bladder, especially in calves and small ruminants. Tube cystostomy was found to be a simple and useful technique in the management of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants and buffalo calves with high success rate. Catheter blockade and catheter dislodgment were common post-operative complications following tube cystostomy.

Title: Isolation, Morphological Identification and In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated From Morus nigra (Mulberry) L
Abstract :

Plant-associated bacteria that live inside plant tissues without causing any harm to plants are defined as endophytic bacteria. Different parts of mulberry plant (root, stem and leaves) are reported to possess different pharmacological activity.The present study was done to isolate endophytic bacteria from Morus nigra (mulberry) leaves, their identification and investigate their antibacterial activity against three gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogens and Bacillus cereus and gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A total 25 leaves samples were taken, they were sterilized with 0.1 per cent sodium hypochlorite, 0.01 per cent bavistin, 0.05 per cent and 70 per cent ethanol. Sterilized leaves of the plants were embedded in kings B petri plates. for the isolation of endophytic bacteria. Maximum isolated sample on kings b media were irregular in shape, flat elevation, undulated margin, glistening growth surface, opaque and white in colour, the microscopic examination revealed that isolated endophytic bacteria were gram positive and rod shaped. The antibacterial effect was studied by the disc diffusion method with known antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Ci) as standard. The antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from Morus nigra (mulberry) showed good antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogens.

Title: Physiological Responses of Bullocks in Rotary Transmission System for Briquette Production
Abstract :

Draught animals such as bullocks and he buffaloes are the important source of energy for agricultural operations on small and marginal farms of Chhattisgarh, which constitute three fourth (75.77 %) portion of total land holding. Draught animals used in this region are small sized. In this paper physiological response of non-descriptive breed of bullocks of Chhattisgarh region in rotary power transmission system for briquette production are described. The physiological responses of Bullock in terms of pulse rate, respiration rate and body temperature were recorded during the briquette production after every one hour workout. The average speed of bullock during briquette production and power output was recorded 0.84 m/s and 0.43 kW respectively. The power output reduced with passage of time. The operating speed of bullock varied with the working hour and the bullocks were not fatigue after 6 hours of work as they scored 16 points against the fatigue level score of 20 points.

Title: Supplementation of Fenugreek Seeds to Lactating Ewes and Effect on Growth Performance of Preweaned Twin Lambs
Abstract :
A study was conducted in lambs to fi nd out the effi ciency of fenugreek seed (FS) supplementation in twin bearing ewes. The dams were grouped as follows with seven dams in each group. The groups were dam’s that lambed twins supplemented with FS (T1), Dams that gave birth to single lambs supplemented with FS (T2) and dams gave birth to single lambs without FS (T3). The FS supplemented dam groups were given 10 g of fenugreek seed per day. The study suggest supplementation of FS @ 10 g each day to lactating ewes carrying twins support lamb weight gain better than single birth lamb and reduced the degree of mother weight loss. The signifi cance difference at 0.05 %. Among single birth lambs, FS supplemented group was better both in terms of growth rate of lambs and reduction in the ewes weight.
Title: Absence of NsiI Polymorphism in Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) Gene in Indian Cattle Breeds
Abstract :

The objective of the present study was to investigate the polymorphism in 5′ non-coding region of growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene in Sahiwal (n = 53) and Hariana (n = 50) cattle using NsiI/PCR-RFLP assay. Amplification of DNA sample revealed 302bp product using specific primer pairs and digested by using NsiI restriction enzyme. All the screened animals were found monomorphic in nature for GHR/NsiI polymorphism. It revealed that only one type of uncut banding pattern (AA genotype); which was of 302bp. We could not identify any animal with GG and AG genotypes. Consequently, we could not perform association studies with milk production traits.

Title: Cultural Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Streptococcus agalactiae from Bovine Sub-Clinical Mastitis Cases
Abstract :

Streptococcus agalactiae causes sub-clinical mastitis in cattle which subsequently causes loss of milk production and also jeopardizes the quality of milk. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and study the antibiogram of Streptococcus agalactiae prevalent in the nearby dairy farm of Anand Agricultural University, Anand. It was found that out of 47 cows and 107 udder quarters, 39 (82.97%) cows and 82 (76.63%) udder quarters were positive for sub-clinical mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). On cultural isolation from milk samples of 82 sub-clinical mastitis positive quarters, 27 Streptococci isolates were confirmed by CAMP (Christie-Atkins-Munch-Peterson) test. All the 27 Streptococci isolates were confirmed as Streptococcus agalactiae by PCR using Streptococcus agalactiae specific primers (Sag 432/ Sag 1018) for the 16S rRNA. The antibiogram pattern of the Streptococcus agalactiae isolates was studied by Disc diffusion method for the seven antibiotics. It was found that the isolates were most sensitive for Gentamycin followed by Enrofloxacin, Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole and Erythromycin. Least sensitivity was obtained for Tetracycline and Streptomycin.

Title: Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in donkeys (Aquus asinus) from Grenada, West Indies
Abstract :
The objective of the present study was to estimate seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in donkey from Grenada, West Indies. Using a modifi ed agglutination test (MAT), sera of 37 donkeys were examined for evidence of exposure to T. gondii. Two (5.4%; 95 percent confi dence interval: -1.88% to 12.68%) of the 37 donkeys were seropositive with titers of 50 in one donkey and 100 in the other. The lower Seroprevalence coupled with non consumption of meat and milk from donkey in Grenada suggests that donkeys are not important in the epidemiology of T.gondii in this country.
Title: Detection of Antibodies against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Ruminants of Grenada, West Indies
Abstract :

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV) is associated with respiratory disease complex in ruminants. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of antibodies for BRSV in non vaccinated cattle, sheep and goats in Grenada, West Indies. Sera were collected randomly from 60 cattle, 60 sheep and 60 goats from all six parishes of Grenada. Sera were tested for antibodies using an indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) Kit. An overall seroprevalence of BRSV antibodies was 7.8% (95% CI: 0.043 to 0.127). Seroprevalence was highest in sheep 15.0% (95% CI 0.0787 to 0.2634) followed by cattle 5% (95% CI 0.0117 to 0.1425) and goat 3.3% (95% CI 0.0025 to 0.1203). There was no significant difference in prevalence (p>.05) of antibodies to BRSV in cattle, sheep and goats. This is the first report of Seroprevalence of BRSV antibodies in ruminants in Grenada, West Indies.

Title: In-vitro assessment of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of essential oils from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Abstract :

The present study was envisaged to investigate in-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of lemongrass, cinnamon and clove essential oils for their potential application in meat products. Antimicrobial potential was measured by using zone inhibition assay and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against foodborne pathogens including Gram positive and Gram negative whereas, antioxidant assay was done using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. MIC values of lemongrass oil ranged from 500-3000 ppm and was found more effective against Gram positive than Gram negative organisms whereas cinnamon as well as clove oil were effective against both the classes of organisms. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity of all the three different oils were measured at five different concentrations and as per MIC values, the DPPH values were ranging from 38.05- 48.45% whereas ABTS values ranged from 25.17-45.66% for three oils under investigation. It is concluded that these essential oils possess potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and can be used as a natural alternative for preservation in meat industry.

Title: M-mode Echocardiographic Studies in Indigenous Dog Breeds of Tamil Nadu
Abstract :

M-mode echocardiography is a non- invasive tool for the quantitative study of heart. Rajapalayam is a guard dog and Chippiparai is a sight hound breed which both originated from the southern districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Diagnosis of cardiac diseases in our indigenous breeds has been challenging due to less or no work done regarding cardiac anatomy and physiology in native breeds. Hence, this study was undertaken to establish basic reference data in these indigenous dog breeds which will help in diagnosing cardiac diseases. Various normal cardiac parameters were documented between young and adult age groups. The results indicated that a high significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in LVDd and LVDs and only a significant difference (P<0.05) in AO and RVD values between the age groups in Rajapalayam dogs,whereas, in Chippparai dogs, a significant difference was observed in CO (P<0.05) and in LVPWs, IVSd, IVSd (P<0.0) between the young and adult age groups.

Title: SSR based Characterization of Indigenous Harnai Sheep Breed of Balochistan
Abstract :

This study was on the molecular characterization of Harnai sheep breed in Balochistan. A set of (n=16) ovine specific SSR markers, recommended by FAO, was used on (n=50) blood samples from unrelated animals of Harnai sheep breed from their breeding tract. Various genetic parameters were observed using Pop gene software. A total of 74 alleles were found on 13 loci. The finding values for observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne) and Shannon’s Information index (I) the average values were found along with standard deviation to be 2.448±0.869, 1.7050.604 and 0.5890.357 respectively, further more, the mean values of observed heterozygosity (Obs_Het) expected homozygosity (Exp._Hom), expected heterozygosity (Exp_Het), effective number of allele (Ne) average Heterozygosity (Ave Het) were found to be 0.598±0.299, 0.366±0.284, 0.602±0.238, 0.363±0.219, 0.347±0.209 and 0.347±0.209, respectively. The value of F-statistic ranged from 0.2851 to 0.9132 for different microsatellite markers with an average of 0.515±0.021. Majority of the markers showed higher than average expected reduction in heterozygosity. The standard errors were generally low, which indicated that homozygosity prevails in the population under study. This might be due to intense inbreeding in this flock of Harnai sheep.

Title: Adaptation Trial of Oat (Avena sativa) Varieties in Dehana District,Northern Ethiopia
Abstract :

The experiment was conducted in Dehana District to identify the adaptable and high yielding oat accession (s). Data on dry matter yield (kg × m-2), dry matter (percentage), grain yield (kg × m-2), plant height (centimeter) and fresh weight (kg × m-2) were taken for the accessions of oat used (579-D-27, CI-8237, CI-8235, DZF- 00551 and 6710). A significance difference (p<0.05) was observed in the parameters of dry matter yield, grain yield and fresh weight but the other parameters did not show significant differences. The mean dry matter yield of CI-8237 (0.735 kg × m-2) was significantly higher than 579-D-27 (0.562 kg × m-2), 6710 (0.533 kg × m-2) and CI-8235 (0.506 kg × m-2) varieties. The mean fresh weight yield of CI-8237 (2.446 kg × m-2) was significantly higher than 6710 (1.819 kg × m-2) and CI-8235 (1.774 kg × m-2). The mean grain yield of DZ-00551 (0.283 kg × m-2) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than all the other varieties. At the end of the experiment a field day was prepared and all the participants of field day (100%) prefer the variety CI-8237 for its biomass yield. Hence, it can be concluded that the oat variety CI-8237 should be recommended to farmers of Dehana District and of similar climatic conditions in order to enhance livestock feed production.

Title: Blood Biochemical Profile and Cortisol Level in Toggenberg Goat during Lactation
Abstract :
The investigation was undertaken to study some blood biochemical parameters and cortisol levels during different stages in different lactations in Toggenberg goats. These included control group, consisting of dry goats and group I, II, III and IV containing goats in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th lactation period. The total protein concentration showed an increasing trend from early to late lactation stages. There was an increasing levels of albumin in group I, II and IV and globulin in group II and III. Lowest total protein concentration was observed in third lactation (group III). Albumin and globulin ratio was higher in early lactation in group III (third lactation); whereas, in group II and IV, highest ratio was observed during mid lactation. Glucose concentration showed a defi nite increasing trend from early to late lactation stages in different lactations. Signifi cantly lower (P<0.05) glucose levels were found in early as well as mid lactations as compared to late stage in all the four groups. Increasing trend of urea concentration was observed from early to late stage of lactation in all the lactating groups. The Total protein, globulin, glucose and urea levels were found higher in lactating goats as compared to dry animals. The cortisol level showed a decreasing trend from early to late stage of lactation, Again, the cortisol levels of lactating goats were signifi cantly higher (P<0.05) than that of dry goats. Among different stages of lactation, early and mid stages are more stressful when compared to late stage.
Title: Effect of Feeding Rice Based Distillers Dried Grains Solubles with and without Enzymes on Haemato-biochemical profile of Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

A biological experiment of 42 days duration was undertaken in which 384 day old chicks were divided into 12 dietary treatments as per 3×4 factorial design having 4 replicates per treatment with 8 birds in each. Twelve experimental diets were prepared by incorporating control (maize-soya based), two different levels of rice Distillers Dried Grains (rDDGS) 12.5 and 15%, without and with three different types of enzymes (xylanase, protease and multienzymes). The inclusion of rice based distillers dried grains with solubles (rDDGS), enzyme supplementation and their interaction revealed no significant (P>0.05) difference on the haematological parameters of broiler chicken. The serum cholesterol decreased significantly (P<0.01) at 15% rDDGS level as compared to control and 12.5% rDDGS level. The serum triglyceride decreased significantly (P<0.01) at 12.5 and 15% rDDGS levels compared to control diet. The serum glucose significantly (P<0.05) increased by multienzymes supplementation compared to xylanase and control diet. The serum total protein, albumin and globulin significantly (P<0.01) increased in protease supplemented groups as compared to control and other enzyme supplemented groups. The interaction of rDDGS levels and enzyme supplementation revealed no significant (P>0.05) effect on any of the serum parameters. Thus, it may be concluded that feeding of (rDDGS) up to 15% and soybean meal based diets without or with protease, xylanase and multienzymes in broiler chickens did not have any adverse effect on haematological and serological parameters. Protease supplementation has beneficial effect on serum biochemistry in DDGS diet.

Title: Antibodies Against Seoul Hantavirus in Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada, West Indies
Abstract :

Hantavirus is an emerging zoonotic virus, cause of fatal diseases in humans. Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are known reservoir host for Seoul hantavirus. This is the second report of prevalence of antibodies against hantavirus in brown rats in Grenada. Sera from 169 brown rats were tested using ELISA for antibodies against hantavirus. Prevalence of antibodies was found in 47 rats (27.5%). There was no significant difference related to age and sex of seropositive rats. Although no case of hantavirus infection in humanshas been recorded in Grenada, the presence of moderate infection in reservoir host should be considered a risk factor for disease transmission in humans.

Title: Sensitivity of Multiplex PCR Assay for Selected Animal Species
Abstract :

Multiplex PCR assay was quick, simple and sensitive method for identification multiple meat species in single PCR reaction. Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was used as an indicator gene for identification of selected animal species (Buffalo, Sheep, Goat and Chicken) by using multiplex PCR. Sensitivity of the multiplex PCR assay was determined by using 100 ng/μl DNA of meat of Buffalo, Sheep, Goat and Chicken. For the estimation of sensitivity of multiplex PCR assay (34 cycles) made subsequently 10 fold dilution of 100 ng/μl DNA i.e. 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 ng/μl and used in multiplex PCR reaction. In present study the lowest sensitivity of the multiplex PCR assay for all the four selected animal species DNA concentration was fined up to 0.01 ng/μl.

Title: Effect of Processing on Pesticide Residues in Some Edible Fresh Water Fishes
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of processing on pesticide residues in edible fresh water fishes. The fish samples were collected from two different fish markets located in Ludhiana city. Pesticide residues were detected in five different fish species by employing Gas Liquid Chromatography. Major pesticides detected include β-HCH, γ-HCH and chlorpyriphos with levels 0.30 mg kg-1, 0.1-0.35 mg kg-1 and 0.14-0.58 mg kg-1, respectively. Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were found to have higher levels of pesticide residues. These fish samples were then processed by four different processing methods viz. deep frying, steaming by pressure cooker, conventional oven baking and microwave oven baking to check the reduction in residue levels. Deep frying caused maximum reduction i.e. 40-45% as compared to other processing methods. Steaming reduced pesticide residues by 14-16%, microwave oven baking resulted in 17-20% and conventional oven baking resulted in 20-21% reduction.

Title: Benefits and Constraints of Mobile Phone Use as an ICT Tool by Dairy Entrepreneurs
Abstract :

The present study was conducted in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra to identify and prioritize the benefits and constraints of mobile phone use as an ICT tool by dairy entrepreneurs. For this study, 120 dairy entrepreneurs were selected from six villages of three blocks namely Karveer, Kagal, Hath-kanangle who had at least two milch animal and also having 3-4 years of dairy experience at the time of investigation. The data was analysed with the help of Garret Ranking Technique. The study revealed that “use of mobile phone leads to easy access to veterinary expert” was the most important benefit followed by “mobile phone reduces time and distance barrier” as a second most important factor that determine the high use of android and non-android mobile phone or use of ICT by dairy entrepreneurs’. The reason for high use of mobile phone by dairy entrepreneurs was timely reliable information, easy access to marketing information, easy contact with customers, promote interpersonal relationship, update knowledge, and increase dairy efficiency. The result of study revealed that “high cost of mobile phone and internet services” was the most important perceived constraint followed by “low network connectivity as second most important factor that determine the low use of mobile phone or low use of ICT by dairy entrepreneurs. The reason for low use of mobile phone by dairy entrepreneurs was language barrier, lack of knowledge and confidence, unavailability and shortage electricity, complex technology.

Title: Incidence of Postpartum Anoestrus and Oestrus Behavior and Gynecological Symptoms in Hormonal Treated Postpartum Anoestrus Buffaloes
Abstract :

The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the incidence of anoestrus in postpartum buffaloes and compare the intensity of oestrus in anoestrus and oestrus induced buffaloes. A total of 500 postpartum buffaloes were selected from different villages situated around Rewa (M.P.). Calving and breeding history of animals was recorded and Gynaeco-clinical examination. The incidence of anoestrus in postpartum buffaloes was recorded as 33.40 per cent. Out of 167 postpartum buffaloes found to be positive for anoestrus, 24 buffaloes were again randomly divided into three treatment (n=18) and control group (n=06). These treatment group animals were again divided into 03 groups on the basis of hormonal treatment protocols given to animals of groups. Ovsynch group, Heatsynch group, CIDR plus Heatsynch group while control group animals were left untreated. Oestrus intensity score of buffaloes ranged from 80-90, 68-72 and 46-52 in intense, moderate and weak oestrus intensities at induced oestrus respectively, with a mean weighed score of 84.88±1.30, 70.00±0.81 and 49.00±3.00, respectively. Thus it was concluded that the incidence of anoestrus recorded to be 33.40 per cent. Oestrus intensity score card pattern is a good tool to designate intensity of oestrus which has positive relationship with fertility.

Title: Heavy Metal and Trace Mineral Profile in Blood and Hair of Cattle Reared Around Industrial Effluent Contaminated Area
Abstract :

Blood and hair samples were collected from seventy adult cattle reared in villages located near the industrial effluent contaminated River adjoining Meerut. Based on the distance of the villages from the river, they were divided into three areas viz. area 1 (villages located on the river bank), area 2 (villages within 1km distance from the river) and area 3 (villages more than 2 km from the river). Samples collected from cattle reared in rural locality away from the river were used as control. The mean lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels of blood and hair in the animals of area 1 and area 2 were significantly higher (P<0.05) as compared to control animals. The mean Pb and Cd levels of animals of area 3 were not significantly different from control values. Significantly low (P<0.05) copper and iron concentration in blood and hair were recorded in the animals from area1 and area 2 as compared to area 3 and control animals. Blood and hair zinc levels were not significantly different among animals of different areas. The blood cadmium level had significant negative correlation with blood copper(r=-0.379, p<0.01) and iron(r= -0.395, p<0.01). The blood lead levels had significant negative correlation with blood iron (r= -0.138, p< 0.05) and hair copper (r= -0.178, p< 0.05) and iron (r= -0.302, p< 0.05). The blood cadmium level had significant negative correlation with hair copper (r=-0.377, p< 0.01) and iron (r= -0.482, p<0.01). The study concludes that blood lead and cadmium influenced the concentration of trace minerals in the blood and hair.

Title: Assessment of Impediments for Dairy Farming in Punjab
Abstract :
A fi eld level study was conducted in all the six agro-climatic zones of Punjab state of India to know about the various impediments for dairy farming. A total of 180 dairy farmers (30 from each zone) rearing more than fi ve dairy animals were randomly selected. Respondents were personally interviewed with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule. Most of the dairy farmers (70.6%) were facing green fodder scarcity problem for some period of year. All the farmers revealed high cost of concentrate as a serious constraint in dairy farming when compared to the price, they receive for milk. Majority of the farmers (64.4%) were not dependent on labour. Training facilities regarding dairy farming were either not available (40.5%) or available far away from home (41.7%) to most of the farmers. Milk marketing facilities were available at optimal price (53.3%) and government schemes were easily available to only 2.8% farmers. Majority of the respondents (36.7%) were of the opinion that young generation does not take interest in dairy farming activities.
Title: Kinematic Response of Barbari and Sirohi Buck Spermatozoa to High Egg Yolk Concentration in Semen Extender
Abstract :
The experiment was designed to evaluate kinematic characteristic exhibited by spermatozoa in diluted Barbari and Sirohi buck semen using computer assisted semen analysis. Four normal healthy adult bucks (2 Barbari and 2 Sirohi) reared at the experimental goat sheds of department were selected for semen collection. Semen was collected twice a week using artifi cial vagina. A total of 8ejaculates (sixteen ejaculates from each breed) were collected from each buck. After initial semen evaluation, ejaculates from similar breed were pooled. The pooled semen sample of two breeds were dilutedwith TRIS based extender containing 20 per cent egg yolkto fi nal concentration of 100×106 spermatozoa per ml. Motility patterns and path velocities of spermatozoa were evaluated using computer assisted semen analyser (CASA). It was observed that proportion of spermatozoa exhibiting rapid progression were highest in both the breeds, following by slow progression and non-progression.A signifi cantly (p<0.01) higher values of non-progressive spermatozoa were observed in Barbari buck semen. Different path velocities viz. VCL (µm/sec), VAP (µm/sec), VSL (µm/sec), Lin (%), Str(%), WOB(%), BCF(hz), ALH(µm) and DNC(µm2/sec) exhibited by spermatozoa were recorded during the experiment. The VCL (µm/sec), ALH(µm) and DNC(µm2/sec) were signifi cantly(p<0.01, p<0.05) in Barbari buck semen while a signifi cantly(p<0.01, p<0.05) higher values of VSL,Lin (%),Str (%), WOB(%)and BCF (hz) were observed for Sirohibuck.The result indicated that Barbari buck spermatozoa covered more distance per unit time in the vertical direction (Y-axis) and short X axial movements (horizontal movement), while the spermatozoa of Sirohi Buck moved at slower velocity with more distance covered in horizontal direction (X axis) and lesser vertical displacement resulting in lower values of VCL and higher values of VAP and VSL as compared to Barbari buck. So, it can be concluded that a variable response is exhibited by Barbari and Sirohi buck spermatozoato egg yolk concentration, indicating a breed specifi c variation in motion characteristic and path velocities of spermatozoa
Title: Feminism in Indian Agriculture
Abstract :

Feminism in Indian agriculture signifies the involvement of women in agriculture and allied activities. Agriculture is one of the strong hold of Indian Economy with growth rate of 3.4 per cent and is accounted for 17.32 per cent to the total GDP during 2018-19. During 2011-12, Agriculture employed more than 50 per cent of the Indian work force. It was estimated that 45.3 per cent of agricultural labour force consist of women but a large number of women remained invisible workers. Therefore, women constitute an important part of our labour force in agriculture and perform multidimensional roles. In rural India, the percentage of women who depend on agriculture for their livelihood is as high as 84 per cent (Census, 2011). Women make up about 30 per cent of cultivators and about 43 per cent percent of agricultural laborers. As small farmers face the increasing competition with larger farm operations an increasing number of men migrate to city centers for higher wages and employment. Women are in turn left to support the family structure and support small farm lifestyle. Since, there has been concern expressed regarding the gap between women’s actual economic participation and public perception, several researchers have attempted to overcome this invisibility through gendered empirical research studies for using on gender analysis and gender roles. This topic is highlighting the female participation and wages in agriculture across various Indian states. The secondary data collected for the research is used to study the growth rate of the female agricultural worker for several years. Various challenges are still persistent so special policy as well as programs should be organized to mitigate them. Agricultural education be made gender sensitive and research, development, extension and services be engendered to give due recognition to the multiple role played by women agriculturists.

Title: Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitic Milk, Udder Surfaces and Milkers’ Hands from Different Farms in Bikaner, Rajasthan
Abstract :

Staphylococcus aureus is recognized worldwide as one of the most important contagious mastitis pathogen and is frequently isolated from mastitic milk and extramammary sites. The present study was undertaken to study prevalence of S. aureus strains isolated from mastitic milk, udder surfaces and milkers’ hands from organized (n=5) and unorganized dairy farms (n=2). For this, a total of 197 samples (80 mastitic milk samples, 66 udder swabs and 51 swabs of milkers’ hands) were collected from different places. A total of 107 isolates including 51 from mastitic milk samples, 35 from udder and 21 from milkers’ hands, were presumptively identified as S. aureus on the basis of cultural and biochemical properties and then genotypically confirmed using 23S rRNA ribotyping followed by PCR amplification of nuc gene. An overall recovery rate of S. aureus was 54.3% with highest (63.8%) recovery from mastitic milk samples followed by udder (53.0%) and milkers’ hands (41.2%). The unorganized dairy farm showed highest prevalence (65.4%) of S. aureus than that in other farms.

Title: Cross Sectional Study on Bovine Tuberculosis Status in the Selected North-Eastern Agro-Climatic Zone of Tamil Nadu
Abstract :

A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the dynamic prevalence of bovine tuberculosis amongst bovine using single intra dermal cervical comparable test (SICCT or CIDT) in North-Eastern agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu. In the present study, Out of 1119 blood samples tested from four selected districts of North-Eastern agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu, the overall prevalence of M. bovis infection in North-Eastern agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu was found to be 8.46 per cent by CIDT and highest prevalence was noticed in Vellore (10.86%) district followed by Kancheepuram (8.20%), Thiruvallur (7.92%) and Chennai (6.86%) districts, which shows the potential to increase the incidence as well as prevalence of the disease since the “test and slaughter” or “culling policy” are yet to be strengthened intensively or warranting the calf-hood immunization against tuberculosis.

Title: Sero-prevalence of Brucellosis in Small Ruminants and Human in Chhattisgarh
Abstract :

Brucellosis is a major cause of direct economic losses resulting from clinical disease, abortion, neonatal losses, reduced fertility, decreased milk production, emergency slaughtering of infected animals and treatment costs. It is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Brucella spp. and humans are accidental hosts. A total of 600 sera samples from goats (n=470), sheep (n=30) and in contact human (n=100) were collected from the five districts of Chhattisgarh, India and tested for the presence of anti-brucella antibodies. The overall prevalence of brucellosis in goats and sheep was found 14.00%, 11.20% and 6.66% by RBPT, STAT and I-ELISA respectively. In case of human, 7.00%, 4.00% and 0% sera samples were found positive by RBPT, STAT and I-ELISA respectively. The sero-prevalance was significantly higher in female than in male animals by RBPT, STAT and I-ELISA whereas higher sero-prevalence was recorded in man than in woman by RBPT and STAT. The sero-prevalence of brucellosis was higher in adult animals than young animals. Poor awareness about the disease and lack of vaccination plan for small ruminants pose a serious risk for small ruminants as well as their owners.

Title: Patho-morphological Based Diagnosis of Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR)in Goats
Abstract :

The present study describes pathological findings in 25 cases of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) infection. Out of 462 goats carcass examination, in which 262 cases were from slaughtered animals and 200 cases were from fallen animals. On post mortem examination, pathological findings included erosive ulcerative stomatitis, severe haemorrhagic enteritis along with enlarged mesenteric lymph node. The large intestine of affected animals showed pathognomonic haemorrhages like zebra striping (zebra marking) and ecchymotic haemorrhages in abomasum. Histopathological lesions were characterized by syncytial cell formation, infiltration of mononuclear cells with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in alveolar macrophages of lungs section. Gross and histopathological lesions were suggestive for PPR infection, which was further confirmed from the specialized PPR laboratory in Mukteshwar (Uttarakhand) Regional Station of ICAR, IVRI using s-ELISA.

Title: UspA Gene Based Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Different Disease Conditions in Goats
Abstract :

Escherichia coli (E. coli) carry six universal stress protein (usp) genes: A, C, D, E, F and G, and the expression of these genes are triggered by various environmental stresses. The uspA gene is important for survival of E. coli during cellular growth, adhesion and motility. The present study was conducted to characterize three pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from the cases of diarrhoea, pneumonia and mastitis in goats. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify 884 bp open reading frame (ORF) of the uspA gene from the E. coli strains. The uspA amplicons of the three E. coli strains were sequenced, and compared with the published sequences in NCBI GenBank, and their phylogenetic relationships were analysed. The diarrheic strain showed significant variation in the nucleotide composition as compared to pneumonia and mastitis associated strains. In the ORF of uspA gene, silent mutations were noticed in the nucleotide sequence positions 27, 33, 207 and 316, which were not reflected phenotypically. Among the peptides, ‘KHILIAVDLS’ could be a putative candidate for use as epitope in diagnostics. Further, comprehensive studies on sequence analysis of the uspA gene will help us to understand the distribution, variability, and phylogenetic relationships of different pathogenic E. coli isolated from different disease conditions in goats.

Title: Effect of Body Condition Score during Transition Period on Early Lactation, Postpartum Interval to Estrus and Calf Birth Weight in Sahiwal Cows
Abstract :
A total of 26 purebred Sahiwal cows, 13 cows each from two farms i.e. the BMEF and CBF, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh were studied during extended transition period (56 days prepartum to 84 days postpartum) to investigate variation in body condition score along with birth weight of calf, early lactational yield, postpartum interval to estrus (PPIE) and their interrelationships. In BMEF herd concentrate was not fed to the animals during prepartum stage. In BMEF, the mean BCS at periodical intervals was signifi cantly less than that of CBF herd throughout the transition period. The postpartum mean unit loss in BCS of the cows of BMEF herd (0.54±0.09) was signifi cantly higher than that of CBF cows (0.52±0.09). Significant differences were observed between overall pre- and post-partum means of BCS of each farm. Significantly higher early lactation yield was observed in the Sahiwal cows of CBF (667.23±37.13 kg) than the cows of BMEF herd (476.92±51.59 kg). The average PPIE was nonsignificantly shorter in CBF cows (228.69±37.36 days) than those of the cows of BMEF herd (241.69±43.51 days). The average
birth weight of calf of CBF herd (22.38±0.75 kg) was significantly higher than that of BMEF cows (19.58±0.52 kg). Highly significant (P<0.01) positive correlations were observed between the mean pre- and post-partum BCS with all periodical BCS at different intervals including mean pre- and post-partum BCS in both farms. Early lactation yield has shown negative and non signifi cant correlation with 84 days postpartum BCS in both farms. PPIE was negatively correlated with BCS at 56 and 84 days postpartum in both the farms. PPIE had shown positive correlation with early lactation yield in BMEF (r=0.377) and negative correlation in CBF herd (r=-0.182). It can be concluded that the energy status can be assessed by scoring of body condition periodically in transition Sahiwal cows which were indicative of their early lactation yield, interval to first detected heat and birth weight of calf.
Title: Applied Anatomy of the Head Region of the Indian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa) and its Clinical Value during Regional Anesthesia
Abstract :

The present study involved some osteometric parameters of the upper jaws and mandibles of adult Indian wild pigs without any apparent skeletal disorders. The supraorbital foramina distance, infraorbital foramina distance, skull length, skull width, cranial length and nasal length of the Indian wild pig were 4.56±0.056 cm, 6.54±0.063 cm, 32.55±0.40 cm, 22.90±0.24 cm, 18.27±0.17 cm and 14.93±0.13cm, respectively. The skull of the Indian wild pig was dolichocephalic according to the skull index. The skull index was 70.56±0.22. In addition, the distances from process of alveolar socket of canine tooth to the infraorbital canal and from the latter to root of the fourth upper premolar tooth were 5.40±0.048 cm and 3.57±0.069 cm, respectively. The length and height of the mandible were 33.25±0.30 cm and 16.88±0.124 cm, respectively. Furthermore, the distances from the lateral alveolar root to mental foramen and from the mental foramen to caudal mandibular border were 3.00±0.028 cm and 29.33±0.374 cm, respectively. In the present study, the distances from mandibular foramen to the base of mandible as well as from caudal border of mandible to below of the mandibular foramen were 7.44±0.069 cm and 7.04±0.05 cm, respectively. Also, the distances from the base of mandible to condyloid fossa and from the latter to the maximum height of mandible were 15.96±0.14 cm and 0.98±0.017 cm, respectively. Finally, the distance from caudal border of mandible to mandibular foramen and from the latter to mandibular angle were 7.76±0.041 cm and 7.13±0.082 cm, respectively.

Title: Sero-prevalence of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Bovine in Punjab,North India
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Bovine respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) in cattle and buffaloes from different agroclimatic zones (viz. Submountain undulating, Undulating Plain, Central Plain, Western Plain and Western) in Punjab, north India by using commercially available competitive ELISA technique. A total of 187 serum sample(s) of 40 dairy herds of different age groups were collected and screened for the presence of BRSV antibodies. The overall seroprevalence recorded for BRSV in bovines was 47.05%. Seroprevalences of BRSV in cows and buffaloes was found to be 45.12% (37/82) and 48.57% (51/105), respectively. Animal in large herds and older animals (above 4 years) had the highest seropositivity and the findings were statistically significant on chi-square analysis (p<0.05) which indicated that older animals and large herds are important risk factors for increased seropositivity to BRSV. No significant variation was observed in the haematological values of BRSV sero-positive and sero-negative animals. The present study puts on records of high seroprevalence of BRSV infection in bovines of Punjab, north India and the results indicate that exposure to this agent is common within study areas

Title: Isolation and Identification of Avian Nephritis Virus from Commercial Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to investigate the incidences of nephropathy encountered in young chicks of certain commercial broiler flocks in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. The mortality and growth retardation associated with the condition was a major concern, necessitating a thorough study to establish the etiology. Detailed necropsy of the dead chicks revealed marked inflammation of the kidneys along with gout. Mortality percentage recorded was up to 20%. Samples were collected from the affected flocks for isolation and identification of the causative agent. The presence of ANV RNA was detected using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and 42 kidney samples (43.75%) were found to be ANV positive while all were IBV negative. The positive samples were successfully propagated in Specific Pathogen Free chicks and embryonated eggs as was evident from the changes observed and further confirmation using RT PCR. The nucleotide sequence of the representative ANV isolate was determined and showed high identity with ANV sequences in the NCBI database. In the constructed phlyogenetic tree, the ANV isolates were clustered together distinctly separate from the related Chicken Astro virus. This investigation confirms the involvement of ANV in cases of gout, nephritis and related mortality in commercial broiler flocks.

Title: Gastrointestinal Helminths of Local and Exotic Domestic Fowls in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria
Abstract :

Chicken remains the most intensively reared domesticated poultry species in the animal production industry in Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to November 2016 in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal and malaria parasites of local and exotic domestic fowls. A total of 620 domestic fowls were examined for gastrointestinal parasites in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria, using the flotation technique. Another 16 (10 exotic and six local) domestic fowls were examined for Plasmodium infection and Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Five species of parasites were identified from the domestic fowls which included Ascaridia galli (54.2%), Heterakis gallinarum (15.5%), Capillaria sp. (8.2%), Raillietina sp. (20.8%) and Syngamus trachea (1.4%). Ascaridia galli had the highest prevalence in both the local (male = 50%, female = 48.5%) and exotic domestic fowls (male = 62.5%, female = 55.7%), followed by Raillietina sp., Heterakis gallinarum, Capillaria sp. and Syngamus trachea respectively. Plasmodium sp. was detected in two (33.3%) out of six local domestic fowls and two (20%) out of 10 exotic domestic fowls. The relationship between the PCV and malaria parasite prevalence level in both local and exotic domestic fowls were negative and not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, the relationship between the PCV and malaria parasite prevalence was stronger in the local domestic fowls (R = 0.207) than in the exotic domestic fowls (R = 0.172). It is necessary that public awareness scheme, and prevention and control measures with better management system be introduced in the study area.

Title: Study of Formulation, Sensory Evaluation, Antioxidant Potential and Storage Study of Watermelon Based Whey Beverage from Camel and Buffalo Milk
Abstract :

Present study was based on whey, obtained by acid coagulation of camel and buffalo milk, mixed in a ratio of 70:30. Further this whey was used to prepare watermelon based; ready-to- serve (RTS) whey beverage using different levels of watermelon juice in which sugar (4.5%) and black salt (1.0%) was added replacing whey and on the basis of whey, 4 different treatments viz. T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively were prepared. Control treatment (T0) was the whey. Sensory evaluation was carried out by a group of panellists on the basis of 8 point hedonic scale. The proportion which has 74.5% whey and 20% watermelon juice (T4) had highest overall acceptability. On the basis of sensory evaluation, further storage study was carried out for the treatment T4 with different parameters like pH, TA (Titratable acidity), DPPH (2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS(2, 2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and TBA (2-Thio Barbituric Acid) over a period of 12 days. Among storage period increase in TA and TBA whereas decrease in pH, DPPH and ABTS value were noted. Results of storage revealed that whey beverage have its highest functional properties and accessibility when consume in fresh state.

Title: Housing and Health Care Management Practices of Dairy Farmers in Urban and Peri-urban areas of Telangana
Abstract :

An investigation was carried out to study the housing and health care management practices of urban and peri urban dairy farmers in and around Hyderabad city of Telangana. A total of 100 dairy farmers from both areas were purposively selected for the study by following three stage stratified random sampling technique. The data were collected by using a pretested structured interview schedule through personal contact. In this study, majority of famers provided loose housing with pucca floor, manger and drainage in the sheds. Majority (64.0%) of peri-urban dairy farmers used asbestos sheets as roofing material compared to the urban dairy farmers who have used cement concrete roofing (48.0%). A significant (P<0.01) association was observed between housing system, type of house, roofing material, space provided and study area, respectively. Majority of the dairy farmers in urban and peri urban areas didn’t follow the vaccination schedule. Majority dairy farmers consulted the veterinarian for treatment of sick animals and had the knowledge of common diseases in the study area. More than half (59.0%) of dairy farmers dewormed their calves within 14 days of birth. The practice of de ticking of animals was significantly (P<0.01) higher in peri urban (74.0%) area than urban area. Isolation of sick animals was practiced by majority of peri urban farmers (50.0%) than urban farmers (16.0%).

Title: Evaluation of in vitro Anti-Microbial Activity of Goat Urine Peptides
Abstract :

Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics have caused microbial resistance and also lead to many side effects. To overcome from such situation plants and animal materials are widely used the treating various ailments having antimicrobial properties. In Ayurveda, goat urine has been used to improve general health of an individual. Therefore, present study was undertaken to study in vitro antibacterial potential of urinary peptides of goat against S. aureus and E. coli. The method employed extraction of urinary peptides from goat urine and subsequently antibacterial activity of extracted urinary peptides was studied by radial diffusion assay technique and microtiter broth dilution method. The results showed good antibacterial activity of goat urinary cationic antimicrobial proteins against test bacterial strains by exhibiting significant zone of inhibition. Thus it can be concluded that cationic urinary peptides of goat possess good inhibitory activities against bacterial strains and can be used to control infectious diseases.

Title: Effect of Different Levels of Citrus Waste (Kinnow sp.) on Duodenal Morphology of Broiler Birds Without and With Cocktail of Enzymes
Abstract :

The study was carried out to determine the effect of different levels of citrus waste (Kinnow sp.) as replacement of whole ration on intestinal morphology in broilers. The experiment consisted of 256 meat type birds. The day old birds were distributed into 8 groups and each group was replicated four times. Eight dietary treatments included Control (T1), positive control (T5) and Citrus waste was supplemented at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 percent level in diet T2 to diet T4 and citrus waste with cocktail of enzymes was added from diet T6 to diet T8 during starter (0-14 days), grower (15-21 days) and finisher (22-42 days of age) phases. The birds of equal body weight were slaughtered on 42nd day. After thorough examination sections of duodenum were collected and processed. Images were taken to measure villi height and crypt depth. Study showed that the inclusion of citrus waste up to 5% level improved (P<0.05) duodenal morphology with higher villi length and crypt depth. More number of polymorphonuclear cells was observed at places in mucosa suggesting better immunomodulatory effect due to inclusion of citrus waste in the diet. However, supplementation of enzyme (100 g/q) didn’t showed any significant (P<0.05) difference between the groups. It can be concluded that supplementation of citrus waste decreased the villi height and crypt depth at higher citrus waste inclusion level.

Title: Development of Plant Extracts Based Indicator for Monitoring Quality of Fresh Chicken Meat During Storage at Room Temperature (25±1° C)
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to develop a plant extracts based quality indicator for monitoring aerobically packed chicken meat quality during storage at room temperature (25±1ºC) until spoiled. Ripen black mulberry (Morus nigra) fruit extracts containing anthocyanins was used for developing quality indicator. Filter paper based indicator was exposed to the closed fresh meat environment. Changes in the indicator color and different quality parameters of chicken meat viz., total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), ammonia level, pH, sensory attributes and instrumental color values were evaluated and were correlated with color changed of indicator. During storage meat become visibly spoiled on 5th day of storage where as the color of the indicator changed gradually from red on 1st day to light green between 2nd-4th day and finally dark yellow on 5th. Both Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and ammonia level increased significantly (P<0.5) during storage. The pH value of meat increased significantly (P<0.5) from 5.4 to 6.1 during storage. Sensory attributes score for color, general appearance and acceptability decreased significantly (P<0.5) throughout the storage period. Lovibond Tinto meter color value for redness, yellowness, hue and chroma decreased during storage period. On the basis of results observed it might be concluded that the developed quality indicator is expected to provide a convenient aid to monitor the quality and shelf life of chicken meat during storage at room temperature.

Title: In-vivo Analgesic and In-vitro Cytoprotective Potential of Various Leaf Extracts of Pongamia pinnata
Abstract :

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is a medium sized glabrous, perennial tree which grows in the littoral regions of South Eastern Asia and Australia. In the Indian Ayurvedic medicine, different parts of the plant have been used for pain relief in various disorders. The present study investigated the potential of different leaf extracts of Pongamia pinnata as an analgesic agent in rodents and our aim was also to study in-vitro cytoprotective effects of the various extracts from leaves of the plant. Different leaf extracts of Pongamia pinnata i.e. aqueous, alcoholic, acetone and chloroform were investigated for analgesic activity at the dose rate of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg in Wistar rats. For the assessment of analgesic activity, tail flick method was used. In-vitro cytoprotective activity of various leaf extracts (at concentrations of 5% and 10%) was evaluated in ATCC acquired MDBK cell lines and for this study, cytotoxicity was induced by thiomethoxam. It was observed that almost all the extracts demonstrated the dose dependent analgesic activity with maximum response in the aqueous extract group @ 100 mg/kg when compared to control. For cytoprotective study, oxidative stress parameters- catalase, LPO, SOD and GPx were determined. Study on analgesic activity revealed the presence of dose dependent effect in all extracts with highest effect in aqueous extract of Pongamia pinnata. We believe that triterpene alkaloids and steroidal principles present in the plant products might be responsible for the analgesic effect.

Title: Gross Morphometric and Radiographic Studies on the Metacarpals of Indian Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)
Abstract :

The metacarpus of Indian Blackbuck comprised of two metacarpal bones. The large metacarpal bone consisted of fused III and IV metacarpals. The shaft of the metacarpus presented two surfaces and two borders. The dorsal surface was smooth and semi-cylindrical in outline. The palmar surface was flat in outline and it presented a deep longitudinal groove which possessed similar foramina. These foramina communicated with the similar foramina on the palmar surface through transverse canals. The proximal extremity presented two slightly concave facets, separated by a median ridge in front and a shallow groove behind. The distal extremity was divided by a dorso-palmar cleft into two condyles. The small metacarpals (splint bones) were cord like bones inblackbuck. The metacarpal II was present on palmo-medial aspect and metacarpal V was present on palmo-lateral aspect of the large metacarpal.

Title: Physicochemical Analysis and Sensory Evaluation of Kheer Fortified with Carrot Shreds
Abstract :
The study was aimed at evaluating the characteristics of kheer fortified with carrot shreds. Four samples of milk and carrot shreds blends viz. T1 (90:10), T2 (85:15), T3 (80:20), T4( 75:25) was prepared with sugar at the rate of 8% and cardamom at the rate of 0.2%. The physiochemical composition of carrot kheer was affected by levels of carrot shreds in the kheer, moisture, fat and protein content decreased with increase in the amount of carrot shreds while that of total solids and ash content increased. The present investigation shows that the carrot kheer prepared with 15% carrot shreds in treatment T2 showed maximum sensory score. The cost of production of highly acceptable carrot kheer was ` 108.5 per kg.
Title: Productive and Reproductive Perfomances of Local pigs of Bareilly District Under Scavenging System
Abstract :
Present study was conducted in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh to assess the productive and reproductive performances of Local pigs. Various traits of Local pigs were recorded using a relevant proforma. The mean age at puberty in male and female Local pigs was found to be 6.36±0.11 months and 7.27±0.11 months, respectively while, age at sexual maturity was found to be 7.54±0.14 months and 8.55±0.11 in male and female Local pig, respectively. The average age at first farrowing, farrowing interval, gestation period, piglet weight at birth, litter size, litter weight at birth and piglet mortality were found to be 12.16±0.13 months, 7.10±0.30 months, 113.67±0.17 days, 0.85±0.03 kg, 6.85±0.16, 5.83±0.18 and 25.15±0.79 %, respectively. These recorded traits are useful to characterize Local pigs of Bareilly district an also in the selection of breeding stock for future
parents.
Title: Estimation of Means and Trends in Economic Traits of Sahiwal
Abstract :

The performance records of Sahiwal cattle maintained under ICAR funded All India Coordinated Research Project on Cattle (Data Recording Unit - DRU) pertaining from 2011-2015 were utilized to estimate means and trends in important economic traits. It was found that the overall average of age at first calving, first lactation milk yield, first lactation length, first peak yield, first dry period, first service period, first calving interval, wet average and herd average were 1360.12 ±34.13 days, 1531.23±56.88 kg, 288.55±19.41 days, 8.36±1.19 kg, 151.55±19.46 days, 143.57±11.63 days, 439.52±14.18 days, 5.49±0.47 kg and 3.62±0.15 kg respectively. The analysis further revealed that the rate of change/year (trend) in the traits were -40.58 days in age at first calving, 41.38 kg in first lactation milk yield, 2.67 days in first lactation length, 0.71 kg in first peak yield, 1.70 days in first dry period, 0.80 days first service period, 10.84 days in calving interval, 0.09 kg in wet average and 0.06 kg in herd average from 2011 to 2015. The study of trends indicated that there has been considerable reduction in the age at puberty and increase in first lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, wet average and herd average. It may be concluded that improvement in the traits has been realized by breeding and management interventions namely: comfortable housing, balanced feeding, timely inseminations, use of quality semen from bulls with higher breeding worth and better husbandry practices.

Title: Effect of Polyherbal Mixture Supplementation on Postpartum Productive Performance in Karan Fries (KF) Cows
Abstract :

The present study was conducted at Livestock Research Centre (LRC), ICAR-NDRI, Karnal To find out the effect of poly herbal mixture supplementation on postpartum productive performance in KF cows. Thirty multiparous calved KF cows were chosen and divided into three groups, 10 cows in each group. One group was considered as control (C) and other two as treatment groups (T1 and T2). The control (C) group cows were offered the ration as per the standard feeding schedule (ICAR, 2013). The treatment group (T1 and T2) cows were offered the same ration and then additionally the polyherbal mixture combination (25 g each of the herbals + 25g black salt + 250g jaggery) as a treatment for the first 10 and 20 days postpartum period in T1 and T2 group, respectively. The productive related parameters, such as 60 days total milk yield (60 DTMY), peak yield (PY), days to peak yields (DPY), milk compositions and production disorders were recorded in 60 days of postpartum period. The treatment groups, 60 DTMY, PY and DPY were increased as compared to control group. Milk fat % and SNF % of treatment groups (T1 and T2) were more or less similar, if compared with the control group. Milk lactose % of T1 and milk protein% of T2 were significantly (P≤0.05) higher at 60th day of lactation. The productive disorders incidence was also very low in treatment groups (T1 and T2) during the 60 days postpartum period.

Title: Biological Evaluation of Azolla in Ration of Commercial Chicken Broiler
Abstract :

The study was conducted to evaluate feeding of dried Azolla (Azolla piñnata) and Azolla in combination with exogenous enzymes in commercial broiler poultry birds under complete randomized design. Total 110 day old vancobb broiler chicks were divided into five groups T0,T1, T2, T3 and T4, further each group divided in 2 sub groups (n=11). Group T1 and T3 was given ration containing 2.5 and 5.0 percent dried Azolla without exogenous feed enzyme, where as group T2 and T4 was given ration containing 2.5 and 5.0 per cent dried Azolla with exogenous feed enzyme viz. Phytase and Hizyme. T0 served as standard control diet. Overall growth performance of the dried Azolla fed groups (T1, T2, T3, T4) was found to be similar to the control group (T0) during starter and finisher phase whereas, feed intake per unit gain in live weight was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher for all the dried Azolla fed groups compared to control group. Further, group T2 offered 2.5 percent substituted dried Azolla supplemented with enzymes exhibited lower feed conversion ratio compared to group T3 offered 5 percent substituted dried Azolla. No effect was recorded in the plasma mineral viz. calcium and phosphorus levels of broilers. Based on the findings it can be concluded that dried Azolla can be safely administered in commercial poultry broiler ration up to 5 percent level without having any deleterious, however inclusion of 2.5 percent Azolla is more effective on the growth performance and biochemical parameters

Title: Effect of Dietary Monensin Supplementation on Faecal Nitrogen Excretion and Blood Metabolites in Non Pregnant Non Lactating Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of monensin supplementation in reducing faecal nitrogen excretion in non pregnant non lactating Murrah buffaloes and its effect on blood metabolites. The nitrogen released by the livestock in faecal matter contributes to the nitrous oxide (N2O) content of environment, which is a potent green house gas. Fourteen dry Murrah buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups of seven animals each on the basis of body weight (597.62 kg). Both groups were fed as per ICAR, (2013) feeding standard without and with monensin supplementation (350 mg/head/day) in control and treatment group, respectively for sixty days. The daily nitrogen intake, urinary and total nitrogen out go and nitrogen balance (g/d) were not (P > 0.05) affected by monensin supplementation. However, faecal nitrogen excretion (g/d) decreased (P<0.05) and blood plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration increased (P<0.05) in treatment group as compared to control. The concentration of blood non-estrified fatty acid (NEFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP) and albumin were not affected (P>0.05) by monensin supplementation. In conclusion, dietary monensin supplementation to non pregnant non lactating Murrah Buffaloes increased blood glucose concentration and reduced faecal nitrogen excretion which will reduce the contribution of buffaloes to nitrous oxide emissions and its negative impact on environment.

Title: Performance of Coloured Broilers fed with Organic Source of Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn)
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding organic source of Zn and Mn on growth performance of coloured broilers. Three hundred and twenty coloured broilers were assigned to four dietary treatments with four replicates of twenty broilers each. The experimental birds were fed one of the following four diets. T1-Basal diet (Control) with 100% supplementation of Zn and Mn from inorganic source, T2- Basal diet with 100% supplementation of Zn and Mn from organic source, T3- Basal diet with 80% supplementation of Zn and Mn from organic source and T4 Basal diet with 70% supplementation of Zn and Mn from organic source. The inorganic supplementation was ZnSO4 and MnSO4. The experimental diets were fed to birds for 42 days of age. Data was collected for weekly cumulative body weight, weekly cumulative feed consumption and FCR. Among the organic source fed groups 100 per cent replacement of organic source of Zn and Mn (T2) showed higher body weight (1375 g) followed by T4 (1329 g), T3 (1326 g) and Control T1(1252 g).Among the organic source fed groups 100 per cent replacement of organic source of Zn and Mn (T2) showed better FCR (2.09) followed by T1(2.15), T3 (2.26) and T4 (2.30).Thus organic minerals can be included at much lower levels in the diet than the current recommendations for inorganic minerals, without any negative affect on broiler performance.

Title: Performance of Commercial Broiler Chicks as Affected by the Supplementation of both Probiotics and Enzymes
Abstract :

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of probiotics and enzymes on performance of commercial broiler chicks. Two enzyme levels (without and with enzyme supplementation) were considered for the study. The experiment consisted of two replicates for enzyme groups. The performance of broiler was evaluated in terms of growth and feed efficiency at 6th week of age. Data were analyzed on survivor and equal number of bird’s per subclass basis. Analysis of variance revealed that the difference between replicates were not significant for the different traits under study as such all subsequent analysis was performed on combined sex basis. Inclusion of enzyme in diet had highly significant effect in both the sexes. Group of chicks fed with diet E (with enzyme) were significantly heavier than those fed with diet E0 (without enzyme) at second week body weight. It indicates that the enzyme supplementation had weighty effect on early growth of chicks. Inclusion of enzyme in diet had significant effect at third week age of body weight, the group of chicks fed with enzyme supplemented diet (E) had significantly higher body weight than the group fed without enzyme supplemented diet (E0). It indicates that inclusion of enzyme in diet had positive effects on growth of chicks. Inclusion of probiotics and enzymes revealed significant effects on body weight. Chicks showed higher body weight with diet having probiotics and enzymes.

Title: Effect of Exogenous Thyroxine Supplementation to Reduce the Incidence of Hypothermia in Dairy Calves
Abstract :
Higher serum lipids concentration in blood is the major cause of hypothermia due to lesser utilization of lipids by the buffalo calves for generation of body heat (thermogenesis). A study of effect of exogenous thyroxine supplementation on hormonal status in murrah buffalo and crossbreed cow calves has been evaluated. The
study was conducted on 12 healthy buffalo calves and 12 cow calves at Livestock Farm (calf unit), Adhartal, N.D.V.S.U., Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Oral supplementation of thyroxine (0.167 mg/kg body weight), in powder form mixed along with 5 gram jaggery on 15 day interval starting from age of 16-days, 31-days and 46- days. The findings lead to these conclusions that thyroxine supplementation was found mobilisation of lipids nd high density lipoprotein cholesterol for heat production to maintain homeostasis. The increased thyroxine level in buffalo calves helped to maintain their body temperature and increased basal metabolic rate, thus
helped in their survival and reduced mortality.
Title: Effect of Day Length and Seasonal Variation on Haematological, Biochemical and Hormonal Traits of Indigenous Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in Ghana
Abstract :

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of day length and season on haematological characteristics, biochemical and hormonal profiles of laying Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris). Four hens and 1 male were each subjected to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness (12L: 12D), 14hours of light and 10 hours of darkness (14L: 10D), 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness (16L: 8D) and 18hours of light and 6 hours of darkness (18L: 6D). Each group was replicated three times and reared in three seasons (Dry-December-March, Major rains-April-July and Minor rains-August-November) in a 3×4 factorial experiment. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model procedure of SAS. Significantly (p<0.05) higher Packed cell volume (PCV), lymphocytes and eosinophil, total serum protein and prolactin values were observed in 16L: 8D as 14L: 10D resulted in highest (p<0.05) neutrophil and albumin. PCV and Platelets were highest (p<0.05) in major rains whiles red blood cells and neutrophil were highest (p<0.05) in dry and minor rainy seasons, respectively. Total serum protein increased (p<0.05) from the dry season to minor rainy seasons. Oestrogen and luteinizing hormones were highest (p<0.05) in major rains and prolactin levels were higher (p<0.05) in minor rains and lowest in major rains. Interaction effect was not significant (p>0.05) in all parameters except prolactin. The findings of this study suggest that daylength of 14-16 hrs and major rainy season in Ghana supports adequate haematological, biochemical and hormonal profiles of Guinea fowls.

Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2019
Abstract :
Title: Resource Use Efficiency in Milk Production in Mizoram State of North-East India
Abstract :
The present study was undertaken in Mizoram state to study resource use effi ciency in milk production on sample households.
Out of the eight districts in Mizoram, three districts were selected purposively based on milk production and cattle population. From each of the three districts, two blocks were selected randomly and from each of the selected block cluster of two to three villages were selected. A sample of 180 milk producing households were selected randomly from the selected villages during the year 2014-15. Linear, Cobb-Douglas and Semi-logs milk production functions were tried to study resource use effi ciency. The Cobb-Douglas was found best fi t keeping in view sign, signifi cance of regression co-effi cient and value of R2 for both crossbred and local cows. The regression coeffi cients of dry fodder and miscellaneous expenses were found signifi cant for both the animal groups. It was observed that dry fodder and miscellaneous expenses were underutilised for crossbred cows and green fodder was underutilised in case of local cows indicating that use of more quantities of these inputs will further increase the productivity of milch cattle in the study area.
Title: Estrus Induction Response and Fertility Performance in Delayed Pubertal Heifers Treated with Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii
Abstract :

The present study was designed to examine the estrus induction response and fertility performance in delayed pubertal heifers treated with two medicinal plants Aegle marmelos in combination with Murraya koenigii. A total of 11 heifers were treated with the plants leaf powder for 9 days per orally after determining the dose by the extrapolation from effective dose of 50% ethanolic extract in rats (1000 mg/ kg b. wt.) with optimum ovarian response. Extrapolated extract dose was subsequently converted to powder dose based on per cent yield. Six heifers were kept as untreated control. Six out of 11 (54.1%) heifers in treatment group and 1 out of 6 (16.7%) in control group exhibited standing estrus. All these estrus heifers were inseminated and confirmed as pregnant and calved in due course. Though the proportion of heifers that showed estrus, became pregnant and calved in the end, did not achieve statistical significance (P>0.05) between the groups, nevertheless, the number and proportion of such heifers was higher in the treatment group than that of control. In conclusion, the present study indicates that Aegle marmelos in combination with Murraya koenigii have the potential to induce estrus in delayed pubertal heifers with appreciable fertility performance.

Title: Identification of Polymorphism in Intron 2 of Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) Gene in Indian Sahiwal Cattle
Abstract :

Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene regulates the glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, fatty acid oxidation, immunity and reproduction. In the present investigation, PCR-RFLP method was conducted to identify the genetic polymorphism in intron 2 region of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene in Indian Sahiwal cattle. PCR of intron 2 of ADIPOQ gene fragment produced amplicon of 961 bp which was subsequently digested with RsaI restriction enzyme. The RsaI/PCR-RFLP assay revealed monomorphic pattern only, TT genotype (wild type homozygote) in Sahiwal cattle population which was confirmed by sequencing. The obtained sequences of ADIPOQ after aligning revealed absence of RsaI recognition site GTAC and consequently, the association study with economic traits could not be performed.

Title: Protective Effect of Moringa oleifera on Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Cattle from Industrial Fluoride Polluted Area
Abstract :

In the present study forty cattle were divided into four groups of ten cattle in each. Group I and II served as healthy and diseased control, respectively. Group III was treated with Moringa oleifera fruit powder and group IV was treated with standard chemical antidote i.e. calcium and boron. Blood, urine and faeces were collected from the animals of all the groups on day 0, 30 and 60 of the experiment for estimation of fluoride and haemato-biochemical parameters to evaluate the efficacy of Moringa oleifera fruit powder. Fluoride affected cattle revealed significantly higher level of fluoride in serum as compared to normal cattle at different observation periods of the experiment. Significant reduction in fluoride concentration in serum was recorded in group III and group IV animals from day 30 onwards. Altered haemato-biochemical parameters were restored after the supplementation of Moringa oleifera fruit powder in fluorotic cows. It is concluded that, dried fruit powder of Moringa oleifera had ameliorative potential against industrial fluorosis in cattle and can be used as a fluoride alleviator for control of fluorosis

Title: Effect of Inclusion of Sun Dried Azolla (Azolla pinnata) at Different Levels on the Growth and Performance of Broiler Chicks
Abstract :

A total of 150, day old broiler chicken were randomly distributed into 5 treatments with three replicates having ten chicks in each replicate to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) on growth and performance of broiler chicks. The birds in group control (C) were fed on basal diet while in treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 the basal diet was supplemented with 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% of sun dried Azolla, respectively. The body weight gain was higher (P<0.01) in treatment T3 (2182.07) which was comparable with T2 (2173.10) and T4 (2132.67). Highest (P<0.01) feed consumption was recorded T3 (3900.98) group. FCR was significantly (P<0.01) lowest in T2 (1.67) which was comparable with T1 (1.72) group. The DM digestibility and nitrogen balance were found to be similar in all the groups however nitrogen voided was higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. Performance index was highest (P<0.01) in T2 (1299.62) group similarly protein efficiency ratio was also higher (P<0.01) in T2 (3.33) group which was statically similar to that of T3 (3.13) and control (2.93). Feed cost/ kg broiler (in `) and total cost/ kg broiler (in `) was lowest in T2 group. Therefore, inclusion of Azolla up to 7.5% level in the ration improved body weight gain and feed consumption in broiler chicken. Beyond this level of supplementation, there was reduction in Performance of broilers.

Title: Structure and Quality of Low Value Carabeef Sausages at Frozen Storage
Abstract :
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different binders like wheat flour, soy flour), whole egg and liquid whey under packaging methods like Aerobic and Vacuum packaging on the structure, physico-chemical, microbial and sensory qualities of low value meat incorporated buffalo meat sausages under frozen storage (–18oC). Sausages incorporated with LW had better organoleptic qualities and good shelf life However, those incorporated with WF had the best structural properties and acceptability even under ordinary packaging method. With respect to packaging methods, aerobically packed sausages revealed lowest shear force values, total viable count and anaerobic count. Sausages packed under vacuum recorded the highest pH, odour,
appearance, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability scores, lowest Thiobarbituric Acid Number and yeast and mould count.
Title: Fertility Response using Timed Insemination Protocols in Sub-oestrus Buffaloes
Abstract :

Fertility response to fixed time artificial insemination protocol was studied in 45 sub-oestrus buffaloes divided randomly into three groups (n=15). Animals of group-I were administered intravaginal progesterone implant for 7 days along with GnRH (day 0) followed by PGF2α (day 7). Animals of group-II were administered GnRH (day 0), followed by PGF2α (day 7) and a second GnRH (day 9). Animals of group-III were treated similar to group-II followed by long acting biphasic Insulin on day 9, 10 and 11. Timed artificial insemination was performed on 10th and 11th day at an interval of 24 hours in all the groups. Based on the intensity of the oestrus signs observed during fixed time artificial insemination the oestrus synchronization was graded as excellent, good, fair, poor and nil. The results revealed better grades of oestrus synchronization in insulin modified Ov-synch protocol (GIII) as compared to the original Ov-synch (GII) and progesterone implant (GI) group. The higher conception rate was recorded in insulin modified Ov-synch (73.33%), followed by progesterone implant (60.00%) and Ov-synch protocol (46.66%).

Title: Kinetics of Fasciola gigantica Antibody Response in Naturally Infected Bovine Ensuing Levamisole and Oxyclozanide Combination Therapy
Abstract :
A study was conducted to determine the kinetics of Fasciola gigantica infection induced antibody response against oxyclozanidelevamisole in naturally infected bovine of South Gujarat, India. Faecal analysis on before, 1st, 4th, 8th, 11th and 37th days post treatment (DPT) recorded 67.14, 34.29, 5.71, 0 and 0% parasites infected bovines. Either parasite(s) positive indigenous cattle or buffalo become parasite(s) free by 8th DPT but a lag period of 4 days had been recorded in the exotic cattle. The trematode parasites infected animals take more time to clear the infection with the used drugs, it’s become 100% negative on 11th DPT while the nematodes parasites infected animals successfully clear the infection by 4th DPT and maintain it until the end of experiment. The 5 animals which showed reactivity in dipstick ELISA test following natural infection with F. gigantica using parasites specifi c diagnostic antigen, cathepsin L cysteine proteinase (CP), was subjected to indirect plate ELISA assay, the mean anti-CP antibody titer was recorded at its maximum at pretreatment in treated group positive animal when probed with CP antigen. Thereafter, a declining trend of antibody response was recorded in these naturally infected bovines which reached to undetectable level on 90th DPT in response to anthelmintic therapy while untreated animals (negative and positive animals) showed almost similar pattern of antibody response during the experiment. A signifi cant decrease in % eosinophilia count was also observed at 37th DPT in response to treatment.
Title: Expression of Immunogenic S1 Gene of Infectious Bronchitis Virus from Field Outbreak in Eukaryotic Cells
Abstract :

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and contagious disease of poultry. The spike glycoprotein (S) of IB virus is a dimmer and is cleaved into two glycopolypeptides, S1 and S2 post-translationally. S1 gene defines the serotype and plays a major role in induction of protective immunity. Eukaryotic expression systems are frequently employed for the production of recombinant S1 proteins as it is highly glycosylated protein. In present study the S1 gene amplified from isolated field strain of IBV was cloned into eukaryotic expression vector and express in vero cell line. The pQE-TriSystem vector was used as eukaryotic expression vector to express the corresponding protein. The successful expression was confirmed at 24 and 48 hrs post transfection by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. These promising observations emphasize the need of expression of S1 gene recombinant protein for the development of effective recombinant DNA vaccine against IB in near future.

Title: Effect of Feed Restriction on Energy Metabolism and Methane Emission in Goats
Abstract :

This study examined the effect of feed restriction on methane emission and energy metabolism in goats. Fifteen female goats of about ~ 1 year old, avg. body weight (BW) 12.59±0.60 kg were randomly divided into three groups of 5 each in a completely randomized design and randomly allocated to Control, RF-I and RF-II treatments. The goats of control group were fed total mixed ration ad libitum as per the predicted requirement, while in group RF-I and RF-II goats were fed 12.5 and 25 percent restricted diets, respectively of predicted requirements for 90 days. The methane emission in experimental goats was measured using open circuit respiration calorimetry. Methane emission (Ld-1, Lkg-1 W 0.75) by goats was significantly (P<0.01) higher in control group followed by RF-I and RF-II, respectively. The methane emission (Lkg-1 DMI) did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among various treatment groups, however, methane emission (as percent (DOMI) was significantly (P<0.01) lower in RF-II as compared to control group. Losses of energy methane, faecal and urine energy (kcald-1) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in control group followed by RF-I and RF-II, respectively. Metabolizability was significantly (P<0.01) higher in RF-II group as compared to RF-I and control. The heat production (kcal d-1) was significantly (P<0.01) lower in goats fed 12.5 and 25 percent restricted diets as compared to ad libitum. It may be concluded that feed restriction considerably reduced methane emission and improved the energy utilization efficiency in goats.

Title: Incidence of Intestinal Coccidiosis in Desi Chickens
Abstract :
A field investigation was carried out to find out etiology for high morbidity and moderate mortality (7.50 %) in a desi chicken farm with strength of 3000 birds at the age of 12 weeks, which were reared in the deep litter system at Perambalur district, Tamil Nadu, India. The clinical signs noticed were ruffled feathers, weakness, anorexia and blood stained whitish to brownish diarrhoea and sudden mortality of healthy birds at the age of 12 weeks. Autopsy revealed that distended small intestine with red and white focal lesion on the serosal surface, fi lled with blood, mucus and tissue debris. The microscopic examination confirmed the presence of Eimeria necatrix. The fl ock was treated with amprolium hydrochloride with vitamin K and the mortality reduced and the fl ock recovered completely on 5th day of treatment. Though, the desi chicken is deemed to be resistant to coccidiosis, the breed upgradation, wet deep litter condition and poor ventilation might play the important role in the coccidiosis outbreak among desi chickens.
Title: Contents
Abstract :

Contents

Title: Serological and Clinicopathological Studies on Leptospirosis Among Sheep
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to investigate occurrence, serovar distribution and clinicopathological attributes of leptospirosis among sheep from South Gujarat. A total of 41 blood and serum samples were randomly collected from apparently healthy and clinically ailing sheep of different breeds and age of either sex, reared in different fl ocks. Seropositivity was found to be 12.20% among sheep using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Among clinically ailing and apparently healthy sheep, seropositivity was found to be 4.35% (1/23) and 22.22% (4/18), respectively with involvement of serovars Pomona, Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae. The hemato-biochemical and urinalyses results showed variation among seropositive and seronegative animals however, these differences were non-signifi cant. The study indicated seropositivity with serovar Pomona as main leptospiral serovar among sheep in South Gujarat, however, the specifi c conclusion on clinicopathological aspect could not be made. Though for prevention and control of the disease where an obvious alteration in the serovars causing the disease is common further epidemiological study is necessary.
Title: Contents Vol. 8, No.2, April 2018
Abstract :

Contents Vol. 8, No.2, April 2018

Title: Effect of Acidified Sodium Chlorite Treatment of Feedstuffs on Nitrogen and Amino Acid Digestibility in Poultry
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to study the effect of Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) treatment on nitrogen utilization and amino acid digestibility in caecectomised white leghorn cockerels. Feed ingredients viz. soybean meal, meat cum bone meal and sunflower meal were treated with 80 ppm of ASC either in dry or wet form and
30 g of these ingredients were forced fed to caecectomised white leghorn cockerels, maintained in individual cages. Fecal material was collected (up to 24 h) and analyzed for dry matter, nitrogen, uric acid and amino acid content. Results revealed that ASC treatment of feedstuffs numerically improved their dry matter metabolizability
without any appreciable variation in nitrogen and amino acids bioavailability. Thus it may be concluded that ASC treatment (80 ppm) of feedstuffs has no apparent effect on nitrogen and amino acid digestibility in poultry.
Title: A 28 days oral toxicity of Dronedarone in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus
Abstract :

The aim of the present experiment was to study clinical signs, haemato-biochemical alterations and pathomorphological changes induced by Dronedarone administration in rats. In present study, 48 Wistar rats (5-8 weeks old) were divided in to four different groups with equal numbers of male and female. Group I rats (Corn oil) severed as vehicle control. Group II, III and IV rats were administered Dronedarone @ 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt. respectively, orally daily for 28 days. The blood samples were collected on day 29 of the study from all the animals from retro-orbital plexus under carbon dioxide anaesthesia. All animals were euthanized on day 29 of the study using carbon dioxide asphyxiation. The haematological parameter viz. Hb, erythrocyte count, PCV, MCV, MCHC, eosinophils and basophiles percent and biochemical parameters such as total bilirubin and urea revealed significant (P < 0.05) alteration as compared to control group animals. Gross morphological changes include congestion in lung and dilatation of uterus while microscopic changes were characterized by individual cortical cell necrosis in thymus, focal to multifocal thickened alveolar septa in lung and dilatation of uterine lumen. Changes of gross and microscopic were spontaneous or incidental finding. Based on above finding it can be concluded that sub-acute exposure to Dronedarone administered at the dose rate up to 200 mg/kg/day by oral route over a period of 28 days did not produce any appreciable changes.

Title: Evaluation of Efficacy of Propylene Glycol in the Treatment of Subclinical Ketosis and its effect on Plasma Concentration of Various Metabolic Parameters
Abstract :

Sub clinical ketosis is the excessive production of ketone bodies in blood leading to reduced reproductive performances and decreased milk yield without showing any clinical sign of ketosis. Since a lot of metabolic parameters are affected during the subclinical ketosis, which are having their roles in normal functioning of the body. Therefore the study was conducted to check the efficacy of Propylene glycol (PG) which was given @ 200 ml per day orally for 5 days in the treatment of subclinical ketosis and to study its effect on various metabolic parameters. A significant decrease was noted in the mean plasma Beta Hydroxyl Butyric Acid (BHBA) and Non Esterified Fatty Acid (NEFA) values, along with a significant increase in the mean plasma glucose, calcium and total plasma proteins levels after treatment. The mean plasma inorganic phosphorus levels were within the normal range. A non significant decrease was observed in the mean plasma copper and zinc levels, where as a increase was noted in iron levels from the late pregnancy upto the early lactation period. However, a increase was noted in the mean values of copper and zinc after treatment with PG. Marked improvement was recorded in the oxidative stress parameters after feeding of PG It was concluded from the present study that Propylene glycol (PG) was given @ 200 ml per day orally for 5 days results in decrease in plasma NEFA and BHBA levels, indicating its effectiveness for treatment of sub clinical ketosis.

Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Probiotic (Problend) on Immune Status, Biochemical Profile and E. coli Counts in Commercial Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of dietary supplementation, of graded level of probiotics on the immune response, serum biochemical (total protein, cholesterol), and E.coli counts in commercial broiler chicken. A total of 240 unsexed broiler chicks were distributed randomly in to six dietary treatments and reared commercial broiler chicks under uniform management conditions from day old to six weeks of age to evaluate the immune response (Cell mediated immunity (CMI) to phyto heamagglutinin-P(PHA-P), Humoral immunity (HI) to new castle disease vaccine(NDV), serum biochemical (total protein, cholesterol), and E.coli counts. The humoral immune response to Sheep-Red blood cells (SRBC) as studied at 42 days old indicated insignificant (P>0.05) influence due to dietary treatments, while CMI response to PHA-P was significantly (P<0.05) affected, but no specific trend could be attributed. The relative weights of bursa were significantly (P<0.05) higher in probiotic group compared to control. The concentration of serum cholesterol and total protein were not affected due to treatments. At 42 days of age, significantly (P<0.05) reduced E. coli counts were observed in small intestine and excreta of broilers, supplemented with dietary probiotics. It was concluded that commercial broilers can be reared profitably to improve immunity and reducing harmful bacterial load in the intestine and excreta by supplementation of probiotics at graded levels.

Title: Study on Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases in Canines of Jammu
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to screen various cardiovascular diseases in the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, between July 2012 and June 2013. The prevalence of Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) was found to be 1.61 percent with maximum occurrence in month March (16 percent). Males (56 percent) were more affected than female with highest prevalence in Labrador breed (44 percent). Dogs in the age group of old age (>5 year) were found most susceptible (64 percent) to CVDs. Category wise division of Cardiovascular disorders revealed prevalence of Left atrial enlargement (40 percent), DCM (24 percent), CHF (16 percent), Bi atrial enlargement (12 percent) and 2º AV block (8 percent). Grading of CVD based on clinical signs as per New York Heart Association Insufficiency Score revealed prevalence of Class I (8 percent), Class II (16 percent), Class III (20 percent) and Class IV (56 percent).

Title: Molecular Detection Based Epidemiology of Canine Parvovirus and Canine Coronavirus Infection in Diarrheic Dogs in Haryana
Abstract :

Diarrheic faecal samples of dogs were screened for the presence of canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively followed by analysis of positive cases to find their relationship with breed, age, sex and vaccination status. Faecal samples were collected from dogs having vomition and diahorrea. PCR amplification of DNA and RNA (c-DNA) templates extracted from the faecal samples was conducted using the designed primers against the relevant genes (VP2 and M) of the two viruses respectively. Out of a total 50 screened faecal samples, twenty five were found positive for CPV and 4 samples for CCoV infection by developed PCR/RT-PCR. Out of 25 CPV positive dogs, 23 dogs were from Hisar district and one dog each was reported from Fatehabad and Jind district of Haryana. Out of four positive CCoV dogs one dog was reported from Fatehabad and three other were reported from Hisar. The disease was found to be more common in mixed breed, male pups of less than 6 months of age. The percent prevalence of positive cases in unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated dogs was found to be 96.55%. PCR and RT-PCR based detection revealed 50% and 8% prevalence of CPV and CCoV respectively. It may be concluded that CPV and CCoV infections are very much prevalent in the state and their prevalence is very high in dogs not vaccinated. Thus, there is a need to strengthen vaccination against these etiological agents.

Title: Molecular Prevalence and Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae in Indian Poultry Flocks
Abstract :

Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae are the two important pathogens affecting poultry worldwide and responsible for huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we studied the prevalence of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae in poultry flocks from different geographical regions in India. Prevalence of M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum as 33.0% and 11.65% was observed in samples from live birds of different states and 25.98% and 9.45% of samples were positive for M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum in post mortem examined birds of a single farm. ELISA results showed seroprevalence of 52.1 and 32.6%, respectively of M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum in a total of 635 samples. The PCR and ELISA results revealed an overall higher prevalence of M. synoviae than M. gallisepticum in live birds from different states and in dead birds with Chronic Respiratory Disease and the results shows the urgent need for adoption of better control measures against M. synoviae including vaccination.

Title: Application of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) with β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) and Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM) in Healing of Bone Tissues in Rabbits
Abstract :

In the present study, bone healing efficacy of autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) with β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) and Demineralised Bone Matrix (DBM) was evaluated in induced radial defect in rabbits. Eighteen rabbits divided equally into three groups, where PRP with β-TCP and DBM were applied in Group II & III respectively; while Group I was kept as control. The haematological parameters showed non-significant variation within physiological limit. The serum biochemistry analysis revealed significant elevation of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase on, 15th and 30th day; Serum Creatinine Kinase on 5th day; Serum Calcium on 30th day and Serum Phosphorus level in entire period in all the groups. Radiographs taken on 20th day revealed feathery/ cloudy bony growth in Group I and radio-opaque dense granular density was observed in Group II & III. On 40th day, Group I revealed even bony proliferation; while in Group II & III, large amount of radio-opaque granular tissue was observed along the bony defect. On 60th day radiographs showed incomplete bridging of fractured ends in Group I & III; however complete union was observed in Group II. Histopathological examination of the bone tissues revealed prominent osteoblastic activity in both treated groups. Based on the results it is concluded that application of PRP + β-TCP and DBM had little haematological changes; biochemical alterations were indicative of healing of bone. Radiological and histopathological evaluations were suggestive of better result with PRP + β-TCP when compared to DBM application in surgical reconstruction of radial bone defects.

Title: Effect of Aloe vera Gel and Arjun Tree Bark Extract Incorporation on Quality of Buffalo Male Calf Meat Rolls During Refrigeration (4±1 °C) Storage
Abstract :

The study was conducted with an objective to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera gel and Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) bark extract on shelf life of buffalo male calf meat rolls at refrigeration (4±1°C) storage. The meat rolls were prepared with incorporation of 4% Aloe vera gel (T1) and 2% Arjun tree bark extract (T2) and compared with control (C) meat rolls. The products were assessed for their physico-chemical, sensory and microbiological quality at 0, 4, 8, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days. However, the sensory scores and moisture content decreased and microbial load, TBA value and free fatty acids (FFA) increased as the days of storage increased for control as well as treated products. The rate of decline in sensory score and moisture content and rate of increase in microbial load, TBA vale and FFA during storage were higher in control samples as compared to treated (T1 and T2) meat rolls. It was concluded that Aloe vera gel (4%) and Arjun tree bark extract (2%) incorporation showed their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, by keeping the treated products organoleptically acceptable and microbiologically safe up to 21 days of refrigeration storage.

Title: Morphological Studies on the Mandible of Local Pig (Zovawk) of Mizoram
Abstract :

The present study has been carried out on the mandible of Zovawk. The mandible was the largest and heaviest bone of the skull. The mandibular symphysis was fully ossified forming an immovable joint. The mandible of Zovawk carried 6 incisor, 2 canines, 8 premolars and 6 molars. The caudal articular extremity on dorsal surface presented condylar process and coronoid process with the intervening mandibular notch. The mandibular tuberosity was not recorded in the present study. The coronoid process curved caudally and extended caudo-dorsally above the condyle to form the highest point of the mandible. The mandibular foramen was large, which marked the entrance into mandibular canal which traversed laterally on the mandible and opened in the mental foramen at the level below the lower cheek teeth. The length and height of the mandible were 25.02±0.09 cm and 10.54±0.07 cm, respectively in Zovawk.

Title: Electrocardiographic Evaluation in Anemic Dogs with Blood Parasitosis
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on dogs presented to Medicine OPD of Small Animal Clinics of the Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana. In the present study ECG was done in 23 dogs suffering from haemolytic anaemia (12 dogs with Ehrlichia canis and 11 with Babesia spp.) Among the cardiac rhythms assessed by electrocardiography, sinus arrhythmia occurred most frequently (82.61%). Sinus tachycardia was seen in 20 (86.96%) dogs in the present study. Abnormalities in the ST-segment (ST depression and elevation) were found in 5 (21.74%) anemic dogs and slurring of ST segment in 3 dogs.

Title: Haematobiochemical and Pathological Alterations of Chronic Copper Toxicity in Ducks
Abstract :

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of excessive intake of copper sulphate on the haematological and biochemical parameters of domestic ducks Three months old domestic ducks were given copper sulphate as a daily dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for 12 weeks. Haematological changes revealed decreased haemoglobin concentration in the treated group with increase in total erythrocytic count. The changes were progressive in low dosed group compared to control. Biochemically, there were significant increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and transaminase enzymes. However, biochemical alterations were progressive in the treated group compared to the control group. Gross lesions were primarily confined to liver with congestion, haemorrhage, moderate congestion and haemorrhages in the kidney, brain, proventriculus, spleen and intestine along with sloughing of mucosa of gizzard. Hispathologically, kidney showed degeneration, necrosis, karyomegaly and infiltration of mononuclear cells. There was sloughing of the koilin layer from the epithelial layer of gizzard.

Title: Effect of Dietary Protein Levels on Performance, Nutrient Balance, Plasma Enzyme and Hormone Profiles of Growing Sahiwal Calves
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to observe the effect on performance, nutrient utilization, plasma enzymes and hormones in growing Sahiwal calves fed with three levels of proteins in the form of total mixed rations (TMRs). Fifteen male Sahiwal calves (12-18 month age) were distributed into three equal groups (147.35 ± 5.46 kg) and were fed on isocaloric diets containing different protein levels of 15% (T1), 13.5% (T2) and 16.5% (T3) for 90 days. Nutrient intake and their digestibility except CP digestibility did not differ significantly irrespective of treatment groups. CP digestibility was higher in T3 as compared to T2, though T3 did not differ from T1. DCP (g/100 kg BW/day) intake was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 than T2 but comparable to T1. TDN (kg/100 kg BW/day) intake was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 than T1 and T3, but was comparable between T1 and T3. The intake and retention of nitrogen were similar between the treatments. The average daily gain was highest in T2 followed by T3 and T1. The plasma enzymes alanine amiontransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) along with hormones (insulin and growth hormone) were comparable among all groups and were within normal physiological range. From the results, it was concluded that the performances of Sahiwal calves in terms of growth rate and feed conversion ratio was satisfactory even with low dietary protein level of 13.5%. Variation in dietary protein levels also
did not affect the blood enzyme and hormone profiles of Sahiwal calves.
Title: Effect of Different Housing Systems on Haematological Parameters of Buffaloes
Abstract :
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of two housing systems on haematological parameters in buffaloes. Twelve buffaloes were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups. Animals of group A were housed in shed with net and animals of group B in shed without net. The experiment was conducted for a period of three months. Blood samples were aseptically collected fortnightly and were analysed for haematological studies. The mean values for Hb, TEC, TLC, PCV,
MCHC and Neutrophil were 8.49 + 0.52 g/dl, 5.54 ± 1.05 (106/cmm), 27.45 ± 0.44, 31.15 ± 0.66 (%) and 40.99 ± 1.34 (%),
respectively, which was nonsignifi cantly higher than the values of 8.20 ± 0.80 g/dl, 5.22 ± 0.66 (106/cmm), 27.00 ± 0.58 (%), 30.35 ± 0.32 (%) and 39.96 ± 0.66 (%), respectively. Whereas, the values of MCH, lymphocyte, eosinophil and monocyte were 15.26 ± 1.06 (µµg), 55.33 ± 0.44 (%), 2.32 ± 0.45 (%), and 1.69 ± 0.69 (%); respectively, which were non signifi cantly lower than the values of 15.72 ± 0.85 (µµg), 55.56 ± 0.61 (%),3.19 ± 0.05 (%), and 2.03 ± 0.84 (%), respectively in group A as compared to group B. However, WBC count (13.75 ± 0.56 (103/cmm) were signifi cantly (P<0.01) higher than the value of 10.58 ± 0.42 (103/cmm) and MCV (49.45 ± 0.21, µ3) were signifi cantly (p<0.05) lower than the value of 51.85 ± 0.45 (µ3) in group A and group B, respectively. For statistical analysis, student‘t’ test was applied.
Title: Monensin Supplementation in the Feed for Lactating Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Influence on Nutrient Utilization and Enteric Methane Emissions
Abstract :

The present experiment was conducted to find out the effect of monensin supplementation on nutrients utilization and enteric methane emission in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Twelve lactating Murrah buffaloes (567.50 ± 44.3 kg body weight (BW); initial days in milk = 52.83 ± 10.24; milk yield = 6-8 kg/d) were divided in to two groups (n=6) based on the BW and days in milk. Both the groups were fed sugar graze and concentrate mixture (70:30 ratio) as a total mixed ration, without supplementation (control) or supplemented with monensin 24 mg/kg of dry matter intake (treatment) for sixty days. Nutrient utilization and enteric methane emissions were measured after 50 days of monensin supplementation. The daily intake (kg/d) and apparent digestibility (%) of nutrients were similar (P>0.05) in both the groups, However Methane emissions in terms of g/d, g/kg milk yield and g/kg dry matter intake (DMI) were found to be lower (P<0.05) by 8.55%, 13.20% and 9.02% respectively, in treatment group as compared to control. Methane energy loss as percent of Gross Energy (GE), Digestive Energy (DE) and Metabolizable Energy (ME) was reduced (P<0.05) in monensin supplemented group by 8.82, 11.11 and 11.45%, respectively compared to control. The results suggested that feeding 24 mg/kg DMI of monensin on high forage diets has the potential to reduce enteric methane emissions in lactating buffaloes without significant effect on nutrient utilization which will reduce the contribution of buffaloes to the global methane inventory and its negative impact on environment and increase environmental friendly milk production in the country.

Title: Computational Analysis of Promoters of Immediate Early, Early and Late Genes of Bovine Herpesvirus
Abstract :

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) is associated with a various respiratory and genital clinical manifestations in cattle. It belongs to alphaherpesvirinae family with double stranded DNA genome of 140 kb size. As other herpesviruses, BHV-1 also transcribes viral proteins into three kinetic classes namely immediate early (IE), early (E) and late (L). Transcription of these genes is dependent on several important regulatory motifs like OCT-1 (Ocatmer Binding Proteins), C/EBPα (CAATT enhancer binding protein alpha), TATA box and DPE (Downstream promoter elements). Most of these motifs have been studied in IE genes and very little literature is available for Early and Late genes in BHV-1. Hence the present study is undertaken to computationally identify similar motifs in early and late promoters of BHV-1. Computational analysis of promoters has shown that majority of its promoters uses Downstream Processing Elements (DPE) for the transcription of its genes. The genes which are known to express their proteins in high amount has TATA box along with DPE at the optimum position from the transcription start site (TSS). This study provides an overview of the regulatory motifs important for gene regulation and transcription studies

Title: Influence of In-ovo Arginine Feeding on Post-hatch Growth Performance and Economics of Broilers
Abstract :
A total of 420 fertile broiler eggs (Cobb) with uniform egg weight were collected and divided into three groups: non-injected control, injected control (0.5 ml of 0.9% normal saline) and arginine (0.5 ml of 0.5% arginine); and injected on 18 day (d) of incubation into amnion. On the 21 d, 108 chicks were randomly selected from each treatment totaling to 324 chicks. The hatchability, hatch weight and body weight, body weight gain were studied. Arginine had shown a highly signifi cant (P<0.01) effect on hatch weight (45.18±0.24 g) and placement weight (42.24±0.23 g). Body weight (600.56±7.89 g) and body weight gain (334.15±5.03 g) were signifi cantly (P<0.05) improved in arginine fed in ovo groups up to 21 d of age. Broiler farm economy index (BFEI) and broiler feed price ratio (BFPR) were best in arginine in ovo fed groups. In ovo administration of limiting amino acid (arginine) infl uences the growth of embryo and ultimately improves the post-hatch production performance in broilers. It can also be concluded that the reduction in weight loss during transportation is due to the action of conditionally essential amino acid arginine against stress.
Title: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Small Ruminants in North East Ethiopia
Abstract :
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 small ruminants in and around Kombolcha , north east Ethiopia from November 2014 to April 2015 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode and to observe the association of GIT nematodes with age, body condition, history of anthelmintic treatment and species of small ruminants. Screening and generic identification of observed gastrointestinal nematodes was done by coprological methods including floatation and faecal culture technique. The fecal samples examined revealed an overall prevalence of 42.2% (162/384) GIT nematodes in the small ruminants with 47.2% (111/384) in sheep and 34.2% (51/384) in goats. During fecal culture examination, five different genera of nematodes were identified. The most prevalent nematode was the Haemonchus 15.9% (OR=3.57, CI=2.46-5.16) as single infection and mixed infections of Haemonchus with Trichostrongylus 6.8% (OR=3.17, CI=2.71-3.68) followed by Trichuris 19.7% (OR=1.92, CI=1.20-3.07). The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode infection showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between young and adult age groups, in both sheep and goats, and animals with poor/moderate body condition and good body condition scores (p<0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in prevalence among anthelmintic treated and non- treated animals and also between sexes of study animals. The present study highlights the higher prevalence of GIT nematodes in small ruminants in the study area and associated risk factors of small ruminant nematodiasis. Therefore, effective strategic treatment and public awareness creation should be instituted in the study area
Title: Effect of Plum Puree on Quality Characteristics and Sensory Attributes of Functional Chevon Patties
Abstract :

Three different levels (1%, 3% and 5%) of plum puree were attempted in the formulation of low sodium reduced fat meat emulsion to evaluate the possibility of its utilization as antioxidants in chevon patties. The product was evaluated for various quality characteristics and sensory attributes. The pH, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in control as compared to treatments and gradually decreased with the increasing levels of plum puree. Mineral contents and texture profile of plum puree added functional chevon patties did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in either of the treatment. Yellowness (b*) and redness (a*) values increased and lightness (L) value decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increasing level of plum puree. All the sensory attributes were either comparable or higher score for PP2 compared to control. Therefore, plum puree at 3% may suitably be used in the development of functional chevon patties without affecting quality and sensory attributes.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Bovines with History of Abortion in Punjab
Abstract :

Brucellosis is highly infectious zoonotic disease that causes huge economic losses to livestock farmers by affecting the reproductive potential of animals causing last trimester abortions and infertility. In the present study evaluation of different serological tests to diagnose the seroprevalence of brucellosis in bovines with history of abortion using various serological tests [Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), modified rose bengal plate test (mRBPT), microtitre plate agglutination test (MAT) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA)] was carried out. A total of 134 blood samples of cattle and buffalo with history of abortion were collected from organized and unorganized farms. Seroprevalence by mRBPT, RBPT, MAT and i-ELISA was 75.37%, 67.91%, 72.38% and 72.38%, respectively. In organized farms, prevalence of 78.12%, 81.25%, 78.12% and 81.25% while in unorganized farms prevalence of 64.70%, 73.52%, 70.58% and 69.60% was reported by RBPT, mRBPT, MAT and i-ELISA, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of serological tests by keeping i-ELISA as gold standard were also calculated and the results revealed that sensitivities of RBPT, mRBPT and MAT were 91.75%, 97.94% and 96.91%, respectively, whereas specificities were 94.59%, 83.78% and 91.89%, respectively.

Title: Histoarchitectural Studies on Bursa of Fabricius of Kadaknath Birds
Abstract :

The study was conducted on thirty specimen of bursa of Fabricius from day old to twenty six weeks old Kadaknath birds. Formalin fixed samples were processed by routine paraffin embedding technique and subjected to histological study. The histoarchitectural observation on bursa of Fabricius revealed that, it was composed of four tunics. The bursal mucosa was lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium except at crypts it became simple columnar. Bursal epithelium had four types of cells as type-I, type-II, type-III and type-IV. Presence of melanocytes in bursa of Fabricius was unique characteristic feature of present study which was fusiform cell with elongated nuclei in the cytoplasm was generally occurred in all component of bursa of Fabricius. There was complete regression of bursa of Fabricius after 25th week of age.

Title: Contents for Volume 7 Issue 2
Abstract :

Contents for Volume 7 Issue 2

Title: In-vitro Assessment of Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antioxidant Potential of Essential Oil from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to investigate in-vitro antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant efficacy of Rosemary essential oil (REO) for its potential application in meat products. The oil was tested against four Gram positive (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and six Gram negative (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae) organisms using zone of inhibition and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) estimation. Widest inhibition zone was exhibited by Staphylococcus aureus whereas, Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella enterica showed the largest MIC values. Antibiofilm activity (%) was determined by using pure culture of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus as positive control, whereas 1, 1 diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2-azinobis-3ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was taken as parameter for antioxidant activity. The results showed that with application of REO, biofilm formation of both L. monocytogenes and S. aureus was inhibited by 73.0 and 77.65 %, respectively in comparison to their respective controls. Six different concentrations of oil was used for determination of ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity and it was ranging from 8.16- 51.80% for DPPH whereas ABTS values ranged from 6.81-44.16% for rosemary oil under investigation. It can be concluded that rosemary essential oil possesses potent antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant activity, and may be used as a natural preservative to extend the storage stability of meat products.

Title: Biochemical Studies in Experimentally Escherichia Coli Infected Roiler Chicken Supplemented with Amla (Emblica officinalis) Extract
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken in broiler chickens to study the effect of dry fruit extract of amla supplementation on biochemical changes in relation to the severity of colibacillosis. Experimental colibacillosis could be produced in broiler chicks by intraperitoneal inoculation of E. coli O120 after 12 hours of the infection as evidenced by clinical signs. One hundred and sixty-eight day old healthy broiler chicks were procured from a local hatchery. These chicks were divided into two groups (A and B) containing eighty-four birds each. Diet of all the chicks of group A was supplemented with grinded dry fruit extract of Amla at the rate of 10g/kg of feed whereas; chicks of group B were given normal feed and water. At the age of 7 days chicks of group A1 and B1 were injected intraperitoneally with standard infective dose of pathogenic E. coli. (i.e. at the rate of 107 CFU of E. coli/0.5 ml). During the experiment blood was collected from six chicks from each group at days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 post-infection for biochemical studies. Serum samples collected for biochemical studies revealed significant increase in serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase activities and decrease in creatine phosphokinase activity. Decrease in total protein, albumin concentrations in both the infected groups was also noticed but this was non-significant. On the basis of results of the present study it is concluded that 10g/kg dry fruit extract of amla supplementation significantly reduced the severity and recovery period of colibacillosis in chicks as evidenced by biochemical parameters.

Title: Effect of Different Glycerol Levels on Quality of Frozen Semen of Mizo Local Boar
Abstract :
A total of 24 ejaculates were obtained from 3 Mizo local boars (Zovawk), were used by split sample technique for evaluating the effect of four glycerol levels on quality of semen extended with Lactose egg yolk glycerol (LEYG) extender at equilibration and after freezing. The sperm motility at equilibration and after freezing was significantly higher (P<0.01) for 3 percent glycerol levels, than for 2 and 4 percent glycerol levels. The live sperm at equilibration and after freezing was significantly higher (P<0.01) for 3 percent glycerol levels than for 2 and 4 percent glycerol levels, and for 2 percent than for 3 percent glycerol level. The Hypo-Osmotic Sperm Swelling Test (HOSST) reacted spermatozoa at equilibration and after freezing was significantly (P<0.01) higher for 3 percent glycerol levels, than for 2 and 4 percent glycerol levels, and for 2 percent than for 3 percent glycerol level. The acrosomal integrity at equilibration and after freezing was significantly (P<0.01) higher for 3 percent glycerol levels, than for 2 and 4 percent glycerol levels, and for 2 percent than for 3 percent glycerol level. In conclusion, preservation of boar semen in LEYG extender using 3 percent glycerol found to be superior
Title: Characterization of 5′ Upstream Region and Identification of Polymorphism in Intron 1 of Prolactin (PRL) Gene using HaeIII PCR-RFLP in Indian Cattle Breeds
Abstract :

Prolactin (PRL) gene is an important lactogenic candidate gene, plays a crucial role in mammary gland development and in the initiation, maintenance of lactation and expression of milk protein genes. In the present study, characterization of PRL 5′ upstream region and investigation of status of intron 1 polymorphism was carried out in Indian cattle breeds. An 857 bp fragment of 5′ upstream region of PRL gene consisting of part of promoter, exon1 and partial intron 1 was amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced in Indian breed of cattle. Nucleotide sequences of PRL 5′ upstream region exhibited a high degree (>98%) identity among Indian as well as exotic cattle breeds. HaeIII polymorphism screening in PRL intron 1 of Indian cattle breeds including Sahiwal (n = 154) and Hariana (n = 50) revealed monomorphic pattern, only, AA genotype (deletion homozygote) was found and confirmed by sequencing. The obtained sequences of PRL after aligning was revealed absence of HaeIII recognition site GGCC due to deletion of G and consequently, we could not perform the association study of this deletion with milk production traits.

Title: Effect of Dried Apple Pomace and Corn Bran Incorporation on Quality Characteristics of Chevon Rolls During Refrigerated Storage
Abstract :
An investigation was conducted to assess the effect of incorporation of dried apple pomace (DAP) and corn bran (CB) as dietary fi bre sources on organoleptic, thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS) value and microbial quality characteristics of chevon rolls during refrigerated storage. DAP, CB and their combination (DAP+CB) were used at 6%, 3% and 2%+ 3% level respectively by replacing lean meat. Both control and treated chevon rolls were packaged in polythene bags and stored at a temperature of 4±10C. Parameters were analysed at a regular interval of 4 days. There was a decrease in sensory quality of control and treated rolls during refrigerated storage. But organoleptic scores of control as well as fi bre enriched rolls for different sensory attributes were around 7.0 on 12th day of refrigerated storage meaning moderate acceptability. TBARS value increased signifi cantly during storage in all the treatments but DAP was most effective in checking increase in TBARS value. Total plate count, psychrotrophic count and yeast and mould counts increased signifi cantly during storage but all the microbial counts were within the acceptable limit up to 12th day of refrigerated storage. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella were not detected during storage period in any of the treatments. It is concluded that fi bre enriched chevon rolls with organoleptic acceptability and microbiological safety up to 12 days of refrigerated storage can be prepared by incorporating dried apple pomace, corn bran and their combination each at 6%, 3% and 2%+3% level respectively.
Title: Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Affects the Onset of Prostaglandin F2α Induced Oestrus in the Goat (Capra hircus)
Abstract :
The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation on oestrus response in the goat following synchronization with prostaglandin analogue. Parous cycling goats (n=17/group) were fed a concentrate diet supplemented with either fi sh oil (FO) or palm oil (PO). The FO provided n-3 EPA and DHA @ 156 mg kg-1 body weight while
PO was given @ 0.6 ml kg-1 body weight to make the diet isocaloric. Oestrus was synchronized using two dose of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) at 11 days apart, with fi rst PG on day 25 of oil supplementation. Goats were observed for oestrus twice a day using a vasectomized teaser buck following second injection of PGF2α. The number and diameter of preovulatory follicle (POF) on
the day of oestrus was studied using transrectal ultrasonography. The mean interval from PGF2α administration to the onset of oestrus was significantly (χ2 df1=7.003, P=0.008) longer in FO than PO supplemented goats (48.71±3.78 vs 37.41±1.75 h). The proportion of goats showed oestrus within 48 h was 94.11% in the PO group (16/17), while it was 58.82% in the FO group (10/17). However, the oestrus duration was not affected by the FO supplementation. The number of POF was higher in the FO group than the PO (2.23±0.14 vs. 1.82±0.15; P=0.054); however the diameter of POF did not differ among the group (6.90±0.10 vs. 6.77±0.14; P>0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of goats with n-3 PUFA rich FO delayed the onset of PGF2α induced oestrus and increased the POF number on the day of oestrus.
Title: Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages Reveal Higher Basal Cytokine mRNA Expression than Peripheral Blood Leucocytes in Healthy Piglets
Abstract :

The host immune system plays a vital role in protection from various harmful stimuli. Cytokines play a very important role in inflammation and immune response even at minimal concentrations. In this study, basal mRNA expression of various cytokines in porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of healthy piglets was assessed. Basal expression of all cytokines was higher in PAM as compared to PBL and the differences in normalized threshold cycle values ranged between 13.6% (IFN-α) and 53% (IFN- β). There was a positive correlation between the expression patterns in PAM and PBL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.76. Relative quantification of cytokine mRNA in PAM showed that there was wide variation in the degree of expression in terms of fold changes, which ranged from 3.5 (IFN-α) to 1130.6 (IFN-β). The results showed that exposure levels to pathogens can influence the basal cytokine expression, which depends on the microenvironment even in healthy piglets.

Title: Effect of Maternal Dietary Manipulation and In Ovo Injection of Nutrients on the Biochemical Attributes and Carcass Quality Characteristics of Post Hatch Turkey Poults
Abstract :

An experiment was undertaken involving maternal dietary manipulation (NRC, 1994-diet A or higher plane of nutrition-diet B), in ovo nutrient injection (in ovo essential amino acids- INA; linolenic acid, linoleic acid, retinol and DL-alpha-tocopherol-INFV; in ovo essential amino acids, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, retinol and DL-alpha-tocopherol-INAFV, sham control-S and un injected control-C) in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two hundred turkey breeder hens and twenty-four viable toms of 30 to 35 weeks of age of small white variety were distributed into two treatment groups comprising of four replicates of 25 hens and 3 toms in each treatment. First four replicates were offered diet A and other four replicates were maintained on diet B for eight weeks. Five hundred and forty eight fertile eggs were collected and on 21st day embryonic day (ED), the eggs were in ovo injected with nutrients. Irrespective of the plane of breeder nutrition, SGOT levels were significantly higher (P<0.01) in day old chicks in ovo injected group compared to control. Similarly, poults subjected to INA had significantly higher (P<0.01) uric acid levels at day old compared to other in ovo injected groups. However, there were no significant differences observed in other serum biochemical attributes. Further, there was no significant difference among different treatment groups in carcass quality characteristics and cut-up-parts at eight weeks of age. Thus, it may be concluded that in ovo injection of nutrients may not adversely affect the serum biochemical attributes of the neonates and carcass quality characteristics of turkey poults.

Title: Evaluation of Xylazine and Acepromazine as Premedicants to Ketamine Anaesthesia in Dogs Insufflated with CO2 during Laparoscopic Vasectomy
Abstract :

The study was conducted to evaluate and compare atropine-xylazine-ketamine and atropine-acepromazine-ketamine anaesthetic protocol in twelve healthy dogs undergoing laparoscopic vasectomy following 12 mmHg CO2 insufflation. Three port entries were used for performing laparoscopic vasectomy. Monopolar electrocautery was used for coagulation and cutting of a 2-3 cm piece of vas deferens. Anaesthetic and physiological parameters were recorded at 0 minutes (before administration of any drug), 10 minutes after administration of ketamine, 30 minutes after insufflation of abdominal cavity, and 60 minutes after desufflation in both the groups. Pneumoperitoneum with CO2 to an intra-abdominal pressure of 12 mmHg did not have any significant effects on physiological, haemato-biochemical and haemo-dynamic parameters and ECG. Surgical plane of anaesthesia with good analgesia and muscle relaxation, smooth induction and recovery was achieved with atropine-xylazine-ketamine combination. Atropine-acepromazine-ketamine combination failed to induce and maintain surgical plane of anaesthesia.

Title: Effect of Extreme Seasons on Some Blood Biochemical Parameters in Beetal and Toggenberg Goats of Jammu Region
Abstract :

The influence of extreme environmental conditions on biochemical parameters were studied in 36 healthy adult female (2-4 years of age) Beetal (n=18) and Toggenberg (n=18) goats in Jammu (J&K, India). Blood glucose, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were studied during moderate (autumn), extreme hot (summer) and extreme cold (winter) ambiences. Ambient temperature (0C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded and temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. For the season and breed interaction, significantly higher (P<0.01) total protein and cholesterol levels were found in Toggenberg goats in all the seasons. Significantly higher (P<0.01) levels of total protein, albumin and BUN levels were found during summer as compared to autumn and winter seasons. The concentrations of glucose and cholesterol were significantly higher (P<0.01) in winter season. Among the two breeds, all the values were significantly higher (P<0.01) in Toggenberg. Biochemical parameters change in different seasons and THI values were found higher during summer season and is considered as danger status.

Title: Copro-Prevalence of Hookworm Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Pet Dogs in Ludhiana
Abstract :

The study was conducted to know the copro-prevalence of hookworm infection in relation to various risk factors in the pet dogs from in and around Ludhiana. Total 250 dog faecal samples were examined by flotation and Mc Master egg counting technique for qualitative and quantitative evaluation, respectively. The prevalence of hookworms was correlated with meteorological data, age, sex and breed. Coprological examination revealed an overall prevalence of ancylostomosis as 13.20% and eggs per gram (epg) of faeces ranged from 600-28,300. Micrometry revealed the mean size of eggs as 65.75 µm (Length) × 43.22 µm (Breadth). The monthly prevalence varied from 5.55 to 26.66% with the highest prevalence in the month of October and the lowest in March. The highest prevalence of hookworms was at a mean temperature of 25.1°C and relative humidity 68%, recorded in the month of October. The season-wise highest prevalence was in the autumn (24.14%) and the lowest in winter (9.46%). The prevalence was higher in male (14.37%) dogs as compared to their female counterparts (10.84%). The breed wise highest prevalence was seen in Mongrel (19.23%). The prevalence was relatively higher in younger (0-6 month-old pups) (28%) than aged dogs. The studies indicated that hookworm had higher prevalence in males, in young dogs, mongrel breed and in autumn months.

Title: Effects of Supplemental Threonine on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Haemato-biochemical Profile of Commercial Broilers in Sub-Tropics
Abstract :

Present study was aimed at investigating the effects of threonine supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities and haemato-biochemical profile of commercial broilers in sub-tropics. Three hundred thirty -day old straight run commercial broiler chicks (Vencobb-400) with initial average body weight of 44.04±0.42g were allocated into five experimental groups, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 42 days experiment. Groups were formed according to the dose of supplemental L-threonine in various rations i.e. NRC specification, 100% of Vencobb-400 strain specification, 110% of Vencobb-400 specification, 120% of Vencobb-400 specification and 130% of Vencobb-400 specification group. The mean serum GSH-Px and serum catalase concentration increased linearly {(p=0.001) and (p=0.04), respectively} whereas the mean serum SOD level increased both linearly (p=0.002) and quadratically (p=0.04) with the increasing levels of supplemental L-threonine. Among the hematological parameters of blood, the H:L ratio decreased linearly (p=0.02) with the increasing levels of threonine. The serum glucose and total protein concentration increased linearly (p=0.002) with the increasing levels of supplemental L-threonine. There was a linear increment (P<0.001) in serum globulin level with a linear decrease (p<0.05) in albumin: globulin ratio on increased levels of supplemental L-threonine in the ration. There was a linear decrease (p<0.001) in cholesterol and VLDL level with the increasing levels of supplemental L-threonine, however, a linear increment (p=0.04) in the serum HDL level was noticed. It may be concluded that L-threonine supplementation at 130% threonine (of Vencobb-400 specification) has a better antioxidant function and better haemato-biochemical profile.

Title: Development of Egg Cutlets from Whole Egg Liquid Incorporated with Mashed Potato as Binder and its Economics of Production
Abstract :
The present study was envisaged to develop egg cutlets from whole egg liquid as a novel food concept. To enhance the binding and quality characteristics of egg cutlets, mashed potato was incorporated at three different levels viz. 10% (T1), 15% (T2) and 20% (T3). The optimized formulations was mixed uniformly so that no clumps were formed, followed by preparation of egg cutlets of uniform size. The products were cooked in pre-heated oven at 155˚C for 15 min followed by deep frying. The developed cutlets were evaluated for various parameters such as physico-chemical, proximate, instrumental texture and colour profi le, and sensory attributes. The moisture, fat and cooking yield increased signifi cantly (P<0.05) with the increasing levels of mashed potato in batter. Textural attributes improved signifi cantly (P<0.05) upon incorporation of mashed potato. The overall acceptability scores of the egg cutlet with 20% mashed potato was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher than control and other treatment products. On cost analysis, the cost of production of Egg Cutlets varied as ` 152, ` 137, ` 130 and ` 123 for control, T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Break Even Point (`), Cost benefi t ratio and Return on investment (%) were found to be ` 131,017.84, 0.56 and 46.00, respectively
Title: Phyto-Pharmacological Study and Therapeutic Efficacy of Calotropis procera (Flower) Against Theileriosis in Cattle
Abstract :

Calotropis species are common wasteland weeds, widely used as alternative therapeutic tool for the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical analysis, acute toxicity studies and anti-theilerial acitivity of flowers of Calotropis procera in cattles. The results showed that the alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, saponin, tannins, steroids, glycosides and phenols were found in the twelve different solvent extracts of Calotropis procera. Acute toxicity studies revealed absence of toxicity symptoms upto 600 mg/kg body weight in mice. Comparative efficacy of Buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg/kg body weight and flower extract of Calotropis procera @ 0.3 mg/kg body weight was evaluated against the sub clinical theileriosis in cows. The haematological study revealed low Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and increase in eosinophil percent in both the infected groups on day “0” (before treatment). Both the treatments improved altered levels of Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and eosinophil percent within 21st day post treatment as compared to pre treatment values. The therapeutic study revealed that the percent efficacy of buparvaquone (100%) was higher as compared to Calotropis procera (83.67%). The study concluded that Buparvaquone and Calotropis procera found effective against sub clinical theileriosis in cows with improvement in haematological parameters.

Title: Structural Variation in Fstn Exon 3 Gene and Its Association With Growth Traits In Chicken
Abstract :
Follistatin gene is a member of transforming growth factor –β super family involved in muscle growth. The present study was carried out to characterize the nucleotide variability in the exonic (coding) region of FSTN gene in boiler (PD-1) line and control layer chicken lines. A PCR product of 219 bp of exon-3 was amplifi ed and nucleotide variability was studied using PCR-SSCP technique. The PCR products were sequenced to confi rm the variability in coding sequence. The present study revealed that the exon3 sequence of FSTN gene was monomorphic having similar sequence pattern in all individuals. Growth data was also analyzed, the growth performance of male and female differed signifi cantly at six week of age. It is concluded that exon3 of FSTN gene was monomorphic without showing any variation in the nucleotide composition both in broiler and layer chicken lines. The codon did not show any effect on variation in growth traits in chicken
Title: Comparative Anti-Oxidative Effect of Spices in Experimentally Induced Type-II Diabetes in Rats
Abstract :

Nigella sativa, Allium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum are common dietary spices also traditionally used in the treatment of various diseases including diabetes mellitus. Clinical research has confirmed the efficacy of several spices extract in the modulation of oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). The therapeutic activity of each individual spice is well documented, but their effect when combined is unknown. Polyherbalism is of current interest because polyherbal formulations enhance therapeutic action and reduce the concentrations of single herbs, thereby reducing adverse events. This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic and anti oxidative activity of aqueous extract of black cumin, garlic, fenugreek individual and its combination at different doses in STZ-NT-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were treated with aqueous extract for 30 days. These extract significantly (p<0.05) lowered the elevated fasting blood glucose, oxidative parameters but no effect seen in haematological indices. This oxidative stress was related to a decreased superoxide dismutase activity in diabetic rats. We suggested that black cumin, garlic, fenugreek and its combination could be used as antidiabetic complement in case of Type II diabetes mellitus.

Title: In-vitro Plasma Protein Binding of Marbofloxacin in Healthy and Disease Condition of Buffalo Calves
Abstract :

Marbofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic developed for use in veterinary medicine for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in dogs and cats. Plasma protein binding plays a vital role in distribution, elimination and therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. In the present study we evaluated the plasma protein binding of marbofloxacin in healthy and liver dysfunctioned buffalo calves. In vitro binding of marbofloxacin to plasma proteins was determined by employing the equilibrium dialysis technique and further analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography assay. The plasma protein binding for healthy calves ranges between 25.3±0.34% to 30.4±0.40% with an overall binding of 28.66 ± 0.421%. Kinetic constants (βi) and (Kβ) was 2.6±0.12×10-8 mole/g and 1.9±0.08×10-7 mole, respectively. The percentage of plasma protein binding for liver dysfunctioned buffalo calves extended from 24.5 - 30.3% with an overall mean of 28.59 ± 0.693%. The binding capacity of the drug to plasma proteins (βi) and dissociation rate constant of protein drug complex (Kβ) were 2.53±0.13 10-5 mole/g and 1.94±0.09×10-6 mole respectively. There was no significant change observed in plasma protein binding and the kinetic constant of liver dysfunctioned buffalo calves when compared to the healthy group.

Title: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Isolates of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses from Southern Region of India
Abstract :

The Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is used for the differentiation of classical virulent (cv), virulent (v) and very virulent (vv) strains of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) isolates collected from recent outbreaks in southern region of India. In the present study, five different isolates (BGE15, EDE14, RPM14, MDI14 and THI14) of IBDV strains were subjected for genotyping along with vaccine (Georgia, intermediate strain) by performing RT-PCR for amplification of a 743 bp from the hypervariable region of VP2 gene followed by restriction enzyme digestion with seven different enzymes (HhaI, SacI, SspI, StyI, BspMI, StuI and TaqI) for the differentiation of classical, virulent and very virulent strains of IBDV. The RT-PCR product obtained from all the five isolates were not cleaved by SspI and SacI enzyme and thus revealed the absence of restriction enzyme (RE) site for SspI and SacI enzyme, respectively. The HhaI enzyme cleaved vaccine and field isolates with similar restriction profiling pattern. The StuI enzyme did not digest vaccine strain whereas field isolates were cleaved by this enzyme. The BspM1 was not able to differentiate the field isolates from vaccine strain. TaqI enzyme cleaved both vaccine and field isolates of IBDV with different profile pattern. The StyI enzyme showed single RE site on vaccine strain and other field isolates with similar RE pattern. Thus, from the present study, it may be concluded that all the isolates belonged to vvIBDV and they do not have site for SspI marker.

Title: Estimation of Genetic, Phenotypic and Environmental Trends in Various Production and Reproduction Traits of Tharparkar Cattle at Organized Farm at Bikaner
Abstract :

A total of 284 performance records belonging to 63 Tharparkar cows in at least three lactations or more spread over a period of fifteen years (2002 to 2016) were utilized to estimate the trends in various traits. The estimates of phenotypic trends for AFC, SP, CI, DP, LL, LMY, MYPD and MYCI were -11.054±9.41 days/year (0.70% of HA), 0.841±0.42 days/year (0.61% of HA), 2.061±1.04 days/year (0.496% of HA), 1.682±1.04 days/year (1.21% of HA), 2.70±2.31 days/year (0.95% of HA), 19.42±7.21 kg/year (0.96% of HA), 0.033±0.07kg (0.60% of HA) and 0.023±0.03kg (0.55% of HA), respectively. Phenotypic trend was observed positive and significant (P≤0·05) for calving interval, service period and lactation milk yield. Age at first calving and service period shown increase genetic trend in present study. Comparison of methods of estimation of genetic trend showed that the BLUP method should be used for estimation of genetic trends of economic traits as this method has lower magnitude of standard error in comparison to other methods. For overall improvement in production, emphasis should be given to some reproductive traits like AFC and SP along with lactation milk yield while planning selection strategies.

Title: Economic Analysis of Soymilk as Partial Milk Replacer for Buffalo Calf Rearing
Abstract :
The study was conducted to assess the economics of soymilk as partial milk replacer on Murrah buffalo calf rearing. The study was conducted at Livestock farm, Adhartal, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, N.D.V.S.U., Jabalpur (M.P.) for three months period. Eighteen Murrah buffalo calves with similar body weight of either sex at the age of 5 days were selected and randomly distributed in three different groups (M, SM20 and SM40) with six calves in each group. Calves of the M group were reared on buffalo whole milk, SM20 group was offered buffalo whole milk and soymilk in the proportion of 80:20, and SM40 group was offered buffalo whole milk and soymilk in the proportion of 80:20. Calves were maintained under uniform managemental condition except milk feeding. Economic analysis indicated that the recurring cost of rearing of the buffalo calves was significantly decreased in SM20 and SM40 groups in comparison to the M group. Percent decrease of total recurring expenditure in comparison to M group was 11.57 and 19.47, respectively for the SM20 and SM40. Decrease of recurring expenditure (percent/kg body weight gain) in comparison to M group was 9.04 and 12.02, respectively for the SM20 and SM40. It can be concluded that soymilk can replace up to 40 percent whole buffalo milk to reduce the cost of buffalo calf rearing.
Title: Animal Nutritional Proficiency of Field Veterinarians of Punjab (India): A Concern
Abstract :

A purposive study on field veterinarians of Punjab was conducted to have the idea of their knowledge on applied animal nutrition aspects of dairy farming. A total of 116 veterinarians across the state were randomly selected for the said study. Veterinarians were asked to answer the 53 questions comprising of fill in the blanks, open ended question, interrogative and negative question on basic of distinct aspects of applied animal nutrition as knowledge of feed, green fodder, anti-nutritional factor, mineral mixture, urea feeding etc. The descriptive analysis of the survey revealed the major gap in knowledge about these aspects. Veterinarian knowledge score varies from 44.52 for concentrate to 57.64 % for forages. Overall score (50.52%) indicated the dire need to strengthen the knowledge of veterinary officers in applied animal nutrition subject so that they can match with the need of dairy farmers.

Title: Bioinformatics through the history-EDITORIAL
Abstract :EDITORIAL
Title: Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin E on Cypermethrin Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Male Wistar Rats
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to investigate the ameliorative effect of vitamin E on Cypermethrin induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. For this purpose, a total of 24 rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: group I used as control and groups II, III and IV were orally treated with Cypermethrin (25 mg/kg body weight), Vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) and Cypermethrin (25 mg/kg body weight) plus Vitamin E (100mg/kg body weight), respectively for 45 days. Results showed that on administration of Cypermethrin the mean values of superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased significantly. Similarly the mean values of reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase were significantly decreased, while there was significant increase in the mean value of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver homogenate . Enzymatic activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in plasma were significantly increased due to Cypermethrin administration. Further, light microscope investigation revealed that Cypermethrin exposure induced histopathological alterations in the liver tissue. On the other hand; treatment with Vitamin E alleviated the harmful effect of Cypermethrin in the group (Group IV). Thus, present study revealed that the presence of Vitamin E could diminish the hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in male wistar rats.

Title: Adaptation of Capripox Virus Isolate from Goats in Heterologous Cells
Abstract :
An outbreak of goatpox was attended in district Durg and surrounding regions of Chhattisgarh state. Dried skin scabs were collected from 250 goats of different age groups showing clinical signs suggestive of pox. The prevalence rate was studied based on severity of clinical signs followed by confirmation with agar gel immuno diffusion (AGID) test. Positive scabs were further processed for virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs via dropped chorio allantoic membrane (CAM) route followed by inoculation of CAM material in chinese hamster ovary and chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures and propagated up to fifth passage level. Goatpox was reported with a prevalence rate of 74% using AGID. Distribution of disease in young animals, particularly in the kids (below 6 month) was more (45.4%) as compared to those between 6 to 24 months (31.35%) and 24 months and above (23.24%). Capripox virus showed cytopathic effect in chinese hamster ovary cells only after
third passage and no cytopathic effect in chicken embryo fibroblast cells even up to fifth passage. Cytopathic effects appeared after 72 hrs in chinese hamster ovary cell and were characterized initially by rounding and clumping of cells, cytoplasmic vacuolation followed by cell detachment. Identity of capripox virus was confirmed positive in both the cultures from third to fifth passage by both AGID and countercurrent immuno electrophoresis (CIE) test. In conclusion, field isolate of capripox virus was successfully adapted and propagated on chinese hamster ovary cell following third passage.
Title: Factors Affecting and Association of Different Factors with Livelihood Security among Tribal Women in Animal Husbandry Activities
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to find out the factors affecting by tribal women and association of different factors with livelihood security of the tribal women in animal husbandry based livelihood activities. The study was conducted in three districts of Rajasthan namely Dungarpur, Udaipur and Banswara. A total of 100 respondents constituted the sample of the study. Data were collected through a well- structured interview schedule. The research findings revealed that there was highly significant association between all the factors and livelihood security of the respondents as the calculated chi-square values were greater than the tabulated values. This indicates that the livelihood security of the respondents was associated with all the factors i.e. access to resources (χ2 = 25.80**), access to technological information (χ2 = 15.17**), market and regular income (χ2 = 29.24**, χ2 = 15.62**), risk factors (χ2 = 19.88**), risk taking ability (χ2 =30.74**) and decision-making ability (χ2 = 34.55**). It can be inferred that all these factors affected to livelihood security of the tribal families with animal husbandry based livelihood.

Title: Antioxidants and Anticoccidial Potential of Aqueous Extract from Various Tree Leaves containing Condensed
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to determine the antioxidant and anticoccidial properties of aqueous extract from condensed tannins (CT) containing tree leaves (Acacia nilotica, Eugenia jambolana, Ficus religiosa, Leucaenea leucocephala and Psidium guajava). The CT content was estimated by using butanol-Hcl method. The CT extracted from various tree leaves in water as solvents and then lyophilized. The antioxidant potential of aqueous extract from various CT sources was evaluated by using multiple in-vitro colorimetric methods which include 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total reducing power and hydrogen peroxide assays. Ascorbic acid was used as standard antioxidant in our study. However, anticoccidial effi cacy of aqueous extract at different concentration (CT: 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/ml) from various CT sources was performed using coccidial oocysts sporulation inhibition assay. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity was signifi cantly higher in P. guajava as compared to other sources whereas hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reducing power activities were signifi cantly (P<0.05) lower in L. leucocephala compared to other CT sources. Sporulation inhibition (%) of Eimeria spp. was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in E. jambolana followed by P. guajava, A. nilotica, L. leucocephla while least in F. religiosa. E. jambolana and P. guajava
showed maximum sporulation inhibition activity @ 4 mg/ml. It was concluded that CT extracts of A. nilotica, E. jambolana, F. religiosa, L. leucocephala and P. guajava leaves possess the antioxidant and anti-coccidian property and may be eco-friendly sustainable alternative, natural antioxidant, anti-coccidian agent and/ or natural feed additive for organic meat production.
Title: Effect of Floor Space Allowance Under Katcha Housing on Growth Performance of Post-Weaning Osmanabadi Kids in Mumbai
Abstract :
This experiment was conducted to fi nd out the effect of different fl oor space allowance on the growth performance of Osmanabadi kids. Eighteen Osmanabadi kids between the age group of 3-4 months and body weight of 7-8 kg were randomly selected irrespective of sex. The selected kids were divided and kept into three different groups with different fl oor space comprising of 6 kids in each group. GroupT0 (0.8m2 fl oor space/kid), Group T1 (0.7m2/kid) and Group T2 (0.6m2/kid). The feeding and other management practices for all the three groups were similar. The body weight of kids at 3 and 6 months of age was 6.75, 6.86, 6.82 and 12.69, 12.44, 11.98 kg respectively in Group T0, T1 and T2. The average daily gain and average weekly gain in body weight were 70.77 ± 1.62, 66.05 ± 1.80, 61.50 ± 3.95 gm/day and 495.39 ± 11.39, 465.26 ± 11.00, 430.00 ± 14.64 gm/wk in Group T0, T1 and T2 respectively. There was signifi cant effect of fl oor space on average daily gain (P<0.01), average weekly gain (P<0.01) and also on average monthly gain (P<0.05) of Osmanabadi kids. It was concluded that provision of floor space is positively correlated with the growth performance of kids.
Title: Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Enzymes and Probiotic on Organ Weights and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

The present experiment was conducted to examine the effect of Enzymes (Enzymex) and Probiotic (Yeamark) on organ weights and intestinal histomorphology parameters in Ven Cobb400 broilers. Three hundred and sixty chicks were divided into eight groups viz. control (T1) in which no supplement was added to the feed, while in treatments T2, T3 and T4 cocktail of enzymes was provided as 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g per kg of feed, respectively, in treatment T5 probiotic was added as 0.25 g per kg and in treatment T6, T7 and T8 cocktail of enzymes as in T2, T3 and T4 with probiotic as 0.25 g per kg in the basal diet from 1st to 6th weeks of age respectively. The liver and gizzard weights were greater (P < 0.05) for probiotic compared with enzyme supplemented birds. Furthermore, dietary treatments influenced the morphological measurements of small intestine. The addition of enzyme, probiotic and their combinations increased (P < 0.05) the villus height to crypt depth ratio and villus height in duodenum. The increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio was associated with improvement of growth performance for both probiotic and enzymes and their combination. This indicates that the probiotic and enzymes and their combinations can be used as a growth promoter in broiler diets and can improve the gut health. These products show promising effects as alternatives for antibiotics as pressure to eliminate growth-promotant antibiotic use increases.

Title: Identification of Genetic Polymorphism in Resistin (RETN) Gene and its Influence on Reproduction and Production Traits of Indian Dairy Cattle
Abstract :

The present study was executed to elucidate the genetic polymorphism in resistin (RETN) gene and its association with reproduction and production traits in Sahiwal cattle. A fragment of exon-2 region of RETN gene from genomic DNA of Sahiwal cattle was amplified by PCR that resulted in amplicon of 338 bp. The obtained amplicon was subjected to Single Stranded Confirmation Polymorphism (SSCP) technique for identification of genetic polymorphism which revealed two genotypes, homozygous AA and heterozygous AB genotypes. In the studied population of Sahiwal cattle AA was most frequent genotype (67.24%) than AB genotype (32.76%). The frequency of A and B alleles were 0.836 and 0.164, respectively. The association study of RETN/SSCP assay revealed significant influence of genotypes on birth weight (BW), dry period (DP) and lactation period (LP). The RETN/SSCP polymorphism revealed higher BW in AA than AB genotype. The study showed significantly longer DP in AB than AA genotype in second lactation while significantly longer LP was observed in AA compared to AB genotypes in first lactation of Sahiwal cows. In conclusion, PCR-SSCP assay was found to be capable of detecting genetic polymorphism in exon-2 region of RETN gene and its association with reproduction and production traits suggests that A allele of this gene might serves as candidate genetic marker for selection of Sahiwal cattle with better reproductive and production traits. However, further studies are warranted to discover this genetic polymorphism in another breed and population of cattle.

Title: A Relationship of Socio-Personal Factors with Job Satisfaction of Veterinary Officers in Punjab
Abstract :

Job satisfaction has emerged as one of the most important aspects of human resource management in recent times. The purpose of the study was to find a relationship of socio-personal factors and job satisfaction of Veterinary Officers in Punjab. Job satisfaction was operationalised as the cumulative score obtained by the respondents in relation to selected facets of the job. It was found that the veterinarians were partially satisfied with their job with a mean score of 3.49 on a scale of 1-5. Job satisfaction had a positive and significant association with experience. It was found that job satisfaction had a negative significant association with distance of place of posting. There was no significant relationship between age, gender, qualification, background and marital status of the veterinarians and the level of job satisfaction.

Title: Preparation and Evaluation of Immune Complexes as Vaccine Candidate for Fowl Adenovirus Infection associated with Hydropericardium Syndrome in Domestic Fowl
Abstract :

Immune complex (Icx) vaccine is an antigen-antibody complex which will engage all immunocytes with Fc binding capabilities, enhance early maturation and B memory cell formation. In vitro preformed Icx have been shown to be 100 times more efficient in inducing humoral immune response in vivo than the native protein antigen. In present study, immune complexes were prepared by mixing varying quantities of HPS virus with different concentrations of egg derived immunoglobulins (IgY). The efficacy of immune complex formulations as vaccine was checked in broiler birds. The Icx vaccinated birds exhibited protection in the range of 53.4% to 66.7% following challenge with virulent HPS virus. Birds vaccinated with 40 and 80 units of IgY with 100 TCID50 HPS virus did not shed virus in feces following challenge and induced better antibody response. No significant change in body weight gain was observed between survived birds from vaccinated and control groups. The study showed that immune complex vaccines significantly reduced the mortality and stopped the excretion of the virus in feces thus afforded protection and prevented the horizontal transmission of virus by oral-fecal route.

Title: Isolation of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from Poultry Faeces and Raw Chicken
Abstract :

Poultry meat especially chicken has been one of the most preferred, widely marketed and easily available meat foods. Chicken, turkey and ducks are reared for meat purpose, however little is known about their role in the faecal carriage of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes. A study was aimed to isolate E. coli from the cloacae swabs of chicken, turkey, duck and raw chicken. A total of 146 E. coli were isolated from 351 samples screened. Out of them, 50 E. coli were randomly selected for detection of DEC strains and their phylogrouping by multiplex PCR. Nine E. coli (18%) were confirmed as DEC strains. Pathotype wise distribution was revealed as: typical tEPEC (4%), atypical aEPEC (2%), EAEC (4%), EIEC (2%), STEC (2%) and multivirulent ETEC + aEPEC (4%). DEC strains belonged to phylogroups A (55.56%) and B2 (44.44%). Out of nine, three DEC strains were ESBL producing. Of the 10 antimicrobials included in the panel of study, high degree of resistance (100%) was expressed to nalidixic acid, tetracycline, amoxycilin-clavulanic acid, colistin and trimethoprim followed by ciprofloxacin and ampicillin (88.89% each). Isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol and gentamicin. In conclusion, broilers, layer birds and raw chicken are the reservoirs of the highly resistant DEC strains which pose a probable public health and food safety risk.

Title: The Effects of Enzyme Complex on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Weaned Pigs in North Eastern Region of Tripura
Abstract :

Present study demonstrates the effect of enzyme supplementation on performance of weaned pigs. 15 nos of 56 days old Large White Yorkshire piglets with mean body weight of 10.43 ± 0.20 kg were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (Control, T1& T2) with 5 piglets in each group and were fed with iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets containing the enzyme complex product at 0, 5 and 6 kg/ton of feed, respectively for 28 days. The result showed that there was no significant differences (P>0.05) on body weight but enzyme supplementation increases the body weight@7.86% and 7.93% in T1 and T2 groups, respectively compared to control. T2 group showed significant difference (P<0.05) in body length, chest girth and loin girth of pigs whereas no significant effect (P>0.05) was found on average height at wither. Average daily gain (g/day) in T1 and T2 groups was found to be increased (P>0.05) by 25.06% and 21.41%, respectively than the control group. Pigs fed diets supplemented with enzyme complex tended to have increased (P<0.05) digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). In conclusion, 6 kg/ton of dietary enzyme complex can be supplemented in the diet of weaned pigs for better growth performance.

Title: Concomitant Vitamin A Deficiency Following Suspected Fowl pox virus Infection Leading to Esophageal Gland Metaplasia in a Layer Flock
Abstract :

The present communication pertains to an incidental occurrence of concomitant vitamin A defeciency and fowl pox infection in a layer flock. The lesions were characterized by typical presence of pustule like eruptions in cranial part of esophageal mucosa and histologically with metaplastic and keratotic glands with distinctly evident intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within few intact epithelial cells. Specialized staining techniques i.e. Triple shorr’s confirmed its presence at palatine mucosal gland, esophageal gland and tracheal epithelium. To author’s knowledge, the evidence of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies deeply within tracheal epithelial surface is rare and one of the few histologically documented case where unusual location of inclusion bodies at splanchanic surface was described, in addition to the description of vitamin A defeciency with accelerated, pre-altered tissue morphology preceded by fowl pox virus infection.

Title: A Study on Occurrence of Aspiculuris tetraptera Infection and Mortality in Mice
Abstract :

Aspeculuris tetraptera is a pinworm of laboratory and wild rodents. Mice colonies transported from Bombay to Nagpur, showed stress with sudden mortalities of 25 (20%) mice out of total 125, without any further clinical signs. All animals were subjected for to the fecal examination and revealed pinworm infection. It was diagnosed by presence of ellipsoid eggs in the faecal matter of rodents. However, infestation was characterized by rectal prolapse, intestinal impaction, and mucoid enteritis. Intestinal samples especially ceacum and colon were taken out after post-mortem and washed thoroughly with salt water, then the intestines kept in new clean petri plates so as to allow the worms to come out in water in petri plate. After about half an hour, the small worms were collected and were kept in 70% ethanol and later vital statistics was performed. The males worms were 2 mm to 3 mm long and 110 μ to 200 μ wide, with a short conical tail that is 110 μ to 149 μ long. Both spicule and gubernaculum were absent. The females were 3 mm to 5 mm long and 205 μ to 255 μ wide, with a conical tail that is 395 μ to 557 μ long. The eggs are symmetrically ellipsoidal and 70 μ to 100 μ long by 25 μ to 40 μ wide. Control is recommended to remove parasitic eggs from the environment through adequate hygiene to prevent the spread of new infestation.

Title: Study on Body Condition Score and its Relationship with Solid Not Fat and Weekly Fat Corrected Milk Yield in Frieswal Cows
Abstract :

The study was carried out at Military Dairy Farm on Eighty milch Frieswal cows. The cows were divided in five parities and three stages of lactation. The study was done for Body Condition Score and its relation with production parameters namely solid not fat percent and weekly fat corrected milk yield (3.5%) along with the effect of parities and stages of lactation on Body Condition Score, production parameters. The Body Condition Score (BCS) system is a subjective scoring method of evaluating the energy reserve of dairy animal to provide better understanding of biological relationships between body fat, milk production parameters. The overall least square mean of body condition score related to parity as well as stage of lactation was 3.35±0.04. The effect of parity was found significant on body condition score and solid not fat percent and weekly fat corrected milk yield while stage of lactation showed significant effect on body condition score and solid not fat percent. The stage of lactation did not showed significant effect on weekly fat corrected milk yield. The significant correlation and regression of body condition score was not seen with solid not fat and weekly fat corrected milk yield. This can be concluded that parity and stage of lactation have positive and significant impact on milk production parameters.

Title: Bluetongue in Bovines: A serological Survey in Punjab, India
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to ascertain the seroprevalence of bluetongue in cattle and buffalo population in Punjab, India. Total 92 serum samples were collected from female bovines belonging to 3 different agroclimatic zones of Punjab and subjected to cELISA test for the detection of anti-bluetongue antibodies. The overall apparent seroprevalence of bluetongue was 8.7%, while true serological prevalence was calculated 7.8%. There is no clinical report on bluetongue in small and large ruminants in Punjab. Though, a very high seroprevalence (53.0%) was reported in sheep (58.6%) and goat (50.6%) population of the state in a previous study. The prevalent serotypes of BTV circulating in this region are needed to identify in further study.
Title: Development of Colorimetric On-package Indicator for Monitoring of Chicken Meat Freshness during Refrigerated Storage (4±1°C)
Abstract :

Real-time quality monitoring of packaged meat is the key of today’s commercialized meat sector to ensure its safety in supply chain. Designing of user friendly dye based cost effective indicator can fulfil all the present requirements. Bromocresol Purple (BCP) is chemo-responsive dye, has been evaluated to develop colorimetric indicator. The indicator (0.1% of dye in 50% ethanol) was fabricated by immobilized BCP dye on indicator carrier (2% w/v agarose gel) to make strips of specific dimension (2 cm2). Indicator strip was attached inside fresh meat packets, such a way that it could be visible from outside of the packet during storage at 4±1ºC. Dye was immobilized in agarose gel to make the strips as an indicator, which worked during increase in concentration of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and ammonia produced gradually in the chicken meat package headspace. The colour changes in indicator were observed from light yellow to purple, with concurrent spoilage of chicken meat. The changes in colour of indicator strip were compared with chicken meat quality parameters upto day 7 with intervals of 2 days during storage at 4±1°C. pH, Thiobarbituric Acid Reacting substance (TBARS), TVBN, Ammonia level, Free amino acid (FAA) and microbial counts increased (P<0.05) significantly during storage. Results have indicated that indicator colour response correlated well with the change in physico-chemical and microbial parameters of chicken meat, making the indicator enable to real-time monitoring of chicken meat during the storage at 4±1°C.

Title: Sero-Surveillance and Control of Bovine Brucellosis in Akshayakalpa Dairy Farms in Karnataka, India
Abstract :

Brucellosis is a disease of domestic animals with serious zoonotic implications in humans, causing huge economic losses to the livestock industry. The present study was conducted to find the prevalence of brucellosis in Akshayakalpa organic dairy farms. Seventeen pooled milk samples from different herds contributing to the farm were collected and subjected to milk ring test (MRT), among these seven samples were found to be positive. Individual animal milk samples were collected from the positive herds and subjected to MRT again. Further, serum samples of all MRT positive animals were screened by Rose bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA. Prevalence rate of brucellosis was found to be 11.08%, 20.40% and 38.77% by MRT, RBPT and indirect ELISA, respectively. Farmers were educated about the risk of disease and it’s public health significance and all the affected animals were isolated. By the consent of farmers the management of the farm culled all the ten infected animals which were positive by all the above tests and financial compensation was provided to the affected farmers. Since then, the farm has adapted regular screening of new animals before introducing it to the herd and all the animals contributing to farms are free from brucellosis. In conclusion, MRT, RBPT and indirect ELISA in combination can be used for diagnosis of brucellosis and test and slaughter policy is the best method of choice to control the infection if the sizes of the positive reactors are less.

Title: Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Shigatoxigenic and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from diverse sources
Abstract :

Total 45 E. coli isolates were recovered from faecal samples of 77 diarrhoeic and 85 healthy animals and birds, 51 milk samples and 48 diarrhoeic human stool samples. Multiplex PCR based molecular characterization targeting the virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae and bfpA) could reveal presence of 24 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and 21 as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Among the STEC 19 isolates belonged to 13 different serogroups while four were untypable and one rough. Majority of STEC isolates carried stx2 gene. Out of 21 EPEC isolates, 15 were serogrouped into 9 different serogroups and 6 were either untypable or rough. All the four EPEC isolates of milk origin belonged to serogroup O2. Only two isolates from dierrhoeic buffaloes were found to be typical

Title: Gross Morphological and Biometrical Sexual Dimorphic Studies on the First, Second and Third Pairs of Ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)
Abstract :

The present study was carried out on the first, second and third pairs of ribs of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. These ribs had a head, neck and a tubercle at the proximal end, shaft or body and a costal cartilage at the distal end. An accessory tubercle was located below the main tubercle of the ribs at their caudal border of the shaft. The accessory tubercle was located 4.1±0.08 cm and 4.2±0.11 cm below the proximal tubercle at the caudal border in females and males respectively. The costal groove was prominent at the proximal aspect of the caudal border of the second rib. The accessory tubercle was absent in the second rib. The accessory tubercle was located 3.3±0.13 cm and 3.5±0.10 cm below the proximal tubercle at the caudal border in females and males respectively. The curviness of the shaft increased up to the 3rd rib. The ribs of both the sides had similar structures and sex wise gross variations were not found. The Biometrical observations on different parameters of first, second and third pairs of ribs of Blue bull reflected significance (P<0.05) differences between the sexes of this species. The present study would be helpful in identification of the first three pairs of ribs of Blue bull and solving vetero-legal cases related with this species.

Title: Molecular Epidemiology of Brucella abortus among Buffaloes in Western Rajasthan
Abstract :

Brucellosis is a widespread reproductive disease which is clinically manifested as abortion, stillborn or weak calves, neonatal mortality, retained placenta, delayed conception, infertility, and marked reduction in milk yield of livestock. The present study was conducted to detect the presence of Brucella abortus in the clinical cases of reproductive disorders among the buffaloes in Western Rajasthan. A total of 33 vaginal samples including swabs (25) and discharges (8) were collected from buffaloes with a clinical history of reproductive failures, and screened using Brucella genus specific bcsp31 gene based PCR followed by Brucella abortus species specific IS711 based PCR. The results revealed 6.45% of the clinical samples positive for the presence of Brucella spp., including 8.00% of vaginal swabs and none of the vaginal discharges. All the samples detected positive in genus specific PCR were detected positive for the presence of Brucella abortus. The present investigation confirmed the involvement of Brucella abortus in the clinical cases of reproductive disorders in buffaloes in this region highlighting the need for implementation of control measures.

Title: Linear Regression Equations for Estimation of Body Weights in Sahiwal Calves
Abstract :
The study was conducted on 194 purebred Sahiwal calves of both the sexes and different age groups (0-6, 6-12, 12-18, 18- 24 and 24-36 months) to find out the correlation coefficients between body weights and different body measurements and to develop linear regression equations for prediction of body weights of the various age groups. Among the body measurements, heart girth shown highly significant and highest correlation coefficients with body weights. It was concluded that the linear regression equations incorporating heart girth alone could be used to predict body weights of growing Sahiwal cattle.
Title: Breeding and Heath Care Management Practices of Dairy Animals in U.S. Nagar District of Uttarakhand
Abstract :

A study was conducted to evaluate the existing breeding and heath care management practices of dairy animals in U.S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand. Majority (98.33%) of farmers adopted artificial insemination and natural mating (100%) as a method of breeding in cattle and buffalo respectively. For symptoms of heat detection, 63.33 per cent farmers relied on mucus discharge along with bellowing as most important signs of heat detection. For pregnancy diagnosis, Veterinariarns were called upon by majority of the farmers (68.89 %). Regarding heath care practices, 86.67 and 84.44 per cent of the farmers followed vaccination and deworming practice in their animals followed the practice of to their animals. Majority of the farmers adopted the practice of navel cord treatment and debudding in cattle calves only. However in case of buffalo calves debudding practice was never adopted. It was observed that majority of the farmers 88.89 per cent followed the practice of control of ecto-parasites in their animals. Regarding sick animal treatment, 70 % cattle keepers preferred first veterinary doctors followed by livestock extension officers and artificial insemination workers. The present study revealed that majority of farmers in the study area is aware about scientific practices of management in dairy animals

Title: Effect of Cooling Rates on Cryopreserved Hariana Bull Spermatozoa
Abstract :

This experiment was designed to study the effect cooling rate in Hariana bull spermatozoa during cryopreservation. For this purpose, ejaculates were collected from four Hariana bulls using artificial vagina at biweekly interval. The semen sample which possesses more than 70% progressive motility and above 500 million/ml spermatozoa concentration was subsequently subjected to processing for liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapour freezing. Semen samples were extended in Tris-egg yolk-glycerol extender and split into 3 parts. These split samples were subjected to cooling from 35oC to 4oC temperature at 2.21°C/min (rapid), 0.48°C/min (moderate) and 0.25°C/min (slow cooling). Each cooled part was than subjected to LN2 vapour freezing in a programmable biological freezer followed by plunging into LN2. Samples were evaluated at pre-freeze and post-thaw stages for per cent live spermatozoa, per cent progressively motile spermatozoa, per cent Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) positive spermatozoa and percent spermatozoa with intact acrosome by Fluorescein isothiocyanate- pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) method. Maximum damage of cooling was observed in rapid cooling whereas damage found to be minimal in slow cooling protocols.

Title: Molecular Assessment of Evolutionary Divergence of Myostatin Gene in Bikaneri Camel and Marwari Goat
Abstract :

The growth regulating myostatin gene (MSTN) is considered to be conserved between species of vertebrate animals. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to explore within and between species genetic diversity for exon 2 of MSTN gene in Marwari goat (Capra hircus) and Bikaneri camel (Camelus dromedarius). Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood (2ml) through spin column method. A common primer pair was used to amplify the exon 2 region of MSTN gene in Marwari goat (n=42) and Bikaneri camels (n=56). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was carried out with Hae III restriction enzyme to explore the genetic divergence. Representative (n=5) amplified fragments of MSTN exon 2 region of both the species were sequenced through Sanger dideoxy chain termination method. RFLP analysis in both species revealed similar restriction information (mm genotype) indicating the absence of intra and interspecies variation. Sequence analysis of MSTN exon 2 region within each species also revealed absence of within species variation. However, interspecies variation between Marwari goat and Bikaneri camel were observed in the form of nine SNP’s in exon 2 of MSTN gene. Two SNP’s at 70th and 118th position were found to be non-synonymous with predicted amino acids of tyrosine and glutamine in Bikaneri camel instead of histidine and lysine in Marwari goat, respectively. The results concluded that sequence comparison of myostatin gene of Marwari goat and Bikaneri camel could be used for better understanding of divergent evolution of species in similar agro climatic conditions.

Title: Testicular Biometry, Sexual Behavior and Semen Quality during the Period of Growth and Adolescence in Surti Goats
Abstract :

The literature on testicular/scrotal growth in relation to age in pre- and post-pubertal Surti kids is meager. The study was conducted on 11 Surti male kids of identical age and birth weight (1.53±0.05 kg) selected at the age of 14 weeks and then up to 47 weeks of age. The live weight and scrotal/ testicular biometry, i.e., length, width, circumference (cm) and volume (cm3) were recorded using standard procedures at 3 weeks intervals. Sexual behaviour of bucks was observed and semen was collected in AV at weekly/fortnightly intervals from 7 months till 11 months of age. The mean live weights at the age of 14 and 35 weeks were 9.86±0.61 kg and 17.84±1.09 kg (p<0.01), respectively and thereafter it did not vary statistically till 47 weeks of age. The mean values of scrotal length, width, circumference (cm) and scrotal volume (cm3) at 14 weeks of age were 2.89±0.22, 2.05±0.17, 8.82±0.72 and 21.36±0.93, respectively, which increased gradually (p<0.01) till 35 weeks of age reaching 10.65±0.30, 7.55±0.24, 19.45±0.65 and 200.45±16.67, respectively, and then remained almost stable till 47 weeks of age. The mean length and width of right testis at 14 weeks of age were 2.98±0.17 and 1.39±0.15 cm, and those of left testis 3.28±0.17 and 1.23±0.10 cm, respectively. These values increased significantly (p<0.01) till 32 weeks of age for width and till 38-41 weeks of age for length of both testes. The average age and weight at puberty were 27.00±0.75 weeks and 15.16±0.56 kg, respectively, and those at sexual maturity 38.18±0.90 weeks and 19.61±0.93 kg, respectively. Most of the growing bucks at the age of 6-7 months expressed strong libido. The semen quality observed at 7 month of age improved gradually with advancing age till 9-10 months. Thereafter it became almost stable suggesting that the Surti bucks attain puberty and sexual maturity around this age. The correlation coefficients among age, body weight and scrotal/testicular biometry were observed to be highly significant (p<0.01) and positive in the range of 0.854 to 0.954. It was inferred that the highest reproductive potential in Surti bucks is attained at around 9-10 months of age. Hence, these criteria should be considered while selecting Surti bucks for breeding purpose.

Title: Effect of Non-genetic Factors on Test Day Milk Yield and First Lactation 305 Day Milk Yield in Jaffarabadi Buffaloes
Abstract :

The study was conducted on data of first lactation traits of 213 Jaffarabadi buffaloes spread over a period of 24 years (1991-2014) collected from the history -cum-pedigree registers maintained at Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. Least squares maximum likelihood program was used to estimate non-genetic parameters affecting monthly test day yields and First lactation 305 day milk yield. The overall least squares mean for First lactation 305 day milk yield was 1477.33 ± 64.91 litre and was not found to be influenced by season of calving, period of calving and age at first calving. The overall least squares means for all 11 individual monthly test day yields varied from 2.76 ± 0.21 litre (1st test day) to 5.98 ± 0.29 litre (5th test day). The season of calving had significant effect (p<0.05) on milk yield on 3rd and 9th test day. Effect of period of calving was highly significant (p<0.01) on 2nd test day and significant (p<0.05) on 3rd test day. It was revealed that 8th & 9th test day showed highly significant (p<0.01) and significant (p<0.05) difference in test day milk yield due to age at first calving, respectively. All these non-genetic factors markedly affected the rising phase and declining phase of the first lactation over a period of time in the population due to change in climatic conditions and population structure. Hence, non-genetic factors were important to adjust some of the test day yields.

Title: Assessment of Intra-Serotypic Diversity in Escherichia coli from Dogs Using ERIC-PCR
Abstract :

The scope of this study was to characterize the intra-serotypic genetic diversity in fecal Escherichia coli isolates obtained from dogs, using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Serological typing of forty-seven E. coli isolates recovered from the rectal swabs (n=93) of different dog breeds in Andhra Pradesh revealed O141 (5 isolates), O128 (3 isolates), O126 (2 isolates), O9 (2 isolates), O15, O20, O35, O49, O63, O85, O101, O116, O117, O118 and O119 (1 isolate each) serotypes. A total of 10 and 14 isolates were found to be rough (R) and untypable (UT), respectively. ERIC-PCR genotyping allowed discrimination of 47 E. coli isolates into 46 ERIC-PCR genotypes. The numerical index of discrimination was 0.999. Dendrogram analysis discriminated 47 E. coli isolates into eight major clusters (C1 to C8) with 70% similarity between them and three isolates were found to be unclustered with other isolates. Our results showed high intra-serotypic diversity in fecal E. coli from dogs, as evidenced by the grouping of isolates of same ‘O’ serotype into different clusters. Furthermore, ERIC-PCR genomic fingerprinting was found to be a rapid, easy-to-perform genotyping tool to differentiate E. coli strains within serotype based on their genotype.

Title: Organisms Recovered from Cases of Canine Pyoderma and their Antibiogram Pattern
Abstract :

Canine pyoderma is one of the most common causes of dermatitis with worldwide occurrence in small animal practice. The condition is diagnosed on the basis of clinical manifestations, isolation and identification of causative organisms by bacteriological cultural examination. A study on 130 clinical cases of canine pyoderma was conducted at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Veterinary College, Anand during July, 2016 to April, 2017. In the study undertaken, bacteriological culture examination of 116 pus swabs resulted in the recovery of 165 bacterial isolates. Exudate/pus samples were collected and subjected to bacteriological cultural isolation, identification and subsequently in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing. On culture, staphylococci were the most predominantly isolated organisms. Amongst staphylococci, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (49.69%, n=82), a coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS), was the most predominantly isolated organism, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18.18%, n=30). Moreover, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.03%, n=5) and S. saprophyticus (0.60%, n=1) were also recovered. The methicillin-resistant staphylococci accounted for 40.07% of the total isolates. Gram negative organisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.15%, n=25), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.12%, n=20) and Escherichia coli (0.60%, n=1); and a lone isolate of Streptococcus spp. (0.60%) were also isolated majorly in the form of mixed infections. When subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing the isolates showed highest sensitivity to linezolid followed by enrofloxacin, cephadroxil, clindamycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid whereas resistance was exhibited against erythromycin, methicillin and oxacillin.

Title: Bacterial Investigation and Antibiogram in Corneal Ulcers in Dogs
Abstract :

Corneal ulcers in dogs usually have a traumatic origin. They cause a break in the continuity of underlying corneal stroma and become rapidly contaminated with bacteria. Twenty eight clinical samples were obtained from corneal ulcer affected dogs for bacterial isolation and anti-microbial susceptibility. Bacterial growth was observed in 100% of the samples (n=28) and Staphylococcus spp. was isolated and characterized by culture, gram staining and various biochemical tests. Antibiogram pattern revealed that gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin antibiotics were found to be highly effective in the treatment of corneal ulcers in dogs. Corneal culture and sensitivity testing provided useful information for the diagnosis, determination of appropriate treatment and antimicrobial therapy for corneal diseases in dogs.

Title: Molecular Characterization of New Zealand White and APAU Black Rabbits using Microsatellite Markers
Abstract :
Genetic diversity among two genetic groups (New Zealand White and APAU Black) was investigated with a set of 20 microsatellite markers in the present study. The results showed that out of 20 microsatellites, 12 rabbit specifi c markers were successfully amplifi ed by PCR which were highly polymorphic. A total of 257 alleles were observed across the 12 loci amplifi ed. Number of alleles ranged from 5 to 14 and 5 to 16 in New Zealand White and APAU Black populations, respectively. The overall mean values of observed heterozygosity (0.554 in New Zealand White and 0.556 in APAU Black), expected heterozygosity (0.870 in New Zealand White and 0.875 in APAU Black), Polymorphic Information Content (0.856 in New Zealand White and 0.862 in APAU Black) and the mean effective number of alleles (8.629 in New Zealand White and 8.876 in APAU Black) of these two genetic groups were high. Out of the 12 amplifi ed loci 7 loci deviated signifi cantly from Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium in New Zealand White and 5 loci deviated in case of APAU Black which may be due to selection followed. The mean FIS, FIT and FST values over all the population were found to be 0.377, 0.402 and 0.040, respectively. The results suggested that the 12 amplified rabbit specific microsatellite loci were effective markers for analysis of genetic relationships among rabbit populations.
Title: Histopathological Changes Due to Interaction of Visceral Larva Migrans and Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract :

The study was aimed to investigate the histopathological changes due to interaction of Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM) and diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) and its potential zoonotic risk after being consumed accidently. A total of seventy two adult Wistar rats were taken (N=72) and divided into four groups of 18 rats each viz; group I (healthy control), group II (diabetic control), group III (VLM infected healthy rats) and group IV (VLM infected diabetic rats). Experimental rats exhibited haemorrhages in the liver, lungs and brain on 10, 20 and 30 days post infection (dpi). The accumulation of mononuclear cells in the hepatic parenchyma was observed on 10 dpi. Thrombosis was seen in some blood vessels at 20 dpi. Fibrous connective tissue proliferation in triad areas around the biliary tubules were seen at 30 dpi as compared to control group. Massive hyperplasia of the bronchiolar lymphoid tissue, bronchiolar epithelial and sub-mucosal smooth muscle hyperplasia were seen on 20 and 30 dpi. The brain of rat with diabetes and without diabetes showed the degenerative changes on 10, 20 and 30 dpi.

Title: Biochemical Changes Caused by Eimeria spp in Broiler Chickens
Abstract :

This experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of coccidia infestation on biochemical parameters in broiler chicken. The experimental animals (n=100) were randomly allocated into four equal groups, group one (G-I), group two (G-II), group three (G-III) and group four (G-IV) with 25 chickens in each group. The G-I, G-II, and G-III were treatments groups challenged by different Eimeria sporulated oocysts, while G-IV served as the control group. In this study, the infective dose of E. tenella (G-I), E. acervulina (G-II) and mixed Eimeria spp (G-III)was 2×104 sporulated Eimeria oocyst inoculated orally at three weeks of age in broiler chicken and subsequent alterations in different plasma biochemical constituents were evaluated at interval of 5, 7 and 9 day of post inoculation. Serum total protein values after challenge showed statistically significant decrease in group one, group two and group three in comparison with group four. Further, significant decrease total protien value was noticed on 7 day of post infection in group one and group two.The mean values of serum glucose between the infected and control group at 5, 7 and 9 day of post infection which revealed non-statistically significant difference. Coccidiosis due to E. tenella, E. acervulina and mixed identified Eimeria spp. infectionin chicken showed highly statistically significant increase in serum ALT and AST level as compared with control group. But, no significant variations among the infected groups were on 5 and 9 day of post infection.

Title: Effect of Feeding Synthetic and Herbal Vitamin E on Performance of Broiler Chicks in Hot Arid Zone of Rajasthan
Abstract :

One hundred thirty five (135) unsexed day-old, commercial broiler chicks were weighed individually and uniformly distributed as 45 chicks in three groups (T1, T2 and T3). Each group was divided into three replicates with 15 chicks in each. The chicks were fed with starter mash which contained crude protein 23% and metabolizable energy 2905 Kcal/kg up to three weeks of age and from 4 to 6 weeks of age the chicks were fed with finisher mash which contained crude protein 20% and metabolizable energy 3120 Kcal/kg. In group T1 herbal vitamin E was added @ 50 g/ton of feed and group, T2 herbal vitamin E was added @ 100 g/ton of feed and T3 synthetic Vitamin E @ 100g/ ton was added. Growth and feed consumption of broilers in experimental group i.e. T1 (basal diet + herbal vitamin E @ 50 g/ton) but feed conversion ration of T3 (basal diet+ synthetic vitamin E @ 100g/ton) was better than that recorded on control diet.

Title: Histochemical Studies on the Rumen of Goat (Capra hircus) During Prenatal Development
Abstract :

The histochemical studies were conducted on the stomach of 36 healthy and normal goat embryos/foeti of either sex in different stages of gestation. The embryo/ foeti were grouped into group I (0-50 days), II (51-100) and III (101-till term). In foetal rumen intense reaction for polysaccharides (PAS) and bound lipids was exhibited by basement membrane, cells of basal zone and stratum corneum followed by smooth muscle cells, blood vessels, nerve elements and connective tissue cells. Acid mucopolysaccharides reaction was most pronounced in epithelial cells of superficial zone. Basement membrane showed strong activity for PAS and bound lipid. Smooth muscle cells and blood vessels exhibited weak reaction for alkaline phosphatase enzyme. Intense Feulgen reaction for DNA was revealed by nuclei of the cells of basal zone followed by smooth muscle cells, blood vessels, nerve elements and connective tissue cells.

Title: Metabolic Predictors of Subclinical Mastitis during Early Lactation in Crossbred Cows
Abstract :

Mastitis is a complex disease with critical outcomes. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) although lacks clinical signs but it has a profound effect on milk production if occurs during early lactation. The purpose of the study, was to investigate the changes that occur in plasma metabolite levels before development of mastitis during early lactation. To evaluate the association, blood samples were collected from 50 pregnant Karan Fries (KF) cows at weekly interval from the day of partum till +90th days of calving or till the occurrence of SCM, whichever was earlier. Positive diagnosis for SCM was confirmed in 15 cows by both modified Californian mastitis test (mCMT) and increased Somatic cell count (SCC) between 4 10 lakh cells/ml within 68 week (56 days) of lactation. Thus 15 SCM cows were compared with 15 healthy ones for plasma metabolic profile till 56th day of lactation. The significantly (P<0.05) higher plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and plasma (βHydroxy Butyric Acid) βHBA levels of SCM cows over healthy ones before disease occurrence signifies severe metabolic load along with unsuccessful metabolic adaptation from transition, might be a potential factor for causing SCM during early lactation.

Title: Prevalence and Molecular Detection of Babesia canis in Dogs of Jammu Region
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on dogs presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, between March 2015 and December 2016. A total of 5711 dogs were presented for treatment in small animal medicine OPD of Referral Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu. Out of which a total of 200 dogs suspected to be suffering from various Tick borne diseases (TBD’s) were screened and 100 were found positive for different TBD’s and 11 were found positive for Babesia canis. The prevalence of Babesia canis was found to be 11 percent (based on PCR) with maximum occurrence in summer. PCR was performed using standard protocol. No case was found positive in giemsa stained thin blood smear. Males were more affected than female with highest prevalence in Labrador breed. Dogs in the age group of (1 - 5 year) were found most susceptible (72.27%) to Babesia canis. No case was recorded among juvenile dogs. No systematic effort through conducting a planned study of dog population in the region has been done till date so present work was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Babesia canis. It was concluded that Babesia canis infection is present in dogs of Jammu region and may be a possible factor causing disease in dogs of the region.

Title: Effect of Season on Bacterial Load in Semen of Different Breeds of Cattle
Abstract :
Fresh semen ejaculates collected from 56 cow bulls of different breed during three different seasons (summer, rainy and winter of the year) were subjected to bacteriological examination. Total viable bacterial count of fresh semen was determined using standard plate count method and result expressed as mean (±SEM) CFU/ml of semen. Signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher bacterial load (33571 ± 3842 CFU/ml) in bovine semen was reported during rainy season as compared to summer and winter season. During rainy season, Gir semen showed signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher bacterial count (37500 ± 7500 CFU/ml). During summer season, bacterial count was signifi cantly (P<0.001) higher in semen of exotic bulls (37143 ± 3595 CFU/ml) followed by crossbred (32000 ± 5333 CFU/ml) and indigenous bulls (19359 ± 1875 CFU/ml), whereas non signifi cant variation were noticed during rainy and winter season. Among breeds, significantly (P<0.005) higher count was reported in Jersey and HF cross during summer; and in Jersey and Gir during rainy season, however; Tharparkar and Red Sindhi bulls yielded signifi cantly (P<0.005) lower bacterial load in their semen as compared to other breeds during whole seasons of the year. It could be concluded from the results of the present study that season had signifi cant effect on bacterial load in semen of different breeds of cow bulls. 
Title: Dose-dependent In Vitro Cytotoxic Effects of Phosphorus Doped Graphene Oxide Titanium Oxide Nanocomposite (P-GO-TiO2 NC) on Caprine Wharton’s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs) and Erythrocytes
Abstract :

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the dose dependent (100, 50, 25, 10 and 0 μg/ml) cytotoxic effects of phosphorus doped graphene oxide titanium oxide nanocomposite (P-GO-TiO2 NC) on caprine Wharton`s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) by observing cell morphology, viability, growth kinetics, PDT (population doubling time), MTT (Tetrazolium dye 3-[4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and hemolysis assay using caprine erythrocytes. The caprine WJ-MSCs exhibited fibroblastoid morphology which was changed significantly as cells detached from culture surface at 100 and 50 μg/ml doses while 25 and 10 μg/ml did not altered cell morphology after 48 and 72 hrs exposure as compared to control. Viable cell number after 48 and 72 hrs of incubation with P-GO-TiO2 NC in 25 μg/ml dose was significantly (P<0.01) higher while it was significantly (P<0.01) lower at 100 and 50 μg/ml doses as compared to 10 μg/ml and control. Caprine WJ-MSCs PDT was significantly (P<0.05) increased at 100 and 50 μg/ml doses with significantly (P<0.05) altered shape of growth curve as compared to 25, 10 and 0 μg/ml doses of P-GO-TiO2 NC. Metabolically active caprine WJ-MSCs were significantly (P<0.01) increased at 25 and 10 μg/ml doses, while it was significantly (P<0.01) decreased at 100 and 50 μg/ml doses as compared to control, which was determined by MTT assay. Erythrocyte hemolysis assay revealed that P-GO-TiO2 NC significantly (P<0.05) destructed the caprine erythrocytes at 100 μg/ml doses as compared to 50, 25, 10 and 0 μg/ml doses. It is concluded that P-GO-TiO2 NC at 25 and 10 μg/ml doses are biocompatible and enhance caprine WJ-MSCs growth as compared to 100 and 50 μg/ml doses.

Title: Effect of Low Protein Diet Supplemented with Protease Enzyme and Sodium Bisulphate in Litter on Carcass, Biochemical, Respiratory Tract Lesions and Immunity Status of Birds during Winter Season
Abstract :

The quality of litter is a single major factor in deciding the emission of various harmful gases especially ammonia. Therefore a study was conducted to determine the effect of low protein diet supplemented with protease enzyme and litter amended with sodium bisulphate on carcass parameters, serum biochemical, respiratory tract lesions and immune status of birds during winter season. The experiment was conducted for six week on 240, day old broiler chicks which were randomly distributed into four treatment groups. One bearing control group (Tc) had no dietary and litter amendments and the other three included, litter amendment with sodium bisulphate (Ts), dietary amendment with low protein supplemented with protease enzyme (Tp) and both dietary and litter amendment (Tsp), each having 60 birds in three replications of 20 number. Blood sample for serum biochemical parameters were collected at 3rd and 6th week of age and at the end of experiment, four birds from each treatment were randomly slaughtered for carcass trait measurement and respiratory tract lesions. The results revealed a higher dressing and breast percentage in Ts group as compared to other treatment groups. Total protein level was also significantly higher in Ts and control group. The histopathology revealed that the gross as well as microscopic lesions revealed a better health status of chicks in the treatment groups Ts and Tsp than those in control and Tp group. The immune status was also better in the litter treated groups. Thus it can be concluded that the treatment of litter with sodium bisulphate had significant influence on carcass, serum biochemical, respiratory and foot pad lesions and immune status of birds.

Title: Histological Studies on Teat of Barbari Goat in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh
Abstract :

Present study was done to explore the histology of teat in 24 Barbari goats collected from slaughter house Fair Export Pvt. Ltd. situated at Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh which comes under Eastern Plain zone. The teats of Barbari goats were symmetrical in size and conical in shape and comprised of teat canal, Furstenberg rosette and streak canal. Only one sinus, one teat canal and one teat orifice were reported in teat of barbari goat. The streak canal was noticed at the distal section of duct system and it was lined by the epithelium extending from the teat epidermis. In lactating animals, stratified columnar epithelium bordered the teat canal. Close to the tip of teat, cornified layer of squamous epithelium were seen. On the Furstenberg’s rosette, the epithelium lining the streak canal transformed from stratified squamous keratinized to two-cell layered cuboidal epithelium. In lactating teats, the accessory lactiferous glands were fully developed.

Title: Genetic Parameters and Sire Evaluation Based on Fat-Based Energy Corrected Milk Yield in Sahiwal Cattle
Abstract :

A total of 531 first lactation records of daughters of 28 sires, having 5 or more progeny were evaluated by 4 methods viz., least-squares (LS), best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), best linear unbiased prediction-sire model (BLUP-SM) and Animal Model. Heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations between the two traits were analysed using univariate and bivariate linear animal models. The h2 estimates for 305 days or less milk yield (305MY) and Fat based energy corrected milk yield (ECMY) were 0.24 and 0.37. The Animal Model was most stable, efficient and accurate method. There was a remarkable 97-100 percent level of similarity on comparison of ranks of the sires based on 305MY and ECMY by all methods. The genetic evaluation of Sahiwal bulls based on ECMY has the advantage of being a composite trait, and with high heritability and high genetic and phenotypic correlations (0.99) with 305MY can help in mitigating the nutritional insecurity of the country in the long run.

Title: Recurrent Incidence of Marek’s Disease in Native Breed Chickens
Abstract :

The present paper is a report on outbreak of visceral (acute) form of Marek’s disease (MD) in 12 week-old non-descriptive chickens reared for meat purpose on two occasions in two different flocks. Economic losses due to visceral form of MD caused by very virulent MD virus are very huge due to mortality despite preventive vaccination carried out at hatch. Chickens of native breeds are believed to be resistant for various diseases including MD. Desi chicken flock comprising 2000 birds which was not vaccinated showed sudden mortality upto four to five birds a day after 12 weeks of age on both occasions. Gross and histopathological lesions were suggestive of MD and nucleic acid of serotype 1 of MD virus was identified by PCR. It can be concluded that resistance expressed by native breeds of chicken to various diseases could be compromised even if they are properly housed. It is recommended to administer bivalent vaccination at hatch together with biosecurity at farm for prevention of MD in desi chickens. Such occurrences also underline the need of adoption of ‘all-in-all-out’ system of management for effective disease prevention in desi chickens.

Title: Study of Phytochemical and Immunomodulatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Andrographis Paniculata in Broiler Birds
Abstract :

This study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical screening and immunomodulatory action of methanolic extract of Andrographis Paniculata in experimental model of immunity as alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler chicks. Extracts of plant were obtained by soxhlets extraction in solvent methanol. In this study, a total 60 day old Ven Cobb broiler chicks were used. For cell mediated immunity study, 30 chicks were divided into 3 treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) 10 chicks in each replicates. Similarly, for humoral immunity study, 30 chicks were divided into another 3 treatment groups of 10 chicks in each replicates. Each bird of different groups was individually identified by using leg band. T1 (Control diet), T2 (Standard growth promoter; BMD @ 0.05% in feed), T3 (APE @ 0.4g/L) in drinking water daily for consecutive 42 days. The preliminary phytochemical tests were carried out by using standard methods. Cellular immunity assessed by DNFB skin sensitization test. Whereas, humoral immunity was analyzed by indirect micro haemagglutination test. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, diterpenoid, tannin, saponin, flavonoids and phenols. Andrographis paniculta extract in group T3 showed highest antibody titer and significantly higher skin thickness in DNFB skin sensitization test both at 24 hours and 48 hours after sensitization as compared to group T1 and group T2. Phytochemical compounds phenols and flavonoids are known to have beneficial importance in immunomodulation. It can be concluded that the Andrographis paniculata extract posses potent immunomodulatory activity.

Title: Evaluation of Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Detection of Antibodies to Bovine Herpes Virus -1
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to make a comparative evaluation of a commercial competitive ELISA kit with respect to gold standard micro-serum neutralization test (mSNT) for detection of antibodies to Bovine herpes virus -1. The relative sensitivity and specificity of cELISA were found to be 96.67% and 95.29%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were observed to be 78.38 and 95.29%, respectively. The exhibited kappa value was 0.95. From this study, it is evident that cELISA is very simple, rapid with high specifi city and sensitivity in detecting BHV-1 antibodies and can prove to be a quick and effective tool in diagnosis of the disease in fi eld conditions where mSNT cannot be carried out due to its inherent requirement of highly specialized laboratories with cell culture facilities and expert personnel.
Title: Seroprevalence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease among Sheep and Goat Population across Ten Agro-climatic Zones of Odisha
Abstract :

The aim of this study was to carry out sero-epidemiological study through detecting both nonstructural protein (NSP) and structural protein (SP)-antibodies (Abs) of FMD virus (FMDV) in small ruminant population across ten agro-climatic zones of Odisha. A total of 506 serum samples from 217 sheep and 289 goats were collected randomly covering all the ten agroclimatic zones of the state. The samples were subjected to 3AB NSP ELISA for detection of NSP-Abs and liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA to check the protective antibody status (log10 titre of ≥1.8) against all three serotypes in the trivalent vaccine. A total 49.31% sheep and 20.76 % goats were found to be positive for presence of NSP-Ab. The agro-climatic zone-wise prevalence of NSP-Ab with respect to sheep varied between 17.65% and 100%, while in goats it varied between 4.76% and 50%. In LPB ELISA, 2.08% goats and 4.14% sheep were found to have protective antibody against all three vaccine strains of serotypes O, A and Asia-1, which indicates poor herd immunity in these species. Hence these species should be regularly vaccinated along with large ruminants for effective control of the disease in the country.

Title: Maternal Behavior of Najdi ewes Under Intensive Conditions
Abstract :

The study aimed to evaluate the maternal behavior of Najdi ewes lambing under intensive farming conditions in Saudi Arabia. A total of 242 lambings were monitored and litter size (LS), dystocia, parturition length (PL), maternal behavior measured as lamb acceptance and licking (LD, licking delay; LL, licking length), and concurrent parturitions in the same pen, were recorded. Najdi ewes showed moderate LS (1.31 lambs/ewe), which increased according to parity. Despite being considered as a poor motherhood sheep breed, low dystocia (4.5%), fast and easy parturition (28.5 min) were observed in Najdi ewes in our study. The ewes take good care of their lambs, licking them early (LD, 1.2 min) and for enough time (LL, 28.5 min) after parturition. On the contrary, the studied flock showed a high incidence of lamb rejections (20.7%) which increased in primiparous ewes. No effects of LS, season or dystocia were detected on lamb acceptance, but concurrent parturition was identified as the main cause of lamb rejections.

Title: Haemato-Biochemical Alterations in Dogs Afflicted with Urinary Tract Infection
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to determine haemato-biochemical alterations in dogs suffering from urinary tract infection. Blood samples were collected from suspected cases of urinary tract infection and subjected to haemato-biochemical examination. Major haematological alterations observed were significant decrease in the hemoglobin level (10.25±0.72 g/dl) and significant increase in the total leukocyte count (12.91±1.31× 103/mm3) as compared to the reference values. On biochemical examination, major changes observed were significant increase in the values of blood urea (97.94±19.32 mg/dl), creatinine (1.65±0.17 mg/dl), phosphorous (5.61±0.40 mg/dl) and potassium (5.32±0.26 mmol/L). The present study concludes alteration in hemato-biochemical parameters in affected dogs. Further study concludes that blood urea and creatinine values can be used as prognostic indicators in dogs affected with UTI.

Title: Infectious Bronchitis Virus Detection and Isolation from Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

Infectious bronchitis virus was detected in tissue samples of 16.39% (n=10) non-vaccinated commercial broiler flocks showing respiratory and or nephrotic lesions by real time RT-PCR and RT-PCR amplification of 5’-UTR and N gene. Tissue/swab suspensions from all 10 flocks were inoculated in 9-11 day old SPF embryonated chicken eggs by allantoic route. Nephropathogenic IBV was isolated from samples of 2 farms from Vijaywada region of Andhra Pradesh. Necropsy of birds from above two farms revealed lesions of swollen and mottled kidneys in many birds and visceral gout in few birds. Histopathological examination confirmed nephropathogenicity of the isolates. S1 gene amplification from two IBV isolates viz. BVC/2017/VSD/IBV/South/1 and BVC/2017/VSD/South/2 and subsequent sequencing revealed 92.7 to 96% amino acid sequence identity with the sequences of Indian nephropathogenic isolates published earlier. Amino acid sequences of two isolates shared 73.8%, 75.3% and 72.1% identity with M41, H120 and 4-91 type as respectively, which indicated substantial genotypic divergence from M41 and H120 (major respiratory and vaccine strain) and 4-91 strain. Of the samples from 8 flocks with respiratory lesions (positive for IBV by RT-PCR however, negative on isolation); 6 were found positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and or Avian influenza (H9) by PCR and RT-PCR test respectively.

Title: Sequence Characterization and Phylogenetic analysis of TLR4 Gene in Vechur Cattle
Abstract :

Vechur cattle, an indigenous breed of Kerala are highly disease resistant. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) perform a vital role in disease resistance through their recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In this study, the mRNA of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene of Vechur cattle was sequenced, characterized and compared with other species. Total RNA from milk somatic cells of Vechur cattle was isolated and converted into cDNA using reverse transcriptase kit. The cDNA of TLR4 gene was amplified with the designed primers and the product was sequenced by primer walking technique. The mRNA sequence of TLR4 spans 2766 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2526 bp coding for 841 amino acids. TLR4 sequence of Vechur cattle with Bos taurus sequence showed 99 per cent homology and exposed 7 nucleotide variations (4 non-synonymous and 3 synonymous substitution). The ectodomain of Vechur TLR4 displayed 13 LRRs and change in amino acid at LRR5 domain was observed when compared to Bos taurus. Leucine (16.05 per cent) and serine (8.08 per cent) were found to be major amino acids contributing to primary structure of TLR4 protein. Secondary structure displayed portions of amino acid sequence contributing to formation of alpha helix (50.18 per cent), beta turn (17.60 per cent) and random coil (32.22 per cent). Tertiary structure of TLR4 protein revealed distinctive horseshoe fold, composed of repeated strand-turn-alpha helix structure. Phylogenetic tree of TLR4 gene showed that Vechur cattle closely related to Bos taurus. The observed structural variation in the mRNA sequence of TLR4 gene in Vechur cattle breed will provide an important basis for further study on the relationship between polymorphisms and host disease resistance.

Title: News
Abstract :

News

Founder Editor-in-Chief Invited as Speaker for the 44th DIC, NDRI, Karnal

Title: Genetic Structure and Differentiation of Different Strains of Nellore Sheep
Abstract :

The aim of present study was to assess the genetic diversity, genetic distance and establish genetic relationship between Palla, Jodipi, Nellore Brown and Macherla brown strains of Nellore sheep breed from their breeding tracts in Andhra Pradesh, India based on 24 ovine specific microsatellite markers so as to support breed conservation and improvement decisions. All used microsatellites were amplified well and exhibited polymorphism. A total of 200 unrelated DNA samples from Palla, Jodipi, Nellore brown and Macherla brown strains of Nellore sheep breed were genotyped to find out within and between strain genetic diversity indices. The mean number of alleles (11.71); effective number of alleles (8.74) reflected the existence of substantial amount of diversity among the strains. The mean value of Shannon index is 2.25, which clearly indicates high gene diversity within populations. Observed and expected heterozygosity in the populations were found to be 0.35 and 0.88 respectively. The mean estimates of FIS, FST and FIT were 0.890, 0.039 and 0.895 respectively. The Nei’s standard and D-genetic estimates using UPGMA method revealed low genetic distance and high genetic identity among the strains of Nellore sheep. All the four strains were genetically distinct and divided into three clusters with low degree of admixture at k = 4 based on Structure analysis. Ewans-Watterson test was conducted to test the neutrality of microsatellites. The rate of gene flow (Nm) between different strains of Nellore sheep was found to be 5.72.

Title: Histological and Histochemical Studies on Uterus of Adult Bakerwali Goat in Different Phases of Estrous Cycle
Abstract :

The uterus (horns and body) was lined with the simple columnar to pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The mean height of the epithelium was less in follicular phase. The mean epithelial height of corpus uteri was higher than that of cornua uteri irrespective of the phase of estrous cycle but mean epithelial height was more in luteal phase than in follicular phase both in body and horn. The lining epithelium showed strong reaction for Alcian Blue. The intense PAS positivity was seen at supranuclear zone of glandular epithelium and at basement membrane. Mild lipid and cholesterol reaction was seen at apical and basal borders of lining epithelium. Endometrial glands were lined by simple columnar epithelium. In some cases these glands penetrate and reached upto stratum vasculare. Proliferation of endometrial glands were seen in follicular phase whereas in luteal phase the endometrial glands became compact and were seen in secretory phase both in uterine horns and uterine body. The glandular epithelium height also increased and showed apical blebs in the luteal phase of the cycle in Bakerwali goat. The lumina of glands in luteal phase were engorged with secretions. The luminal diameter decreased in luteal phase in both uterine horn and body. Mucosal folds were in close apposition to each other in cornua uteri as compared to corpus uteri. Endometrial glands were more in corpus uteri than in cornua uteri. The thickness of tunica muscularis was significantly higher in luteal phase and increased towards the uterine body.

Title: Post Natal Changes in the Concentration of certain Serum Biochemicals, Metabolic and Steroid Hormones in Male Assam Goats (Capra hircus) from Birth to Ten Months of Age
Abstract :

The mean concentration of blood glucose showed an increasing pattern with advancing age in the male Assam goats ranging from 39.32 ± 0.12 mg percent at birth to 51.92 ± 0.05 mg percent in 10 months old bucks. Serum cholesterol concentration showed a declining trend that varied from 108.93 ± 1.35 mg percent at birth to 62.23 ± 0.66 mg percent in 10 months old goats. Similarly, the levels of serum total protein increased from 3.96 ± 1.35 to 8.16 ± 0.02 g percent at birth and at 10 month of age, respectively. The serum thyroid hormones showed a declining trend in the male Assam goats with increasing age. The mean concentrations of Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) were recorded as 1.65 ± 0.03 and 114.38 ± 0.62 ng/ml at birth and 0.81 ± 0.01 and 24.47 ± 0.31 ng/ml at 10 months of age respectively. On the other hand, serum concentrations of testosterone hormone raised from 0.11 ± 0.01 ng/ml in 2 months old kids to 1.13 ± 0.01 ng/ml in the goats at 10 month of age. Testosterone could not be estimated in the serum of day-old kids because the level was too low to measure. Serum concentrations of all the hormones showed a highly significant (P<0.01) variation between different age groups under study.

Title: Ultasonographic Findings of Pancreatitis in Dogs
Abstract :

The study was conducted to document and assessment of ultrasound as a diagnostic modality in pancreatitis in dogs. 34 out of 1440 cases presented over a period of one year for ultrasonographic examination having pancreatic changes. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed hypoechoic pancreas, hyperechoic surrounding fat saponification, enlarged or irregular pancreas and dilatation of biliary or pancreatic duct as the major changes in pancreatitis dogs with primary pancreatic disorder. Ultrasound proved to be a good diagnostic modality for diagnosing subclinical form of pancreatitis but may be a poor indictor of prognosis of the disease.

Title: Biochemical Profile of Cervico-Vaginal Mucus in Relation to Fertility in Crossbred Cows and Heifers
Abstract :

This study was carried out on cows (n=20) and heifers (n=20) belonging to the Dairy farm of College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow and clinical cases of progressive farmers brought for artificial insemination to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex and at the doorstep of farmers in nearby villages. The cervico-vaginal mucus samples were collected from the animals at oestrus and were preserved at -20°C for biochemical parameter analysis. Biochemical profile revealed that the mean value of total protein was significantly higher in conceived than that of non-conceived crossbred cows and heifers, whilst peroxidase activity and sialic acid count were significantly lower in conceived than that of non-conceived crossbred cows and heifers. Pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation after 2 months of insemination.

Title: Contents Vol. 9, No. 2, April 2019
Abstract :
Title: Effect of Seasonal Variation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Cyclic Murrah Buffaloes Following Synchronized Estrus through Doublesynch Protocol
Abstract :
The present study was conducted with the objective to see the effect of season on oxidative stress parameters in cyclic Murrah buffalo. Forty fi ve cyclic Murrah buffaloes were synchronized for estrus with standard Doublesynch protocol and inseminated fi xed time at 8 and 24hr of last GnRH injection in summer (n = 20) and winter season (n = 25). Blood samples were analyzed for the level of oxidative stress parameters. The overall MDA concentrations were higher (P<0.05) during summer compared to winter season. Furthermore, values were higher (P<0.05) on day of AI compared to days of start of protocol in both seasons. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) level were similar (P>0.05) between summer and winter season among days of protocol except on day 9, in which GSH-Px level was lower (P<0.05) in summer as compared to winter season (16.9 ± 1.8 vs 24.2 ± 2.0 U/ml of hemolysate). The Superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in winter as compared to summer at the time of start of protocol however; on day 9, the values were lower (P<0.05) for winter than summer. In conclusion, MDA is more reliable parameter to measure oxidative stress in Murrah buffalo and it increase during summer season and hence reduce the conception rate.
Title: Bovine Ruminal Acidosis: Rumen Liquor Profile and its Therapeutic Management
Abstract :

Ruminal acidosis is one of the common condition that oftenly found on account of ingestion of excessive amounts of readily fermented carbohydrate by ruminants. The present study was planned to characterize ruminal fluid and its therapeutic efficacy of suitable probiotics in the management of ruminal acidosis. A total of 265 animals were screened from different areas of Jammu region including the cases that were presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura. Forty three (43) animals were found positive for acidosis. The overall prevalence of ruminal acidosis including sub-acute form in Jammu region was 16.22%. The mean value of all acidotic animals was found 5.11 ±0.06. The odour of ruminal fluid of acidotic animals was pungent, sour and fishy whereas the consistency was watery. The mean Methylene blue reduction test time and the protozoal count in rumen liquor in acidotic animal were found to be of 9.50±.53 min and 0.66×105/ml respectively. The microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained rumen fluid of acidotic animals was increased Gram +ve. The altered ruminal fluid parameters were returned to normal following fortnight probiotics treatment.

Title: Isolation and Characterization of the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) of Haryana Region Based on F-gene Sequence
Abstract :

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) continues to cause serious economic losses in global chicken production. The objective of the present study was to use a rapid and efficient method for determining pathotype of NDV of poultry from field specimens by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in silico restriction endonuclease enzymes (REA) method. The field samples were investigated for identification, differentiation and pathotyping of NDV by using amplification of RT-PCR followed by in silico REA of F protein encoding gene. The RT-PCR amplification for F gene NDV generated DNA fragments in size of 356 bp. To differentiate virulent and avirulent NDV, the RT-PCR product of F gene in size of 356 base pairs (bp) was analyzed by HhaI and BglI restriction enzymes. Out of one hundred twenty field samples examined, nineteen were found positive for NDV and among these nineteen positive samples, sixteen samples were lentogenic, two samples were mesogenic and one sample was velogenic NDV. RT-PCR combined with in silico REA method by using HhaI and BglI enzymes can be used to determine pathotype of NDV from field specimens.

Title: Morphological and Histochemical Characteristics of Parotid Salivary Gland in Neonates of Indian Buffalo
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to elucidate gross, histomorphological and histochemical status in parotid salivary gland of buffalo during neonatal life. The study was carried out on parotid salivary gland of eighteen buffalo neonates. These neonates were categorized into three groups based on their age, viz., Group-1: <1 month; Group-2: between1-2 months and Group-3: between 2-3 months. Macroscopically, the lateral surface of the gland was covered by parotid fascia, developing parotido-auricularis muscle and facial muscles and the medial surface was related to great cornu of hyoid bone, digastricus, occipito-hyoideus and sterno-mastoideus muscles, external carotid artery, external jugular vein and its tributaries, facial nerve and its branches, during early neonatal life. Histologically, the parotid gland was of compound tubuloacinar nature. The parenchyma comprised of purely serous acini along with several orders of ducts distributed in the stroma. The duct system comprised of intercalated duct, striated duct, interlobular duct and large excretory duct. The myoepithelial cells appeared as flattened basal cells initially around the developing acinar cells. The serous acinar cells of parotid gland were devoid of acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides in neonatal age groups. Fine lipid droplets were observed in intralobular as well as interlobular connective tissue. The biometrical studies showed that there was a significant difference in the parotid gland between different neonatal age groups at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 level. There was significant difference in the micrometrical parameters of parotid gland between different groups at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 level.

Title: Study on the Relationship between the Selected Traits of the Gir Cattle Breeders and Their Knowledge Level about Conservational Practices
Abstract :

The study was conducted in Ajmer district of Rajasthan, out of 10 tehsils of Ajmer district two tehsils i.e. Bhinay and Bijainagar were selected purposively. Further, four villages from each selected tehsil were identified. From each village 20 respondents were selected randomly. Thus, the entire sample consists of 160 respondents. The field survey was conducted to collect the first hand information on the relationship between the selected traits of the Gir cattle breeders and their knowledge level about conservational practices in the study area. Majority (61.25 per cent) of the livestock owners had medium level of knowledge about conservational practices in study area. The characteristics namely education, mass media exposures, extension contact were positively and significantly correlated with knowledge, whereas, age had negative correlation and highly significant with the knowledge level of the Gir cattle breeders about Gir cattle conservational practices in study area. The variables like land holding, herd size, occupation and annual income were positively and non-significantly correlated with knowledge about Gir cattle conservational practices. Family size had negative and non-significant correlation with knowledge about Gir cattle conservational practices in study area.

Title: Histological, Histochemical and Ultra Structural Studies of Ileum of Goat (Capra hircus)
Abstract :

The tissues from ileum were collected from six young goats and processed for light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies. The villi of the ileum varied in shape and size. These were lined by simple columnar epithelium with few goblet cells. The intestinal glands were simple tubulo-acinar type having simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium. Lamina muscularis mucosae was thin and interrupted. The submucosa was having loose irregular connective tissue and occupied by lymphoid nodules or Peyer’s patches consisted of follicles of various shapes and size. Tunica muscularis had inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscles. Histochemical studies presented presence of glycogen and acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides in the intestinal glands. The scanning electron microscopy showed tongue shaped villi with distinctive corrugation on its surface. The transmission electron microscopy showed presence of simple columnar cells with microvilli in surface epithelium. The cryptal epithelium was having Paneth, enterochromaffin and goblet cells.

Title: Occurrence of Shiga Toxin Producing E. coli in Milk and Milk Products collected in and around Jabalpur
Abstract :

The aim of the present study was to observe the occurrence and to characterize E. coli isolates from various sources of milk and milk products in Jabalpur city. In total 210 milk and milk products samples were collected from different sources in Jabalpur city. For isolation of E.coli, the milk samples were enriched in macconkey lactose broth followed by selective plating on eosin methylene blue agar. The isolates were characterized on the basis of molecular typing and their antimicrobial profile. Out of 210 samples examined, 49 E. coli isolates were obtained showing an overall occurrence of 23.33% with the highest presence in raw milk (40.07%) followed by ice cream (28.57%), khoa (21.42%), dahi (16.66%) and flavored milk (9.52%). The molecular study with PCR revealed that a total of 55.1% (27/49) E. coli isolates were positive for uspA gene. Out of 27 uspA positives, 3(11.1%) and 8(29.62%) were possessing stx1 and stx2 respectively and 1(3.7%) had both stx1 and stx2 gene. Among the antibiotics tested, E. coli showed higher sensitivity to netillin (95.9%), gentamicin (87.7%), amikacin and chloramphenicol (77.5%), ofloxacin (71.4%), kanamycin (65.3%), norfloxacin (63.2%) and ciprofloxacin (59.1%) and resistant to nitrofurantoin (81.6%), ampicillin (75.5%), cefotaxime (71.4%), tetracycline (61.2%) and ceftazidime (55.1%). The results indicates the presence of pathogenic strains of E. coli in milk and milk products, which reflects poor hygienic condition and thus, the consumption of products may cause public health hazards.

Title: Evaluating Effects of Bypass Fat Supplementation on Early Lactation in Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :

This study conducted at field conditions to evaluate the climate change effect of supplementation in diet of rumen escape fat (bypass fat) of early lactating Murrah buffaloes under National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project organized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Morena (M. P.) in the year 2016-17. The 10 murrah buffaloes were randomly selected into three equal groups namely farmer practice (control), recommended practice (treatment-1) and recommended practice (treatment-2) with regard to evaluate body weight, milk yield and fat percentage. Buffaloes in control group received no supplementation in diet of bypass fat whereas buffaloes selected to treatment-1 group received 100 g supplementation and those in treatment-2 group received daily supplementation of 150 g in diet from 8th day from parturition till end of trial. Body weight, milk yield and milk fat percentage were measured in all 30 buffaloes on 8th day from parturition and then every fortnight till 92 days post parturition. The results indicated that buffaloes in both treated groups that received bypass fat supplementation performed better than control group with regard to average weight gain, milk yield and fat percentage and performance of both treatment groups were comparable in all measured variables. In conclusion, supplementation of 150 g of bypass fat was found to be effective in improving milk yield, milk fat percentage and preventing weight loss during initial 92 days of lactation.

Title: Relative Expression Profile of AA Genotype of BMP4 Gene in Broiler and Layer Chicken
Abstract :
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) gene is primarily involved in regulation of bone development and is considered as positive regulator for osteogenesis. The objectives of the study were to explore the polymorphism of BMP4 gene and to determine the expression profile of the predominant genotype observed in broiler (81%) and layer (95%). PCR-SSCP revealed differential pattern with AA genotype being most frequent over AB and AC genotypes. The fast-growing birds displayed higher magnitudes of growth traits over their counter layers. The mRNA expression level was relatively higher in broiler at day 42 and in layer on day 1 and lower on day 28 of both the lines. Significant difference (p≤0.05) in gene expression was observed during different stages of growth in layer line only. It can be concluded that the BMP4 gene was polymorphic and the mRNA expression varied distinctly over different developmental stages of juvenile period in broiler and layer chicken.
Title: Effect of Dietary Monensin Supplementation on Faecal Nitrogen Excretion and Blood Metabolites in Non Pregnant Non Lactating Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of monensin supplementation in reducing faecal nitrogen excretion in non pregnant non lactating murrah buffaloes and its effect on blood metabolites. The nitrogen released by the livestock in faecal matter contributes to the N2O content of environment, which is a potent green house gas. Fourteen dry Murrah buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups of seven animals each on the basis of body weight. Both groups were fed as per ICAR (2013) feeding standard without and with monensin supplementation (350 mg/head/day) in control and treatment group, respectively for sixty days. Nitrogen intake, urinary and total nitrogen out go and nitrogen balance (g/d) were not (P>0.05) affected by monensin supplementation. However, faecal nitrogen excretion (g/d) decreased (P <0.05) and blood plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration increased (P<0.05) in treatment group as compared to control. The concentration of blood non-estrified fatty acid, blood urea nitrogen, total protein and albumin were not affected (P>0.05) by monensin supplementation. In conclusion, dietary monensin supplementation to non pregnant non-lactating Murrah Buffaloes increased blood glucose concentration and reduced faecal nitrogen excretion which will reduce the contribution of buffaloes to nitrous oxide emissions and its negative impact on environment.

Title: Estimation of Phenotypic Trend in Performance Traits of Native Chicken Germplasm of Himachal Pradesh
Abstract :

Native chicken germplasm is playing an important role in development of location specific chicken stocks suitable for rural backyard poultry production. In the present study, on-farm performance evaluation for various growth, sexual maturity and egg production traits was done of native chicken population. First four generations of the native birds produced through selective breeding was evaluated. The performance traits evaluated were growth (Chick weight, 4th week BW, 8th week BW, 12th week BW, 20th week BW and 40th week BW), age at sexual maturity (ASM), hen housed egg production (HHEP), hen day egg production (HDEP) and survivor egg production (SEP) at 40 weeks, 52 weeks and 72 weeks of age and egg weight at 28 weeks, 40 weeks and 52 weeks age. The phenotypic means and variability for different traits was estimated generation wise and the phenotypic time trend over the generations was estimated for various performance traits. The analysis revealed positive phenotypic trends in day old chick weight (0.70 g), 8 weeks BW (34.64 g), 12 weeks BW (63.80 g), 20th week body weight (25.01 g), negative trend in age at first egg (-4.8 days) and age at 25% HHEP (-3.5 days), positive trend in egg weight at 28-week (2.1 g), 40-week (1.5 g) and 52-week (0.4 g). The hen day egg production at 40 weeks, 52 weeks and 72 weeks of age showed positive phenotypic trend of 3.8, 6.1 and 2.3 eggs. Further, hen housed and survivor egg production also showed positive trend estimates at 40, 52 and 72 weeks age. Negative or declining trends were observed in growth traits viz. 4 weeks BW (-16.4 g) and 40 weeks BW (-55.45 g). The results of present analysis indicated the effectiveness of the selection along with improved management for bringing improvement in egg production traits of the population in succeeding generations.

Title: Effect of Administration of Autologous Plasma along with Leucocytes on Hormonal Changes in Relation to Recovery Rate and Conception in Endometritic Cows
Abstract :

The effect of autologous plasma along with leucocytes in the treatment of endometritis and its relation with hormonal changes associated with recovery was evaluated in present study. A total of 16 endometritic crossbred cows were randomly allocated into two groups, Group I (n=10) received single intra uterine infusion of autologous plasma along with leucocytes whereas, the animals of Group II (n=6) served as control. Blood samples (5ml) were collected twice from all the experimental animals, first at the time of diagnosis of endometritis (pretreatment) and second at subsequent estrus (post-treatment). The clinical recovery was assessed by negative reaction in white side test and reduction of total bacterial count in cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) at subsequent estrus and breeding was done through artificial insemination. Plasma thyroxin (T4), tri-iodo thyronine (T3) and cortisol concentration were evaluated in both the groups at pre and post treatment. Pregnancy was confirmed after 60 days post-insemination per rectally. The results revealed that plasma T3 (1.41±0.20 vs. 1.98±0.17 nM) and T4 concentration (27.11±5.97 vs. 35.98 ± 4.73 nM, p≤ 0.05) increased, whereas the cortisol level declined (6.77 ±1.38 vs. 2.12 ±0.63 ng/ml) following treatment with autologous plasma in the endometritic cows. The overall pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the treated group (70%) compared to no pregnancy in control. Thus, it can be concluded that treatment autologous plasma could be associated with restoration of thyroid hormones level and reduction of stress, besides improving the conception rate in the endometritic cows.

Title: Comparative Efficacy of Serological Tests for Detection of Brucella Antibodies in Sheep and Goats
Abstract :

Brucellosis is an important zoonosis and a significant cause of reproductive losses in animals. In view of the considerable problems related to direct diagnosis of brucellosis in animals, the present study envisaged the appraisal of seroepidemiology of brucellosis in sheep and goats by detection of brucella specific antibodies, comparison of two serological tests, viz., i-ELISA (Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and RBPT expand for detection of Brucella-specific antibodies. Out of 1012 sheep and goat sera screened, 88 (8.70%) and 75 (7.41%) were detected positive by RBPT and i-ELISA, respectively. Species-wise seroprevalence was detected 12.26% and 10.97% in sheep and 5.67% and 4.39% in goats by RBPT and i-ELISA, respectively. During present investigation, RBPT detected more number of samples positive for brucella antibodies. However, compared to i-ELISA, overall sensitivity and specificity of RBPT were 80.00% and 97.01%, respectively. Species-wise sensitivity of RBPT found was 82.35% in sheep and 75.00% in goat, whereas specificity was 96.38% in sheep and 96.41% in goats.

Title: Effect of Dilution and Sperm Concentration on Post Thaw Semen Quality in Barbari Buck
Abstract :

Deleterious interaction between seminal plasma proteins and egg yolk has been well documented in buck semen. Reduced lethal contact between seminal proteins and egg yolk can be a prerequisite for improved post thaw semen quality. Sperm concentration that determines seminal plasma volume in extender regulates quantum of lethal proteins and intensity of lethal interaction in diluted goat semen. Therefore, experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of dilution and sperm concentration in diluted buck semen utilized for cryopreservation and artificial insemination. Semen from four healthy Barbari bucks was collected and pooled. Pooled semen was equally divided and diluted with TRIS based extender containing 6% glycerol and 20% egg yolk at four different sperm concentration viz. 100 million /ml, 200 million /ml, 300 million /ml and 400 million /ml and cryopreserved. Frozen thawed semen was evaluated for progressive motility, live percent, hypo-osmotic swelling test and motility parameters using computer assisted semen analyzer (CASA). A significantly (p < 0.01) higher value for live percent, progressive motility, HOST percent, VCL (μm/sec), VAP (μm/sec), VSL (μm/sec), BCF (hz) and DNC (μm2/sec) were observed in semen diluted to 200-million/ml of sperm concentration. The results depict a better counterbalance between the different factor influencing the viability, membrane integrity, path velocity and motion characters in semen diluted to 200-million/ml of sperms as compared to other sperm concentration in diluted semen. In conclusion, 200-million/ml sperm can be preferred concentration for semen dilution and cryopreservation that result in better post thaw semen quality in buck semen.

Title: Microbial Hazard Analysis of Fish (Catla Catla) at Various Stages of Supply Chain
Abstract :
The present study was planned with the objectives to evaluate microbial quality of freshwater fi sh (Catla catla) sold in retail market in Parbhani city at harvest, transportation and fi sh shop. A total of 18 fi sh samples were collected as per method prescribed by ICMSF (1998) and analyzed. The per cent Staphylococcus aureus positive samples found were 50 per cent at harvest, 83.33 per cent during transportation and 100 per cent at retail shop. The E.coli isolations at various stages of supply like harvest, transportation and retail were 33.33 per cent, 50 per cent and 83.33 per cent respectively. The Salmonella spp isolations were 16.66 per cent at harvest, 83.33 per cent at transportation and 50 per cent at retail. The Clostridium spp isolations were seen in 33.33 per cent samples at harvest, 50 per cent during transportation and 100 per cent at retail shop. The Vibrio spp isolation at harvest, transportation and retail shop were 100 per cent, 83.33 per cent and 33.33 per cent. Identifi cation of Salmonella spp and Vibrio spp indicate concern from public health point of view. Presence of various pathogenic micro-organisms at various stages of fi sh supply chain indicates sources of contamination in environment and need sanitary measures.
Title: Gut Integrity of Neonatal Piglets: A Histomorphological Analysis
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to elaborate histomorphological status of different segments of small intestine of eight apparently healthy Hampshire piglets, irrespective of sex. They were divided into two age groups of 0 day and 7 days, consisting of four animals in each group. After sacrifice at the respective age the different segments of the small intestine were studied for histomorphological structures. The small intestinal wall is composed of four layers viz. tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica musculosa and tunica serosa from inside to outside. The shape, size, length and width of the villi present at the mucosal surface varied in different regions of the small intestine. The Peyer’s patches were composed of four distinct compartments, viz., follicle/lymphatic nodules, a zone of small lymphocytes, an internodular region and the dome area. The Brunner’s glands were present in the tunica sub mucosa layer of duodenum. The collagen fibres were prominent in the basement membrane of the lining epithelium and connective tissue covering the lymphoid nodule. The reticular fibres were recorded in the basement membrane of the lining epithelium, periphery of the intestinal glands and lymphoid nodules. The elastic fibres were found in negligible amount in the different segments of the small intestine except at the inner side of the blood vessels. The nerve fibres were seen mostly in the dome and interfollicular area.

Title: Fiber Enriched Egg Kofta Incorporated with Bottle Gourd and Its Economics of Production
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to develop egg kofta, a novel egg based product incorporated with fiber source to improve nutritional value together with high sensory acceptability and to study the cost economics of its production. Three different levels of boiled shredded bottle gourd as a source of fiber viz. 20% (T-1), 30% (T-2) and 40% (T-3) in mashed boiled egg were incorporated in order to increase the fiber content in the developed product and the optimum level was standardized based on physico-chemical, proximate, instrumental texture, color profile and sensory parameters. The textural attributes of the standardized product were comparable to that of the control. The scores for overall acceptability found to be highest for control and lowest for T-3 but scores for T-1 and T-2 were found comparable to control. Hence, 30% level of bottle gourd incorporation was found to be optimum. The cost of production of Egg kofta varied from ` 150, ` 135, ` 129 and ` 122 for control, T-1, T-2, T-3, respectively. Breakeven point and cost benefit ratio were found to be Rs. 121,864.84 and 50%, respectively.
Title: Tenderizing Effect of Cucumis trigonus Roxb and Carica papaya on Emu Meat Chunks
Abstract :

Among exotic meat species, ratites have received significant attention as producers of low-fat meats. Fresh emu meats were procured from local market and cut into small chunk of approximately 3 cm3 size and were randomly allotted for different treatments (0, 5, 7 and 10% W/V) of control, cucumis trigonus Roxb and Carica papaya. The pH value of cucumis solution was significantly (P<0.01) lower than other solution. The marinade absorption values were higher in papaya treated samples than cucumis treated samples. There was significant (P<0.05) reduction of pH in samples treated with cucumis compared to papaya. There was significant (P<0.01) reduction of WHC (water holding capacity) in cucumis treated samples compared to others. Moisture content tends to be higher in papaya treated samples. Significant (P<0.01) increase in collagen solubility and sarcoplasmic protein solubility, myofibrillar protein solubility and total protein solubility of cucumis and papaya treated samples compared to control. It is concluded that cucumis was found to be comparatively more effective on myofibrillar proteins, while papaya were found more effective on sarcoplasmic proteins.

Title: Immunomodulatory Potential of Cajanus indicus Leaves Powder on Dietary Supplementation in Broiler Birds
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to evaluate the immuno-modulatory potential of Cajanus indicus leaves powder on dietary
supplementation in broiler birds. Day-old broiler chicks of Vencobb strain (n = 36) were randomly assigned into 3 treatments with 3 replicates each, 4 chicks (2 each for cell mediated and humoral immune response) in each replicate. The dietary treatments composed of the basal diet in control group, 0.05% Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate added to the basal diet in standard group
and 1.5% Cajanus indicus leaves powder added to the basal diet in test group. The HA titre (as measured against sheep RBC) was signifi cantly (p<0.01) higher in birds of test group as compared to birds of control and standard group. There was signifi cant (p<0.01) elevation of cell mediated immunity (CMI) in broiler birds of test group as compared to control and standard group when evaluated by DNFB skin contact sensitization test. The result indicated that ration supplemented with Cajanus indicus leaves powder @1.5% signifi cantly improved cellular and humoral immune responses in broiler birds. 
Title: Echocardiographic Indices and their Values of Healthy Adult Malabari Goats
Abstract :

The study was carried out to establish standard echocardiographic values and indices for adult Malabari goats. Twelve healthy non-pregnant adult Malabari goats from Goat and Sheep Farm, Mannuthy aged one to two years and body weight ranging from 20-25 Kg were utilized to establish standard echocardiographic indices for Malabari goat. The standard echocardiographic values and indices obtained were Left Ventricular Internal Diameter at Diastole and Systole (2.73±0.07 cm and 1.66±0.08 cm), Interventricular Septum at End Diastole and Sytole (0.80±0.02 cm and 1.07±0.02 cm), Left Ventricular free wall thickness at End Diastole and Systole(0.78±0.02 cm and 1.33±0.03 cm), Fractional Shortening and Ejection Fraction (40.78±2.66% and 71.61±2.89%), respectively. Left Atrium to Aortic ratio in B were 1.07±0.01 cm. The study established the normal echocardiographic parameters in female adult Malabari goats which can be used as a reference for studies pertaining to cardiovascular disease diagnosis and for longitudinal research studies in future.

Title: Lameness, Associated Risk Factors and its Management in Pig under Traditional Farming System in Mizoram, India
Abstract :

The study was conducted in Aizawl and Kolasib district of Mizoram, India in 375 numbers of randomly selected pig farms covering 1126 numbers of pigs. The base line survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire. The pigs under study were distributed in different age groups as < 1 months, 1-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-9 months and 10-12 months and above 1 year. The calendar year under study was divided in to four seasons viz. summer, monsoon, retreating monsoon and winter. Different breeds were classified as Yorkshire, Hampshire, Cross breed and Zovawk (indigenous).The disease conditions were observed and diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs, clinical, haemato-biochemical and laboratory examination like radiography and bacteriological examination and antibiotic sensitivity test as and when required. After evaluation of the lameness, the animals were treated accordingly and outcomes were evaluated. The rate of incidence of lameness was found to be 7.46 percent with a sex wise incidence of 8.67 percent in males and 5.96 percent in females. Incidence was highest in crossbreed pigs (7.57%) and in the age group of 1-3 months (12.37%). Leg wise affections were highest in foreleg (48.81%) followed by hind leg (38.10%) and both legs (13.10%). Foreleg affections were highest (54.55%) in the age group of 7-9 months and lowest (42.86%) in pigs ˃12 months. Hind leg affections (57.14%) was highest in ˃12 months and lowest (30. 34%) in the age group of 1-3 months. Sixty five percent wound cases were bacteriologically positive with 53.00 percent infected wounds of polymicrobial nature.

Title: Effect of Partial Replacement of Dietary DL-methionine with Herbal Methionine Replacers on the Growth and Performance of Broilers
Abstract :

Increases in the cost of chemically produced DL-methionine and preference for organic alternatives are pressing for herbal methionine replacers. Here, we report the effects of partial replacement of dietary DL-methionine with herbal methionine replacers upon the growth and performance of broilers. One hundred and sixty Vencobb broilers, fed a corn-soy based diet, were divided into four groups i.e. (T1) control, deficient in methionine; (T2) 0.2% DL-methionine; (T3) DL-methionine 0.1% + herbal methionine powder 0.1%; and (T4) DL-Methionine 0.1% + liquid herbal methionine at 5 ml/day/100 birds till 21 days, 10 ml/day/100 birds from 21 to 35 days, and 20 ml/day/100 birds during 35 to 42 days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, and serum biochemical parameters were studied. Partial replacement of DL-methionine with herbal methionine allowed greater body weight gain, better feed conversion ratio, higher dressing percentage, and lesser stress in broilers. It could be concluded that partial replacement of at least half, if not more, of the dietary DL-methionine requirement with herbal methionine can be practiced for improving broiler growth and performance.

Title: Effect of Cefuroxime Sodium and Meloxicam Administration on Certain Biochemical Parameters in Barbari Goats
Abstract :

In the present study, the effects of cefuroxime sodium and meloxicam administration on biochemical parameters were studied in barbari goats. In this study, cefuroxime sodium was administered @ 20 mg.kg-1 by intramuscular route and Meloxicam was administered @ 0.5 mg.kg-1, intramuscularly. The result of this study indicated that multiple intramuscular doses of cefuroxime sodium along with meloxicam did alter some of the biochemical parameters in barbari goats. In the present study, significant changes (P<0.05) were observed in biochemical parameters like creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. However, in creatine phosphokinase, no statistically significant changes were observed.

Title: Genotypic Study of Verocytotoxic E. coli in Cattle by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstract :

E. coli is the most commonly observed gastrointestinal flora of animals and environmental contaminant considered as important food borne pathogen causing serious complications in man and animals. The study was undertaken to detection of virulence gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cattle. In present study, a total of 160 samples were processed for isolation of verocytotoxic E. coli (VTEC). All samples were positive for Escherichia coli. Out of 160 Escherichia coli, 14 samples were found positive for VTEC. Out of 14 VTEC, 6 were found to be positive for stx1 gene (180 bp), 5 were stx2 (255 bp) and 3 were for stx1, stx2 and hlyA gene.

Title: Carcass Quality and Proximate Composition of Meat of Indigenous Sheep of Assam Raised on Different Rearing Systems
Abstract :

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of rearing systems, grazing, grazing with supplement and stall feeding with supplement on the carcass traits and mutton quality of the non-descript indigenous sheep of Assam. Eighteen weaner male lambs of similar and non-significant (P>0.05) body weight (5.38±0.26 kg) were divided in 3 groups (6 in each) in completely randomized block design (CRD) and reared for 112 days. T1 group was grazed, T2 group was grazed and fed concentrate supplement and T3 group was fed both green grass and concentrate supplement in the stall. At the end of rearing period, the lambs were slaughtered. The values for the different carcass traits of pre-slaughter weight (12.57±0.13 kg), slaughter weight (11.53± 0.12 kg), carcass weight (6.33± 0.06 kg), dressing percentage (50.36±0.26%), carcass length (52.30±0.29 cm), back fat thickness (1.56±0.06 mm), loin eye area (7.09±0.13 cm2), wholesale cuts (6.31±0.06 kg) and by products (5.11±0.06 kg) as well as for the proximate compositions of protein (19.57±0.06%), fat (6.31±0.08%) and total ash (1.01±0.00%) were higher (P<0.05) in the stall fed group. It was concluded that the stall fed lambs yielded more mutton with less moisture, higher protein, fat and total ash content in meat.

Title: Amelioration of Thermal Stress using Modified Roof in Dairy Animals under Tropics: A Review
Abstract :

Roof is an integral part of housing systems, which protects animals from solar radiation and rain water. During summer months, heat stress affects animal production adversely. Housing design and shade material play an important role in the microclimate modification and reduction of radiant heat load inside the shed. The most commonly used roofing materials include asbestos sheets, thatch, clay tiles, reinforced cement concrete, galvanized iron sheets, plastic sheets etc., which possess some merits as well as drawbacks. Ideal roof material should have high reflectivity, low conductivity, low under-surface emissivity besides being light, strong, durable, waterproof, good looking, free from tendency to condense moisture inside and economical. Since, animal houses are permanent structure in large organized dairy farms which cannot be changed frequently. Thus, it is worth giving to modify existing roof rather changing the whole structure, which can be achieved by roof modifications such as thermal insulation, polythene shade cloth or Agro-net, mud plastering, thatched asbestos roof, green roofs, roof paints, evaporative roof cooling, solar panels, etc. Effectiveness of roof may further be improved by using techniques of adjustment of roof height, eave length and angle of eave in years to come. A holistic approach which includes animal nutrition as well as animal genetics in addition to shelter management would be more promising in amelioration of heat stress of dairy animals in tropics.

Title: Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibilities, Growth Performance and Enteric Methane Emissions in Deccani Ram Lambs
Abstract :

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of probiotic supplementation on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and enteric methane emissions in Deccani ram lambs. In vitro studies were conducted to select the best combination of probiotics based on in vitro dry matter digestibilities (IVDMD) and mean methane emissions for inclusion in in vivo studies. Increased in -vitro dry matter digestibilities and reduced total gas and methane emissions were observed with T4 probiotics (S. cerevisiae47@300 × 106 CFU /gm+ S. boulardii@50 × 106 CFU/gm + L. acidophilus@45 × 106 CFU + P. freudenreichii@50 × 106 CFU/gm). During second phase, 12 Deccani ram lambs of uniform body weight (16.5±0.64 kg with 130.11±3.00 days of age) were randomly allotted to 2 treatments in a completely randomized design. The nutrient digestibilities (P<0.05) increased with probiotic supplementation. The increase in nutrient digestibilities was reflected by higher live weight(P<0.05) and average daily weight gain (P<0.05). Feed efficiency of the animals improved as the feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain) (P<0.01), decreased. Higher (P < 0.05) Nitrogen, Ca and P balance was observed with probiotic supplementation. Mean enteric methane emissions (l/day) were significantly (P<0.01) lower in Group II (10.05± 0.39) than Group I (11.59± 0.70) and the reduction is 21.9 percent as compared to control group. It may be concluded that supplementation of probiotic increased nutrient digestibilities, growth performance and decreased enteric methane emissions, suggesting that the energy loss for ruminants in the form of methane emissions can be reduced efficiently.

Title: Prevalence of Theileria annulata Infection in Cross Bred Cows of Indore District of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :

Total of 300 cross breed cattle were screened for T. anuulata infection on the basis of blood smear and lymph node biopsy examination, of which 68 animals were found to be positive indicating 22.66 percent prevalence of T. annulata. at different villages of Indore district. Out of 68 positive cases, 21 animals died due to clinical T. annulata infections indicating a mortality rate of 30.88 percent. The mortality rate was higher in calves (both male and female) 59.25 percent. The remaining 47 animals (69.12 percent) recovered owing to the treatment. The mortality in heifers less than 3 years was found to be 20.00 percent and mortality in adult female cows more than 3 years was 7.69 percent. In the adult cow, out of 26 positive cases, 10 cows were under physiological stress condition of lactation. Among the samples collected the highest prevalence was observed at private dairy farm of Asravad village (33.33%) and lowest at Silotiya village (18.7%).

Title: Histochemical Studies on the Metanephros in Foetus of Goat (Capra hircus)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on the kidneys of 18 goat foetii to enlighten the histochemical composition of the kidney tissue at different stages of growth. The foetii were divided into three groups based on their estimated ages viz. Group 1 (below 50 days of gestation), Group 2 (between 50-100 days of gestation) and Group 3 (above 100 days of gestation up to full term) containing 6 number of foetii in each group. The capsule in the foetii of group-I showed weak reactions to glycogen which intensified in older foetii. Similarly, the other structural components of the kidney showed enhanced histochemical reactions in regard to basic protein, neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharides and glycogen with advancing gestational age of the goat foetii. It could be concluded that different structural histochemical components of the goat kidney showed enhanced localization with advancing prenatal age.

Title: Histology and Histochemistry of the Adrenal Medulla in Adult Bakerwali Goat
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to record the histology and histochemistry of adrenal medulla in Adult Bakerwali goat. Two distinct zones were observed in adrenal medulla i.e. the outer zone and inner zone. In both zones of the adrenal medulla, two types of cells were observed i.e. the light cells and dark cells. These cells exhibited a strong reaction with Gomori stain(chromaffin cells) whereas the chromaffin granules stained red and pink with the same stain. The adrenal gagmedulla showed mild reaction to carbohydrate and lipid whereas moderate reaction for cholesterol. Sympathetic ganglions were also observed in the adrenal medulla.

Title: Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi in Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada, West Indies
Abstract :

Chagas disease is an arthropod borne parasitic disease of humans and animals caused by infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas disease is prevalent in Latin America and the Caribbean nations. Rats (Rattus species) are considered a reservoir host in transmission of the disease. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against T. cruzi in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada. A total of 145 rat sera were examined for T. cruzi antibodies using a qualitative immunochromatographic screening test: Chagas Stat Pak™ (Chembio Diagnostic System, Inc. Medford NY, USA). A seroprevalence of 10.3% (15/145) for T. cruzi antibodies was found. Results from this study indicate a moderate exposure level of R. norvegicus to T. cruzi in Grenada. Further research to find out the presence of the insect vector near the rat colony and the relationship of reservoir host in disease transmission is indicated.

Title: Effect of Photoperiod on the Production Performance and Carcass Quality Traits of Turkey Poults
Abstract :

A study was conducted to assess the effect of photoperiod on production performance, development of digestive organs and carcass quality traits of turkey poults. One hundred and forty four, one week old turkey poults of Small white variety were distributed into three treatment groups, each comprising of three replicates of 16 poults. T-1 poults were subjected to conventional lighting programme (16L: 8D), T-2 poults were subjected to continuous lighting programme (24L: 0D) and T-3 poults were subjected to intermittent lighting programme (16L: 3D:2L: 3D). It was found that the average weekly body weight gain of T-2 poults were significantly higher (P<0.05) than T1 during 2nd week and 3rd week of age. Further, body weight gain of T-2 poults was numerically higher than the other two treatment groups till 9th week of age. FCR was significantly better (P<0.05) in T-2 compared to other two treatment groups during 2nd week and 3rd week of age. Further, FCR was significantly better (P<0.05) in T-2 compared to control group during 4th week of age and apparently better compared to the other two treatment groups throughout the experiment. Percent dressing yield of the birds reared in continuous and intermittent lighting programme was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of birds reared in conventional lighting programmes. Hence, it may be concluded that turkey poults maintained on a continuous lighting program during their early growth phase may elicit higher body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio than other lighting regimen.

Title: Effect of Amlodipine and its Combination with L-arginine on Rat Ovarium
Abstract :

Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used extensively as an antihypertensive agent in female population. It is reported to possess few pleotropic effects including nitric oxide production. However, its combined effect with L-arginine ( a well known nitric oxide donor) on reproductive system is not yet reported. In the present study, experimental rats were divided into three groups and treated with normal saline, amlodipine and Amlodipine + L-arginine respectievely. The test compounds were administered for a period of 30 days followed by which the ovarian tissues were subjected to assay of antioxidant status and histopathology, whereas nitric oxide was estimated in the serum. Amlodipine treated group showed non-significant increase in nitric oxide production but did not demonstrate adverse effects on antioxidant status, oestrous cyclicity and histological structure. However, amlodipine + L-arginine combination significantly (P<0.05) elevated lipid peroxidation, SOD and nitric oxide, and significantly (P<0.05) decreased GSH concentration in the ovaries. Also, the length of oestrous cyclicity was significantly (P<0.05) increased with prolonged diestrous. The histology of the ovaries revealed increased degeneration of follicles and atresia coupled with vasodilation. Thus amlodipine and L-arginine combination adversely affected the ovaries, which could be attributed to the enhanced production of nitric oxide.

Title: Influence of Season on Semen Quality in Karan Fries (Tharparkar × Holstein Friesian) Bulls
Abstract :
Availability of good quality semen is essential throughout the year to achieve the sustainable productive growth of dairy cattle. Therefore, the present study was designed from five (n=5) adult healthy Karan Fries bulls from Animal Breeding Research Centre (ABRC) of National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal (India) with emphasis to observe the semen quality during different seasons (winter, spring, hot-dry and hot- humid). Weekly ejaculates were collected using artificial vagina (42-45 °C). Immediately after collection, the ejaculates were placed in a water bath (37 °C) for assessing semen evaluation parameters. Ejaculate volume (3.53 ± 0.08 VS 3.96 ± 0.12 mL), individual motility (48.00 ± 1.12 VS 55.16 ± 1.32 %), concentration (1487.10 ± 26.55 VS 1590.77 ± 25.90 in 106/mL), non-eosinophilic sperm count (62.42 ± 0.75 VS 68.05 ± 0.77 %), Hypoosmotic swelling test (59.75 ± 0.57 VS 64.97 ± 0.84 %) and acrosomal integrity (74.22 ± 0.62 VS 83.40 ± 0.48 %) decreased (p<0.05) during hot-humid season as compared to spring season. The major abnormalities (10.74 ± 0.18 %) increased (p<0.01) in hot-humid as compared to spring season. It can be concluded that the semen quality of Karan Fries bulls deteriorate during hot humid season as compared to other seasons of the year under tropical climatic conditions.
Title: Effect of Fortified Soymilk as Partial Milk Replacer on Performance and Feeding Economics of Murrah Buffalo Calves
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to study the effect of fortified soymilk as milk replacer on growth performance and feeding economics of Murrah buffalo calves. Twenty four Murrah buffalo calves of (5 days age) were randomly distributed to four dietary treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4). T1 was control group in which calves were reared on buffalo milk only. In T2 and T3 groups calves were fed with buffalo milk and soymilk fortified with vitamins and minerals in the ratio 40:60 and 20:80 respectively. Group T4 was same as T3 except that in this group fortified soymilk was again supplemented with enzymes (proteinase + xylanase + pectinase). Fortnightly body weight (kg) and average daily weight gain (g/d) of the calves were found statistically similar among different dietary treatments groups. Overall dry matter intake (g/d) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in calves of control group as compared to other groups. Minimum feed cost per kg weight gain was observed in T4 group. The present study revealed that up to 80% buffalo milk can be replaced by soymilk fortified with vitamins, minerals and enzymes as economical substitute in buffalo calf feeding without any adverse effect on their performance.

Title: NEWS
Abstract :
Title: Purposes, Problems and Prospects of Piggery Development in West Jaintia Hills District of Meghalaya, India
Abstract :
Pigs are prolifi c and fast growing livestock that are early converter of feed and food waste to valuable products and its rearing among the tribes of the North-East Region (NER) is prevailing since time immemorial. A study was taken up in the West Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya to understand the purposes, problems and prospects of Piggery Development in the state of Meghalaya where pork is one of the best preferred meats for all sections of the population. A structured, pre-tested, reliable and valid interview schedule was used to interview 100 randomly selected pig farmers from two Development Blocks namely, Laskein and Thadlaskein blocks where pig farming was in higher concentration. Areas such asrecycling waste food (100.00%),  additional income (99.00%), mark of insurance (97.00%), profi t in short time (96.00%) and primary income (50.00%) were identifi ed as the purposes of pig rearing. Problems of concentrate feed (99.00%), medicines and vaccines (97.00%), input supply (95.00%), economic problem (94.00%), non-availability of feed and fodder (93.00%), transportation (93.00%), access to market (88.00%), absence of cooperatives/self-help groups (SHGs) (85.00%), market place (76.00%) and bank linkages (58.00%) were the major concerns. Making provisions of feed, water, treatment, linkages and marketing could be able to make the piggery sector prosper in the state. The results issued that interdisciplinary approaches could do well with farming, marketing, linkage, convergence and other related issues.
Title: VamDia Forte as Intestinal Function Modulator for Broilers
Abstract :
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of VamDia Forte as Intestinal function modulator for broilers. Two hundred and seventy day old Cob-400 broiler chicks having similar body weight (43g) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments viz C, T1 and T2 containing VamDia Forte at 0, 0.5 kg/ton and 1 kg/ton respectively in the basal ration. No histological changes were seen at the age of 7th day in all the groups. On 14th day, in T2 group, the villous length of the duodenum was increased in comparison to that of the control birds. Though the crypt number was increased their depth was decreased. In T3 group, the duodenal villi showed maximum length and breadth with wide laminae propria having more capillaries. The crypts depth was decreased with fully developed cryptal epithelial cells. No signifi cant difference was observed in respect of blood biochemical profi le (albumen, globulin, blood urea and blood urea nitrogen). From the results it can be summarized that the VamDia Forte is most effective as intestinal gut modulator for broilers @ 1kg/ton. 
Title: The Surface Electrocardiogram in Unanesthetized Adult Domestic Cats (Felis catus)
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to describe and suggest normal surface electrocardiographic values of the unanaesthetized indigenous domestic cat (Felis catus), reared commonly as a household pet throughout India. Twenty cats, aged between 1-4
years, averaging 2.2 kg body weight (ranging from 1.1 – 3.1 kg) were chosen randomly for the study. Recordings were made using standard limb leads (I, II and III) and augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL and aVF) in right lateral recumbency with a single-channel electrocardiograph. The heart rate, normal ECG waves, complexes and intervals were recorded during the study. A sinus rhythm was observed in all animals selected and studied. No ectopic complexes or arrhythmias, nor any abnormalities in electrocardiographic patterns were recorded. Estimated mean heart rate in the cat was 233.4 ± 2.34 beats per minute. The P-R interval and Q-T interval observed in the cat occupied approximately 31 and 69% respectively, of the total electrical cycle.
The results of the present study give a fair approximation of the normal ECG values described earlier for the cat. The observed
results would be helpful as a guideline to the clinician for perceiving the abnormal electrographic parameters in the domestic cat when diagnosing specifi c cardiac abnormalities during their clinical presentations.
Title: Contents
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Contents

Title: Seroprevalence of Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 in Cattle and Buffaloes from Chhatt
Abstract :
Present study was carried out to know the seroprevalence of BHV-1 in the population of cattle and buffaloes from Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 464 serum samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes of different districts in Chhattisgarh. The collected serum samples were screened by Avidin-Biotin Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit that recorded an overall seroprevalence of 34.69%. Out of 422 cattle serum samples, 158 (37.44%) were found positive compared to 3 (7.14%) serum samples out of 42 from buffaloes. In different age groups, there was variability in prevalence of BHV-1. Animals above 9 years of age showed the highest seropositivity (45.9%) whereas young animals between 0 to 2 years of age showed the minimum seropositivity (6.89%). Crossbred cattle showed higher seropositivity (40.42%) followed by non-descript cattle whereas indigenous cattle showed the seropositivity of 39.77% and 22.03%, respectively. Murrah, Nagpuri and indigenous buffaloes showed seropositivity of 0%, 3.03% and 50%, respectively. In the present study, seropositivity of 36.53% and 37.56% was recorded in male and female cattle, respectively. Male and female buffalo showed 11.11% and 6.06% seropositivity, respectively. Seropositivity of 45.45% was recorded in animals without clinical signs whereas animals with history of different clinical conditions showed 24.46% seropositivity. Rhinotracheitis, pustularvulvovaginitis, mastitis and balanoposthitis were the main clinical findings associated with the selected in research trial animals. 
Title: Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Canine Dermatitis
Abstract :

Dermatitis in general represents the significant percentage of cases in small animal practice so the present study was conducted to record the changes in the oxidative stress parameters in allergic dermatitis in canine cases presented at the Referral Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura and Central Veterinary Hospital, Talab Tillo in Jammu region. Dogs were divided into four groups, Group A, Group B, and Group C representing bacterial, fungal and parasitic dermatitis and Control group containing normal healthy animals choosen randomly. The number of animals in each group was six. Blood samples were taken in heparinised vials and subjected to antioxidant analysis viz. SOD, Lipid peroxidise, catalase, Gpx and vitamin C. Significant increase in SOD, Lipid peroxidase and decrease in catalase, Gpx and vitamin C level was observed in dermatitis suffering dogs compared with the normal group. The activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, the first line of antioxidant defense against damaging effects of free radicals, were altered. The alterations in oxidative stress indices were more pronounced in cases with involvement of fungal dermatitis as compared to negative control group. The study shows that dermatitis induces marked changes in the antioxidants levels of dog that may have significance in diagnostic purposes.

Title: Electron Microscopic Studies on the Oviduct of Punjab White Quail
Abstract :

Electron microscopic studies were made on different segments of oviduct of six Punjab white quails which revealed that the ultra-structure of the surface epithelium of different segments showed two types of cells viz: ciliated and non-ciliated granular cells. The ciliated cells had bunch of cilia emerging from the apical surface into the lumen. The nuclei of these cells were apically placed and ovoid in shape while non-ciliated cells had elongated and basally placed nuclei. The non-ciliated cells were either secretory or non-secretory in nature. The ciliated cells had darkly stained basal bodies from where the cilia sprung out of the cells. The root of the cilia was seen attached to the basal bodies. The apical surfaces of the ciliated cells were crowded with cilia. The cross sectional profile of cilia revealed nine plus two arrangement of the microtubules. The apical part of the cytoplasm had numerous mitochondria. Basal part of the cytoplasm contained numerous mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). The non-ciliated cells of magnum were mostly secretory in nature and apical part of cytoplasm was filled with secretory vesicles. The lining epithelium of vagina was composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

Title: Feeding Pattern During Advanced Pregnancy and Incidence of Reproductive and Metabolic Disorders in Crossbred Cows
Abstract :
Present study results indicated that out of 105 dairy farmers visited, it was observed that all most all of the farmers practice stall feeding and offer feeds twice in a day, to advanced pregnant crossbred cows. The majority of farmers (56 %) were offered mixture of straws (wheat straw+ gram straw) and some of them used masoor/soybean straw as dry roughage. It was observed that 33 % farmers offered mixture of local grasses + maize fodder + MP Chari followed by maize + local grass (26 %) as green roughage. Twenty six percent farmers were not feeding any greens. Available concentrate feeds are wheat bran, cotton seed cake and concentrate mixture. Majority of farmers (84 %) offered wheat bran+ cotton seed cake as concentrate. Only 10% farmers were supplementing mineral mixture and 29 % supplementing salt. Prevalence of overall reproductive disorders was 15.8%. Among different disorders, incidence of retained placenta, vaginal prolapse and uterine prolapse were 9%, 4.2% and 2.6%, respectively. Prevalence of metabolic disorders and mastitis were 6.8 and 14 %, respectively in total population. Among metabolic disorders, incidence of haemoglobinuria was 2.5%, milk fever was 2.7% and downers cow syndrome was observed in 1.6% cows. The prevalence of mastitis (14%) was higher than other problems in crossbred cows. These results indicates that under existing feeding pattern inadequacy of various nutrients in the ration of advanced pregnant crossbred cows could be probable of various reproductive and metabolic disorders prevalent in this area.
Title: Enumeration Techniques of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) for Oncolytic Virotherapy
Abstract :
The present work was carried out to evaluate different quantitation techniques when Newcastle disease virus was intended to use as an oncolytic agent. The R2B Mukteshwar strain of NDV was procured as lyophilized vaccine. Then application were carried out like haemagglutination test, tissue culture infective dose-50 (TCID50), plaque forming unit (PFU) calculation and real time PCR to enumerate the number of viruses. The HA titre was obtained as 1:128 across the dilutions. While TCID50 and PFU counts were obtained as 1×108.16/ ml and 4.2×107 PFU/ ml, respectively. Based upon comparison with standard NDV RNA, Real-time PCR also revealed the number of virus 108/ ml. HA was found consistent but indirect; contrastingly TCID50 suffered with subjectivity of interpretation. PFU counts were found within a range and lease possibility of interpretation error than TCID50. Though real time was found automated, highly specific and sensitive assay but handling of RNA and cost were limiting factors. 
Title: Quantitative Estimation of Urea Adulteration in Raw Milk of Rajasthan
Abstract :

The study was conducted to assess the extent of urea adulteration in raw milk sold in seven divisions of Rajasthan. Total 1650 raw milk samples were collected from animal farm, milk vendors, milk pooling booth of dairies and sweet shops (Halwai) from different division of Rajasthan and carry out to quantitative estimation of urea. Every division of Rajasthan showed the urea adulteration at some extent. The highest concentration of urea adulteration was 3.04±1.08 mg/ml with minimum concentration of 0.7 mg/ml and maximum concentration of 6.8 mg/ml in Kota Division. While the lowest concentration of urea adulteration was 1.27±0.3 mg/ ml with minimum concentration of 1 mg/ml and maximum concentration of 1.7 mg/ml in Bhartpur division.

Title: Group A Rotavirus Detection from Diarrhoeal Samples from Buffalo Calves and Human Beings by ELISA and RT- PCR
Abstract :

Rotaviruses belong to family Reoviridae under the genus Rotavirus. It is a major etiological agent of gastroenteritis in buffalo calves. The Mortality due to rotavirus infection in buffalo calves reach up to 25%. Rotaviruses cause neonatal diarrhoea in Buffalo calves. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection among buffalo calves in Anand and adjacent regions. During the present study, 100 diarrhoeal samples were collected from the organized buffalo farms of villages of Anand, Gujarat. Also 55 diarrheic stool samples from the children were collected. All the samples were screened for the presence or absence of rota virus by Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS - ELISA) and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT – PCR) out of the 155 faecal samples, 12 samples (7.74%) were found to be positive for rotavirus by DAS- ELISA and 3 (1.93%) samples were found positive by RT – PCR. None of the human samples were found positive for rotavirus.

Title: Contents
Abstract :

Vol. 8, No.4, August 2018

Title: Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens reared Under Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) light vis-a-vis Incandescent light Supplemental Lighting Programme
Abstract :

Light plays an important role in birds’ life hence efforts were made to evaluate the performance of broiler chicken in the open-sided house under light emitting diodes (LEDs) and incandescent bulb lighting programme. For this purpose 240 straight run commercial Vencobb® broiler chicks were procured and distributed in four different light treatment groups i.e. Tw; white (650nm), Tg; green (565nm) and Tb; blue (430nm) light LED bulbs (3 Watt each) and incandescent light bulbs (60 Watt each) as control (Tc) in 12 pens (4×3 factorial design). At the day time open-sided house were open from 10.00 AM to 4.00 PM and rest of the time sides of house were covered with black coloured tarpaulin sheet. Pens were light proof to avoid light interference during dark hours. The results demonstrated that broilers’ performance viz. average body weight, average weekly body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and energy efficiency ratio (EER) was numerically higher in LED light treatment groups as compared to incandescent light group. Under different light treatments, no significant (p<0.05) difference was found on carcass yields (different prime cuts) such as dressing percentage, drumstick, breast, and neck but back and wing weight were significantly (p<0.05) different in Tc as compared to Tb and Tw. Carcass quality such as pH, WHC, shear force and instrumental colour were statistically non-significant (p<0.05) among different light treatment groups. Therefore, the LED bulbs evaluated in the study could be a better alternative source of light than incandescent light bulbs without affecting broiler performance and carcass characteristics.

Title: Impact analysis of Feeding Fermented Karonda (Carissa carandas) Whey Beverage on Growth Performance and Haematological Parameters of Albino Rats
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding karonda whey beverage (FKWB) on growth performance and haematological parameters of albino rats. A total of 24 albino rats (male) of age 28±3 days and weighing 80 to 95 gm were randomly selected and divided into four groups (n=6) and assigned to experimental dietary treatment. Experimental groups consisted of control group (G1), while treatment groups fed with basal ration along with 10, 20 and 30% FKWB in groups G2, G3 and G4, respectively. Results showed that the FKWB fed groups had significantly (P<0.05) higher feed intake as compared to control, However, the body weight gain was comparable and did not differ significantly in all the experimental groups. Feed efficiency ratio was lower (P<0.05) in FKWB fed groups compared to control. In treatment groups there were significantly increased in haemoglobin level (P<0.05), whereas, RBC and WBC were comparable in all the groups. The supplemented groups had significantly (P<0.05) higher HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC values, However, the platelet count was statistically similar in all the groups.

Title: Blood Biochemical Profile and Nutritional Status of Dairy Cows under Field Conditions
Abstract :

Present investigation was conducted to assess the serum biochemical profiles along with nutritional status of cattle under field conditions. The animals were grouped in to four categories depending on the land holding capacity of the farmers viz. landless, marginal, small and large. The nutritional status of the animals was assessed by measurement of body weight (BW) and body condition scores (BCS) and supplemented with blood biochemical profiling. The BW and BCS in pooled population were 316.63 ± 1.339 and 3.86 ± 0.037 respectively. BCS of cattle differed significantly (P<0.05) among all groups. The BW of cattle in landless category differed significantly (P<0.05) to all other categories. The values for blood glucose, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio and cholesterol were within normal range, whereas, serum Ca and P were below normal. The values of blood glucose, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio and Calcium showed no significant difference among all groups. The serum cholesterol of large category differed significantly (P<0.05) with landless and small category. The serum calcium of large category differed significantly (P<0.05) with landless and marginal category. It is concluded that cattle of this area are deficit in calcium and phosphorus though the nutritional requirements are being met.

Title: Follicular Dynamics during Estrous Cycle in Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to study the follicular dynamics during estrous cycle in Murrah buffaloes. Seven animals of 5 to 10 years were selected for the study. All the animals were synchronized as per the ovsync protocol and the pair of ovary of each animal was scanned by ultrasonography machine on 0, 3rd, 7th, 11th, 14th, 17th and 21st day of estrous cycle. The non-significant difference was observed in antral follicle count of 3 to 5 mm, 5 to 8 mm and follicles count (> 3 mm). Whereas, significantly (p<0.05) lower mean values were recorded on the day of estrus (0.14 + 0.14) as compared to 3rd, 7th, 11th, 14th, 17th and 21st day of estrous cycle. The significant individual variation (p<0.05) was recorded in average mean of 3 to 5 mm and total antral follicle count (>3). However, the difference for 5 to 8 mm and >8 mm was non significant. The positive correlation of low and high antral follicle count was observed in the present study. Two animals of low antral follicle count remained non pregnant and two animals showed three follicular waves during estrous cycle.

Title: Haematological Changes Caused by Coccidiosis in Experimentally Infected Broiler Chickens
Abstract :
Haematological alterations caused by coccidiosis in experimentally infected broiler chickens by Eimeria spp. The experimental animals (n=100) were randomly allocated into four equal groups, group one (G-I), group two (G-II), group three (G-III) and group four (G-IV) with 25 chickens in each group. The G-I, G-II, and G-III were treatments groups challenged by different Eimeria sporulated oocysts, while G-IV served as the control group. In this study, the infective dose of E. tenella (G-I), E. acervulina (G-II) and mixed Eimeria spp (G-III) was 2×104 sporulated Eimeria oocyst inoculated orally at three weeks of age in broiler chicken and subsequent alterations in different haematological constituents were evaluated at interval of 5, 7 and 9 day of post inoculation. Anaemia caused by Eimeria species was characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells and packed cell volume. Statistically highly significant decrease in the total erythrocyte count in all infected groups was recorded compared to control group. The mean value of total erythrocyte count of group one and group two recorded a highly significant decreased on 7 day of post infection. A highly significant increase in total leukocyte count in group one and group two Eimeria infected chickens. The statistical analysis of eosinophil and heterophils and lymphocyte showed highly significant increase in group one and group two in comparison to control group. The mean percentage of monocyte in group one, group two and group three revealed a highly significant increase on seven day of post infection.
Title: Allele Fixation in Prolactin and Pit-1 Genes Associated with Highest Fat Content than Milk Yield of Murrah Buffalo Population
Abstract :

Present study was focused on the genetic variability in Prolactin and Pituitary specific transcription factor-1 genes using Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and nucleotide sequencing techniques. DNA was isolated from 100 Murrah buffaloes maintained at directorate of livestock farms, GADVASU Ludhiana. A 294 bp fragment of PRL and 451 bp fragment of Pit-1 gene was amplified and digested using RsaI and HinfI restriction enzymes. The genotypes were then sequenced using sanger di-deoxy chain termination method and were compared with related species. Both RsaI and HinfI locus showed only one genotype. The amplicons of both genes exhibited absence of polymorphism with respect to restriction enzymes used and accordingly, the allelic frequency was found to be unity. The monomorphic pattern of the amplicon of these genes with respect to different enzymes indicated the concernedness of these genes. Percent diversity and divergence matrix analysis revealed that both genes are in close cluster with swamp buffalo and bos species as compared to other species included in the sequence comparison. The result suggested that the allele has been fixed in the herd and need to inclusion of the Murrah buffalo from other population in the herd to introduce desired genetic variability to enhance the milk production. Sequence comparison of PRL and Pit-1 genes of Murrah buffaloes with other species is little divergent.

Title: Pathogenicity of Avipoxviruses in Chickens Isolated from Field Outbreaks Reported in Chhattisgarh
Abstract :

Virulence of field isolates of Avipoxviruses was assayed by pathogenicity test performed in 5 weeks old unvaccinated chickens. Viruses as dry scab were collected from naturally pox infected chickens, turkeys and pigeon and propagated in CAM of embryonated chickens upto various passages. In two separate trials 1 and 2, the chickens were infected with 5th and 20th passage CAM suspension, respectively by feather follicle method. All chicken groups in both trials (except control group) developed primary lesions as ‘take’ reaction from 48 to 72 hr PI and there after further progressive development of primary lesion did not differ among field isolates. In trial 1, secondary stage began with recovery from primary lesions at feather follicle, spread of infection to comb and wattles with development of secondary pox lesions and finally recovery from disease was observed after 15 days in FPV and TPV infected chickens, but not in PPV infected chickens. In trial 2, secondary pox lesions were not observed in any of the chickens, indicating that 20 passage virus induced ‘take’ at site without further spread of infection. All the recovered birds and controlled birds were challenged with the virulent FPV. The result has indicated 100% survival of birds except in control birds. Precipitating antibodies was confirmed in all birds group except control group using AGID and CIE test.

Title: Lipid Distribution Variations in Different Stages of Cyclic Corpus Luteum of Indian Buffalo
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on corpus luteum of healthy buffaloes ovaries (n = 24) collected from local slaughter house and were categorized into early (stage I, 1 to 5 days, n=6), mid (stage II, 6 to 11 days, n = 6), late luteal phase (stage III, 12 to 16 days, n = 6) and regressing phase (stage IV, 17 to 20 days, n=6). In the earliest phase i.e., corpus haemorrhagicum, the distribution of total lipids was moderate. However, in the early luteal phase, most of the luteal cells had intense staining for presence of total lipids by Sudan Black B and Oil Red O and phospholipids by Acid Hematin. By the mid luteal phase, fewer luteal cells at this stage showed positive staining for presence of lipids. During the mid luteal phase, the less frequent presence of lipid droplets in luteal cells indicated that cholesterol and its esters present at this stage might have been utilized for active synthesis of progesterone. In late luteal phase, the distribution of lipids increased to depict very intense staining. Moreover, in the regressing phase i.e., corpus albicans, the distribution of lipids increased further and was observed to be both intracellular and extracellular depicting the higher accumulation of lipids in the regressing corpus luteum. The increase in the lipid droplets in luteal cells at this stage indicated the poor mobilization of lipids and thus decline in the progesterone synthesis.

Title: Effect of Flaxseed Flour on Physio-chemical and Sensory Acceptability of Chicken Nuggets
Abstract :

The present study was taken up to enrich the fiber and healthy fatty acid content in chicken nuggets with addition of flaxseed flour. The chicken emulsion is prepared with fortification of flaxseed at different level viz., 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 percent respectively. The products were subjected for proximate analyses, physio-chemical and sensory analysis. The samples were analyzed as raw emulsion batter and cooked chicken nuggets. On analysis of proximate composition of nuggets the moisture retention, fiber, ash and fat content has significantly (p<0.05) increased. The pH and TBARS values represent stability and found to be low in flaxseed fortified chicken nuggets. The sensory acceptability with 2.5 percent addition of flaxseed had higher acceptance compared to others. The present study concludes that 2.5 percent addition of flaxseed has increased the nutritive value of chicken nuggets without much affecting the sensory acceptability of the product and increased level leads to sensory rejection.

Title: Storage Quality and Oxidative Stability Attributes of Almond (Prunus dulcis) Fortified Chevon Nuggets
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of utilization of almonds in the development of value added healthier
chevon nuggets and to study their physico-chemical, sensory and storage properties. Four levels of almonds (0, 5, 10 and 15%) were incorporated replacing lean meat in the formulation. The products developed were assessed for various physico-chemical and sensory parameters. Based on these parameters, chevon nuggets containing (5%) levels of almond were selected and further studied for its storage quality. The optimized nuggets were aerobically packaged in low density polyethylene pouches along with control and evaluated for storage quality (Oxidative stability, microbiological and sensory parameters) for 21 days under refrigerated conditions (4±1oC). Based on various parameters, a 5% level of almonds was adjudged as optimum for the preparation of almond enriched chevon nuggets. The storage quality parameters like Free fatty acid value, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value, Total plate count and Psychrophillic count increased signifi cantly (P<0.05) whereas all the sensory parameters decreased signifi cantly (P<0.05) with increasing days of storage. The product can be successfully stored for 14 days
under refrigerated conditions (4±1oC) without marked loss in quality.
Title: Studies on Pathogenicity of Chicken Infectious Anaemia Virus Isolated From a Poultry Flock of Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract :

The present study reports the effects of a recent isolate of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) designated as Durg CIAV, recovered from a poultry flock of Raipur, Chhattisgarh state, India. In experimentally infected day old chicks, the isolate produced consistent clinical signs, low haematocrit values and generalized lymphoid atrophy particularly of thymus, bursa and spleen along with depletion of lymphocytes from the lymphoid organs in almost all infected chicks. Haematological studies revealed significant decrease in haemoglobin (p≤0.01), PCV (p≤0.01), total leucocyte count (p≤0.01) and lymphocyte (p≤0.05) values. Results revealed that Durg CIAV isolate is pathogenic and immunosuppressive in nature. Therefore, suitable prevention and control strategies need to be formulated to prevent the virus infection in avian flocks in the country.

Title: Decoding Resilience Status of Dairy Farmers against Extreme Weather Events: A Demographic Perspective
Abstract :

Extreme weather events like prolonged dry spells or prolonged phase of rainfall adversely affect dairy farming. Resilience status against extreme weather events varies in different demographic groups. A study has been conducted by taking the responses from 100 respondents who participated in the training programme organized by Eastern Regional Station of ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute. Responses were collected from 4 demographic groups namely; tribal male, tribal female, non-tribal male and non-tribal female. One resilience scale was developed to measure resilience status of the respondents. From the study, it was found that the resilience trait of the respondents were associated with social support (chi-square value 105.42) and stress status (chi-square value 88.19) of the respondents. Highest mean score of 65.20±.17 with respect to resilience was obtained by the female tribal respondents, whereas, they got the lowest stress score of .18±.004. In general tribal respondents were having highest resilience score with higher social support score with lower stress score than non-tribal respondents. From, the study it can be concluded that, higher social support and lesser stress scores attributed to higher resilience of respondents against extreme weather events.

Title: Ultrastructure of the Thyroid Gland in Bakerwali Goat (Capra hircus)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on the 36 samples of thyroid gland divided into three groups based on the age of animals and irrespective of sex viz.- Prepubertal (below 1 year), Pubertal (2-3 years) and Senile (above 5 years of age) containing 12 animals in each group. The study was conducted to understand the ultrastructural morphology and some of the changes in the components of the thyroid gland in goat with age. Follicular cells were cuboidal in prepubertal group but were flattened senile group. These cells remarkably showed highly dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum which decreased in frequency with the age. Microvilli were short and sparse on the follicular cells and the number decreased in the older goats. Different sizes of apical vesicles of varying electron density were encountered that included colloid droplets, secretory vesicles and lysosome-like bodies and the appearance of these vesicles changed with age. Para follicular cells were encountered in the basal position between follicular cells in all age groups. Numerous dense cytoplasmic granules were observed and they were not apparently different and hence the general ultrastructural features of the thyroid of adult Bakerwali goat was similar to that of domestic animals.

Title: Association of Sleeping Time with Determination of Estrus in Riverine Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on the Murrah buffaloes maintained at Livestock Research Centre of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal. The animals were classified into heifer, primipara and pluripara. For this experiment a total of 50 Murrah buffaloes were followed, out of which 8 were heifers, 12 were primipara and 30 were pluripara. Daytime was considered to be from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm and night from 6.00 pm to 6.00 am. It was confirmed that the mean daily sleeping time of buffaloes during the reference day in heifer, primipara, pluripara and overall of buffaloes was 76.63±1.80, 72.93±2.04, 74.64 ±1.44 and 74.40±1.06 min for heifer, primipara, pluripara and overall buffaloes, respectively. The total sleeping time decreased significantly (p<0.05) one day before estrus by 52.37%, 39.86%, 38.41% and 40.53% for heifer, primipara, pluripara and overall buffaloes, respectively compared to the day of reference. The difference between -1 d and day of estrus was significant (p<0.05) for all group except for heifers. The decrease in total sleeping time on estrus day was by 62.59%, 57.78%, 46.13% and 51.37% for heifer, primipara, pluripara and overall buffaloes, respectively compared to the day of reference. From the above study, it can be concluded that sleeping behaviour around estrus indicated their potential for useful markers in early detection of estrus. The changes in sleeping behavior of individual buffalo can be used for early detection of change of reproductive status as it is significantly affected by estrus and as the change in sleeping behavior.

Title: Efficacy Study of Immunohistochemical Approach for Diagnosis of Rabies in Dogs
Abstract :

Twenty seven dog brain tissues were examined for rabies infection by fluorescent antibody technique, immunohistochemistry and Hemi-Nested Reverse Transcriptase (HnRT-PCR). 16 (59.25%) dogs were confirmed to be rabid by FAT and HnRT-PCR assay while 15 samples were positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Sensitivities of HnRT-PCR and IHC were 100% and 94.11% respectively whereas both approaches detected rabies with 100% specificity. Rabies was diagnosed with accuracy of 100% by HnRT-PCR and 96.42% by IHC. It is, therefore, recommended that sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of IHC is comparable to advanced molecular approach viz. HnRT-PCR, thus, IHC could be relied upon for authentic diagnosis of rabies in dogs, in laboratories, where molecular approach is not feasible and/or facilities for immunofluorescence do not exist.

Title: Resource Use Efficiency in Integrated Farming Systems of Banswara District of Rajasthan
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to analyze the resource use efficiency in integrated farming systems of Banswara district of Rajasthan by using the multistage sampling plan. This district was purposively selected for the study. A total sample of 60 households were selected from the study area in which 30 households from irrigated and remaining 30 households from rainfed condition. Both Linear and Cobb-Douglas Production function was employed to analyze the resource use efficiency. In the present study, the linear production function had shown the better results in terms of statistical criteria. The results of the present study revealed that some inputs namely machine labour, and human labour were over utilized among overall farming systems. The seeds, fertilizers, FYM and plant protection measures were under-utilized in rainfed area while labour, feed and concentrates were under-utilized for livestock activities in irrigated area of Banswara district. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was a much scope for reorganization of these resources to optimize their use to enhance the return in the study area.

Title: Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection in Garole Sheep of Sundarban Delta in West Bengal
Abstract :

Gastroenteritis caused by helminth is a major hindrance for optimum productivity in small ruminants. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of naturally occurring gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in Garole sheep of Sundarban Delta of South 24 Parganas district in West Bengal. Sixty Garole in the age group of three months to one year were selected in two villages of South 24 Parganas district and coprologically screened by Standard technique at monthly interval for a period of one year (from Oct 2012 – September 2013). The prevalence of GIH infection was 82.22%. Highest prevalence (90.83%) as well as intensity of GIN infection (EPG = 521) was observed in monsoon and lowest prevalence (75.83%) and intensity (EPG = 388.75) was recorded in summer. Haemonchus contortus was recorded as the predominant GI nematode species with an overall prevalence of 63.91% and Paramphistome (15.28%) was reported to be the predominant trematode species infecting Garole sheep. The present study indicates that the naturally occurring GI parasites were prevalent in Garole sheep all round the year with the highest prevalence in monsoon. The results of the present study might be exploited for developing lucid and specific control measures against naturally occurring GIH in Garole sheep.

Title: Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Uterus of Buffalo during Follicular and Luteal Phases of Estrous Cycle
Abstract :

The present investigation was aimed to elucidate the surface ultrastructure of uterine horn, body and cervix of buffalo during follicular and luteal phase of estrous cycle. The present study was conducted on uterus of buffaloes during follicular and luteal phase of estrous cycle. The tissue samples fixed in Karnovsky’s fixative and processed for viewing under scanning electron microscope. The luminal surface of uterus was folded into broad ridges and folds. The luminal surface was lined with ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Ciliated cells had many kinocilia during the follicular phase. The non-ciliated cells dominated both during follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle. The non-ciliated cells were of two types viz: secretory and non-secretory type. The surface of the cervix was highly folded with ridges and deep crypts. A scanning electron microscopic examination of the cervix revealed exposed ridges composed of cell apices that alternate with deep folds or crypts. The exposed ridges consisted of the external apical membranes of the columnar epithelial cells that form the cervical lining. Ciliated cell surrounded by several non-ciliated cells from the posterior region of the cervix. The cells surrounding the ciliated cell were covered with much shorter projections or microvilli that characterize secretory cells. Ciliated cells terminated with a group of cilia that emerged from the apical cell membrane of the epithelial cells and projected towards the lumen of the cervix.

Title: Biochemical and Oxidative Alterations Induced by Acute Amikacin Toxicity in Albino Wistar Rats
Abstract :

Aminoglycoside antibiotics have long been used in antibacterial therapy. Despite their beneficial effects, aminoglycosides have considerable nephrotoxic and ototoxic side effects. So, present study was done to evaluate biochemical and oxidative changes in amikacin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats. A total of 24 rats were equally divided into four groups which were: Gr 1 injected with saline, Gr 2 injected with AK @ 50 mg/kg bw, Gr 3 injected with AK @ 100mg/kg bw and Gr 4 injected with AK @ 200mg/kg bw, respectively. Blood sampling was done on three days 0, 5th and 10th day of experiment. Blood samples were evaluated for BUN, creatinine and uric acid. Blood glutathione and MDA as an antioxidant biomarker was evaluated on 10th day of experiment. The plasma BUN, creatinine and uric acid levels increased significantly in all the groups in a dose and time dependent manner. Amikacin also increased MDA and decreased GSH levels in a dose dependent manner in all the groups compared to control group. It was concluded that amikacin induces the nephrotoxicity characterised by elevated levels of BUN, creatinine and uric acid and oxidative stress through elevating levels of MDA and decreasing levels of GSH.

Title: Epidemiological Studies on Calf Diarrhea in Jammu Region
Abstract :

Calf diarrhea is one of the most important causes for losses to the dairy farmers. In order to access the losses, epidemiological study was conducted to study the effect of age, season, sex, parity and other factors on calf diarrhea. In the study, it was found that highest incidence of diarrhea cases was found in winter season, where as species wise more number of cases were found in buffalo calves as compared to cow calves. Birth weight wise both the incidence and mortality was higher (34.1 and 7.6 per cent, respectively) in 20 – 25 Kg birth weight category. Sex wise higher incidence for calf diarrhea and mortality was recorded in male calves in comparison to female calves, where as age wise both the incidence and mortality due to calf diarrhea was higher in 11 - 20 days age group and with dam parity wise both the incidence and mortality for calf diarrhea was recorded in calves born in first and second parity.

Title: Effectiveness of Various Cooling Systems during High Environmental Temperature on Production and Welfare Indices of Laying Pullets in Cage System of Rearing
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of different cooling systems; Fan Fogger (FF) and Fan Pad (FP) on micro environment of poultry house, thermal comfort, welfare, egg production and egg quality parameters of laying hens. This experiment was conducted on 144, White Leghorn laying pullets (32 weeks old) during hot-dry summer months (May - July) under cage system of housing. The FP and FF cooling systems significantly dropped the mean shed temperature and increased the relative humidity. Thus better THI leads to increase in egg production by 5.48% and 0.73% under FP and FF systems over the control group. However, specific gravity, H.U, egg shell thickness, yolk index and yolk colour were not significantly influenced by cooling treatments. Significantly lower levels of antioxidant enzymes viz. LPO, Catalase, G6PD, GPx and SOD was registered in cooling groups. Both the cooling devices contribute towards the bird welfare by altering the behavioural expression from agonistic to non agonistic activities. Under this study, it was concluded that Fan-Pad system could have better application in improving egg production and bird welfare in laying pullets during summer season.

Title: Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Oxidative Stress status in Male Wistar Rats
Abstract :

The study was conducted on 72 weaned Wistar male rats which were divided into 3 groups viz. control, T1 and T2. Control rats were given diet without zinc supplementation while the rats of T1 and T2 groups were given diet containing zinc sulphate @ 50 mg and 100 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively for 8 weeks from 4 to 12 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected on 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of zinc supplementation and oxidative parameters were studied. Oxidative indices viz super-oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidise (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (G-s-T), catalyse (CAT) and lipid peroxidise (LPO) showed decreasing trend in T1 group, whereas increasing trend was observed in T2 group as age advanced; no such increasing or decreasing trend observed in control, except LPO activities, which showed increasing trend with advancing age. Zinc @ 50 mg/kg body weight/day (T1) proved better choice than zinc @ 100 mg/kg body weight/day (T2) in reducing oxidative stress in growing rats.

Title: A Porcine Model to Study the Differential Expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs) in Piglets vis-a-vis Adult Pigs of Indigenous and Large White Yorkshire Breeds
Abstract :

The pork is considered to be highly nutritious food because it provides many essential nutrients. Pork industry is growing every year because of its high demand across worldwide. In India, pigs rearing can be adapted by weaker section of the farmers because of low investment in it. The Longissimus dorsi muscle is selected from the 12th to 13th rib on the back of pigs. Muscle growth is very important for the production of meat therefore Pax7 and MRFs genes such as MyoD, Myf5 and Myf6 are targeted in the current study to analyse the mRNA transcript level in indigenous and Large White Yorkshire breeds of age one week old piglet and adult respectively. These genes are helpful in muscle regeneration and differentiation. MyoD shows significantly higher (P<0.05) in the indigenous pigs whereas other genes Pax7 and other MRFs i.e., Myf5 and Myf6 shows significant higher (P<0.01) in the LWY breed of both age groups. The current study on differential expression of MRFs in one week old piglets and adult pigs of indigenous and LWY breeds served as candidate markers for muscle growth. This current study may be helpful to know the difference in expression profile in adult and piglet to unravel system biology.

Title: Biometrical, Histological and Histochemical Studies on Omasum of Gaddi Sheep
Abstract :

Details of the morphology of omasum in Gaddi sheep were observed by naked eye and by light microscopy. A constant and definite sequence of laminae was found. Omasal papillae on the laminae varied highly in shape, i.e. conical, rounded and finger-like. Different parameters (greater curvature, lesser curvature, weight and volume of the organ) in addition to various gross anatomical features, were studied. Average weight and volume of omasum were recorded as 126.67 gm and 73.67 ml respectively. On an average the convex greater curvature measured 15.17 ± 0.32 cm, while the concave lesser curvature measured 6.45 ± 0.13 cm. Four orders of laminae were present. The average numbers of laminae counted in I, II and III order were 11, 13 and 18 respectively. The total average number of laminae counted in I, II and III orders were 42. The core of the omasal laminae contained central muscular lamina which extended from the inner circular layer of tunica muscularis. In the omasal laminae the circular muscle was flanked on both the sides by lamina muscularis mucosa. The distinguishing feature of the omasal laminae was the presence of lamina muscularis mucosa which is not reported in rumen and reticulum in general. Histochemical reactions were mainly demonstrated in the lamina epithelialis and connective tissue core of the omasal laminae. Greater amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides were present in the omasal laminae when compared to the simple polysaccharides and lipids.

Title: Seroprevalence Study on Goat Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :
The present study highlights the seroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats using slide agglutination
test. A total of 1427 serum samples from goats belonging to Jabalpur district of Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh were screened over a period of one year (i.e. April 2014 to March 2015). All the samples were screened for CCPP antibodies by slide agglutination test (SAT) using colored CCPP antigen. The overall seroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats was 10.65 per cent (152 out of 1427 goats). Seroprevalence of CCPP in organised goatry was higher (i.e. 13.54 %) than the unorganised sector of goatry (i.e. 9.01 %). Sex wise seroprevalence was marginally higher in female (10.67 %) than the male (10.61 %). SAT for CCPP detection using colored antigen was found to be quick, simple and low cost with ease of application in fi eld condition without the need of any specialized training and equipments. 
Title: Histogenesis of Skin in Early Prenatal Goat (Capra hircus)
Abstract :

The study was conducted on the skin of 12 goat embryo/ foetii aged between 23 to 50 days of gestation. Between 23 to 28 days of gestation the embryos surface epithelium contained a single layer of flat cells. The periderm layer was first noticed in patches in the thoracic limb at 28 days of gestation and appeared in other region of body between 32 to 34 days of gestation. The cells of periderm were flat with spindle shaped dark nuclei while basal layer was made up of cuboidal cells. Distinct continuous periderm was first observed in 40 day old embryo. At this stage, the basal layer contained cuboidal cells while periderm had flattened cells. Discontinuous thin basement membrane was observed at many places. At 42nd day of gestation at some places the epithelium consisted of 3 – 4 layer of cells. The cells of middle layers were polygonal in shape with dark staining eccentrically placed rounded nuclei; these cells were comparatively larger than the cells of basal layer and their nuclei were relatively smaller. Between 46th -50th days of gestation the surface epithelium on the dorsal aspect of foetii was comprised of 2-3 layers only whereas in remaining part considerable variation was noticed in the number of layer. The subepithelial connective tissue was cellular in the early stage in which reticular fibers first appeared at 40 days of gestation and formed network at 44 days of gestation but no collagen or elastic fibers were seen

Title: Comparison of Conventional Semen Parameters and Hypo-osmotic Swelling Test between Karan Fries and Sahiwal Bulls under Heat Stress
Abstract :
The present study aimed to determine the differences in semen parameters between Karan Fries (KF) and Sahiwal bulls and the correlation of hypo-osmotic swelling test with conventional semen parameters. A total of 24 ejaculates were collected from each breed and subsequently classifi ed according to their mass activity. The semen samples were further examined for progressive motility, sperm viability, sperm concentration and hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). The percentage of hypo-osmotically swelled spermatozoa was higher (P<0.01) in ejaculates of Sahiwal bulls than in KF bulls. However, the mass activity, percent progressive motility, viability and concentration of sperms did not differ (P>0.05) between the breeds. With respect to association between HOST and conventional semen parameters, HOST showed signifi cant (P<0.01) positive correlation with progressive motility (%), sperm viability (%) and sperm concentration in both breeds. This study indicated the HOST as an effective metho to test the fertility potential of semen samples for artifi cial insemination and zebu breeds ejaculates have more fertility potential as compared to crossbred ejaculates under heat stress.
Title: Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Retail Chicken Meat in Chennai, India
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus in retail chicken meat marketed in Chennai, Tamil Nadu and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these isolates. A total of 120 meat samples were collected from different retail outlets and it was observed that 66.67 (80/120) per cent of the samples were positive for the presence of S. aureus based on biochemical characterization. The S. aureus count in chicken meat samples (160) ranged from 2.8 × 102 to 1.5 × 104 CFU/ g with an overall average of 2.98 × 103 CFU/ g. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these isolates against 16 antimicrobials revealed that all the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin (100%) followed by Tetracycline (87.50%), Amoxicillin (77.50%), Erythromycin (72.50%), Polymyxin- B (70%), Cefoxitin (67.50%), Novobiocin (67.50%), Oxacillin (65%) and Ciprofloxacin (50%). Majority of the chicken isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin (92.50%), followed by Vancomycin (87.50%), Chloramphenicol (82.50%), Neomycin (80%), Kanamycin (77.50%), Co-trimoxazole (62.50%) and Methicillin (55%). Results of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index revealed that 99.38 per cent of the isolates (119/120) had MAR index of above 0.2 and only one isolate had index below 0.2. The results clearly indicated higher prevalence of multidrug resistant S. aureus in retail Chicken meat from public health point and the level of hygiene prevalent in these outlets.

Title: Effect of Vitamin-E and Selenium Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Postpartum Anestrus Buff
Abstract :
The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of vitamin-E-Selenium on stress parameters in anestrus Murrah buffaloes located at R.S. Pura, Jammu. Twelve animals with similar age and reproductive status were selected for experiment. The selected animals were divided in two groups, each comprising six animals. Group I was given used CIDR protocol while in group II animals along with used CIDR protocol, were administered two injections of vitamin-E-care-Se (50 mg α-tocopheryl acetate and 1.5 mg selenium per ml) at the dose rate of 1ml/50 kg b. wt. on day 0 and day 7 through intramuscular route. The blood samples were collected on day 0, day 7 and day 9 during the experiment. The collected samples were stored at -200C and later evaluated for oxidative stress parameters. A signifi cant decrease (P<0.05) in lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity along with non-signifi cant increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level was observed when postpartum anestrus buffaloes were treated with used CIDR protocol either alone or in combination with vitamin-E and Selenium. The with used CIDR protocol in combination with vitamin-E and Selenium resulted in signifi cant reduction in oxidative stress parameters (except MDA) at day 7 and day 9. However, with respect to MDA, there was no signifi cant difference between two groups at start of treatment and after treatment.
Title: Electrocardiographic Studies in Conscious Healthy Turtles
Abstract :

The present investigation was carried out on 37 healthy conscious turtles, for establishing normal reference values of electrocardiographic parameters in standard lead II. ECG complexes were consisted of very small to imperceptible P wave, comparatively appreciable R wave, no Q or S waves, and imperceptible to small upright T wave. Broadly turtles’ ECG was characterized by low amplitude wave forms, lower heart rate with longer periods of repolarization (QT interval). Heart rate varied from 22 to 48 beats per minute (32.27±1.14, median 32.0); P wave duration was 44.34±3.63 ms (range 10-80, median 40 ms) and amplitude was 0.055 ± 0.003 mV (range 0.025 to 0.1, median 0.05 mV), ‘R’ wave was comparatively conspicuous (mean 0.194 ± 0.002, range 0.025 to 0.7, median 0.25 mV), QRS pattern was positive and broad (mean 61.75 ±2.75, range 20-100, median 60 ms), ‘T’ wave was generally positive with a mean amplitude of 0.098 ± 0.0097 mV (range 0.05- 0.25, median 0.10 mV) and duration of 61.85 ± 3.66 ms (range 40-100, median 60 ms), Q-T interval was prolonged (mean 802.2±51.45, range 550-1280, median 800.0 ms) and longer R-R interval (mean 1859.31±59.26, range 1250-2727, median 1875). P and T waves were imperceptible in 14 and 10 turtles respectively.

Title: Job Satisfaction level of Veterinary Officers in Punjab
Abstract :
The state departments of animal husbandry are the parent organizations responsible for the formulation and execution of various development programs regarding livestock rearing in the state. The current study was carried out to measure job satisfaction level of the Veterinary Offi cers working under the Department of Animal Husbandry, Punjab. Majority of the veterinarians (65.15%) working under the Department of Animal Husbandry, Punjab got mean job satisfaction score of 3.36 (on a scale of 1-5). At the same time, 6.28% of the veterinarians obtained a mean score of 2.35 indicating low satisfaction level with the various aspects of job. The overall mean job satisfaction score, scored by the respondents in the current study was 3.49. It has been concluded that the Veterinary Offi cers (VO) in Punjab are only partially satisfi ed with their jobs
Title: Timed Artificial Insemination Methods involving Ovulation of Second Follicular Wave vis-à-vis Extension in Growth of Dominant Follicle- New Alternatives to Enhance Fertility in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Abstract :

The study was undertaken to assess the ovarian and fertility responses following ovulation of dominant follicle (DF) from second follicular wave (2nd FW) through application of modified synchronization protocols in 46 cyclic postpartum buffaloes. All buffaloes were administered PGF2α (PGF; Cloprostenol, 500 mcg) on day -2, gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH; Buserelin) on days 0 (10 mcg) and 7 (20 mcg). After that, all buffaloes were randomly divided into 2 groups on the basis of administration of second dose of PGF (500 mcg) on day 14 (Group I, n= 20) and 15 (Group II, n= 26). Third dose of GnRH (10 mcg) was administered on day 16 (Evening) and 17 (Morning) in group I and II, respectively, followed by artificial insemination (AI) at 12-16 h later. The pregnancy diagnosis was performed at day 45 post AI. Progesterone (P4) concentrations remained higher during 2FW in buffaloes that became pregnant compared to nonpregnant ones. A larger (P<0.01) diameter of the DF was observed on day of third GnRH and AI in group II compared to group I buffaloes. A comparable corpus luteum (CL) diameter was observed on all days of protocols in both groups. Ovulatory response following last GnRH administration and first AI pregnancy rate were 90 vs. 96 % and 35 vs. 46 % in group I vs. II, respectively. In conclusion, ovarian and fertility responses following ovulation of DF from 2nd FW showed an improved trend in buffaloes where growth of DF was extended by delaying the luteolysis.

Title: Effect of Diets Supplemented with Bacterial Culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Lactococcus lactis lactis) on the Performances, Haemato-Biochemical Parameters and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The effect of three levels of probiotic bacterial culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Lactococcus lactis lactis) was studied in 240, day-old Ven Cobb broiler chicks. Chicks were randomly allocated to three groups (4 replicates per group; 10 chicks per replicate) following randomized block design. The starter (0-14 day) diets contained 23% CP and 2978 kcal ME/kg feed. Grower’s (14 -28 day) diet contained 22.5% CP and 3141 kcal ME/kg while finisher’s (28-42 day) diet contained 20.10% CP and 3241 kcal ME/kg feed. Treatment T1 was control (basal diet without probiotic and E-Care-Se) and T2 and T3. Treatment were supplemented with probiotic bacterial culture: Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Lactococcus lactis lactis @ 2.7 × 105 + 2.7 × 105 and 5.4 × 105 + 5.4 × 105 CFU / g feed, respectively. Significant (p<0.05) reduction in DM intake and FCR in T3 was observed. In spite of lower intake of DMI and FCR from T2 to T3 showed significant (p<0.05)) increase in body weight gain, calcium and phosphorus balances and efficiency of utilization of protein and energy for gained biomass in broilers. The non- significantly higher increased in weight of different cuts of carcass were measured in broilers of T3. With regards to the hemato-biochemical profile there was significant (p<0.05) increased in the number of lymphocytes and HDL and significantly (p<0.05) decreases in the total serum cholesterol in the broilers of T3 decreased. The higher performances and immunological responses (p<0.05) were noticed the in broilers treatment T3 supplemented with 5.4×105CFU/g+5.4x105CFU/g bacterial culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus + lactococcus lactis lactis.

Title: Effect of Beta-Xylanase and Cysteine Protease Enzymes in Diets on Performance of Kadaknath Birds
Abstract :

India is home to nineteen breeds of indigenous fowl including one well-known native breed “Kadaknath” or “Kalamasi” meaning a fowl having black flesh. Although the Kadaknath breed has many unique characteristics, it has been neglected because of its poor production potential. In recent trends, the higher use of single activity enzymes like xylanase and protease in commercial poultry feed for improving their performance can also improve performance in Kadaknath breed. Efforts for attaining higher body weight in short duration is still a subject of research for this breed. An experiment of three months was conducted with total Two hundred Kadaknath chicks which were randomly divided into four equal groups with five replicates and each replicate consisted of 10 chicks. Experimental control diet (T0) for pre starter, starter and finisher birds consisted of maize, soybean meal and feed additives based on BIS (2007) for broilers. Treatment diet one (T1) was supplemented with 0.1 kg/ton beta-xylanase enzyme (min. 16000 bxu/kg) with reducing dietary ME 100 Kcal/kg and 1.75% CP, treatment diet two (T2) was supplemented with 0.25 kg/ton cysteine protease enzyme (min. 32500 pu/kg) with reducing dietary ME 50 Kcal/kg and 4% CP and Treatment diet three (T3) was supplemented with both xylanase and protease on same dose in T2 and T3 respectively with reducing dietary ME 150 Kcal/kg and 5.75% CP. The average body weight gain and average feed intake were recorded fortnightly. A metabolic trial was conducted during 6th fortnight of growth period. The average body weight, feed consumption and FCR were not significantly (P>0.05) different among all treatments. Crude protein digestibility was observed significantly (P>0.05) higher in protease supplemented group where as dry matter and crude fibre digestibility were observed significantly (P>0.05) higher in T1. In the above study, it was concluded that the growth performance was similar in xylanase, protease and combination of both supplemented group with reducing energy and protein in comparison to control group. Combination of xylanase and protease was more profitable in rearing of Kadaknath birds.

Title: Anatomical Studies on the Reticulum and Reticular Groove of Non-Descript Goats of Jammu Region
Abstract :

The present study was carried on six stomach samples from adult apparently healthy non-descript goats. Reticulum was spherical in outline and separated from rumen by a distinct rumino-reticular groove. Mucosa of the reticulum formed typical honeycomb shaped cells which were smaller near reticular groove as compared to the cells towards the floor of the organ. The cells towards the floor of reticulum were sub-divided by secondary and tertiary crests which were absent from the cells towards the reticular groove. Histologically, reticulum consisted of tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Lamina epithelia consisted of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina muscularis mucosae was present only at the tip of primary reticular crests. Tunica muscularis consisted of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle layers. At reticular groove, tunica muscularis presented middle oblique muscular layer. The thickness of epithelium was significantly higher at floor of reticulum than towards oesophageal groove. Outer muscular layer was thicker than inner muscular layer towards oesophageal groove whereas at floor, inner muscular layer was thicker. Towards the level of reticulo-omasal opening, the floor of the reticular groove presented papillae resembling the claws of a small bird. The entire reticular groove and its lips were lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Lamina muscularis mucosae was incomplete and seen mainly in the lips of reticular groove. The floor of groove presented transverse smooth muscle fibers whereas lips contained thick longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

Title: Effect of Black Pepper and Jaggery Supplementation with or without Feed Restriction on Broilers Performance
Abstract :

A study was conducted to study the effects of black pepper and jaggery supplementation with or without feed restrictions on growth performance of broilers. In this growth study, 480 chicks were distributed randomly into 8 treatments having total 60 birds per treatment (4 replicates × 15 chicks in each replicate). (T1- Control group fed ad-libitum as per ICAR specification T2- T1 with feed restriction (8-10 hrs) T3- T1 with 0.5 % black pepper supplementation T4- T1 with 0.5 % black pepper supplementation with feed restriction (8-10 hrs) T5-T1 with 1% jaggery supplementation T6- T1 with 1% jaggery supplementation with feed restriction (8-10 hrs) T7- T1 with 0.5% black pepper and 1% jaggery supplementation T8 - T1 with 0.5% black pepper and 1% jaggery supplementation with feed restriction (8-10 hrs). Due to feed restriction significant decrease in average body weight gain was observed at 2nd week of age but lower feed intake was observed during 2nd and 4th week. Black pepper supplementation decreased the average body weight gain at 2nd week of age and feed intake at 2nd and 3rd week of age but there was no significant difference in FCR. No Significant difference in average body weight gain and average feed intake was observed except during 5th week of age at which both average body weight gain and average feed intake reduced but no significant difference in FCR observed due to jaggery supplementation. So, it was concluded that significant reduction in average feed intake and average body weight gain was observed due to feed restriction.

Title: Effect of Molasses Based Multinutrients and Chromium Supplementation on the Haematological and Blood Biochemical Profile in Lactating Murrah Buffaloes
Abstract :

A study was conducted to assess the effect of molasses based multi-nutrients and chromium Picolinate supplementation on the haematological and blood biochemical profile in lactating murrah buffaloes. Thus, twenty eight lactating Murrah buffaloes were equally divided into four groups of 7 each. Basal diet consisting wheat straw, maize green and concentrate mixture were fed to all groups. In addition to basal diet, the animals of group T2 fed 250 g molasses based multinutrient supplement (MMS), group T3 fed 5 mg Chromium picolinate and group T4 fed with 250 g MMS plus 5 mg Chromium picolinate. All the diets were iso-nitrogenous and were formulated to meet the nutrient requirement lactating buffaloes. The study was conducted for 210 days. Blood was collected at 0, 90 and 180 days of experimental feeding to harvest the serum and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed using standard protocol. The mean values for Hb (mg/dl), globulin(g/dl), A:G ratio, glucose (mg/dl), total protein (g/dl), SGOT (IU/L), SGPT (IU/L), PCV (%), WBC(103/ul) and platelet(103/ul) count was comparable among the different dietary treatments while albumin (g/dl) and blood urea (mg/dl) were differ significantly (P<0.05). Periodical significant (P<0.05) higher values were also observed on the mean values of Hb, globulin, A:G ratio, blood urea at 90 and 180 days of post-feeding but it was comparable and lies in the normal physiological range. It is concluded that the inclusion of MMS and chromium supplementation influenced the blood biochemical profile (albumin and blood urea) and did not have any adverse effects on the health of lactating Murrah buffaloes in long term feeding.

Title: Effect of Different Cooking Methods and Binding Materials on Proximate Composition, Physicochemical and Sensory Quality of Different Emulsion Based Chicken Products
Abstract :

The meat industry is focused on the development of new products with better nutritional properties and acceptable sensory quality by adopting innovative processing and cooking procedures. In this study, the effects of different cooking treatments (moist cooking, dry cooking and deep fat frying) and incorporation of binders (Rice-Oryza sativa and Ragi-Eleusine coracana) on poultry meat were investigated. The proximate composition, physicochemical and sensory acceptance (Colour, flavour, Texture, juiciness and overall acceptability) of the meat cooked using the different treatments were compared. The study revealed that moisture and fat differ significantly (p<0.05) among the different cooking methods. However no significant (p<0.05) changes observed for protein and ash. The pH of cooked products varies significantly (p<0.05) and pH was found to be lower in deep fat fried products. The cooking yield of deep fat fried product was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the dry and moist cooked products. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in sensory ratings between emulsion based product prepared with different binders and also there was no significant (P>0.05) difference among the different cooking methods. Overall acceptability scores for all the products were more than 6.50 reflecting more than moderate acceptance of all products. The incorporation of rice and ragi as binder increased cooking yield and also gave better sensory ratings. Further, there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in physicochemical quality, proximate composition and sensory rating. Ragi which is known to be rich in iron can be effectively used in place of rice as binder in emulsion based chicken products.

Title: Evaluation of Coconut Water and Coconut Milk as Ice Flake Substitute in Chicken Nuggets
Abstract :

Coconut products have a great role to play in the fast developing functional food sector. In this pretext, a study was carried out using tender coconut water (TCW), ripened coconut water (RCW) and coconut milk (CM) as ice flake substitute in meat emulsion. Increasing concentrations of each of this substituent, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% was used to replace ice flakes in chicken nuggets formulation and the quality parameters were studied. Among the three treatments, the results were nearly identical for TCW and RCW, while CM addition showed most satisfactory results. In nuggets with TCW and RCW, a significant (PË‚0.05) decrease was observed in moisture and pH, while a significant increase was observed in ash content and standard plate count (SPC). A slight increase in crude protein, fat and shear force was also observed with addition of TCW and RCW. There was no statistical significance in sensory parameters except for flavour in RCW added chicken nuggets. CM added nuggets showed a statistically significant (PË‚0.05) increase in sensory scores and 100% substitution of ice flakes with CM showed highest sensory scores except for juiciness. In CM incorporated nuggets, moisture content and pH value decreased significantly (PË‚0.05) where as ash and CP content increased significantly (PË‚0.05). Moreover higher level of CM addition resulted in higher binding ability of meat emulsion. The microbiological analysis showed a non significant increase. The results showed that among three ice flakes substitutes studied, CM was found more effective in enhancing the quality of chicken nuggets.

Title: Occurrence and Pathology of Cryptosporidium in Bovine Calves of North and Central India
Abstract :

A total of 438 samples including 397 from clinical cases of diarrhoea and 45 intestinal content/ tissues of necropsied calves up to 3 months of age were collected from November, 2016 to February, 2018 from the randomly selected organized farms of Uttar Pradesh (242), Madhya Pradesh (178) and Chhattisgarh (15). The samples were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by staining the faecal smear and tissue sections by modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method. An overall occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 7.30% (32/438). The occurrence in Uttarpradesh and Madhya Pradesh was 11.16% and 2.81%, respectively. The pathogen was recorded in Pratapgarh, Meerut, Aligarh and Bareilly districts (U.P.) and Indore (M.P.) districts with higher incidences in Meerut (p = 0.178 and Pratapgarh districts (14.2%) (p = 0.315). The prevalence was higher in the age group of 0-20 days, calves of the dam in their first parity, calves with watery diarrhoea and during monsoon season. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. were observed in the histopathological sections of the intestine of one and two calves, respectively.

Title: HSP70s Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Pre and Postpartum Murrah Buffaloes during Summer and Winter Seasons with Astaxanthin Supplementation
Abstract :

Heat shock proteins family, HSP70 (HSP70.1, 70.2 and 70.8) are regarded as the most significant indicators of thermal stress. The present study was conducted to demonstrate the relative mRNA expression pattern of HSP70 gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The recorded temperature humidity index (THI) = 83.2; 66.7 and relative humidity (RH) = 80.3; 80.5 for summer and winter seasons, respectively. Thirty two healthy Murrah buffaloes were selected from National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) and randomly divided equally (8 each) into four groups (control and supplemented groups of buffaloes during summer and winter season, respectively). The treatment group was supplemented with Astaxanthin @ 0.25 mg/kg body weight/animal/day during the period 30 days prior to expected date of calving and upto 30 days postpartum. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was applied to investigate the variation in relative mRNA expression profile of HSP70 gene during different seasons. In the present study, the expression of HSP70.1, HSP70.2 and HSP70.8 were significantly (P<0.05) higher during summer season when compared to winter season. The relative expression of HSP was seen to be significantly (P<0.05) highest on the day of calving in control and treatment groups of both the seasons. From this study, it could be concluded that astaxanthin supplementation caused a down regulation of HSP70 expression in periparturient Murrah buffaloes which infers that its treatment ameliorates the adverse effects of heat and cold stress and augments immunity during stress in the periparturient buffaloes.

Title: Identification of Biofilm Forming Salmonella Species of Layers from Tribal Area of Hoshangabad District of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :

The present experiment was designed to identify the biofilm forming Salmonella organism from cloacal swab, dry faeces, feed and water of layers in tribal area of Hoshangabad district, in rainy, winter and summer seasons. A total of 181 samples consisting of cloacal swab (109), dry faeces (18), feed (18), water (18) and egg shell (18) were collected in buffered peptone water in all the three seasons. For isolation, selective enrichment was performed in rappaport vassiliadis broth followed by streaking in macConkey, brilliant green agar, xylose lysine deoxycholate media. Phenotypically they were identified by motility followed by Grams staining and biochemical tests like oxidase, catalase, indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer, triple sugar iron agar and urease. Further they were confirmed by latex agglutination test. Phenotypically identified 17 presumptive Salmonella isolates were subjected to genotypic characterization using 16S rRNA, invA gene, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium gene and Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum-Pullorum by PCR. All the isolates were positive (100%) for 16S rRNA and invA gene, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium gene were found to be 64.70%, while 35.29% isolates remain unidentified. Phenotypically and genotipically confirmed Salmonella isolates were subjected to biofilm formation. The percentagewise isolation of Salmonella organism from cloacal swabs were 14.63%, 5.26% and 10.00% in rainy, winter and summer season, respectively. While in rainy season from dry faeces, water samples and egg samples were 33.33%. The overall incidence of salmonellosis in layers from tribal area of Hoshangabad district was 9.39% (17/181) and all of them were biofilm producers.

Title: Pathology of Caseous Lymphadenitis in Slaughtered Goats Associated Infection with Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis
Abstract :

Present study recorded pathomorphology of 10 cases (2.16%) infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in slaughtered goats that has caused suppurative bronchopneumonia accompanied by lymphadenitis. The lungs lesion was characterized by either formation of caseo-calcified nodules of multiple abscesses or fully lungs lobes replaced with cheesy greenish pus. The enlargement of mediastinal lymph node was recorded with greenish yellow inspissated pus giving the characteristic spherical onion-skin appearance. Histopathologically, the lung sections were characterized by a central caseo-necrotic core admixed bacterial colonies and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes, plasma cell and macrophages. The bacterial culture isolation was confirmed the bacteria as Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

Title: Detection of Bluetongue Virus Antibodies in Small Ruminants of Coastal Odisha
Abstract :

This study aimed to detect the prevalence of bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies in goats and sheep of coastal Odisha using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Serum samples (n=504) were collected randomly from apparently healthy goats (n=382) and sheep (n=122) of seven districts of coastal Odisha during October 2011 and March 2012. iELISA was conducted for detection of antibodies to recombinant group specific VP7 antigen of BTV in the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Division of Virology, IVRI, Mukteswar. The apparent seroprevalence of 85.51% (431/504) was detected overall, with the prevalence ranging from 68.85% in sheep to 90.84% in goats. Ganjam district recorded the maximum number of infected animals (95.01%) and the least affected district was Jagatsinghpur (42.31%). Among goats, the most affected district was Ganjam (99.60%) and among sheep, Cuttack registered the maximum seroprevalence (88.46%). The seroprevalence differed significantly statistically with respect to the species (Chi Square Test, p<0.05) while the difference in prevalence was not statistically significant with respect to the districts (Chi Square Test, p>0.05). This study detects active subclinical BT infection in the small ruminants of coastal Odisha which if left uncontrolled might lead to widespread economic losses in the form of mortality, morbidity and production losses.

Title: Novel Interventions in Monitoring of Meat Quality and Spoilage: A Review
Abstract :

Over the last two decades, the technological advancements in terms of monitoring the meat quality at various steps of the food chain have been seen, i.e., at the slaughter house, processing step, packaging step, transport, storage step, etc. which have been employed for the benefit of consumer health all over the world. The most efficient and rapid technologies that are a tool in measuring the meat quality are spectroscopy, LAMP, e-nose, PCR, etc. which are quite sensitive, specific, and less manpower consuming, thus, gaining more popularity and success. The spectroscopy techniques make use of electromagnetic radiations and their interaction with the atoms of the meat samples leading to the absorption or emission of the light and consequently its spectral images and electric signals. The LAMP is an advanced version of the conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR_ providing a rapid, sensitive, specific, and time-saving method of the meat quality assessment. The electronic nose (e-nose) technology is a versatile technique based on chemo-sensors and computation methods. It usually makes use of chemo-sensors such as metal oxide semiconductors, metal oxide semiconductor field-effect, conducting polymers, etc. Although, many technological advancements have been made still PCR is one of the easy-to-use techniques among researchers. The HPLC technique is a rapid and sensitive technique that when coupled with the detectors helps in the detection of the target analyte in the meat sample. In this chapter, we discuss the above technologies in detail with their application in the meat quality and spoilage assessment.

Title: Growth and Mortality Patterns in Uttarafowl
Abstract :

A study was conducted to evaluate the growth and mortality pattern of 275 chicks of two ecotype viz., comb and crown sex wise which were obtained in six hatches at Instructional Poultry Farm of G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar. In the present study overall mortality in a period of 24th weeks in comb female and crown female ecotypes were 12.6 and 10.4 per cent, while in comb male and crown male were 8.5 and 6.8 per cent, respectively. There was no significant (P<0.05) difference of day old body weight of the chicks between two ecotypes of Uttara fowl. The results revealed that there was significant (P<0.05) difference in body weight at 4th and 12th weeks of age between the male comb and crown ecotypes of Uttara fowl. Also there was significant (P<0.05) difference in 16th weeks body weight between the female comb and crown ecotypes of Uttara fowl. Significant (P<0.05) differences in 20th and 24th weeks body weights between the males of crown and comb ecotypes of Uttara fowl as well as in female of both ecotypes. Highest 24th week body weight was found in comb male (1780.18±34.69) than the crown male (1699.43±33.49) followed by crown female (1484.22±19.22g) than the comb female (1389.12±18.85 g). Average body weights at first egg in comb and crown ecotypes of Uttara fowl differed significantly from each other. Thus Uttarafowl has lower mortality rate and comparable body weights with that of other indigenous breeds of chicken.

Title: Virulence and Antibiogram Study of Escherichia coli Isolated from Faecal Sample of Buffalo
Abstract :

The study was undertaken for detection of virulence gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and investigate their antibiotic sensitivity pattern in fecal sample of buffalo. In present study, a total of 180 samples were processed for isolation of verocytotoxic E. coli (VTEC). Out of 180 samples, 19 samples were found positive for VTEC. All VTEC strains were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test using 16 antibiotic discs. Of these, ciprofoxacin and imipenem were found highly sensitive (100%) against VTEC strains followed by ceftriaxone (89.47%), gentamicin (84.21%), amikacin (84.21%) and chloramphenicol (78.94%). Least sensitivity was recorded for enrofloxacin (78.94%), followed by cefixime (63.15%), erythromycin (57.84%) and tetracycline (52.63%).

Title: Developmental Potential and Apoptosis Incidence of In Vitro Produced Buffalo Embryos Vitrified by Solid Surface Technique
Abstract :

Under the present study the post-thawed developmental potential and apoptotic incidence of in vitro-produced (IVP) buffalo embryos vitrified by solid surface technique were assessed. The abattoir derived oocytes were in vitro matured in maturation media and fertilized with capacitated epididymal sperm. The fertilized embryos were cultured in commercial Research vitro cleave media for in vitro embryo development. Embryos at morula stages were vitrified using vitrification media composed of 35% Ethylene glycol. The vitrified morulae were thawed and allowed to grow in culture media similar to non-vitrified control embryos up to the blastocyst stage. The post-thawed developmental competence of vitrified embryos was recorded to be significantly lower in terms of compact morula (57±1.22% vs 81±1.87%), blastocyst (32±1.22% vs 58±1.22%) and blastomere count (129.0±1.22 vs 159.2±1.31) as compared to non-vitrified control. Furthermore, Annexin-V and PI staining dye were used for staining the embryos for apoptotic study under confocal microscope. The apoptotic study of embryos observed by confocal microscopy revealed that rate of apoptosis was significantly higher in vitrified group as compared to control (53.33±2.13% vs 26.67±3.43%). Our study concluded that the vitrification increased the rate of apoptosis which significantly affected the development potential of vitrified-thawed embryos.

Title: Studies of Effect of Parity and Stage of Lactation on various Body Measurements, Body Weight and their Relationship with Each Other in Frieswal Cows
Abstract :

The study was carried out at Military Dairy Farm on Eighty Frieswal cows. The cows were divided in five parities and three stages of lactation. The study on different body measurements and body weight along with the effect of parities and stages of lactation were done. Result of the study showed the significant (P<0.01) effect of parity on heart girth, height at wither, height at hook, body length and body weight. The significant (P<0.01) effect of stages of lactation was observed heart girth and body weight. The non significant effect of stages of lactation was observed on height at wither height at hook and body length. The various body measurements were found in close relationship with each other and it can be concluded that they are bounded with each other strongly.

Title: Problem Identification and Climate Change Perception of Bakerwal Pastoralists of Jammu & Kashmir
Abstract :

The present study was conducted in J&K; North-Western hilly state of India during 2013 to 2015 to study the problems experienced by transhumant Bakerwal pastoralists in different phases of migration and their climate change perception. The sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly for problem identification while as 39 respondents were purposively selected for examining their climate change perception. The study revealed that lack of basic facilities (viz. shelter for animals and humans, clean drinking water, medical facilities, roads connectivity, marketing, education for children, electricity and means of communication) was the top ranking problem experienced by the respondents in summer pastures and en-route migration. This was followed by lack of veterinary health services and disease occurrence which were ranked second most important problems respectively. Reduced pastures availability and water scarcity for animals during later part of the winter were the top most problems experienced by the respondents at winter pastures. Further it was reported that respondents perceived a drastic change in predictability of weather conditions and incidences of torrential rains, cloud bursting, hail storms etc. in the study area. The respondents also expressed a moderate change in average seasonal temperature, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and severity of draught at pastures. The study recommends the immediate policy intervention on part of government for provision of various basic facilities to the Bakerwals in different phases of migration besides promotion of income diversification within pastoralism through skill development and need based training programmes for securing the livelihood of Bakerwals.

Title: Studies on Pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida Serotype B: 2 in Mice
Abstract :

In an experimental study, five field isolates of Pasteurella multocida recently isolated from natural sporadic cases from cattle were tested for their pathogenicity in mice. 0.2 ml of eighteen hours old broth cultures of each of the test isolates containing approximately 2.4×108 CFU/ml was inoculated into four mice (2 male and 2 female) by intra peritoneal route and two mice (1 male and 1 female) were kept as control and inoculated with Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. All the mice died within 24 hours of inoculation. The presence of P. multocida in the dead mice was detected by smear examination followed by re-isolation of pure colonies on sheep blood agar (SBA) and was later confirmed by P. multocida specific polymerase chain reaction (PM-PCR). P. multocida was detected in all the dead mice. All the five isolates amplified KMT1gene and gave an amplified product of ~460 bp. Gross pathological changes comprised of mild congestion and haemorrhages in organs like lung, heart, kidneys, liver and spleen. Histopathological changes revealed congestion, haemorrhages along with fibrinous exudation in lung, haemorrhages, vascular congestion and varying degree of degenerative and necrotic changes in heart, sinusoidal congestion and hydropic degeneration in liver and congestion of intertubular capillaries in kidney.

Title: Effect of Xylanase Enzyme in Diets on Performance of Kadaknath Birds
Abstract :
Kadaknath is well known for having black flesh, aphrodisiac properties, adaptability to hot climate and resistant to certain diseases. Although this breed has many unique characteristics, it has been neglected because of its poor production potential. In recent trends, the higher use of single activity enzymes like xylanase in commercial poultry feed for improving their performance
can also improve performance in Kadaknath breed. Efforts for attaining higher body weight in short duration is still a subject of research for this breed. An experiment of ninety days was conducted with total one hundred Kadaknath chicks which were randomly divided into two equal groups with five replicates and each replicate consisted of 10 chicks. Experimental control diet (T0) is based on BIS (2007) for broilers and treatment diet T1 was supplemented with 0.1 kg/ton xylanase enzyme with reducing dietary ME and CP. The cost of experimental diets was worked out after considering the cost of ingredients and cost of enzyme supplementation. The average body weight, feed consumption, FCR and EI were not significantly (P>0.05) different in both treatments. Dry matter and crude fibre digestibility were observed significantly (P>0.05) higher in T1. There was no effect of treatment on carcass traits. The profit per bird was recorded higher in xylanase enzyme supplemented group. In the above study, it was concluded that the growth performance was improved in xylanase enzyme supplemented group in comparison to control group. Supplementation of xylanase enzyme was more profitable in rearing of Kadaknath birds. 
Title: Constraints and Benefits Perceived by Farmers and Contractors in Contract Goat Farming
Abstract :
A study was conducted to analyze the constraints and benefi ts perceived by the contract goat farmers and the contractors involved in in-formal contract goat farming taking place in Western Odisha region. Sixty contract goat farmers and thirty contractors were interviewed with semi structured interview schedule within a period of 60 days i.e. January 2013 to March 2013. Study revealed that disease outbreak and loss of animal due to predators were the primary constraints for contract farmers. Very few farmers opined that they should get a greater share than the contractors as they are the key persons to look after the care and management of the animals. Cent percent contract farmers found Contract Goat Farming (C.G.F.) as profi table without any capital investment and also it provides them an easy liquidity of their animals at the time of necessity. From contractors’ point of view, communication gap between contractor and farmer which lead to embarrassed situation is the major constraint followed by cheating by farmers at many occasions due to non identifi cation of the contract animals. But, cent per cent contractors agreed that there is easy return from CGF at the end of the year. However, 80% opined that the better linkage with the veterinary professionals and 27% felt no risk of mortality and morbidity so directly benefi ted in contract goat farming (CGF).
Title: Semen Characteristics and Spermatozoa Biometry of Different Varieties of Guinea Fowls
Abstract :

A total of twelve male guinea fowls, from each of pearl, white, white breasted and lavender varieties aged eight months were selected based on their phenotypic characters, and trained for semen collection by abdominal massage technique. The semen was analyzed for colour, volume, spermatozoa motility (%), spermatozoa concentration, live and abnormal spermatozoa(%). Further, spermatozoa biometry was studied by using transmission electron microscopy. Significantly higher semen volume (0.041±0.005 ml) and spermatozoa concentration (2497.78±87.17×106) was found with white breasted variety of guinea fowl. Higher percent live spermatozoa (88.03±0.93) and lower spermatozoa abnormality (10.11±1.36) were observed in semen of pearl guinea fowls but the volume and spermatozoa concentration were the least among the four varieties. Spermatozoa biometry studies showed significantly higher head midpiece and tail length in white breasted variety as compared to other varieties. The total length of spermatozoa of white breasted variety was more than double the length, than observed with the spermatozoa of white and lavender variety of guinea fowls. The study concluded that the spermatozoa of white breasted variety were robust with better seminal parameters, long head, comparable longer midpiece and strikingly longer tail.

Title: Study on Host Predisposing Factors and Diagnostic Tests for Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2) Infection in Dogs
Abstract :

In the present study, a total 61 faecal samples from dogs, showing symptom of Canine Parvovirus infection, were collected from in and around Navsari district. The samples were screened for CPV by different diagnostic methods viz. Immuno Chromatographic Assay (ICA), Haemagglutination (HA) test, Enzyme linked immuno sorbant assay (ELISA) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Isolation of CPV by culture of virus on Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. Out of five assays tested, PCR was found to be the most sensitive (62.29%) in detecting CPV followed by HA test (50.82%), virus isolation (50.00%), ICA (37.70%) and sandwich ELISA (31.14%). Considering PCR as most sensitive test, overall prevalence rate was found as 62.29%. Along with samples clinical history of animals was collected to determine the host predisposing factors. Majority of dogs affected were in the age group of 0-3 months (47.37%), then 3-6 months (39.47 %) and were males (24/38; 63.16%). Breed wise study revealed that desi/local breeds (26.32 %) were more susceptible followed by Labrador retriever (18.42%) and German shepherd (15.79%). Non-vaccinated dogs (71.05 %) were more victimized to CPV infection than the vaccinated dogs. Season wise incidence showed that cases were almost exclusively occurred in winter (97.37%) followed by monsoon (2.63%).

Title: A Study on Clinico-Biochemical Evaluation in Equine Colic Patients
Abstract :

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and biochemical parameters in colic horses (n=20) with that of healthy control animals (n=10). Further, the measured parameters were also compared between survived and non-survived colic patients. Clinical parameters included were rectal temperature, respiration rate (RR), capillary refill time (CRT) and heart rate (HR). Biochemical parameters estimated at the time of admission were sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. Except for rectal temperature, the vital parameters viz. RR (mean 28.8 vs. 17.2 breaths/min; P<0.05), CRT (mean 2.9 vs. 1.4 sec; P<0.001) and HR (mean 64 vs. 30.5 beats per min; P<0.001) were significantly elevated in the colic horses as compared to the control animals. No significant difference was observed in the levels of serum sodium, potassium and chloride between control and colic horses. However, mean calcium concentration was significantly lower (P<0.01) in colic horses (10.7 mg/dL) as compared to control horses (12 mg/dL). The LDH activity was significantly elevated (P<0.05) in colic group (mean 1289 U/L) as compared to control group (mean 649 U/L). A significant association (P<0.05) was found between abnormal LDH levels (>700 U/L) and proportion of horses with colic (70%) as compared to healthy ones (30%). Thirty percent (6/20) horses did not survive in this study and none of the measured parameters differ significantly between survived and non-survived colic horses (P>0.05). In conclusion, colic in equine patients results in elevation of RR, CRT, HR and LDH and decrease in serum calcium.

Title: Cortisol levels in Puerperal Metritic Cows and Assessing Accuracy Using Receiver Operating Characteristics Analysis
Abstract :

The present study evaluated cortisol levels during peripartum period in crossbred cows that did and did not develop puerperal metritis (PM). Accuracy of cortisol to differentiate the cows at the risk of developing PM from healthy cows was measured by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Cortisol concentrations were estimated in blood plasma samples collected from pluriparous Karan Fries crossbred cows (n=20) at wk-2, wk-1, d+1, d+7 and d+14 taking the day of calving as zero. The cows that developed PM (n=8) had significantly (P<0.05) 2.34 time higher plasma cortisol than the normal cows (n=12) on d+1 of calving, however such difference was not observed on any other day of sampling. The ROC analysis revealed that plasma cortisol on d+1 could identify cows that developed PM with 79.17% accuracy (P<0.05). Optimum threshold value of plasma cortisol for early identification of PM was observed to be 27.28 ng/ml (sensitivity=75% and specificity=100%) on d+1. The results of the present study indicated that PM cows had higher cortisol levels immediately after calving, and using cortisol the PM cows could be differentiated from normal cows with moderate accuracy.

Title: Assessment of Summer Stress and Management with Poly Herbal Anti-Stressor Product (Restobal) in Buffaloes
Abstract :

Variations in the different environmental parameters including temperature, wind velocity, pressure and relative humidity had influenced the bovines and reduce the feed intake further leads to the reduction in the milk production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the summer stress and to record the efficacy of polyherbal anti-stressor product (Restobal®, M/s Ayurvet Limited) against the management of summer stress in buffaloes with hyperthermia. Twenty buffaloes with hyperthermia were selected during the summer period and divided into two equal groups. Group I buffaloes (control group) with hyperthermia were treated for hyperthermia alone and buffaloes under group II (treatment group) was treated for hyperthermia along with the oral polyherbal anti stressors product. Whole blood and serum were collected on the 0th day, 3rd day and 5th day of treatment for laboratory analysis. Buffaloes in the treatment group showed the increased total leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, elevated serum glutathione peroxidase levels and reduced serum cortisol levels when compared with the buffaloes in the control group. The present study concluded that polyherbal anti stressor product (Restobal which contains Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica, Mangifera indica and Withania somnifera) is recommended as supportive therapy in the management of summer stress along with the treatment of hyperthermia in buffaloes.

Title: Isolation, Identification and Molecular Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Shrimp Samples from South Gujarat of Navsari District
Abstract :

Shrimp cultivation faced serious problems with diseases caused by viruses and bacteria causing severe economic losses. Of the bacterial infections, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, have been frequently associated with fatalities both, in hatcheries and grow out ponds. V. parahaemolyticus is pathogenic to human besides fish and other aquatic lives. For systematic bacteriological examination of aseptically collected all samples were brought to the laboratory in Ice box and they were further processed for isolation, identification and characterization of V. parahaemolyticus isolates on the basis of their morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Out of total 150 samples of shrimp 5 (3.33%) isolates of V. parahaemolyticus were obtained which included 3 (4.28%, 3/70) from marine shrimp samples and 2 (2.5%, 2/80) from freshwater shrimp samples. Out of 27 samples of the hand swabs of fish handlers, 2 (7.40 %) were positive for V. parahaemolyticus. However, none of 23 human stool samples was positive for the pathogen. The pathogenicity of 7 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus was tested on Wagatsuma agar contained human red blood cells. Only one V. parahaemolyticus isolate (33.33%, 1/3) cultured from marine shrimp sample was Kanagawa Phenomenon positive, expressing β- haemolysin on Wagatsuma agar. Rest of all the isolates were KP negative. all 7 V. parahaemolyticus isolates amplified the species specific toxR (368 bp) gene. While ruling out pathogenic nature of the isolates by PCR, 1 out of 7 (14.28 %) isolates exhibited amplification of virulent tdh (269 bp) gene. However, not a single V. parahaemolyticus isolate contained trh (500bp) gene.

Title: Factors Affecting Early Reproduction Traits of Frieswal Heifers Under Field Conditions
Abstract :

The present study was carried out in U. S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand on Frieswal heifers reared by farmers under 5 AI centres, and aimed to study early reproduction traits of Frieswal heifers and factors affecting them. The study revealed that the Least-squares means for age at puberty, age at first artificial insemination and age at first conception were 485.2 ± 21.8 (n=131), 608.3 ± 27.1 (n=81) and 610.2 ± 25.2 (n=77) days. Average age at first calving was 807.0 ± 28.1 (n=18) days. The non-genetic factors like education of farmers, herd size, season, year, and artificial insemination centre had significant effect on reproductive performance traits. Significant effects of artificial insemination centre, year of birth, education level, herd size and season of birth on age at puberty; of artificial insemination centre on age at first artificial insemination; of year of birth on age at first artificial insemination; of artificial insemination centre on age at first conception were recorded.

Title: Quality Assurance of Cryopreserved Buck Semen by Assessing Structural and Functional Integrity of Spermatozoa
Abstract :

A total of 81 ejaculates collected from 4 Tellicherry and 2 Boer bucks were utilized to evaluate the structural and functional integrity of spermatozoa as a measure for quality assurance of cryopreserved buck semen. The semen samples were diluted with tris-egg yolk-glycerol based extender and frozen in straws. Only samples having 40% or more of post thaw motility (PTM) were regarded as “acceptable” samples for artifi cial insemination. The “acceptable” samples were further evaluated by hypo osmotic swelling test (HOST), sperm morphology and acrosome integrity assessment. Individual genotypes have shown signifi cant variations (P < 0.01) for PTM. Significant variations (P < 0.01) were seen between bucks and between ejaculations of two Tellicherry bucks for hypo osmotic reacted spermatozoa. The differences in mean values for hypo osmotic reacted spermatozoa between I and II ejaculations of Tellicherry bucks were significant (P < 0.01). Signifi cant variations (P < 0.05) were also observed for hypo osmotic reacted spermatozoa between I ejaculations of Tellicherry and Boer bucks. The variations in means of intact acrosome percent between I and II ejaculations of Tellicherry bucks was signifi cant (P < 0.05). Besides post thaw motility, incorporation of structural and functional integrity tests like HOST and acrosome integrity in semen evaluation protocol add value to quality assurance of frozen buck semen.

Title: An Exercise into Sex Fixing of Progenies in Dairy Animals and Calculating the Impact Factor of Such a Drug Discovery with Reference to Indian Conditions
Abstract :

Sex fixing of mammalian progenies is one of the most fascinating subjects ever reported and it can be a formidable tool in increasing dairy productivity as well as ensuring considerable economic and social benefits. There have been many recorded attempts to produce sexed off-springs in mammals and most of them involved semen sexing methodologies. The present methodology involves a novel in vivo technology duly patented and which uses the administration of a liquid dosage form which has active ingredients like monosodium ethanoate and ethanoic acid which when given orally to females of dairy animals; yields female off-springs with impressive success rate. A huge trial of this methodology was conducted in real field conditions in Gujarat and the outcome was impressive.

Title: Epidemiology of Common Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Goats reared in Semi-Arid Region of India
Abstract :

A total of 1419 faecal samples of goats collected and examined for gastrointestinal parasitic infestations for a period of 9 months (August 2015 to April 2016) revealed overall prevalence of 86.11 percent. The common parasitic infections prevalent were coccidian (71.45%), strongyle (28.40%), Moniezia spp. (18.74%) and Strongyloides spp. (0.70%). Highest prevalence of coccidia (81.07%) was observed in Jamunapari goats, while highest strongyle prevalence (30.64%) was observed in Barbari goats. Jakhrana goats showed highest prevalence rate of Moniezia spp. infection. Age-wise, prevalence of coccidian oocysts was highest in >6-12M age group while higher prevalence of strongyles was observed in > 6M age. Moniezia spp. infection, however, was more prevalent in goats of 2-6M age group. Month-wise, prevalence was higher in during September and October. The intensity of coccidian infection in terms of overall least squares means of coccidian oocysts count per gram of faeces (LFOC) was 4.673±.007, while the corresponding least squares means (Transformed value) of eggs per gram of faeces (LFEC) of strongyles and Moniezia spp. were 4.628±.002, 4.625±.003, respectively. Factors like breed, age of animal and collection month significantly influenced (P<0.01) the total coccidian and strongyle intensity (faecal oocysts/ eggs count). Eimeria infection involved was of mixed nature, while nematode infections showed preponderance of Haemonchus spp. The most common Eimeria spp. recorded were E. arloingi and E. ninakohlyakimovae.

Title: Effect of iNOX Inhibitor Aminoguanidine Hemisulfate on Amikacin Induced Consequences on Anti-oxidant Stress Markers in Wistar Rat
Abstract :

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of aminoguanidine-hemisulphate on amikacin induced oxidative stress in wistar rats of both the sexes. Twenty-four healthy wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. The rats of group-I served as control to which normal saline solution as vehicle was administered inperitoneally once daily for 28 days as sub-acute study period. The rats of group-II and group-III were treated with amikacin (15mg/Kg) and aminoguanidine-hemisulphate (20mg/Kg) daily for 28 days intra-peritoneally, respectively The rats of group-IV were treated with both amikacin and aminoguanidine-hemisulphate at their respective doses and routes once daily for 28 days. The activity of antioxidant stress biomarkers namely SOD, GPx, CAT and GSH levels were significantly decreases on days 15 and 28 after amikacin treatment as compared to control. The oxidative damage was protected in aminoguanidine-hemisulphate treated rats of group-IV as indicated by a significant increase in the activity of SOD, GPx, CAT and GSH-level as compared to amikacin treated rats. The present study suggests that amikacin has the potential of inducing oxidative stress as evidenced by alterations in antioxidant enzymes and GSH. However, Aminoguanidine-hemisulphate has ameliorative effect in normalizing the altered values of various oxidative stress biomarkers.

Title: Performance of Growing Black Bengal Goats under Different Management Systems of Rearing
Abstract :

Thirty female Black Bengal kids were selected randomly at the age of 2 months and divided equally into three groups with having ten kids in each group and maintained from 2 to 12 month of age under three different management systems, viz., extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems in Tripura, a North Eastern state of India. Four phenotypic variables, hematology and biochemical profiles were done every month and data were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test. There was a significant (p<0.01) increase in mean (±SEM) body weight, height at withers, heart girth and body length of the goats maintained under different systems of management over the months. However, mean (±SEM) blood hemoglobin (Hb), glucose, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase level in plasma of goats under different management systems varied significantly (p<0.05) between age groups from 2nd months to 12th months of age. Except plasma glucose level, mean (±SEM) body weight, heart girth and body length of the goats under extensive system were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those for goats maintained under semi-intensive and intensive system of management. Mean (±SEM) plasma cholesterol level in goats under extensive and semi-intensive system were more (p<0.05) than that of the goats under intensive management system. Black Bengal goats reared under extensive management system showed a better performance in terms of body weight gain, body measurements and biochemical profiles as compared to the goats reared under semi-intensive and intensive management system.

Title: Expression Profile of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase A (ACACA) Gene in Layer Chicken during Juvenile Stage
Abstract :

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase A (ACACA) is a rate limiting enzyme and plays a crucial role in the production of precursors of fatty acid biosynthesis. The objective of this study was to analyse the expression levels of ACACA at different ages of juvenile stage in one control layer (CL) chicken strain. As the birds are slow growing, the expression of the gene exhibited an increasing trend. A negative correlation has been found between body weight and mRNA expression of the gene at 6 weeks of age indicating complete utilization of energy for growth. When compared to day 1 expression, gene expression was up-regulated by 1.5, 10.5 and 10.8 folds at day 14, 28 and 42 of the birds, respectively. It is concluded that the expression of ACACA gene was increased gradually as age progressed during juvenile stage in layer chicken.

Title: Utilization of Gooseberry as Natural Antioxidant for Development of Functional Mutton Rolls
Abstract :

This study was conducted with an objective to utilize the gooseberry powder and its extracts as natural antioxidant for development of functional mutton rolls. Incorporation of gooseberry powder at 1, 2 and 3 per cent levels, and gooseberry aqueous and ethanolic extracts at 5, 10 and 15 per cent levels were compared with control sample, and selected on the basis of sensory evaluation. The total phenols and TBARS value of selected products were compared with control. The sensory scores including overall acceptability increased with the incorporation levels of gooseberry aqueous and ethanolic extracts, and decreased with the increasing levels of gooseberry powder. Addition of one per cent gooseberry powder and 10 per cent of its aqueous and ethanolic extracts were found suitable for incorporation in mutton rolls indicating moderate acceptability scores (round 7.00). The addition of gooseberry increased the total phenols and TBARS values were found significantly lower as compared to control and BHT treated products. It was concluded that gooseberry powder (1%) and gooseberry aqueous and ethanolioc extracts (10%) can be used for development of functional mutton rolls without compromising the acceptability scores of the product.

Title: Gender Bias in Haemato-Biochemical and Oxidative Stress Indices in Karakul Sheep
Abstract :
Twelve apparently healthy 3-4 year old animals from cold arid deserts of Ladakh region, with equal representation of male and female were bled in the jugular vein after observing strict aseptic measures. Three samples from each animal were collected at an interval of 15 days and values averaged. Normal physiological levels of haemato-biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers were recorded. Many of the hematological parameters did differ between sexes. Total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count and haemoglobin was signifi cantly (P < 0.05) higher (10.32 × 106, 9.03 × 103 and 11.25 g/dl) in males as compared to females (9.04 × 106, 7.75 × 103 and 10.10 g/dl) respectively. Similarly plasma albumin (3.53 g/dl) and creatinine (1.28 mg/dl) was signifi cantly (P < 0.05) higher and cholesterol (77.66 mg/dl) signifi cantly (P < 0.01) lower in males as compared to females (3.23 g/dl, 1.03 mg/dl and 113.83 mg/dl) respectively. Antioxidant power determined by FRAP did not reveal any significant difference between sexes, however, TBARS differed significantly (P < 0.01) between the sexes with higher value (3.84 ± 0.15 nM/L) in males than females (2.88 ± 0.22 nM/L). Various other plasma analytes including liver enzymes did not vary significantly between the sexes. Present study recognized the course of various blood constituents between the sexes of Karakul sheep which was not available in literature and thus can prove potentially valuable diagnostic tool in the health care and clinical interpretation of laboratory data in these animals.
Title: Occurrence of Staphylococcal Subclinical Mastitis in Cattle in and Around Jabalpur (M.P.)
Abstract :
Mastitis, caused by multifactorial etiopathological factors, is one of the costliest disease of dairy animals across the globe. The study was conducted for a period of more than 1 year i.e. from February 2015 to February 2016. For the epidemiological study 550 lactating cattle were screened by modified California mastitis test (MCMT). Clinical examination of animals and their udder/milk and phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus spp. was carried out. The overall occurrence of Staphylococcal SCM was reported to be 16.36% (90/550) animal wise and 6.07% (127/2092) quarter wise as identifi ed on the basis of colony morphology, characteristic colour changes on Mannitol salt agar, positive catalase test, haemolysis pattern on blood agar and DNase activity on DNase agar. Thirty one isolates were found coagulase positive as revealed by coagulase test and 96 were found to be coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS). The occurrence was highest in right hind quarter (8.77%), in age group
of 5-7 years (23.77%). in 5th parity (25.64%) and in early lactation (31.64%) period. Occurrence was also reported higher in monsoon and post monsoon.
Title: Heritability Estimates of Reproductive Traits in Crossbred Pigs
Abstract :
Records on reproductive traits of pigs pertaining to 541 crossbreds, comprising 308 half-bred inter se (½ Hampshire  ½ Local) and 233 graded inter se (¾ Hampshire  ¼ Local), maintained at ICAR Mega Seed Project (MSP) and All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on pigs, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara for the period from 2002 to 2013 constituted the materials for the present investigation. The heritability estimates were obtained by paternal halfsib correlation method using sire component of variance. The heritability estimates of age at sexual maturity, age at first conception, age at first farrowing, litter size at birth and litter size at weaning, litter weight at birth and litter weight at weaning were 0.150 ± 0.301, 0.274 ± 0.318, 0.361 ± 0.329, 0.224 ± 0.238, 0.122 ± 0.297, 0.270±0.247, 0.001±0.278 and 0.891±0.383, respectively in half-bred inter se pigs and 0.671 ± 0.445, 0.830 ± 0.468, 0.848 ± 0.471, 0.371 ± 0.185, 0.367 ± 0.388, 0.134 ± 0.268, 0.148 ± 0.502 and 0.617 ± 0.522 in graded inter se pigs, respectively. 
Title: Dairy Animal Welfare during Transportation in Punjab: A KAP Study
Abstract :

A KAP ( Knowledge, Attitude and Perception) study on dairy farmers of Punjab was conducted to have the idea of their knowledge on animal welfare practice during transportation. A total of 200 dairy farmers across the state were randomly selected for the said study. Dairy farmers were asked to answer the 27 questions comprising of open ended question and multiple choice questions, fill in the blanks. The animal welfare indicators like physical injury, bruising, fracture, bleeding, broken tail, behavior of animal, feeding, drinking, vocalization, urination and defecation during loading and unloading of dairy animal was observed. Beside these, method of loading/unloading the animal, vehicle design, attitude of handler, stocking density, type of bedding, side railing and accompanying person was observed. The study revealed majority of dairy farmers (72%) have low knowledge level of animal welfare issue during transport. The same percentage (71%) of farmers has poor to average adherence to animal welfare practice during transport. It was concluded that the animal welfare issues are compromised during transportation of animals in Punjab by dairy farmers. Extensive and consistent campaign is recommended for apprising the dairy farmers about animal welfare issues.

Title: Molecular Prevalence of Hepatozoon canis Infection in Dog Tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, from Punjab, India
Abstract :

Canine hepatozoonosis, caused by Hepatozoon canis, is transmitted by the ingestion of brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. In the present study R. sanguineus ticks (n=60) collected from dogs presented at Small Animal Clinics, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India were screened by PCR based assay for the detection of H. canis specific 18S ribosomal RNA gene fragment. Results of the PCR assay revealed an overall prevalence of 8.33% H. canis infection in the tested ticks. Furthermore, the male ticks showed higher prevalence (11.53%) than the female counterparts (5.88%) but the data was statistically non-significant (P=0.6439).

Title: Effect of Different Levels and Sources of Supplemental Nano Zinc on Blood-Biochemical Profile and Serum Mineral Status in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Abstract :

This study examined the suitability and comparative efficacy of Zn through different levels and sources on blood-biochemical profile and serum mineral status. 63 weaned (130±3.1g) wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into 7 equal groups in completely randomized design. These rats were fed a common basal (synthetic) diet for 90 days, except for Zn supplementation, which was 10 ppm through zinc sulphate or 10, 20 and 40 ppm nano Zn either from commercial or synthesized (prepared by green method) source. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from each animal through cardiac puncture and analysed for hemato-biochemistry and serum minerals. The Hb, PCV in blood and glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin and creatinine in serum were comparable (P>0.05) among various treatment groups. Serum Ca, P, Cu, Fe and Mn were also not affected by source and different levels of Zn supplementation, however, serum Zn levels were significantly (P<0.001) higher in nano zinc supplemented groups as compared to control and 10 ppm nano Zn groups. It is concluded that Zn nano particles can be safely supplemented up to 40 ppm level in the diet of rats.

Title: Virulence Gene profiling in Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Fecal Samples of Domestic and Wild Animals
Abstract :

The virulence gene profile of twelve (12) Salmonella isolates obtained from faecal samples of animal origin, including livestock, primates and emu, was determined. All Salmonella isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Genus specific PCR further confirmed the Salmonella isolates revealing the expected bands of 496 bp. All isolates on serotyping were found to be Salmonella Typhimurium with antigenic structure 4,2:i:1,2. These Salmonella isolates were screened for different virulence-associated genes by PCR-based procedures. All the isolates were positive for ssaQ, hilA, prgH and fljB genes. The mgtC gene was present in varying frequencies in isolates from different animal species with an overall frequency of 75%. By conventional PCR, it was demonstrated that the four genes, as indicators for salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), were present in all strains, independently of the host species and outcome of infection.

Title: Parallelism of Nesfatin-1, Ghrelin and Leptin with Metabolic Parameters and Progesterone at Puberty in Murrah Buffalo Heifers
Abstract :
Nesfatin-1, ghrelin and leptin, secreted mainly from the hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue, may be related with various metabolic parameters viz. age, body weight, productive performance, DMI, plasma metabolites. They may act on the central nervous system to regulate initiation of puberty. Present study was aimed at finding relationships between nesfatin-1, ghrelin, leptin, and age at onset of puberty, body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI) and plasma metabolites in Murrah buffalo heifers. For the present study, thirteen pubertal Murrah buffalo heifers, presenting ovary with an identifiable corpus luteum (CL), and plasma progesterone (P4) concentration ≥1 ng/ml were selected. Blood samples were collected fortnightly until first signs of heat appeared. Nesfatin-1 was positively and significantly (P<0.01) correlated with BW, progesterone, DMI. Correlation was positive and significant (P<0.05) with average daily gain (ADG). However, correlation of nesfatin-1 was negative and significant (P<0.01) with glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and age at puberty. Ghrelin was significantly (P<0.01) and positively correlated with glucose and NEFA. However, it was significantly and negatively correlated with progesterone, BW and DMI. Leptin was significantly (P<0.05) and positively correlated with BW, progesterone, and DMI but negatively correlated with glucose and NEFA. The present study revealed that nesfatin-1, ghrelin and leptin may regulate the age at onset of puberty through regulating the body weight, DMI and plasma progesterone level.
Title: Kinematic Response of Buck Sperm to Low-density Lipoproteins in Fresh Diluted, Short Term and Long Term Stored Semen
Abstract :

The present study was designed to evaluate kinematic response of sperm cell to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in fresh diluted, short-term (4°C) or long-term (-196°C) stored semen. Four healthy bucks of similar age and weight were selected as semen donor. The semen was collected twice a week using artificial vagina. The semen after initial evaluation was pooled and divided into three aliquots, each diluted with TRIS based extender containing 8% LDL to reach final concentration of 200 million sperm/ml. The first aliquot was evaluated after 15 to 20 minutes of its storage at 37 °C, second after it storage at 4°C for 48 hours and third was cryopreserved and evaluated after seven days of storage. Percent live sperm, sperm responsive to hypo osmotic swelling test and those exhibiting rapid progression were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher in fresh diluted followed by short and long term sored semen. A significant (P ≤ 0.01) decrease in the kinematic characters (average path velocity (VAP, µm/sec), straight line velocity (VSL, µm/sec), Linearty (Lin%), Straightness (Str %), Wobble (WOB%), beat cross frequency (BCF %) and maximum amplitude-lateral head displacement (ALH, µm) was observed in short term followed by long term store semen as compared to fresh diluted semen. Low-density lipoprotein was able to maintain the curvilinear velocity (VCL, µm/sec) of sperm subjected to 4°C during short term storage. In conclusion, decrease in temperature during semen storage alter the sperm path and its velocities, but LDL has a protective effect on sperm flagellar assembly and mitochondrial energy production system that sustained the sperm capacity to travel total distance per unit time upto 4°C during short term storage.

Title: Assessment of Losses in Sheep and Goat During Pre-Slaughter Transportation
Abstract :

A study was conducted to estimate the different types of losses in sheep and goat during transport from shandy to slaughter house both in summer and winter seasons. Pre-slaughter losses were documented and different practices adapted in two different types of short (about 20 kms) and long (about 150 kms) distance transportation in the present study. A weight loss of 0.95 and 0.98 per cent was recorded in winter and summer seasons during short distance. A weight loss of 3.02 and 3.18 per cent was recorded in winter and summer seasons respectively during long distance transport of 150km which were lesser than earlier findings. There is no significant difference in total injuries, per cent actual weight loss in live animals, dead animals on arrival, weight loss due to excreta, total weight loss during winter and summer seasons in both types of transport. Some other observations also made like time of transit, average feed withdrawal time and average age of animals. Further, study revealed no significant difference in temperature and relative humidity observed in shandies and in transport vehicle between winter and summer seasons which might be due to transportation of animals in early morning hours in both the seasons. The lower losses in weight and mortality rate observed in this study may be correlated to the fact that the temperature and relative humidity of the transport environment were within the comfort zone of the animals.

Title: Intoxication Potential of Sublethal Doses of Bromadiolone in House Rat (Rattus rattus)
Abstract :
Bromadiolone is an anticoagulant, recommended as 0.005% bait for controlling rodent pests. Present study was conducted to investigate the toxicity potential of sublethal doses of bromadiolone (0.001% bait) along with blood clotting response in house rat, Rattus rattus. Mature and healthy rats of both sexes were divided into three groups. Rats of group I were fed on bait containing 0.001% bromadiolone for 24 hours. In group II, male rats were fed on 0.001% bromadiolone bait @ 2.1g/100g b.wt and female rats @ 3.7 g/100g b.wt. (equivalent to LD50 of recommended bait of bromadiolone (0.005%) for male and female rats). In group III, male rats were fed on 0.001% bromadiolone bait @ 4.2g/100g b. wt. and female rats @ 7.4 g/100g b.wt. (equivalent to double the LD50 of 0.005% bromadiolone bait for male and female rats). Data was analysed using Student’s t-test.Complete mortality was observed in rats of group I and group III within 2-8 days and 4-14 days, respectively. Rats of group I had ingested 13.5-14.3 g/100g b.wt. of bait in 24 hours. However, only 20-30% mortality was observed in rats of group II within 7-12 days. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in blood clotting response parameters i.e. PT (Prothrombin Time), R (Prothrombin Ratio) and INR (International Normalized Ratio) was recorded in both male and female rats after 48 hours of treatment. The study suggests the use of 0.001% bromadiolone bait for control of R. rattus.
Title: Αlpha-S1 Casein Gene Polymorphism and Association with Milk Production Traits in Sahiwal and Holstein Frisian Crossbred Cattle
Abstract :

The present research work was conducted on 100 lactating cows comprising 50 each of Sahiwal and HF Crossbred cattle. All the screened in Sahiwal (n = 50) and HF Crossbred (n = 50) cows revealed monomorphic pattern, only, AA genotype (310 bp) was found at αs1-casein gene (CSN1S1)/HindIII locus. The allelic frequency for allele A in the screened animals of Sahiwal and HF Crossbred cattle was 1.00 and for allele B was 0.00. The population was found under HWE at this locus (χ2=0.00NS). Milk yield and Daily milk yield was noticed significantly higher in HF Crossbred as compared to Sahiwal cattle.

Title: Molecular Studies on Bovine Benign Theileriosis (Theileria orientalis) in Cattle of Puducherry Region
Abstract :

A work was conducted during the months of January–August 2014 in Pondicherry in order to find the species of Theileria prevalent in the cross bred and Non-descript cattle. The selection of cases was based on the clinical signs and confirmative diagnosis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for genus and species specific. The PCR analysis of the bovine blood revealed that 100 out of 110 animals were infected with Theileria, while seventy eight of those 100 samples were positive for T. orientalis. The primers used for detection of Theileria specific was Small Sub-unit r-RNA (SSrRNA) primer of 1098 bp and for T. orientalis- Major Piroplasm Surface Protein (MPSP) primer of 849 bp.

Title: Ameliorative Effect of Ginger Extract on Serum Biochemical Alterations in Diethylnitrosamine Treated Rats
Abstract :
Present work was designed to study ameliorative effect of ginger extract (GE) on serum biochemical alterations in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treated rats. Fifty one male Wistar albino rats were randomly allotted to four groups. DEN (0.01%) was given in drinking water ad libitum and ginger extract (50 mg/kg BW) was administered in olive oil per os either alone or in combination for 90 days. Hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, hypoglycaemia, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) and total cholesterol levels were observed in the DEN treated rats. Concurrent administration of ginger extract with DEN signifi cantly (P<0.05) alleviated the effects of DEN on serum enzyme level and other parameters. To conclude, present study demonstrated the
ameliorative effect of ginger extract in partial to complete reversal in serum biochemical alterations.
Title: In Vitro Evaluation of Oocysticidal and Sporulation Inhibition Effects of Essential oil of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Against Eimeria tenella
Abstract :

A study was carried out to assess the oocysticidal and sporulation inhibition effects of essential oil (Eos) of orange (Citrus sinensis) against oocysts of Eimeria tenella by in vitro assay. Essential oil was extracted from orange peel by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus at 80º C for 1-2 hours. In the in vitro trials, 20, 30, and 40 per cent of working concentration, prepared from essential oil and ethanol mixture (1: 5 ratio stock solutions), were tested against freshly collected oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The results showed that 57.2 ± 0.14, 64.0 ± 0.18 and 42.2 ± 0.25 per cent of the sporulated oocysts and 6.8 ± 0.27, 19.3 ± 0.35 and 36.0 ± 0.33 per cent of unsporulated oocysts were found to have been damaged in the 20, 30 and 40 percent concentration of essential oil respectively. In the positive control group (1% Sodium hypochlorite), 78.0 ± 0.03 and 17.3 ± 0.21 per cent of sporulated and unsporulated oocysts, respectively were found damaged. While 81.31 ± 0.06 and 80.3 ± 0.03 per cent oocysts got sporulated and did not show any damage in the negative control groups (50 % Ethanol and water). The highest sporulation inhibition of 43.7 ± 0.15 per cent was recorded in the 40 per cent group.

Title: Pharmacokinetic Study of Single Dose Intravenous Administration of Enrofloxacin in Barbari Goats
Abstract :

Pharmacokinetic studies of enrofloxacin were performed after single intravenous (IV) administrations of 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) to 6 healthy Barbari goats. The study was performed by cross-over design. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein at predetermined time intervals after drug administration. Plasma enrofloxacin concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental model. The drug showed distribution half life (t1/2α) of 0.11±0.02 h and elimination half life (t1/2β) of 1.34±0.06 h. Large volume of distribution (Vdarea) of 3289.92±278 ml.kg-1 in goats indicated high distribution of drug into various body fluids and tissues. The average values for area under plasma drug concentration-time curve AUC(0-∞) and area under first moment curve (AUMC) was 2.97±0.19 μg.ml-1.h and 5.03±1.41 μg.ml-1.h2, with mean residence time (MRT) of 1.68±0.24 h respectively

Title: A Review on Equine Sarcoid: Current Techniques Employed in Sciences for Diagnosis, Prevention and Control
Abstract :

Equine sarcoids are the most common equine skin tumors distributed world-wide which affects horses, donkeys and mules. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is causally associated with equine sarcoid with genetic, fly vectors and skin trauma identified as potential predisposing factors for development of the disease. The methods of transmission are contamination of the environment with subsequent trauma; infection of the skin direct or indirect transmission from affected animals; biting, rubbing, fomites or management practices and face flies. Dermatophytis, chronic skin rubbing, equine papilomatosis, squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma and granulation tissue are the common differential diagnoses of equine sarcoids. Clinical examination, histopathology, detection of BPVDNA by PCR, electron microscope and immunohistochemistry are the diagnostic technique of equine sarcoid. The histopathological characteristics of sarcoids, found that the classic epithelial changes of hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, elongated rete pegs and picket fence. Treatment of equine sarcoids are challenging for the veterinarians due to the variable clinical presentation of the lesions and the frequent local recurrences. Both surgical and non-surgical techniques are used for the treatment of equine sarcoids with variable success rates. None of the current treatment techniques for equine sarcoid have been proven to be 100% successful. Awareness enhancement to make equine owners, prevention of fly contact, use of breeding from those individuals that are ‘immune’, high genetic resistance, early diagnosis and treatment of any confirmed lesions are the most valuable prevention methods for equine sarcoids. The objectives of this paper is to review on equine sarcoid and to assess current techniques employed for diagnosis and prevention of equine sarcoid

Title: Isolation, Serotyping and Prevalence of Salmonellosis from Humans Diarrheic Samples in Jammu Region
Abstract :
The present investigation was carried out to study the prevalence of Salmonella species in human diarrheic cases in different areas of Jammu district. A total of 200 human diarrheic samples were processed for the detection of Salmonella out of which 5 samples were found positive for Salmonella with an overall prevalence of 2.5 per cent. The prevalence was higher in females (3%) as compared to males (2 %). The patients of age group of <1-19 years (3.12 %) showed the highest prevalence, followed by patients of age group of 19-49 years (2.85 %). The prevalence was higher in farmers (4%) followed by students (2.5%). Diarrhoea and fever were present in all the 5 patients found positive for salmonella. The isolates were confi rmed at National Salmonella Centre, IVRI Bareilly as Salmonella Typhimurium. Alcoholic leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris at the concentration of 100µg was the most effective against Salmonella Typhimurium and the activity of alcoholic leaf extract decreased as the concentration decreased. Aqueous leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris showed no antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium.
Title: Effect of Free Choice Salt and Mineral Licks Supplementation on Milk Production and Blood Biochemical Parameters in Crossbred Cows
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of free choice salt and mineral licks on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, blood biochemical parameters and micromineral profi le in crossbred cows. Twenty four lactating Holstein Friesian crossbred cows were randomly distributed in 3 groups of 8 animals each based on milk yield. The cows in control group were fed basal ration to meet their nutrient requirements while tradition universal multi blocks and tradition fertility blocks/licks provided by Akzo Nobel were supplemented free choice in multi and fertility groups, respectively in addition to basal diet. The duration of the study was 120 days. The mean dry matter (DM) intake was similar in all the groups. The free choice multi and fertility licks increased the milk yield by 2 kg per cow per day as compared to control group where as multi lick also improved the milk fat and protein content. The control group had a lower persistency of milk yield during the experimental period as compared to multi and fertility groups. Supplementation of free choice multi and fertility licks did not affect levels of blood biochemical profile and monitored plasma micromineral content of crossbred cows.
Title: Contents
Abstract :

Contents 

Vol. 8 No. 3 June 2018

Title: Effect of Dietary Cholesterol and Niacin Supplementation on Serum Enzymatic Alterations in Experimentally Induced Renal Dysfunction in Wistar Rats
Abstract :

Study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary cholesterol and niacin supplementation and renal dysfunction in wistar rats. Eighty-four adult healthy wistar male rats were divided into twelve equal groups. Experiment was carried out as per 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design with two clinical conditions (Kidney-Normal and Kidney-Compromised); three levels of cholesterol supplementation (0%, 0.5% and 1.0%) and two niacin levels (unsupplemented and supplemented @ 100 mg/kg body weight), respectively. At the start of the experiment, renal dysfunction was induced in respective rats by daily injection of gentamicin for 8 days. Blood samples were collected from experimental animals on zero, 20th, 40th and 60th days of trial to study liver specific serum enzyme profile viz aspartate amino transaminase (AST),alanine amino transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP).Gentamicin injection resulted in significantly increase in levels of enzymes. Also cholesterol supplementation @ 0.5% and 1% resulted in significantly higher levels of enzymes studied. However, treatment with niacin @ 100 mg/kg body weight resulted in marked improvement in level of enzymes studied.

Title: Effect of Different Egg Yolk Concentration on Chilled Barbari Buck Semen During Short Term Storage
Abstract :
The experiment was designed to evaluate the optimal concentration of egg yolk in extender for diluting Barbari buck semen during short-term storage at 4oC. A total of four Barbari bucks were used as semen donors during the experiment. The observed mean (±SE) valuesrecorded for percent live spermatozoa ranged from 63.5 ± 1.08 to 75.33 ± 0.99, percent progressive motile spermatozoa ranged from 54.17 ± 1.56 to 69.00 ± 0.82, percentage of HOST positive spermatozoa ranged from 60.83 ± 1.62 to 71.33 ± 1.54 while the acrosomal integrity ranged from 58.67 ± 1.563 to 71.33 ± 0.92 during the experiment. Three different patterns to evaluate capacitation like changes were observed under fl uorescence. The observed mean (±SE) values of pattern F ranged from 45.67 ± 1.54 to 62.33 ± 1.14, pattern B ranged from 22.00 ± 0.73 to 28.83 ± 1.58 while pattern AR represent capacitated spermatozoa ranged from 15.67 ± 0.71 to 25.00 ± 0.62 during the experiment. A significantly higher value (p<0.01) of different seminal attributes was recorded in samples diluted with 15% egg yolk followed by 10%, 20%, 5% and 2.5%. The results recorded during the experiment indicates that 15% egg yolk in the semen extender is best suited for semen dilution during chilling process in Barbaribuck.
Title: Genetic Screening for Bovine Citrullinaemia in Holstein Friesian Cattle and its Crosses
Abstract :

Fifty Holstein Friesian (H.F) cattle were screened for Bovine Citrullinaemia (BC) using PCR-RFLP. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein in 2 ml capacity vaccutainers (K2 EDTA) and the DNA was isolated by using whole blood extraction kit. The PCR was performed for amplification of polymorphic region of ASS gene (185 bp) on bovine chromosome 11. The PCR products were digested with Ava II endonuclease enzyme. The normal allele in unaffected cattle produced two fragments of 103 bp and 82 bp. No animal was found carrier for ASS gene. The genotype frequency of normal individuals and the gene frequency of normal allele were found to be one.

Title: Prenatal Development of Heart of Goat (Capra hircus): Morphometric Observations
Abstract :

The study was conducted on 28 foetal hearts of goats of non- descript breed. These were grouped as; Group-I (early prenatal period; ≤50 days of gestation), Group-II (mid prenatal period; between ≥ 51 days to ≤100 days of gestation) and Group III (Late prenatal period; of ≥101 days age till parturition). There were 12 foetii in II and III- group but only four foetii in group-I. The age of goat foetii was estimated by using the standard formula of Hugget and Widas (Singh et al. 1979). The weight and volume of the heart increased continuously from 46th to 148th day of gestation in a colinear fashion, however the maximum gain in weight and volume occurred during the late prenatal period. The percent of heart weight to the body weight goes on reducing with the advancement of age of foetus. During early prenatal period the heart was wider (cardiac shape index 80) while in late prenatal period it was longer (cardiac shape index 65.5) in shape.

Title: Study on Prevalence of Sub-Clinical Mastitis in Crossbred Dairy Cattle and its Potential Risk Factors
Abstract :
The study was designed to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis in cross-bred dairy cattle and potential risk factors associated with the disease. The study was conducted in organized dairy farm at Jammu, and milk samples collected from 106 animals were put to MCMT (Modifi ed Californian Mastitis Test). The overall prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was found to be 59.43 per cent (%) and quarter level prevalence was at 34.78%. The risk factors under study; parity, age, milk yield an position of quarters, had signifi cant infl uence on prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. Prevalence was high in animals with greater than 20 litre (77.41%) of milk yield, and those falling in age group of greater than 8 years (82.92%). In relation to parity of animals and position of quarters, prevalence was maximum in six and above parity animals (78.6%), and with regard to position of quarters, mostly right hind quarters (49.39%) were affected. The pathogens isolated were mostly contagious in nature, and Staphylococcus aureus (66.67%) was most commonly found organisms. 
Title: Sero-prevalence and Molecular Detection of Brucella Species in Pig Producers of Punjab, India
Abstract :
The current study was carried out to determine the sero-prevalence and molecular detection of Brucella species in persons involved in pork production in Punjab state of India. The sample size was selected using survey toolbox and a total of 123 blood samples were collected from pig farmers and slaughter house workers. The serum samples were tested using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Standard Tube Agglutination test (STAT) and indirect ELISA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on blood samples using B4 and B5 primers was carried out on all sero-positive and 20 randomly selected sero-negative samples. The Bruce ladder Multiplex PCR technique was further used for confi rming the species of Brucella positive samples. The results observed that 1 (0.81%) and 4 (3.25%) subjects were positive in RBPT/STAT and ELISA, respectively. Polymerase Chain Reaction confirmed the presence Brucella species in blood of one of the sero-positive samples and Bruce ladder multiplex PCR confi rmed the species to be B. abortus. Chi-square test was applied on the results to determine the signifi cant difference among various groups. A significant difference was found in the prevalence rates in different districts in Punjab. The results indicate that B. abortus is circulating in the persons involved in pork production in Punjab state of India. The preventive and control measures need to be enforced to prevent the occupational exposure of brucellosis to pig producers in Punjab (India).
Title: Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Animal Handlers
Abstract :

Klebsiella spp. are ubiquitous members of Enterobacteriaceae that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Opportunistic pathogens like Klebsiella pneumonia and K.oxytoca are capable of causing nosocomial infections of surgical wounds, urinary tract, biliary tract, lower respiratory tract etc. and can also harbour genes coding for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). For the present study, 480 hand and nasal swabs were collected from 120 animal handlers in an attempt to isolate Klebsiella spp. Out of 118 presumptive colonies of Klebsiella spp. obtained by conventional culture method, 67 were confirmed as the same by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction that targeted gyrA gene. AMR pattern of those confirmed isolates done by disc diffusion method revealed maximum resistance to penicillin (100%) followed by enrofloxacin (94.73%) and maximum susceptibility to gentamicin (84.21%) followed by tetracycline (68.42%).

Title: Correlation of Micro-Minerals in Primary Hair-Plasma of Dogs
Abstract :
Hair can be easily collected, stored and have several characteristics suggesting that it may be useful biopsy materials. The mineral contents of the primary hair give an overview of the mineral levels in the body’s tissues and the changes that occur over time. In the present study correlation coeffi cients of three micro minerals viz. (Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn)) in primary hair-plasma of Pomeranian (n=10) and Labrador (n=10) dogs were evaluated. It has been observed that correlation coefficients of Cu and Zn in primary hair-plasma of Pomeranian and Labrador dogs were signifi cant at 5% and 1% level whereas nonsignificant (p<0.05) in both the breed of dogs for Fe.
Title: Prevalence of Bovine Ruminal Acidosis in and Around Jammu and its Impact on Haemato-biochemical Profile
Abstract :
Ruminal acidosis is a condition that follows ingestion of excessive amounts of readily fermented carbohydrate, is prominent production problem for ruminants fed diets rich in concentrate. The present study was planned to investigate the prevalence of bovine ruminal acidosis and its impact on haemato-biochemical profile. A total of 265 animals were screened from different areas of Jammu region including the cases that were presented in TVCC, F.V.Sc. & A.H, R.S. Pura. Forty three (43) animals were found positive for acidosis. The overall prevalence of ruminal acidosis including sub-acute form in Jammu region was 16.22%. The prevalence was highest (22.82%) in age group 4-7 years. The highest prevalence in early lactation period was
found to be 21.87%. The incidence of laminitis was found to be 16.27%. There was significant changes in haemato-biochemical parameters were observed in acidotic animals.
Title: Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Clinical and Diagnostic Study
Abstract :

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an acquired myocardial disorder of dogs characterized by dilation of chambers, hypokinesis and reduced contractility. Echocardiography is a standard diagnostic test for DCM however its technical expertise as well as the cost of equipment, limits its use under field conditions. This paper focuses on the clinical, hematobiochemical, radiographic and electrocardiographic changes in fifty-two dogs affected with dilated cardiomyopathy. Among the clinical signs recorded, exercise intolerance, lethargy, dyspnea, ascites, and cough were commonly seen followed by edema and syncope. Cardiomegaly is the characteristic finding seen on lateral thoracic radiograph measured as a significant increase in vertebral heart score, along with pulmonary edema and rarely pleural effusions as a sequel to congestive heart failure. Among the hematobiochemical findings, anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis were noticed with non-significant increase of ALP, BUN, and creatinine. In the present study common arrythmias recorded were atrial fibrillation while the common morphological change noticed was ST coving indicative of myocardial hypoxia.

Title: Influence of Threonine Supplementation on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Haemato-biochemical Parameters of Commercial Layers in Sub-Tropics
Abstract :

A study was conducted to see the effects of threonine supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities and haemato-biochemical parameters of commercial layers. Sixteen hundred and eighty (1680) BV-300 laying birds of 40 weeks age with an average body weight of 1353±5.86g were allocated in a completely randomized design with five (5) groups of 336 birds in each. Groups were formed according to the dose of supplemented threonine in various rations i.e. NRC specification, BV-300 strain requirement, 110% of BV-300 strain requirement, 120% of BV-300 strain requirement and 130% of BV-300 strain requirement. With the increasing levels of supplemental L-threonine, GSH-Px activity and serum SOD level increased linearly (p=0.005 and p=0.002, respectively). Among hematological parameters, though non-significant, Heterophils/Lymphocyte ratio tended to decrease linearly (p=0.02). The sugar and total protein concentration increased linearly (p<0.001) while albumin and globulin concentration increased linearly and quadratically. There was a linear decrease (p<0.001) in blood cholesterol level. It may be concluded that L-threonine supplementation at 130% of BV-300 recommendation has a better antioxidant function and better haemato-biochemical parameters.

Title: Characterization and Different Antigenic Preparations of P. multocida Along with their Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
Abstract :
Pasteurella multocida is a causative agent of a number of economically important diseases in livestock. Due to the fatal nature of the disease, there is urgent need for rapid diagnosis so that appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures could be undertaken. A study was designed to extract different antigens of P. multocida capsular type A and B which included whole bacterium, Capsular antigen, Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Bacteria were grown on brain heart infusion broth and capsular antigen was separated by fractional precipitation with addition of polar organic solvents yielding capsular polysaccharide. OMPs were extracted by ultracentrifugation of the supernatant obtained from bacterial broth by addition of HEPES Buffer containing Sodium Lauryl Sarcosinate detergent and the detergent insoluble OMP enriched fractions
were obtained. Whole cell antigen was obtained by centrifugation of sonicated P. multocida suspended in HEPES buffer. LPS was extracted by formalinized saline killing of bacteria followed by ultracentrifugation. Total protein concentration was found to be 8.97 mg/ml and 5.67 mg/ml for OMP capsular type A & OMP type B respectively, while for WCL it was 22.38 mg/ml& 26.89 mg/ml. Carbohydrate estimation of capsular type A & type B of LPS and capsular polysaccharide concentrations were estimated to be 188.32 µg/ml, 330.71 µg/ml and 4.08 mg/ml, 2.38 mg/ml respectively. OMPs and whole cell lysate extracted were subjected to discontinuous SDS-PAGE. Nine polypeptides of MW ranging from 15-100 kDa from OMPs preparation & fi fteen polypeptides of MW ranging from 25-98 kDa from whole cell lysate were visualised.
Title: Contents
Abstract :

Contents

Title: Quality and Sensory Attributes of Noni Incorporated Low Fat Low Sodium Functional Chevon Patties
Abstract :

Three different levels (1%, 3% and 5%) of noni juice were attempted in the formulation of low sodium reduced fat meat emulsion to explore the possibility of its utilization as antioxidants in functional chevon patties. The product was evaluated for various quality characteristics and sensory attributes. The pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value were significantly (P<0.05) lower and cooking yield was higher in treatment compared to control. Mineral contents did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in either of the treatment. Springiness increased and cohesiveness decreased gradually and become significant (P<0.05) at treatment NJ3 (patties added with 5% noni juice). Lightness (L*) value decreased with addition of noni juice and differ significantly (P<0.05) at treatment NJ2 (patties added with 3% noni juice) and NJ3 compared to control. Sensory scores for NJ2 were either comparable or higher as compared to control. Therefore noni juice at 3% may suitably be used for the development of functional chevon patties without affecting its quality and sensory attributes.

Title: Effect of Ascorbic Acid on mRNA Expression of HSP70 Gene in WLH Egg Type Growers During Heat Stress
Abstract :

Meteorological factors such as high ambient temperature and high relative humidity exert adverse effects on poultry production. Heat stress results in poor growth performance, feed efficiency, egg production and higher mortality. The aim of the experiment was to explore and quantify the relative mRNA expression of HSP70 gene in relation to ascorbic acid supplementation in White Leghorn (WLH) egg type growers exposed to heat stress. A total of 96 WLH egg type growers of 10 weeks age, were randomly divided and maintained in controlled comfort (26±1.0°C) condition and heat stressed (40±5.0°C) conditions. Each group was divided into four subgroups with twelve birds each in two replicates for homogeneity of experimental design. G1 was designated to control group whereas, G2, G3 and G4 group was supplemented with 100, 200 and 300 mg ascorbic acid (AA) respectively. Relative expression analysis of HSP70 in liver tissue was done on day 42nd of the experiment using RT-PCR technique. The mRNA expression in egg type grower birds was significantly (p<0.01) down-regulated in all the treatment groups as compared to control group in both comfort and heat stressed condition. In comfort condition, maximum down-regulation (0.32 fold) was found in G3 group followed by G4 group (0.43 fold) as compared to control group. Similarly, in heat stressed condition, maximum down-regulation (0.31 fold) was found in G3 group, followed by G4 group (0.56 fold) in comparison to control group. The present investigation reveals that supplementation of ascorbic acid on the expression patterns of HSP70 gene provide an indication that AA may be useful in combating rigors of heat stress in chickens.

Title: Anionic Mishran Supplementation to Check Incidence of Milk Fever
Abstract :

In the present study, effect of Anionic Mishran supplementation to advance pregnant pleuriparous animals in District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh was assessed. A total of 80 advance pregnant pleuriparous animal were selected. Forty animals were supplemented with Anionic Mishran 100 g/day while 40 animals were kept as control. Information was collected through personnel interview technique about the previous lactation yield of the selected animals and awareness to farmer about Anionic Mishran. After calving, information was also collected about parturition related complications and milk yield. Results indicated that parturition related complications are fairly common in milch animals in the area and none of the farmers was aware about Anionic Mishran. Upon supplementation no issue of palatability was faced either in cattle or buffaloes. Only one incidence of retained placenta and one milk fever was observed in supplemented group while the number was 3 and 4 respectively in control group. Improvement in milk yield was reported by 24 and 18 farmers in supplemented and control group respectively. Thus it may be concluded that Anionic Mishran supplementation reduce the incidence of milk fever in high yielding pleuriparous animals and more demonstration of the technology may be conducted for it’s up scaling and optimal utilization by the farming community.

Title: Antibiogram Pattern of Bacterial Isolates Identified from Bovine Clinical Mastitis
Abstract :

A total of 65 milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis were collected from villages of Sabarkantha Milk Union and were subjected to bacterial isolation and identification. Out of 74 recovered isolates, Str. agalactiae was the most frequent, followed by E. coli and Str. dysgalactiae. The in-vitro antibiogram revealed that most isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone/tazobactam, followed by gentamicin, tetracycline and cefoperazone/sulbactam. Ampicillin/cloxacillin combination was found least effective.

Title: Histo-enzymatic Characterization of Small Intestine of Neonatal Piglets
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on eight numbers of 0 and 7 day old neonatal piglets consisting of four animals in each group, irrespective of sex. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase have been investigated in the small intestine by means of light microscopic histochemistry. The reactivity of alkaline phosphatase was intense in absorptive epithelium, dome epithelium (DE) of the small intestine. The T-cell area and the neck portion of the lymphoid follicle showed a positive reaction. This activity was moderate in dome and follicular area of Peyer’s patches whereas weak to negative activity was observed in interfollicular area and glandular epithelium throughout all segments of the small intestine in both the groups. The acid phosphatase activity was intense in glandular epithelium and absorptive epithelium; strong in dome area of Peyer’s patches and FAE; moderate in follicular and interfollicular areas of Peyer’s patches of small intestine.

Title: Comparative Therapeutic Study on Combined Herbal Therapy in Equine Impactive Colic
Abstract :

Total 45 cases admitted to VCC, Hisar, 16 cases diagnosed to be suffering from impactive colic were included in this study. These cases were subjected to complete clinical examination and were randomly divided into two groups for evaluation of haemato-biochemical and therapeutic efficacy. All the affected animals were exhibiting colicky signs along with lack of defaecation and had decreased or absent gastrointestinal borborygmi. Per-rectal examination revealed pelvic flexure as the most common site of impaction. There was increase in temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, CRT, Hb, PCV, TEC, GGT, LDH, AST, BUN and creatinine. Along with fluid therapy, ceftriaxone (antibiotic), flunixin meglumine (NSAID) with supportive therapy, enteral liquid paraffin, magnesium sulphate and fenbendazole in both groups I and II, group I horses were additionally given aloe vera, ginger, garlic, chebulic myrobalan and asafoetida, while group II animals were given appetite stimulant and digestive tonic powder. The combination of above mentioned herbs/drugs have been tried with excellent recovery in group I animals with 100% efficacy.

Title: Effect of Feeding Total Mixed Ration on Methane Emission and Energy Metabolism in Crossbred Cattle and Buffaloes
Abstract :

This study evaluates the nutrients digestibility and energy metabolism of crossbred cattle and buffaloes fed different ratio of concentrate and roughage based ration. 12 adult animals were used of three groups of cattle and buffalo, the following: cattle (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) (n=6) and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) (n=6). Three groups of animals, each consisting two crossbred cattle, and two buffalo were fed experimental diets and used in 3×3 switchover design. A metabolism trial was conducted with six crossbred cattle and six buffaloes fed with different ratio of concentrate and roughage. There was non-significant difference in nutrient digestibilities between cattle and buffaloes. Respiration calorimetric studies revealed that heat production was significantly (P<0.01) lower in buffaloes however, methane emission and net energy utilization was significantly (P<0.05) higher in buffaloes than cattle. It was concluded that under higher plane of nutrition and higher concentrate: roughage ratio there is significant reduction in methane emission compared to lower plane of nutrition in both species. However, efficiency of energy utilization was significantly lower in crossbred cattle than buffaloes.

Title: Comparison of Reliability of Animal Models and Bayesian Approach for Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Growth Traits in Chokla Sheep
Abstract :

Data on 6785 Chokla sheep maintained at Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India and recorded between 1974 and 2020, were collected for present study. Six different animal models used by wombat and BLUPF90 software (Bayesian method) were used to determine (co)variance components and genetic parameters of growth traits with various combinations of direct and maternal effects. Body weight at different age as birth (BW), 3(WW), 6 (6W), 9 (9W), 12 months of age (YW) and Average daily gain and kleiber ratio at different age interval as 0-3 (ADG1/KR1), 3-6 (ADG2/KR2) and 6-12 months (ADG3/KR3) were used to study. The direct heritability estimates increased from birth to twelve months of age. Direct heritability estimates (from the best model as per AIC) for various growth traits ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 except for birth weight (0.17) by animal models. Highly inflated values of additive heritability were obtained in both methods due to negative and high estimate of correlation between additive and maternal effect. In this condition, it is more useful to use the total heritability (h2t) for evaluation of the response for selection based on phenotypic values to prevent the use of biased estimates of additive heritability. The maternal genetic effect (m2) was found to be highest at birth weight by BLUPF90 and at weaning stage by animal model. Bayesian approach was found best as compared to WOMBAT for all traits to study (co)variance components and genetic parameters.

Title: Fish Catch Composition and Biodiversity Indices at Harike Wetland- A Ramsar Site in India
Abstract :

The present study was carried out to evaluate the fish biodiversity and catch composition in Harike Wetland, Punjab. Total 37 fish species were recorded from Harike wetland and these belong to 14 families and 25 genera. Maximum number of species (16) recorded under family Cyprinidae followed by Bagridae (4 species) and Siluridae (3 species). Maximum number of species was recorded in May and minimum in July. Dendrogram from Bray – Curtis similarity matrix revealed close association among family Bagridae, Siluridae Channidae Notopteridae and family Cyprinidae dominated the catch composition and established as the controlling factor of the overall fish catch composition in the Harike wetland. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination of the fish family revealed family Cyprinidae contributed the maximum variability. Shannon’s index revealed light polluted nature of Harike wetland during pre-monsoon whereas, during the monsoon moderate polluted nature of Harike wetland has been observed. Pielou’s evenness index revealed moderate evenness of the abundance of the fish population in Harike wetland. Margalef Richness Index revealed richness in fish biodiversity of this wetland. It can be concluded that despite of different natural and anthropogenic disturbances the wetland is still supporting a good number of fish species which is to be conserved.

Title: Clinico-haematological Profile and Therapeutic Management of Acute Babesiosis in Sheep and Goats
Abstract :

Small ruminants were presented for treatment with the complaint of anorexia, general weakness and lethargy. The common clinical signs included emaciation, suspended rumination, tachycardia, anaemic mucous membranes and prolonged capillary refill time (CRT). Babesia ovis and B. motasi were identified on microscopic examination of the peripheral blood smears. Severe anaemia was confirmed on haematological evaluation. The animals were given diminazene aceturate, oxytetracycline dihydrate, hematinic, rumenotoric and dextrose-electrolyte. Fresh blood transfusion was additionally performed in two animals. Out of six, five animals survived and one died on second day of treatment. Occurrence of severe acute babesiosis in sheep and goats of Kashmir was thus reported for the first time. Standard treatment protocol showed encouraging results for this disease. However, animals in terminal stage with extremely low PCV may not survive even after blood transfusion. Veterinarians need to be watchful of the vector borne diseases that may now spread beyond the known areas due to global warming and climate change.

Title: Seroprevalence of Paratuberculosis in Rural Bovine Herds from Different Agro-Climatic Zones of Punjab
Abstract :
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is an OIE listed notifi able economically important contagious mycobacterial disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. The present study reports the seroprevalence of paratuberculosis in bovines of the rural area from fi ve different agro-climatic zone of Punjab. A total of 736 serum samples from both cattle and buffalo herds were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to MAP using a commercially available paratuberculosis screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Twenty three animals were positive and the seroprevalence was found as 3.125%. Highest prevalence was recorded in western plain zone (6.66%) followed by western zone (3.07%), central zone (2.68%), sub mountain undulating zone (2%) and nil in undulating plain zone 
Title: Effect of Vitamin E and Selenium Supplementation on Arsenic Induced Oxidative Stress in Goats
Abstract :

Present study was designed to assess the effect of vitamin E+Se supplementation on growth performance as well as antioxidant status in arsenic toxicity in experimental goats. Eighteen cross breed goats of either sex, aged between 12 to 24 months of age were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Group I was considered as healthy control. Goats of group II and III received Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) @ 5 mg/kg orally daily for 45 days. The goats of group III also received the treatment of Vitamin E+Se. Increase growth performance was observed in animals supplemented with Vitamin E+Se treatment as compared to group II animals. Significantly (P<0.05) increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity in blood, liver and kidney tissue were observed in arsenic intoxicated goats. However, arsenic treatment caused depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH). Restoration of arsenic toxicity effects were observed in group III animals. (Kile et al., 2007) Therefore, present study indicated the ameliorative potential of Vitamin E + Se against toxic effects of arsenic.

Title: Pattern of Managerial Practices followed in Organised and Un-organgised Poultry Production System in Rajouri District of Jammu & Kashmir State
Abstract :

India is the fifth largest producer of eggs and ninth largest producer of poultry meat in the world. Poultry farming has become a remunerative business as there is huge demand of poutry product. In recent years, backyard poultry production has been extremely emphasised in sustaining and enhancing rural livelihoods. In this farming, birds are kept in low-input and low- output system and can easily be managed by women and children of the households. The present study was carried out in five blocks namely Nowshera, Sunderban, Rajouri, Darhal and Thanamandi of Rajouri district of J&K State. Twelve poultry farms each from organised and unorganised system of poultry production were selected randomly from selected blocks and thus form a sample of total of 120 respondents. The study showed that 95 percent of the respondents in organized system were practicing semi-intensive system of poultry farming where as only 3 percent were practicing intensive systems of poultry farming, 100 percent were rearing broiler and they provide separate houses, 100 percent of poultry owners in organized system kept birds in Pacca house, upto 0.5 square feet space per chick and 0.8-12 square feet space in case of broiler birds, 95 per cent of the respondents under organized system reported mortality due to outbreak of diseases. Majority 97 percent respondents of unorganized system reported mortality due to the attack of predators and outbreak of disease respectively.

Title: Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus acidophilus as Probiotics on Performance of Barbari kids
Abstract :

A total of 18 weaned Barbari kids were randomly assigned to three different groups, with six animals in each group. Composition of the rations was as follows; T1 (Control); Basal ration (DCP-18%, TDN-70%), T2; Basal ration + probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, 6×109 cfu/g) @ 2g/animal/day, T3; Basal ration + probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 4 × 109 cfu/g) @ 2g/animal/day. The effect of feeding two types of probiotics to Barbari kids revealed significant difference (P<0.05) on body weight of kids fed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (T3 group) as compared to Lactobacillus acidophilus fed (T2 group) and control group (T1). The average daily body weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 group followed by T2 and control group. The body measurements were non-significantly higher in T2 and T3 group as compared to control group (T1). Feed efficiency ratio of group T3 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 0.13±0.00 was higher than the group T2 (Lactobacillus acidophilus) 0.09±0.00 followed by T1 (basal ration) 0.05±0.00. Average daily body weight gain in Barbari kids was more in T3 group as compared to T2 group. No significant effect on dry matter intake was observed across the groups. Higher digestibility coefficient for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract were observed in T3 group as compared to T2 and control group. It can be concluded that probiotic supplementation improves daily body weight gain in Barbari kids.

Title: Discrimination of Beta-lactam Resistant Escherichia coli isolated from Poultry and Poultry Farm Workers using (GTG) 5-Rep-PCR
Abstract :

The study was aimed at examining the discrimination of beta-lactam resistant E. coli isolated from poultry and poultry farm workers in Andhra Pradesh (India). Faecal swabs from different poultry species (n=150) and poultry farm workers (n=15) were analyzed for E. coli and screened for beta-lactam resistance phenotypically, by disc diffusion method and genotypically, by PCR targeting blaCTX-M group-1 and 2 beta-lactamase genes. Beta-lactam resistant E. coli were serotyped based on their ‘O” antigen and then genotyped using (GTG) 5 repetitive sequence based PCR (Rep-PCR). Out of 134 E. coli isolates (122/150 from poultry and 12/15 from farm workers) recovered, 12 isolates were found to be beta-lactam resistant, of which seven carried extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype. All the phenotypically resistant isolates carried multiple beta-lactamase genes. Serological typing of the 12 resistant E. coli revealed nine different serotypes (O2, O49, O60, O63, O83, O101, O120, UT and Rough). Rep-PCR fingerprinting allowed the discrimination of 12 resistant E. coli isolates into 11 Rep-PCR genotypes. The numerical index of discrimination was 0.999. Present findings enabled the observation of genetic diversity between beta-lactam resistant E. coli isolated from healthy poultry and poultry farm workers in Andhra Pradesh (India) based on their Rep-PCR genotype.

Title: Effect of Supplementing Cassia tora Leaf Extract on Immunological and Haematological Parameters of Broiler Birds
Abstract :

The effect of supplementing methanolic extract of Cassia tora on immunological and haematological parameters of broiler bird was investigated. Day-old broiler birds of Vencobb strain (n = 36) were randomly assigned into 3 treatments with 3 replicates each, 4 birds (2 each for cell mediated and humoral immune response) in each replicate. The birds of group T1 (Control) received basal diet, whereas birds of group T2 (Standard) received an antibiotic (Lincomycin @ 0.05% in feed) in addition to basal diet. The birds of group T3 (Test) received methanolic extract of leaves of Cassia tora (CSE) @ 0.4 g/l in drinking water in addition to basal diet. The treatment was given to birds of all the groups for 6 weeks. Cell mediated immune response was measured by 2, 4-Dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB) skin sensitization test whereas humoral immune response was assessed by micro haemagglutination test against sheep red blood cells. The cell mediated, humoral immune response and haematological parameters were significantly (p≤0.05) altered in CSE treated broiler birds when compared to birds of control and standard groups.

Title: A Cross Sectional Study on the Prevalence and Identification of Major Ixodid Tick Parasites of Cattle in Gozamin Woreda, East Gojjam, Ethiopia
Abstract :

A cross- sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to June 2016 in Gozamin Woreda with the objective to estimate the prevalence of ticks, to investigate their genera and assessing association with the different risk factors such as breed, sex, age, body condition scores, and management system. Adult ticks were collected from 384 cattle from local and cross-breed cattle. Out of the total of 384 cattle examined, 197(51.3%) were found to be infested by one or more genera of tick parasites. A total of 919 adult ticks, which belongs to four genera of ticks were collected and identified using stereomicroscopy. In this study Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Boophilus were identified as 27.3%, 26.3%, 25.3%, and 21.1% respectively. More numbers of Rhipicephalus was collected. The prevalence of male and female animals was found to be 91 (45.96%) and 106 (57%) respectively. According to their management variation animals kept in extensive and intensive farming system were infested with 162 (36.07%) and 35 (30.97%) respectively. The prevalence in local and cross breed was 135(57.69%) and 62 (41.3%) respectively. The prevalence in young and adult animals was found to be 59 (40.69%) and 138 (57.74%) respectively. Based on their body condition score of animals, poor 117 (51.09%), medium 58(61.70%) and good body condition 22(36.07%). In this study breed, body condition score, management and age did not indicate statistical significant association with the infestation rate but there was statistically significant association of infestation rate with the sex of the animals (P<0.05) and x2 = 9.328. Special attention should be given to the control and prevention of ticks, since they cause severe damage to hides and thereby reduce the foreign exchange of the country; besides they also transmit many diseases to cattle which cause economic loss to the farmers.

Title: News 1
Abstract :

News- JAR

Croatian editorial Board Members from Croatia Visited India to attend 44th DIC, Karnal

Title: Deciphering the Functional Analysis of Bos taurus Insulin like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF-1R) Protein through Insilico Approaches
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to know the detail functional aspects and molecular interaction of Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) of bos taurus at Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science & AH, Bhubaneswar from time period between January 2018 to February 2018. IGF1R is one important tyrosine kinase receptor present on the cell surface of bovine as well as human plays a central role in differentiation of the cells and inhibition of apoptosis by mediating IGF1 signaling pathway. Thus, a functional analysis of this protein is required to know the various interactions with other proteins that will give a better platform for designing of drugs against different cancers in bovine. So in this study, the amino acid sequence of the bovine IGF-1R was retrieved from NCBI site, the retrieval of interacting proteins (STRING) platform was used to know the different protein networks for the functional analysis. The conserved domain was determined by using pfam database. It was found there were 11 nodes and 51 edges in its network and having strong interaction with Insulin preproprotein (INS) with score 0.993 but posses’ weak interaction with Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulator protein with a score of 0.960. It was observed the Protein tyrosine kinase domain is conserved in this protein at the postion from 999 to1264, showing no co expression with other proteins in bos taurus.

Title: Determination of Prevalence and In-vitro Pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes in Sheep and Goats Reared by Nomads of Jammu Region of J&K
Abstract :

The study was carried out to determine the prevalence and the in-vitro pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes in sheep and goats reared by nomads of Jammu region of J&K, in addition to biochemical characterization of isolates. A total of 125 samples comprising of sheep and goat faecal samples and their rectal swabs were collected. Isolation of Listeria species involved the enrichment of the samples followed by plating on selective culture media and identification of the organism. Out of 125 samples collected, 32 (25.6%) samples were found positive for Listeria species. Out of these 13 (10.4%) were identified as L. monocytogenes and 19 (15.2%) were the other Listeria species. All the biochemically confirmed Listeria monocytogenes (n=13) isolates were hemolytic and CAMP positive but out of 13 Listeria monocytogenes isolates only 10 isolates were positive for PI-PLC assay. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed sensitivity towards Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Livofloxacin (100%), Enrofloxacin (76.92%) and Erythromycin (69.23). From this study we can conclude that sheep and goats of nomads harbour the Listeria species in their gastrointestinal tract. Under such conditions there is every apprehension that the handlers associated with such animals can contract listeriosis, which inturn may lead to an outbreak. So, the need of an hour is to impart the education of proper hygienic practices in public in general and the animal handlers in particular.

Title: Study on Lactose Fermenting Enterobacteriaceae in Captive Star Tortoises (Geochelone elegans) from different Captive Facilities in South India, with a Profile of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Abstract :

The present study reported the prevalence of lactose fermenting Enterobacteriaceae in Star Tortoises (Geochelone elegans) from three different captive facilities in South India viz., Chennai Snake Park Trust (CSPT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Arignar Anna Zoological Park (AAZP), Chennai, Tamil Nadu and Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens (SCZG), Mysuru, Karnataka. A total of forty cloacal swabs and forty fresh faecal samples were collected separately from same captive Star Tortoises of different captive facilities and three water samples each from three different captive facilities. The cloacal swabs were used for cultural isolation of lactose fermenting Enterobacteriaceae and fresh faecal samples were used for direct DNA extraction using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit. The fimC (Type I fimbriae) gene was used for identification of Pathogenic Escherichia coli through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). E. coli (n=11) (27.5%) was the intermittently encountered bacteria, followed by Klebsiella spp. (n=8) (20.00%) and Enterobacter spp. (n=8) (20.00%) isolated from cloacal swabs through culture method. The Enterobacter spp. was more prevalent in water samples, followed by Klebsiella spp. while E. coli was absent in water samples. A total of 21 samples were positive for E. coli, through DNA isolated from fresh faecal samples using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit. This showed that direct DNA isolation was more convenient than traditional culture method of bacterial confirmation. The E. coli isolates were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity by using Disc Diffusion Method. Antimicrobial resistance pattern as follows, resistance was recorded against cefotaxime (54.54%), azithromycin (45.45%), gentamicin, tetracycline and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (36.36%). No isolate was found resistant against enrofloxacin. The E. coli isolates also showed multiple drug resistance to different group of drugs.

Title: Effects of Oral Feeding of Coumestrol on Efferent Ductules in Dogs
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on ten healthy adult stray male dogs weighing 12 - 19 kg, and randomly divided into two groups. Animals in treatment group (n = 5) were given coumestrol dissolved in di-methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) orally as single dose @ 1.5 mg/kg body weight. Dogs in control group (n = 5) were given DMSO only. Castration of the treated dogs was done on 12 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, and 15th day post feeding of coumestrol; same castration schedule was followed for control group also. Histopathology revealed normal efferent ductules epithelium after coumestrol feeding. There were no any changes seen that would be responsible to lead infertility in male dogs. Therefore, from this study, it was concluded that oral feeding of coumestrol @ 1.5 mg/kg b.w. has no adverse effects on efferent ductules and therefore it cannot be used for population control of dogs.

Title: A Preliminary Survey on Preferences and Awareness on Dog Breeds in Tamil Nadu
Abstract :

In human history, pets have been regarded as a prized possession above all others, with the dog being one of the most revered. The present survey shows that Indian pet owners are on the rise (51%), and 46% of participants own dogs as pets. Modern pet owners place the most importance on pet maintenance (32%), when choosing pets. Despite knowledge of indigenous dog breeds among participants (75%), they are unable to recognize many at first sight. Onsight, participants were more familiar with exotic dog breeds and could distinguish the German Shepard (8%), the Doberman (7%), the Golden Retriever (7%) and the Pug (7%) from indigenous breeds. It is essential to scientifically document the exemplary traits of Indian indigenous dog breeds to save them from extinction.

Title: Effect of Different Levels of Concentrate Mixture Feeding on Milk Composition in Sirohi Goats
Abstract :

A study was conducted on Effect of different levels of concentrate mixture feeding on milk composition in Sirohi goats. The experiment was conducted at RKVY Goat unit, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur) during November 2016 to May, 2017. Twenty four lactating Sirohi goats (36.2±0.7 kg) were taken to investigate the effect of different levels of concentrate mixture feeding on milk composition in Sirohi goats. The total duration of feeding experiment was 90 days. Apart from daily grazing, concentrate mixture feeding were given to Sirohi goats in ratio of 0.00 gm (T1), 100gm (T2), 200gm (T3) and 300gm (T4) respectively with Prosopis cineraria dry leaves (Khejri) ad libitum. The results revealed that the Sirohi goats showed significantly (P<0.05) higher milk composition in T4 than T3, T2 and control T1. The overall means of milk composition for fat % was found higher in T4 than T3, T2 and T1 ie., 3.91, 3.62, 3.40 and 3.17%. The solid-not fat % was found higher in T4 than T3, T2 and T1 ie., 10.29, 9.75, 9.29 and 8.62%. The total solid % was also found higher in T4 than T3, T2 and T1 ie., 14.73, 13.36, 12.70 and 10.78% respectively. It was observed that with increasing amount in feeding ratio was successive increase in milk composition. The present results help to conclude that there is a certain beneficial effect of concentrate mixture feeding on daily fat %, solid not fat %, total solid % and overall means of milk composition performance during lactation period in Sirohi goats.

Title: Ameliorating Effect of Standard Treatment on Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rat Model
Abstract :

An experiment was designed on diagnostic biomarkers and effect of standard therapy followed during acute pancreatitis in rat model. Rats were divided in three groups, A (Control), B (acute pancreatitis) and C (treatment) groups, 12 rats in each. Supra-maximal dose of cerulein (50 μg/kg b wt) was given i.p. at hourly interval for 7 h in groups B and C. Group A was treated with 0.25 ml of NSS at same interval. Treatment and sampling started after 12 h of last injection of cerulein. Group C rats were treated by antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and vit-E. Hematological and biochemical estimations were carried out at 12, 24, 60 and 156 h of last dose of cerulein. Hematological parameters found to increase significantly in group B and C than A and significant reduction noted in group C after treatment. Serum lipase and amylase were considered as accurate biomarkers and their values were found to increase several times in induction groups and became almost normal at 156 h of sampling in C group. Significant reduction in AST and ALT values noticed in treatment group. BUN and creatinine became normal in Group C at 156 and 60 h, respectively. Serum calcium became normal at 60 h. It was concluded that significant increase in serum lipase, amylase, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine and CK-MB had diagnostic significance of acute pancreatitis and their values became normal in treatment group earlier and faster than group AP showing that standard treatment had significant role in acute pancreatitis.

Title: Socio-economic Characteristics of Goat Rearing Farmers in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :

In a field study covering 240 farmers spread over 60 villages in 15 mandals, data were collected on socio-economic characteristics of goat rearing farmers. Majority of goat rearers belonged to backward castes (59.17%) followed by scheduled tribes (17.50%), other castes (12.50%) and scheduled castes (10.83%). Most of the goat keepers belonged to Hindu religion. Majority of respondents belonged to middle age (62.08%) followed by old age (20%) and young age (17.92%). Majority were illiterate (80.42%) and remaining were low literates (19.58%) with primary education. Majority of the goat rearers (51.25%) were landless people followed by marginal farmers (41.25%) possessing less than 2.5 acres of dry/ rainfed land. Most of the goat rearers (61.25%) had large family size. Majority of goat rearers (53.75%) possessed medium flock size (21-40) followed by large flock i.e. 41-70 goats (31.25%) and small flock less than 20 goats (15%). The overall mean flock size was 37.16 ± 1.34 per farmer. It was significantly (P<0.01) higher in Narasaraopeta division (47.91 ± 2.62) than that in Guntur (34.73 ± 2.03) and Tenali (28.85 ± 1.70) divisions of Guntur district.

Title: Characterization of E. coli Isolates from Meat Samples for Shiga Toxin Producing Virulence Markers
Abstract :

The presence study was designed to identify shiga toxin producing E. coli Non O157:H7 isolates from meat samples, to detect the presence of virulence markers and to characterize isolates for ESBL resistance by PCR. A total of 150 meat samples (50 of each beef, chicken, and mutton) were collected from retail outlets in Chennai and subjected to conventional and molecular methods for isolation of E. coli. Out of 150 samples, 71 presumptive E. coli isolates recovered by conventional method, among which 61 isolates were confirmed by PCR targeting uspA. All these 61 isolates were tested for presence of virulence markers viz., stx1, stx2, eae, hlyA by multiplex PCR and found 45 isolates were harboured the virulence markers either in combination or alone. Further, all the shiga toxin E. coli isolates were streaked on CT-SMAC and found that 21 isolates had shown pink colour colonies representing them as E. coli non O157:H7. PCR assay of ESBL resistance genes revealed that 40 (66 %), 7 (11.5%), 37(60.7%) E. coli isolates were harbouring CTX-M gene, SHV and TEM genes. Presence of virulence markers in E. coli Non O157:H7 isolates coupled with ESBL resistance is a real threat to food safety and consumer point of view which warrants the need for devising intervention strategies to combat virulent and anti-microbial resistant E. coli at both household and industrial level.

Title: Functional Characterization of Corpus Luteum and its Association with Peripheral Progesterone Profile at Different Stages of Estrous Cycle in the Buffalo
Abstract :

Corpus luteum (CL) serves as marker to ascertain the stages of cyclicity as well as to diagnose acyclic condition in the farm animals. Accordingly, we studied the cellular components and functional aspects of CL in relation to cyclicity with the buffalo ovaries (n=32) collected from slaughter house. The paired ovary samples (n=8, per stage) were categorized as early luteal (EL, day 1-5), mid luteal (ML, day 6-14) and late luteal (LL, day 15-21) and acyclic stage based on the gross ovarian dating. Histological changes of cellular differentiation of the CL were assessed using H&E staining and progesterone concentration in the luteal extract and peripheral circulation was measured by RIA method. A significantly higher (4.22 fold) proportion of small luteal cells were observed at ML (376.58±11.65) as compared to EL (89.35±5.54) and decreased thereafter in LL (57.40±3.02) stage. However, maximum number of large luteal cells was also found in ML (74.38±2.02) in contrast to EL (15.11±1.86) and LL (22.17±1.68). Further, serum and luteal progesterone was found maximum at ML stage and there was a significant (r=0.998) positive correlation. This study indicates maximum functional activity of CL was at ML stage in the buffalo.

Title: Evaluation of Various Methods for Genomic DNA Extraction from Pure Cultures of Lysis Resistant Campylobacters Isolated from Wild Animals
Abstract :

Campylobacter is one of the important foodborne zoonotic bacterial pathogen that causes enteric disorders in animals, birds as well as in humans. The organism is fastidious in nature, requires microaerophilic environment for its growth and survival. Morphologically, it is gram- negative rods with spiral and gull wing appearance. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is gold standard method for the detection of Campylobacter from clinical and food samples. For performing PCR, extraction of DNA to be used as template is a challenging task due to lysis resistant nature of bacteria. The genomic DNA isolation was attempted from pure cultures of Campylobacter by three methods viz. Snap-chill, Salt-Tris EDTA (STE) and Columns based commercial kit method. The average concentration of extracted DNA was highest in STE method (03 -3500 ng/µl) followed by Kit method (03 -2000 ng/µl) and Snap-chill method (00-20 ng/µl). The absorbance ratio at 260 nm and 280 nm (A260/A280) was high up to 1.90 in STE method followed by up to 1.80 with column-based kit and 1.5 with snap-chill method which reflects the high purity of isolated DNA by STE and kit-based protocol. As per the results STE method and Kit method was comparable to each other but due to high cost of commercial kit, STE method is proposed to be desirable and may be used routinely for extraction of DNA of lysis resistant bacteria. The PCR results also advocate the preference of STE method over kit method while Snap-chill method was not found effective for lysis resistant Campylobacter isolates.

Title: Contents
Abstract :
Title: Genetic Polymorphism Study in Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Gene and their Association with Milk Production Traits in Indian Cattle Breeds
Abstract :

The aim of the current study was to investigate the status of Prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene polymorphism using PCR-RFLP assay and their association with milk production traits in Sahiwal (n=53) and Hariana (n=50) cattle. Two region of PRLR gene consisting of exon 10 and exon 9 revealed 168 and 582 bp products, respectively. PRLR/SmlI assay resulted in three types of genotypes, namely, GG (168 bp), TT (123 and 45 bp) and heterozygous GT (168, 123 and 45 bp) genotypes with frequencies 27.18, 6.60 and 67.90%, respectively. The allelic frequency of G and T alleles were 0.607 and 0.393, respectively. The DraIII/PCR-RFLP assay revealed three types of genotypes, namely, AA (582 bp), GG (399 and 183 bp) and heterozygous AG (582, 399 and 183 bp) genotypes with frequencies 17.0, 16.0 and 67.0 %, respectively. The allelic frequency of A and G alleles were 0.505 and 0.495, respectively. Chi square analysis revealed that screened cattle population was found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for both the SNP. Association studies of PRLR/SmlI genotypes had significant difference for total milk yield (TMY) and milk yield in 300 days (MY300) among three genotypes. The GG genotype showed higher milk yield value than TT and GT animals in first lactation. PRLR/DraIII genotypes had no association with any production traits in first and second lactation. Therefore, the present study demonstrating that G allele of PRLR/SmlI gene could be used as a strong marker for improvement in milk production performance in milch cattle.

Title: Anti-nociceptive Efficacy of Carprofen and Meloxicam in Ovario-hysterectomized Dogs
Abstract :

Anti-nociceptive efficacy of carprofen and meloxicam was evaluated in twelve female dogs brought for elective ovario-hysterectomy randomly assigned to Group A and Group B. In Group A Carprofen was administered @ 4 mg/kg i.v, whereas in Group B, Meloxicam was administered @ 0.2 mg/ kg i.v, immediately after completion of surgery. Pain scores decreased significantly following analgesia with carprofen and meloxicam. Carprofen was found to be better analgesic than meloxicam in terms of its effect in reducing the behavioural pain responses post-operatively.

Title: Contents Vol. 12, No. 02, April 2022
Abstract :
Title: Effect of Phytogenic Feed Mixture on Blood Hematology, Metabolites, Enzymes and Lipids in Broilers
Abstract :

Phytogenic feed additives have been used traditionally in medicine preparations and in the preparation of culinary food dishes. However, in recent years it has attracted researchers for their use as feed additives in broilers. This study was organized to access the effect of dietary supplementation of phytogenic mixture containing powder of Allium sativum bulbs, Ocimum sanctum leaves and Nigella sativa seeds in 1:1:1 ratio. For this study, three comparable groups were formed viz. control (non supplementation), T1 (supplementation @0.25%) and T2 (supplementation @0.50%). A total of 48 broiler chicks were randomly distributed in three groups, each group containing 16 chicks of same strain and body weight. The experiment lasted for a period of 28 days. Statistical analysis of data revealed a significant (P<0.001) change in blood lipid profile of three groups. T1 and T2 groups had significantly lower (P<0.001) levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and Non-HDL cholesterols (P = 0.05). However, a non-significant (P>0.05) difference among three groups on blood hematology (Hemoglobin, WBC, RBC, PCV and Platelet count) was observed. Study showed that there was statistically similar (P>0.05) concentrations of blood metabolites (Glucose, Total protein, Albumin, Globulin) and statistically similar (P>0.05) levels of blood enzyme (Bilirubin, serum AST, serum ALT and serum ALP) among three groups. Based on the findings of this study, conclusively, it can be said that dietary supplementation of phytogenic mixture containing powder of Allium sativum bulbs, Ocimum sanctum leaves and Nigella sativa seeds in 1:1:1 ratio may favorably lower the levels of blood lipid without adversely affecting the normal physiology of broilers.

Title: Observation of Fur-mites of the Family Atopomelidae and Listrophoridae (Acari: Astigmata) from Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Grenada, West Indies: A Preliminary Report
Abstract :

Grenada is the southernmost country in the Caribbean sea with an area of 348.5 Km2. The country with low hills, small trees, shrubs and tropical climate is most suitable for growth of rats as well as mites. During fecal examination from 170 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada for identification of gastrointestinal parasites, fur mites belonging to Atopomedilidae and Listrophoridae family were also observed in 18 (10.5%) in fecal samples. This is the first report of presence of fur mites in R. norvegicus from Grenada. It is concluded that rats should be regularly dewormed for enteroparasites.

Title: Physico-chemical and Sensory Attributes of Traditional Pork Products Incorporated with Anishi at Refrigerated Storage (4±1oC) Under Vacuum Packaging
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical parameters, microbial quality and sensory attributes of ready-to-eat pork with Anishi (Colocasia esculenta [L] Schott), a traditional pork item of Nagalandup to 15 days of refrigerated storage at (4±1oC) that was kept under vacuum packaging. A significant decrease in pH, moisture and crude protein was observed with an increasing storage period. However, no significant difference in overall days mean was observed from 0 to 15 days of storage. A significant (p<0.01) increase in TBARS value and tyrosine value was observed with an increase in the storage period. Microbiological counts increased with the advancement of the storage period. However, throughout the storage period, all microbial counts were within the acceptable limits of pork with Anishi. The product did not show any symptoms of spoilage such as off odour and surface slime on day 15 of storage and was acceptable for sensory quality up to 15 days of refrigerated storage under vacuum packaging. Thus, the present study indicates that vacuum packaging could be used to improve the shelf-life of traditional pork products incorporated with Anishi.

Title: Quality Characteristics of Functional Spent Hen Meat Nuggets Incorporated with Amla (Emblica officinalis) Fruit Juice Powder
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to develop functional fibre enriched spent hen meat nuggets (SMN) with incorporation of amla fruit juice powder. Four different products with amla fruit juice powder with the replacement of lean meat viz. 0% (Control), 0.5% (T1), 1.0% (T2) and 1.5% (T3) were prepared and optimum level of amla fruit juice powder was selected on the basis of physico-chemical, proximate analysis, instrumental texture and color profile, and sensory analysis. The pH decreased whereas water activity (aw) and moisture content followed an increasing trend with the increase in the level of incorporation of amla fruit juice powder in the SMN. The cooking yield and emulsion stability significantly (P<0.05) increased with the incorporation of amla fruit juice powder. The fat percentage was comparable in T1 and T2 and was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T3. Protein content decreased whereas crude fiber and ash increased with the increase in level of incorporation of amla fruit juice powder. Color profile did not vary significantly (P<0.05) among the different treatments with the incorporation of amla fruit juice powder. Hardness, chewiness and gumminess significantly decreased whereas springiness, resilience showed an increase with in treatments and control. The overall acceptability in treated products was higher than control. Sensory panelists awarded highest overall acceptability scores to T2. Results concluded that functional fibre enriched spent hen meat nuggets can be successfully manufactured with the incorporation of 1.0% amla fruit juice powder.

Title: Effects of Nanonickel Administration on Biochemical Parameters in Wistar Rats
Abstract :

Nanomaterial applications are a field which is rapidly growing. Despite the growing use of nickel oxide nanoparticles, there is little knowledge on their toxicological impact. Despite their powerful advantages, many open ended questions about how these nanoparticles can affect the environment and human health. Present study was conducted to know the effects of nanonickel on biochemical parameters in Wistar rat at NOAEL dose for a period of 90 days. Thirty five, six weeks old, Wistar rats of both sexes were divided randomly in two groups viz. group I with 20 rats as control group and group II with 15 rats as treatment group. Group II was orally administered nickel oxide nanoparticles of less than 50 nm diameter in distilled water at NOAEL dose of 5 mg/kg body weight/day and these were gavaged once daily for 90 days. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture from 5 rats from each group at 0 (only from group I), 30th, 60th and 90th DPT and serum was used for biochemical studies. Group I rats revealed no significant change in any biochemical parameter. Group II rats showed a significant increase in serum creatinine, serum aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), significant decrease in total protein and gamma globulin and non significant increase in glucose and globulin values as compared to control group. It can be concluded from the present studies that nanonickel exerted adverse effects on these biochemical parameters in Wistar rats at NOAEL dose administered for a period of 90 days. Our research stated that nickel nano-particles adversely alter rats biochemical profile. Further investigations to address the mechanism are required by what physiological path these nano-nickel display their in vivo toxicity.

Title: Comparative Therapeutic Efficacy of Different Drugs Against Caprine Contagious Agalactia
Abstract :

The present work was undertaken with the aim to compare the therapeutic efficacy of different drugs against contagious agalactia in lactating goats. A total of 24 lactating goats having clinical mastitis and positive for Mycoplasma agalactiae were placed randomly into four groups i.e. T1 – T4, each group comprised of six mastitic goats and subjected to different therapeutic regimens. Six clinically healthy goats were kept as healthy control. Mycoplasma agalactiae was detected and confirmed as causative agent of contagious agalactia by using polymerase chain reactions which showed a specific 176 bp bands obtained from the DNA amplification of Mycoplasma agalactiae using primers ma-mp 1F and ma-mp 1R. The response of therapeutic study was evaluated on the basis of clinical score card, clinical parameters and polymerase chain reactions on day 0 pretreatment and on days 7 and 14 post treatment. At the time of sampling, the clinical signs in sick animals were of clinical mastitis i.e. swelling of udder, abnormal milk secretion, pain on palpation of the udder and raised clinical parameters. The response of therapeutic study revealed significant improvement in temperature, pulse and respiration in all the treatment groups. On the basis of score card and polymerase chain reactions results on days 7 and 14 post-treatment, goats of the group T4 that was subjected to the treatment with combination of tylosin, tocopherol and sodium selenite showed earliest recovery.

Title: Outbreaks of Anaplasmosis in Dairy Cattle in Punjab, India
Abstract :

Two severe outbreaks of bovine anapalsmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale were recorded in two districts (Ferozepur and Patiala) of Punjab state in the year 2016. Mortality of animals was recorded in two dairy cattle herd comprising of a total of 260 animals in Ferozepur (n=218) and Patiala (n=42) districts. There was history of purchase of animals at one farm. Out of 260 cattle at risk, 40 were critically ill and 9 died of disease with morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate of 15.38 %, 3.46 % and 22.50 % respectively. Fifteen blood samples were collected from diseased (n=11) and healthy animals (n=4) for haematological analysis, parasitological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based diagnosis. Clinical signs in infected animals included high temperature, icterus, anemia, anorexia and decreased milk production. Necropsy findings revealed splenomegaly and severe jaundice. Mild tick infestation was observed at both the farms. Ticks collected from both the outbreaks were identified as Rhipicephaus (Boophilus) microplus. Thin blood smears from infected animals were found positive for Anaplama marginale organisms & disease was further confirmed by molecular approach (PCR). Affected animals were successfully treated with tetracycline, haematinics and antipyretics. PCR was found to be more sensitive in detecting the disease especially in latent infections. Animal owners were advised to follow quarantine measures before mixing new animals in a herd and strategic acaricidal treatment for effective tick control.

Title: Effect of Different Floor Space Allowances on Post Weaned Surti Kid’s Behavioural Activities
Abstract :

The present experiment was conducted to study the effects of different floor space allowances on behavioural activities of post weaned Surti kids. The experimental groups were viz. Control, T1, and T2 groups with floor space allowances of 0.8, 0.7, and 0.6 m2/kid in the covered area while 1.6, 1.4, and 1.2 m2/kid in the open area, each group having 6 animals. The time spent on manger (mins/2 hrs) was significantly higher in T1 (100.22 ± 1.25) followed by T2 (89.44 ± 1.26) and control (77.27 ± 5.76). Time spent on the water trough (sec/2hrs) (53.41 ± 20.45, 42.5 ± 14.01, and 43.58 ± 12.41) and no. of attempts (nos./2 hrs) to manger (30.66 ± 1.41, 30.16 ± 1.07, and 29.5 ± 0.87) and water trough (2.08 ± 0.37, 2.41 ± 0.45 and 2.83 ± 0.54) showed no significant difference among control, T1, and T2 groups, respectively. Time spent (mins/2 hrs) standing outside and inside the shed was significantly higher in the control (10.46 ± 2.85 and 21.54 ± 2.18) than in T1 (2.44 ± 0.64 and 14.76 ± 0.97), and T2 (6.70 ± 1.93 and 20.21 ± 1.96). No difference was seen in lying time (mins/2 hrs) for both inside (7.60 ± 3.38, 1.72 ± 0.91, and 1.04 ± 0.49) and outside (0.94 ± 0.47, 0.13 ± 0.10, and 1.71 ± 1.05) and also in agonistic behaviour (nos./2 hrs) such as chasing (4.66 ± 1.34, 4.08 ± 0.73, and 3.50 ± 0.62) and butting (1.91 ± 0.49, 1.41 ± 0.31, and 2.33 ± 0.61) influenced among control, T1, and T2 groups, respectively while the frontal clash in control (11.08 ± 1.01) and T1 (8.58 ± 1.09) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in T2 (6.91 ± 0.98) group. The study indicates that animals were able to express normal behaviour in different floor space allowance. However, feeding behaviour was better in group of animals with 12.5% less floor space allowances than BIS recommendation.

Title: Effect of Termites (Neotermes assamensis) as Protein Source on the Performance of Japanese Quails
Abstract :

Research  study inspected  the performance of Japanese quails nourished with commonly fed accessible termites as a protein source during the rainy season, with the goal of boosting small-scale low-cost quail farming in Assam. 180 no. unsexed Japanese quail young-ones were randomly allocated treatment groups: T0 (control), T1 (5 percent dried termite), T2 (10 percent dried termite), and T3 (15 percent dried termite) each included 45 chicks, which were subsequently split into 3 replicates of 15 chicks each. The quail chicks were housed in a cage environment and fed according to regular feeding and management techniques. The T3 group (903.41 g) had the highest overall feed consumption per Japanese quail, whereas the T0 group had the least (849.07 g). T3 group (269.51±3.13 g) had the maximum final body weight per Japanese quail, followed by T2 group (264.61±2.84 g), T1 group (256.45±4.50 g), and T0 group (251.19±5.05 g). T3 group (3.35) had the best overall total  F.C.R during the full period of the research  experimental groups, followed by T2 (3.36), T1 (3.37), and T0 (3.38) respectively. Overall, these findings suggest that incorporating dried termites to a Japanese quail’s diet enhances performance by improving in body-weight, total feed consumption and feed conversion ratio.

Title: Association of Body Weight with Testicular and Semen Quality Parameters in Indian Goat Breeds
Abstract :

A scant literature exists on study of testicular biometry in live bucks in relation to semen quality. This study was aimed to determine the effects of scrotal circumference, testicular length, testicular width, testicular thickness and body weight on semen quality traits in indigenous bucks of Sirohi (n=25), Barbari (n=20) and Black Bengal (n=16) breeds. The scrotal circumference was measured in centimetre using flexible measuring tape, while the testicular length (mm), width (mm) and thickness (mm) were measured with Vernier calliper. Semen ejaculates were collected twice on weekly interval, early in the morning by using artificial vagina. The results of least squares analysis of variance for testicular parameters showed significant differences (p<0.05) among the bucks of all the three breeds. The bucks of Sirohi breed were found to be superior than Barbari and Black Bengal for most of the testicular parameters. Semen volume in Sirohi bucks was significantly (p<0.05) higher than Barbari and Black Bengal bucks. The body weight and testicular parameters were positively correlated with semen volume and negatively correlated with sperm concentration in all the breeds.

Title: NEWS
Abstract :

NEWS

Title: Cadmium and Thiram Induced Nephrotoxicity in Experimental Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

The experiment was designed to study TMTD and CdCl2-induced toxicity in broiler birds. 100-day-old chicks were distributed into 4 groups of 25 each. Group 1 birds were fed with a basal diet, group 2 fed with 60 ppm of TMTD, group 3 fed with 100 ppm of CdCl2 and group 4 fed with TMTD + CdCl2 for 35 days. Six birds from each group were sacrificed on the 14th, 28th and 42nd day of the experiment and the serum samples were collected. Significantly, increased levels in serum creatinine, uric acid and TBARS and decreased levels of GSH in groups 2, 3, and 4 were recorded on the 14th, 28th and 42nd day. Kidney sections showed degeneration followed by desquamation of cells and presence of casts on the 14th day, severe congestion of renal artery, and intertubular haemorrhages were observed on the 28th day. Additional lesions like degeneration of tubular epithelial cells with pyknotic nuclei, swollen to shrunken glomeruli with hypercellularity and increased Bowman’s space were also observed on the 42nd day of the experiment. In conclusion, the present study suggested that TMTD, CdCl2 and its combination are responsible for significant changes which could be due to free radicals which led to impairment of antioxidant defences and resulted in macroscopic and microscopic pathological changes in kidneys.

Title: Influence of Mastitis Type on Reproductive Performance of Karan Fries Cows During Early Lactation
Abstract :

The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of mastitis type (clinical and subclinical) on reproductive performance of crossbred cows. 50 pregnant Karan Fries (KF) cows were screened from NDRI cattle yard. Based on milk somatic cell count (SCC) and modified Californian Mastitis Test (mCMT) cows were grouped in to three groups [Healthy, Sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) occurring within 1 week of calving and SCM occurring between 7th to 8th week of calving]. Five of the selected SCM cows showed systemic signs of clinical mastitis (CM) in their later life, so formed a separate group. Blood samples were collected from these cows from day calving at weekly interval till +90th days post-calving for plasma progesterone profiling. The animals were kept under observation to find out number of days to first artificial infection (AI), inter estrus interval, services per conception, day’s open and calving interval. All these parameters were unaffected in cows with SCM occurring at any time during early lactation. Cows with CM after first AI had increased services per conception, increased days open and prolonged calving interval. In brief, this study shows SCM had a less pronounced effect on reproductive performances of KF cows than CM. Therefore, reduction of CM incidence during early lactation can improve the reproductive performance of crossbred cows and ultimately give economic benefit to the cattle owner.

Title: Effect of Chicken Breed and Lychee Peel Aqueous Extract on the Proximate and Other Properties of Generated Meat Patties
Abstract :
This study was conducted to develop cobb and kadaknath chicken meat patties by incorporating Lychee fruit peel extract(LFPE) and study the effects on physicochemical and nutritional quality of developed products. Kadaknath patties had significantly higher protein percentage and less fat percentage. Cobb patties had significantly higher cooking yield than kadaknath patties. Total phenolics content of LFPR treated patties was significantly higher than control. The lightness, redness and yellowness value of kadaknath patties were significantly lower than cobb patties. The lightnesss value of LFPE treated cobb patties were significantly lower than BHT and control patties. The hardness value of kadaknath patties were non significantly higher than cobb patties. No significant difference was noticed in hardness values between control, BHT and extract treated patties. No significant difference was shown in chewiness, springiness, gumminess and cohesiveness values of kadaknath and cobb patties, No difference was shown after incorporation of LFPE. It is concluded that incorporation of 15 ml lychee peel aqueous extract per 100 g of kadaknath and cobb chicken meat resulted in the production of healthier patties with higher total phenolic content. Lychee extract provides better protection against oxidative rancidity and can be used as a replacement of synthetic antioxidants like BHT. The physic-chemical parameters did not differ majorly among kadaknath and cobb patties except for the cooking yield.
Title: Comparison of Three Immunological Assays to Detect Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Antibodies in Buffaloes
Abstract :

The present study involved in analysis of 81 sera samples collected from Murrah (34), Surti (20) and non-descript buffaloes (27) with history of respiratory and reproductive disorders for IBR antibodies by indirect Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Virus neutralization test (VNT) and Passive haemagglutination assay (PHA). The immunological assays viz., indirect ELISA, VNT and PHA revealed that 50.62%, 43.21 % and 27.16 % of IBR positivity respectively. The overall positivity irrespective of serological test was found to be 54.32 %. The sensitivity, specificity of PHA and VNT in comparison with ELISA were 46.34 %, 70.73 % and 85.00 %, 92.50 % respectively. Moderate agreement between ELISA and VNT (kappa = 0.56) and fair agreement between ELISA and PHA (kappa =0.38) were found for the detection of IBR antibodies. Significant difference (p < 0.01) was found between indirect ELISA and PHA in the detection of BHV-1 antibodies. VNT and PHA were found to be useful as the quantitative tests to estimate antibody level in buffalo whereas ELISA could be performed for herd screening programme.

Title: Effect of Shed Designing on Physiological Responses and Semen Quality of Crossbred Bulls during Various Seasons
Abstract :

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of shed designing on microclimatic variables, physiological responses and semen quality parameters of breeding bulls during different seasons. Thirty-one adult Frieswal (Holstein Friesian and Sahiwal cross) breeding bulls were distributed into four groups i.e. in traditional sheds (TG) having open area in north (TGN – 8 bulls) and south directions (TGS – 8 bulls) and in modified sheds (MG) having open area in east (MGE – 8 bulls) and west directions (MGW – 7 bulls). The sides of bull pens in traditional (east-west oriented) and modified sheds (north-south oriented) were covered and open, respectively. Biweekly semen ejaculates were evaluated for volume, sperm concentration and initial sperm motility. Significantly (P<0.05) lower THI (temperature humidity index) value in the afternoon period was observed in MG than in TG during hot and humid season. The bulls of TG had significantly higher (P<0.05) rectal temperature than those kept in MG during hot and humid season. Heart rate did not show any pattern in bulls during different seasons. Respiration rate (RR) in the bulls of all sheds were higher (P<0.05) during hot-dry and hot-humid seasons than in the other seasons, however, shed design had no effect on RR of bulls during different seasons. Significantly (P<0.05) higher initial motility was observed in bulls of MG than in the TG except during comfortable season. In conclusion, the modified sheds were comparatively better than traditional sheds as far as THI, physiological responses and initial progressive motility in breeding bulls are concerned.

Title: Perception of Member Dairy Farmers about Animal Health Care Services and Input Facilities Provided By Milkfed
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to evaluate the response of dairy farmers about the timely availability of technical and extension services provided by milkfed in Amritsar, Bathinda and Ludhiana districts of Punjab. For the study, response of total 225 dairy farmers (75 each from Amritsar, Bathinda and Ludhiana districts) was analyzed regarding the provision of input services provided by milkfed. Data was collected with the help of well-designed questionnaire comprising of different type of questions regarding the technical and extension services. The results of the study indicated that overall 93.78% dairy farmers from Amritsar, Bathinda and Ludhiana districts responded in agreement that milkfed provide them technical services along-with different kind of products and medicines at the subsidized rates. Apart from the routine services provided by milkfed, 30.22% and 32.89% member farmers responded that milkfed also provide them green fodder seeds and bonus at the end of the year. It has been reported in the current study that dairy farmers from Bathinda and Ludhiana districts are very much satisfied with the facilities provided to them by milkfed whereas dairy farmers from Amritsar district seemed to be unsatisfied with the facilities provided by Milkfed. The results of study suggest that milkfed has to develop extensive extension system especially in Amritsar district to promote latest farming practices among its members farmers.

Title: Content
Abstract :

Content

Title: Comparative Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Group A Rotavirus in Cow Calves of Punjab, India
Abstract :

Group A rotavirus has been recognized as the major etiological agent of diarrhoea in calves, which leads to heavy economic loss to dairy farmers. The present study was done to estimate the prevalence along with genotypic characterization of group A rotavirus circulating in dairy herds of Punjab. A total of 198 faecal samples of cow calves were analyzed from April 2012 to March 2013 in Ludhiana and Bathinda districts of Punjab by ELISA, RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR. G and P genotyping was done by RT-PCR using genotype-specific primer sets targeting VP4 and VP7 genes. RNA PAGE, RT-PCR and ELISA showed a positive prevalence rate of 6.56%, 7.57% and 9.59%. RT-PCR showed perfect agreement with other two diagnostic techniques by Diagnostic Test Agreement. Eight RT- PCR positive samples were further screened by nested multiplex PCR using G and P-genotype specific primers for genotypic characterization. Out of these, two samples exhibited G6 types and rest were untypable. In P typing, four samples showed P[11] type. G6P [11] was the main combination in the present study. This study suggests that the RT PCR is the highly suitable technique for the detection of group A rotavirus. Further investigation is required to find out the untypable strain by designing suitable primers.

Title: Contents
Abstract :

Contents

Title: Association between Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Canine Pyometra
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on 75 bitches affected with pyometra. Majority (70.67%) of them were positive for SIRS. The criteria used in the present study to evaluate SIRS in pyometra-affected bitches were temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, TLC, percentage of band neutrophils, albumin, C- reactive protein (CRP) and Serum amyloid A (SAA). Among these parameters temperature (102.57 ± 0.15 vs 102.01 ± 0.11˚F), heart rate (111.06 ± 1.92 vs 104.59 ± 1.46 bpm), TLC (23.34 ± 1.33 vs 14.98 ± 1.56×103/µl), percentage of band neutrophils (22.57 ± 1.07 vs 11.00 ± 1.59) and SAA (67.45 ± 2.49 vs 44.36 ± 2.64 mg/L) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in SIRS positive bitches compared to SIRS negative bitches.

Title: Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Cinnamon Bark Oil and Thyme Oil Against Clinical Isolates of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract :

The rising tides of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) infection necessitate the development of potential antibacterial and antibiofilm agents. Essential oils derived from medicinal plants are gaining popularity as prospective antibacterial agents in recent years. Hence, the current investigation was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of cinnamon bark oil (CNBO) and thyme oil (THMO) against MDRSA isolated from bovine mastitic milk. Eighteen isolates of Staphylococcus spp. were recovered from 30 bovine mastitic sample collected, among which six were identified as MDRSA organisms. Further, chemical composition of CNBO and THMO were determined by GC-MS analysis, which revealed the existence of several terpenoids. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these MDRSA isolates against CNBO and THMO was tested by disc diffusion and microbroth dilution tests which specified significant antimicrobial activity of CNBO and THMO as evident from their zone of bacterial growth inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Subsequently, antibiofilm assays were performed using Congo red agar method and tissue culture plate-based crystal violet assays. The CNBO and THMO produced remarkable inhibition of biofilm formation and preformed biofilm, manifested as significantly reduced minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). Moreover, CNBO was found to be more effective as compared to THMO against the MDRSA isolates. Thus, the present findings are indicative of the vital role of cinnamon bark oil and thyme oil in inhibiting the multidrug resistant S. aureus and associated biofilm formation.

Title: Isolation, PCR based Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Bovine Dermatophilosis
Abstract :
Dermatophilosis is an acute or chronic exudative dermatitis caused by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis. Dermatophilus congolensis is a pleomorphic, Gram-positive actinomycete that infects animals and humans. Frequently, there is a misdiagnosis of this infection because of the high similarity of this organism with other members of the family Actinomycetaceae. The present study was carried out to isolate and identify the causative agent from a cattle herd clinically suspected for dermatophilosis associated with lower leg dermatitis in the Puducherry region (Southern India), their predisposing factors and treatment. The microscopic examination of skin impression smears from the infected animals did not reveal the characteristic appearance of Dermatophilus congolensis. Microscopic examination of the isolated bacteria revealed Gram-positive bacteria with filamentous structures and was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA of Dermatophilus congolensis. This study supports the PCR technique as a preferable technique to the conventional microscopy and culture techniques for the confirmation of D. congolensis infection during epidemiological surveys. The contact of skin with sewage channels in grazing areas and the wetting of skin by rain may be the predisposing factors for transmission by direct contact with clinically infected animals. Based on the antibiogram, the isolates were sensitive to antibiotics such as Gentamicin, Penicillin, Amikacin, Enrofloxacin and Chloramphenicol. The animals with dermatophilosis were treated with fortified procaine penicillin and streptomycin intramuscularly along with supportive drugs and topical dressing with 1% povidone-iodine for successive five days, which resulted in a fast and complete recovery. 
Title: In Vitro Nutrient Digestibility and Methane Production Potential of Concentrate Mixtures containing Graded Levels of Phalaris minor Seeds
Abstract :

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of incorporation of graded levels of Phalaris minor seeds (a weed in wheat fields) in the concentrate mixture on nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation pattern. Maize grain based conventional concentrate mixture was prepared and maize grains in the concentrate mixture were replaced by P. minor seeds at graded levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The nutritional worth of various concentrate mixtures formulated was assessed by in vitro gas production technique. It was observed that net gas production and methane production was depressed (P<0.05), when maize grains in the concentrate mixture were completely replaced by P. minor seeds. Similar trend was observed in the in vitro digestibility of nutrients. However, there was no adverse effect of replacing maize grains with P. minor seeds up to 75% in the concentrate mixture on in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Hence, it was concluded that P. minor seeds could be considered as promising energy supplement for livestock and can replace conventional cereal grains viz., maize upto 75 % in the concentrate mixture without any adverse effect on nutrient digestibility.

Title: Hepatotoxic Effect of Bisphenol A in Rats, an Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study
Abstract :

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the common environmental endocrine disruptors with estrogenic properties and is the building block of carbonate plastic and a component of resin coatings. The present experiment was designed to make a systematic study of experimentally induced BPA toxicity in both male and female Wistar albino rats at 500 and 250 mg / Kg b.wt. to groups II, V and III, VI respectively by mixing in sunflower oil for 12 weeks. In the present study significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels like catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were observed in liver of all BPA treated rats when compared to corresponding controls. Histopathologically, the liver revealed binucleated cells, hyper chromatic nuclei, karyomegaly, extensive bile duct proliferation with dysplasia and proliferation of endothelial cells in BPA treated groups in dose dependent manner. Histochemically more intense alkaline phosphatase reaction was noticed in hepatocytes around central vein, Immunohistochemically increased expression of VEGF was observed in hepatocytes around central vein, Ultra structurally, hepatocytes of BPA treated groups revealed decreased mitochondria with degeneration, fragmented endoplasmic reticulum and clumping of nuclear chromatin.

Title: Effect of Supplementation of Area Specific Mineral Mixture on Serum Mineral Status of Cattle in Different Agro-climatic Zones of Chhattisgarh State
Abstract :

In the present study effect of feeding area specific mineral mixture on the serum mineral status of cattle in different agro climatic zones (plateau, plain and hills) of Chhattisgarh state was studied. The soil and fodder mineral status of different zones were analyzed. Macro minerals were below desired level in soil of hill region followed by plateau and plain whereas Mg level in soils of different zones were well above the critical level. Soil Fe, Mo concentration was above whereas Mn, Co, Zn concentration was deficient in all the three zones. Cu level was normal in hill region whereas, it was lower in Plateau and Plain. Fodder concentration of Cu, Zn exhibited direct relationship with soil mineral status whereas no direct association was observed for Ca and p concentration. In each zone fifteen cattle were selected and divided into three groups for different dietary treatments like negative control- no mineral supplementation; control – commercial mineral mixture supplementation @ 80 gm/day and treatment- area specific mineral mixture @ 80 gm/day. No significant relationship between fodder and serum mineral status could be established, indicative of unsuitability of fodder mineral status in assessing the mineral status. Serum concentration of specific minerals at different zones revealed no significant difference in response to commercial and area specific mineral mixture supplementation. Supplementation of area specific mineral mixture was not essential for agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh.

Title: Effect of Dietary and Litter Amendment on Litter Quality and Broiler Performance during Rainy Season
Abstract :

The study was conducted to determine the effect of low protein diet supplemented with enzyme protease along with litter amendment with sodium bisulphate to assess the effect on litter quality and broiler performance during rainy season. 240 day old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four treatment groups, having 3 replicates of 20 chicks each. Control group (Tc) had no dietary and litter amendments and the other three included, litter amendment with sodium bisulphate (Ts), dietary amendment with low protein supplemented with protease enzyme (Tp) and both dietary and litter amendment (Tsp). Production parameters performance assessed by body weight, feed efficiency and survivability and litter parameters like litter pH, litter moisture, litter microbial count and litter nitrogen were studied. The result shows a significant (p<0.05) higher average body weight in Ts group (1633g) followed by Tsp group (1581g) than by Tp group (1535) in comparison to control (Tc) group (1515g) during 42 days of study. Best FCR was observed in Ts diet fed group. The survivability was more in all the treatments groups compared to control group. The overall hygiene and growth of broiler chick was better in Ts and Tsp group as compared to Tp and Tc group. It was concluded that that treatment with low protein diet along with protease enzyme supplementation recorded marginally equal body weight and FCR compared to control group however, litter amendment with sodium bisulphate shown significant improvement on the growth rate in the litter amended groups as compared to control group.

Title: Population Dynamics of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Midges Influences Dairy Animals’ Production
Abstract :

The substantial number of body movements by the host as a response to bites by an insect pest Culicoides spp. is thought to exert considerable stress to the animals. Also such preventive body movements by the animals consume certain amount of additional energy to be spent on it, resulting in reduced milk yield in dairy animals. Investigations were undertaken during the year 2017-2018, covering almost all three seasons of the year and correlation and regressions was worked out between body movements undertaken in response to Culicoides spp bites, annoyance and worries and its impact on milk yield in cows and she buffaloes. Annoyance and worries observed from the bite of Culicoides spp. resulted in increase in body movements and decrease in milk production. Data of the present investigation showed in case of cows, reduction in average body movements from 25.40 to 14.10 resulted in 3.60% increase and from 14.10 to 9.67 reduction in average body movements resulted in 9.12% increase in milk yield. Likewise in case of buffaloes reduction in the body movements from 33.40 to 25.88, 14.68 and 9.89 resulted in 6.77, 10.67 and 15.15 % hike in milk yield, respectively. Thus Culicoides spp. population found was positively correlated with body movements indicating rise in pest population results in rise in body movements and negatively correlated with average milk yield exhibiting inversely proportionate relationship.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Haemostatic Techniques for Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs
Abstract :

This study was conducted on 18 clinically healthy female dogs irrespective of breed, body weight and aged between 1 to 8 years. All the animals were randomly divided into three equal groups, with 6 animals in each group. Group I was subjected for ligation, group II application of bipolar electrocoagulation and group III for application of haemoclips to achieve haemostasis. Rectal temperature and heart rate significantly (p<0.05) decreased at intra-operative period of surgery in all the groups as compared to pre-operative and post-operative period. Exudation in group II was non-significantly higher as compared to group I and III. A significantly (p<0.05) longer surgical time was recorded in ligature and endoclip technique as compared to electrocoagulation technique. Time required for locating and ligating uterus was significantly (p<0.05) longer in group I as compared to group II and III. Length of surgical incision was higher in group I and III as compared to group II. Haemorrhage was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group I and III as compared to group II. An abdominal ultrasonography was performed on day 7 after surgery and it revealed no complication in any animal. At different intervals, all haemato-biochemical parameters fluctuated within normal physiological ranges. On the basis of the present findings, it can be concluded that bipolar electrocautery was superior to titanium clips and suture ligation for achieving haemostasis during ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in dogs.

Title: Environmental Conditions Versus Cellular Metabolic Regulators of Kreb Cycle in Sirohi Goat from Southern Rajasthan
Abstract :

Hot environmental conditions can put immense stress to animals touching health and production. Therefore, a study was embarked on Sirohi goat from un-organized sector from Semi-arid tracts of southern Rajasthan to assess the effect of moderate, humid-hot, dry-hot and cold environmental conditions. Bang of environment on animals was assessed by determining heat load index and the values obtained were 67.82, 81.70, 83.80 and 54.80, respectively during the moderate, dry-hot, humid-hot and cold environmental conditions. Serum isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were determined by the standard protocol as representatives of cellular metabolic regulators. Serum enzymatic activities divulged remarkable changes during dry-hot and humid-hot environmental conditions. Maximum activity of serum ICDH was noted during cold EP. During cold, the per cent variation in the value of serum ICDH was found to be maximum (+21.69), While during humid-hot, the per cent variation in the value of serum MDH was found to be maximum (+75.25). The model of changes expounded the lilt of cellular activities in animals of different age groups during dry-hot and humid-hot ambiences. The snarl of the effects was higher during humid-hot than dry-hot. Animals of female group and older age group were observed to be more affected.

Title: Hemp Seed Protein and Carrageenan Based Biodegradable Composite Film for Food Packaging Applications
Abstract :

A composite biodegradable film was developed using hemp seed protein and carrageenan for food packaging applications. The film was prepared using hemp seed protein, carrageenan and glycerol (plasticizer). Different levels of carrageenan (1.0, 1.4 and 1.8%) and glycerol (10, 15 and 20%) were used to standardise the formulation for the preparation of the basic film. Based on the different physico-mechanical and colour characteristics, 1.4% carrageenan and 15% glycerol were found optimum for development of the basic film with desirable characteristics. Different levels of hemp seed protein (0.75, 1.0 and 1.5%) were incorporated in the basic formulation and the developed composite films were evaluated for different physico-mechanical and colour characteristics. Addition of hemp seed protein increased the thickness (mm) and density (g/ml) whereas decreased the water vapour transmission rate (%). Hemp seed protein also decreased the lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of the film. Based on the results, 1.5% was found optimum for development of the film with desirable characteristics. The film can be used as a carrier of natural bioactive ingredients for improving storage quality of the food products.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Lemon Grass and Orange Essential Oils as a Green Pesticide against House Flies Musca domestica in India
Abstract :

The house fly Musca domestica is a cosmopolitan insect associated with vectoring of etiological agents. Pest management strategies for house flies are needed. Chemical control method commonly used against this pest, though effective, has some disadvantages, such as development of insect resistance and bioaccumulation. Presently bioinsecticides, especially those derived from plants have been increasingly evaluated in controlling insect of medical and veterinary importance. In order to search for effective and ecofriendly control agents, the essential oils of Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrates) were evaluated larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal activity against house flies. The two essential oils were Gas chromatography / mass spectroscopy analysis of two oils showed that Citral (32.9 %), β-Citral (21.03 %), Eucalyptol (13.9%) and Limonene (7.09%) as main components of lemon grass. While Limonene (53.31%), Carvol (7.74%), Cis-carveol (5.54%) were the major constituents of Orange EO. The (LD)50 value for larvicidal activity of lemon grass and orange were 29.58 µl & 33.28 µl respectively. The (LD)50 value for pupicidal activity of the lemon grass was 18.2 µl while orange oil (LD)50 = 48.27 µl . In the adulticidal activity assay to determine the Eos of lemon grass and orange at the concentration of 200 µl took a minimum time of 4.3 ± 0.11 minute to cause 100 per cent fly mortality followed by orange oil is 10.5 ± 0.22 minutes. The result revealed that the essential oils of Lemon grass and orange oil have possessed larvicidal, Pupicidal and adulticide properties against Musca domestica.

Title: Evaluation of Myocardial Damage in Dogs with Heat Stroke
Abstract :
Twenty cases of heat stroke in dogs, observed during hot/hot humid months, were investigated for myocardial damage, if any, employing electrocardiography and estimation of cardiac troponin-I. Heat stroke in dogs was clinically characterized by sudden onset of hyperthermia (temperature > 107.0 °F) during hot/hot humid months, impaired consciousness, severe panting and associated symptoms. Their haemogram reflected thrombocytopenia and increased levels of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocytes and total leucocytes. Electrocardiographic abnormalities such as sinus tachycardia (heart rate 240 to 320 beats per minutes), ventricular premature complexes (8-10 per minute), ventricular tachycardia (ventricular rate 180-220), ventricular fibrillations, and 3rd degree heart block associated with increased level of cardiac troponin- I (mean 3.34±1.11 ng/ml) suggested myocardial damage in the dogs with heat stroke.
Title: Analyzing Dairy Farmer's Perceptions of Constraints in the Ernakulam and Thrissur Districts of Kerala During the 2018 Floods
Abstract :

An ex post facto investigation was conducted to study the constraints perceived by flood affected dairy farmers of Ernakulam and Thrissur districts. Total of 150 livestock farmers were selected from both districts. The information generated through farmer-research interaction formed the items for the structured interview schedule that was used for data collection. A total of 23 such items were generated and these were edited appropriately and grouped under five broad domains viz. economic, communication, technical, infrastructural and socio-psychological constraints before being included in the structured interview schedule. Data were collected by personal interviews on the homestead of the farmers during the months of October, November and December, 2020. Analysis of the data indicated that the high cost of feed and fodder (100%), the non-availability of green fodder during the floods (100%) and feelings of depression among studied farmers (100%) were perceived to be the most important constraints by them. Among the domains the most important constraints perceived by the respondent farmers were economic constraints followed by technical constraints, communication constraints, infrastructural constraints and psychological constraints in the said order. The study sheds light on the importance of both economic inputs coupled with technical support and capacity building among the dairy farmers so as to equip them to face any calamites in future.

Title: Economic Analysis of Functional Yoghurt and its Impact on Consumer Acceptability
Abstract :

Yoghurt is famous fermented milk product due to the entry of a number of international and national organized dairy players in the market and gradually replaces the other dairy products due to its varieties and health benefits. From the economic analysis of functional yoghurt preparation, it was found that initial capital investment in starting the business of functional yoghurt was ` ten lakh. The proportion of fixed and variable cost was 9 per cent and 91 per cent, respectively. Final cost of production of optimized yoghurt was worked out to be ` 99.52 per kg. Considering the prevailing market price of yoghurt to be ` 120 per kg, a profit of ` 20.48 per kg could be obtained which is a good profit margin for the commercial viability and sustainability of the product. Benefit cost ratio was observed to be 1.21 which is quite higher than one indicating good viability of the investment. The Break Even output was calculated as 31.28 kg of product with a margin of safety of 68.72 per cent which is quite high indicating that the business is secure and less risky. The degree of liking among the respondents shows that nearly 32% described the product as excellent and 39% as very good, while remaining 18% expressed the product as good. 5% of the people neither like or nor dislike the product and 6% of the people dislike the product.

Title: Effect of Feeding Moringa oleifera Meal on Feed and Nutrient Intake, Feeding Behaviour and Feed Conversion Ratio of Surti Kids
Abstract :

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera meal on feed and nutrient intake, growth performance, feeding and drinking behaviour and feed conversion efficiency of Surti kids. Eighteen growing Surti kids of 6-8 months were randomly allotted to three dietary groups as T1 control, T2 - 25% compound concentrate mixture replaced by Moringa oleifera meal and T3 - 50% compound concentrate mixture replaced by Moringa oleifera meal. Dry matter and nutrient intake, body weight and feeding behaviour of experimental kids were statistically insignificant, while average daily gain and feed conversion ratio differed significantly (P<0.05) between treatment groups. Feed conversion ratio of T2 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than T3, while the FCRs of T2 and T3 were at par with the T1. It was concluded that 25% and 50% replacement of concentrate mixture with Moringa oleifera meal did not affect the nutrient intake, feeding behaviour and growth performance of Surti kids, whereas replacement by 25% Moringa oleifera meal showed significantly (P<0.05) better feed conversion efficiency.

Title: Feeding Practices in Plain Rural Areas of Jammu Region
Abstract :

This study was conducted to know the existing feeding practices in rural areas of Northern India. A survey was conducted in Jammu district including 152 farmers who had 360 buffaloes in different age group. Data was collected on feeding practices adopted by farmers through common questionnaire and visiting to the farmers. Average daily feed intake mainly wheat bhoosa of each animal was calculated for three consecutive days. Amount of concentrate fed was measured on weekly basis. Survey studies indicated that most of the farmers were feeding wheat straw ad lib to the animals in Jammu district. The feeding status of the animals was much below the ICAR requirement. The concentrate was given only in limited quantity which was not sufficient to satisfy the requirement of the animals in most of the cases. Thus, the milk production and productivity of the animals in general was very poor. Hence, it was concluded that there is urgent need of extension education to the farmers for improving the nutritional status of the animals by scientific feeding and management.

Title: Use of Indigenous Technical Knowledge by Dairy Farmers of Jammu Region vis-a-vis Animal Husbandry Practices
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken in Jammu, Samba and Kathua districts of Jammu and Kashmir to categorize and prioritize different factors influencing the application of Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITKs) by dairy farmers in animal husbandry practices. 150 dairy farmers from three districts of Jammu division (Jammu, Samba and Kathua) were chosen as respondents who had a minimum of one milch animal and also practicing ITKs during the period of this study. The results of this research study revealed that, locally available medicinal plants were the main factor followed by the dairy farmers with perceived knowledge of ITK. Along with this lack of door-step availability of veterinary services coupled with their high cost was perceived as the third most important factor that determined the utilization of ITKs by the dairy farmers in maintaining animal health and productivity. Localized and plentiful availability of indigenous plants, familiarity and confidence concerning ITK were the main reasons that determine the use of ITKs by the dairy farmers. Different rationale behind embracing of ITKs may be owing to the fact that it is part of their way of life, behavior and long-established standards and can be performed using available resources.

Title: Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Hepatic Disorders in Dogs
Abstract :

Abdominal ultrasonography is the most commonly used imaging modality for small animals with suspected hepatobiliary diseases. In the present study, 140 cases were subjected to ultrasonographic examination, of which 32 cases were diagnosed as diffuse parenchymal disorders with ascites, 32 as diffuse parenchymal disorders without ascites and 24 as focal parenchymal disorders. Out of 32 cases of diffuse parenchymal disorders with ascites, liver size were normal and reduced with varied echogenic pattern viz., diffuse hyper and mixed echogenecity. The liver margins were rounded and irregular with normal and inapparent portal and hepatic veins. The echo-texture was coarse and hetero genous along with hypoechoic masses. Ascites (peritoneal fluid) represented by anechoic fluid were present in all 32 dogs. Out of 32 dogs of diffuse parenchymal disorders without ascites, liver size were normal and enlarged with diffuse hyper, hypo and mixed echogenecity. The liver margins were sharp and rounded in with normal, dilated and in apparent portal and hepatic veins. The echo texture was coarse and heterogenous with hypo echoic masses. Out of 24 dogs of focal parenchymal disorders, liver size were normal and enlarged with hypo and mixed echogenecity. The liver margins were sharp, rounded and irregular along with normal, dilated and in apparent portal and hepatic veins. The echo texture was coarse and heterogeneous along with hypo and hyper echoic masses were seen. Ascites (peritoneal fluid) represented by anechoic fluid.

Title: Hepatoprotective Effect of Pomegranate Juice Extract in Methotrexate Induced Hepatic Dysfunction in Rats
Abstract :

The current study was aimed to assess the progression of hepatic fibrosis and to compare the therapeutic efficacy of pomegranate juice to the known anti-fibrotic drug, enalapril. In this study, a total of 24 rats were used and divided into 4 groups: groups I & II were kept as normal control & MTX controls, whilst groups III and IV were kept as MTX+ pomegranate and MTX+ enalapril, respectively, and the study was carried out for 28 days. Serum samples were collected on the 14th and 28th days for the estimation of AST, ALT, GGT, and TGF-1 levels. Rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, and liver samples were collected for further estimation of anti-oxidant levels and histopathology of the liver. The study results showed significantly elevated the activity of AST, ALT and GGT, TGF- β1 in MTX received rats group (II) compared to control group (I) along with elevated levels of TBARS and significant diminished antioxidant enzymes GSH, GPx, SOD and GST. However, group III receiving pomegranate juice revealed substantial improvement in all parameters and results were validated through the histopathology of the liver. The presence of phytoconstituents ellagic acid, gallic acid, anthocyanins and catechins, could abrogate MTX-induced hepatic fibrosis.

Title: Assessment of Comparative Efficacy of Disinfectants on the Microbial load of Sheep and Goat Slaughterhouses
Abstract :

The present investigation aimed to determining the efficacy of four different disinfectants on microbial load collected from the effluent of distinct areas like flaying, evisceration, exsanguination and running tap water of sheep and goat slaughterhouses at different localities in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. The disinfectant effectiveness at various concentrations was tested using the well diffusion method. The test disinfectant contains active compounds like sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, benzalkonium chloride and carbolic acid at different concentrations. The results indicated that the efficacy of disinfectants generally increased by increasing the concentration from lower to higher level. However, some of the disinfectants were ineffective even at their highest recommended concentrations. Sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite at their recommended concentrations of 6 % and 5 % respectively were ineffective and disinfectant solution containing benzalkonium chloride 80 was highest at 2.5 % and also at 0.25 % concentration. This research concluded that the most effective disinfectant was carbolic acid at 10 % concentration among all selected disinfectants and it effectively decreased the microbial load on different areas of slaughter house.

Title: Foldscope Based Detection of Rice Husk and Saw Dust Adulteration in Feed Ingredients and Thiram Contamination in Cereal Grains
Abstract :

A study was conducted to develop foldscope based methodologies to detect adulteration of rice husk and saw dust in feed ingredients and thiram contamination in cereal grains. Feed ingredients and adulterants were treated with standardized phloroglucinol-hydrochloric acid solution and evaluated based on appearance of pink colour in foldscope images on reaction with lignin. Thiram contaminated or uncontaminated maize and sorghum grains were treated with cuprous iodide based solutions. Pink colour was not observed on treatment with phloroglucinol-hydrochloric acid solution in the foldscope images of soyabean meal, rice bran, de-oiled rice bran and wheat bran while pink colour spots were noticed in groundnut cake, un-decorticated cottonseed cake, decorticated cottonseed cake, sunflower cake, rapeseed meal and red gram chuni. However, both rice husk and saw dust were completely in pink colour without any changes in their cellular structure in foldscope images. Starch granules of maize and sorghum showed white colour while the starch granules of thiram contaminated maize and sorghum were covered with light brown to amber colour on treatment with cuprous iodide in ammonia solution in foldscope images. Rice husk was most frequently found in de-oiled rice bran samples from various dairy farms under field conditions. It is concluded that phloroglucinol-hydrochloric acid solution and cuprous iodide in ammonia solution can be used as reagents to detect adulteration of rice husk and saw dust in feed ingredients and mixed feeds and thiram contamination in cereal grains, respectively on the spot under field conditions using foldscope.

Title: Analysis of Differential Expression of microRNA, bta-miR-451 in Lipopolysaccharide Challenged Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Crossbred and Vechur Cattle
Abstract :
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNA molecules, which participate in major cellular processes including metabolism, cell signalling and mechanisms associated with immunity. They have been reported to play an immense role in the regulation of gene expression through their effect on translational repression and gene silencing mechanisms. Recent studies reported the involvement of miRNA, miR-451 in various immune related and cell signalling pathways in many species. As an attempt to understand the regulatory role of miR-451 in immune responses, the present study was undertaken to analyse the differential expression of bta-miR-451 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of crossbred and Vechur cattle after challenging the cells with bacterial endotoxin; llipopolysaccharide (LPS) which acts as the strong stimulators of innate immunity. Significant up regulation was noticed in the expression of bta-miR-451 in LPS stimulated PBMCs of Vechur cattle compared to that of crossbred cattle. Pathway analysis as well as protein- protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of the predicted targets of bta-miRNA-451 also revealed significant association of the miRNA on various immune related mechanisms. As native cattle breeds are supposed to be having high disease resistance, heat tolerance and general adaptability compared to the existing crossbred cattle population, the findings of the present study may contribute in understanding the regulatory role of miRNAs in conferring immunological sturdiness to Vechur cattle, one of the indigenous cattle breed of Kerala.
Title: Supplementation of Probiotic and Fibrolytic Enzymes on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Crossbred Calves
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE; Cellulase, Xylanase and ß-glucanase) at 2 levels 10 and 15g/animal/day on growth performance and nutrient utilization in cross bred calves. Twenty-four male Jersey × Sahiwal crossbred calves were randomly divided into 3 groups (5-6 months age, 80- 90 kg B.Wt) and were fed with ad libtumAPBN-1 and concentrate feed @ 1 % of body weight as a basal ration (T1) which is supplemented with RumEest-ESF at 10 and 15g/animal/day to make groups T2 and T3 groups, respectively for a period of 90 days. The average daily gain was higher (P>0.05) in T3 (599.6 g/d) over T2 (578.3 g/d) and T1 (543.6 g/d). No differences were observed for initial and final body weights of the calves. Improved Feed efficiency was observed in yeast and EFE supplemented groups compared to control. The digestibility coefficient of OM, CP, CF, NDF and Hemi-cellulose were found to be significantly (P< 0.05) higher in T3 among treatments. The DM intakes (kg/day) were 2.46, 2.55 and 2.42 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The % DCP and % TDN were significantly (P<0.05) higher in yeast and EFE supplemented group compared to control. Further, the behavioural traits were non-significant, except for total ruminating time (P< 0.05) which was higher in T2 and T3 than T1. It was concluded that supplementation of probiotics and EFE has shown improved feed efficiency, growth rate and rumination time in crossbred calves.

Title: Influence of Lactation Stages on Hematological Parameters of Indigenous Badri Cattle of Uttarakhand
Abstract :

Badri is the first registered indigenous cattle breed of Uttarakhand, mainly reared in hilly areas of the state. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of lactation stages on hematological parameters. The study was carried out in forty healthy lactating cows divided into five groups with eight animals in each group during different stages of lactation viz. 0 to 60 days, 61 to 120 days, 121 to 180 days, 181 to 240 days and non-lactating animals. Hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte count (TLC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), differential leucocyte count (DLC), absolute leucocyte count (ALC) and neutrophil: lymphocyte (N:L) were estimated. A significant effect of different stages of lactation on PCV, TEC, ESR, MCV, MCH, lymphocytes and neutrophils (p<0.05) was observed.

Title: Proteomic Approach to Detect Meat Adulteration from Farm to Fork
Abstract :

Meat has long been regarded as a significant source of protein in human life. Furthermore, with today’s hectic and demanding urban lifestyle, processed meat has become the most important source of protein in one’s diet. Consumers rely on food labels to determine whether or not the meat product they are purchasing is safe and reliable. To avoid consumer fraud, it is critical to verify that food labeling is completed correctly. Compared to the past, people are increasingly more concerned about food quality and safety. For food authentication, a variety of instrumental procedures have been proposed. Traditional methods are still employed, but emerging approaches like genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics are helping to supplement existing methodology for confirming claims made about specific foods. A few decades before, proteomics emerged as the most crucial technology for authentication of adulterated meat. Proteins can be employed as markers for a variety of qualities in meat and show the processes to which the meat has been treated so that they can add to the meat labeling claim.

Title: Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw and Pasteurized Milk
Abstract :

In the present study, an attempt to isolate and identify E. coli from raw and pasteurized milk was made. A total of 120 samples comprising of raw milk (80) and pasteurized milk (40) were processed for the isolation of E. coli. These 120 samples of raw and pasteurized milk samples were collected randomly from local milk vendors, milk store , milk parlour, dairy booth and retail dairies located in different parts of Jaipur city, Rajasthan. Out of 120 samples, the prevalence of E. coli was recorded in raw milk and pasteurised milk as samples as 31.25% (25) and 27.5% (11) respectively. In the present investigation, 12 different antibiotics were used in to obtain antibiogram for 36 isolates of E. coli recovered from raw and pasteurized milk samples. The analysis of antibiogram revealed that the most effective antibiotic was Enrofloxacin (83.33%), followed by Nalidixic acid (75%) and Oxytetracycline (75%) of the isolates were sensitive. Also, 72.22% isolates were sensitive to Co-trimoxazole, 63.88% to Ceftriaxone and Trimethoprim respectively and other antibiotics were less effective. Erythromycin showed highest resistance (47.22%) followed by Trimethoprim (36.11%) and cefotaxime (30.55%). Out of 36 E. coli isolates, 17 (47.22%) were found to have MAR index more than 0.2, thus indicating injudicious use of antibiotics. On molecular profiling, all the 36 isolates were found to be positive for ITS gene, uidAgene and uspA gene. Out of the 36 isolates, one (2.77%) was positive for virulence gene (stx1).

Title: Prevalence Study of Sub Clinical Mastitis in Indigenous Goats in Semi-arid Zone of Northern Hemisphere of India
Abstract :
The current study was conducted to determine prevalence of sub clinical mastitis (SCM) in indigenous goats in semi-arid zone of Northern Hemisphere of India. A total of 430 milk samples from 217 lactating indigenous goats (4 blind teats) of different breed suspected for SCM were collected and screened for SCM by California Mastitis Test. The overall prevalence of SCM was reported to be 23.04 % (50 out of 217). Highest prevalence was reported in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan (33.34%) followed by Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh (31.25%) and lowest in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh (16.21%). Considering the individual udder halves, right quarter was found to be more prone to SCM than left quarter. Jakhrana breed of goat possessed highest prevalence followed by Jamnapari, Sirohi, Barbari, Beetal and Black Bengal breed. The prevalence showed an increasing trend as age of goat increases as well as parity / lactation. Similarly, more prevalence was observed in late lactation than mid and early lactation. The season wise incidence of SCM revealed highest in winter than summer season. This suggests endemicity of SCM in lactating goats in this region. Hence, early preventive measures should be taken to control of SCM to reduce further economic loss.
Title: Evaluation of Haptoglobin as a Prognostic Marker in Dogs Affected with Hepatobiliary Disorders
Abstract :

In the present investigation, the mean levels of the haptoglobin concentration was evaluated among 140 dogs affected with hepatobiliary disorders and compared with healthy control group dogs. Haptoglobin values were significantly declined among dogs affected with diffuse hepatic parenchymal disorders with ascites. While, a significant elevation of haptoglobin concentration was observed in focal parenchymal disorders, biliary tract disorders and diffuse hepatic parenchymal disorders without ascites as compared to the healthy control group.

Title: Effect of Breed, Coccidial Dosage and their Interaction on Body Weight Gain and Oocyst Outputs against Eimeria tenella Infection in Two Broiler Strain of Chicken
Abstract :

The research work was planned on 120 unsexed day old broiler chicks, sixty each of Cari Vishal and Cobb broiler chicken to notice the effect on body weight gain and oocyst outputs against E. tenella infection. The effect of dosage of coccidial challenge was found to be significant (P<0.05) only at 4th week of age among treatment groups. The least squares mean (LSM) for body weight (g) differed significantly among two genetic groups from 0 to 8 week of age. Significantly (P<0.05) lower body weight gain was recorded in the birds of T2 group at 4 week of age as compared to control and T1. The difference was found to be significant in birds between control and T2 group from 5th to 8th week of age, while it was non significant between T1 and T2 groups. The mean OPG was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Cobb birds than Cari-Vishal birds from days 5 to 9 post infection (pi). The mean OPG count was noticed significantly higher in Cobb as compared to Cari-Vishal. The mean OPG count of T1 and T2 groups differed significantly (P<0.05) at day 7, 8 and 9 pi in Cobb and at day 5, 6, 8 and 9 in Cari-Vishal while it was non-significant at days 5 and 6 pi in Cobb and day 7 in Cari-Vishal.

Title: Protothecosis: A Cause of Chronic Enteropathy/ Large Bowel Diarrhoea in Dogs
Abstract :

Protothecosis is an emerging algal disease which has not been much reported from India. Canine protothecosis typically involves a broadly disseminated infection mainly colitis (with or without hematochezia), a common presenting complaint. Four male dogs out of total 69 cases presented to University Hospital with history of hematochezia for more than 2 months in all cases, high grade fever, inappetance, poor body condition and chronic weight loss. On rectal examination, anal saculitis (n=1) and hematochezia (n=4) was seen. Hemogram revealed hemoconcentration, neutrophilic leucocytosis. However, no apparent change seen in biochemistry, fecal examination, radiography and ultrasonography. Acute phase protein and other inflammatory markers were also undertaken to rule out other causes of gastrointestinal signs. Rectal brush cytology was done to rule out rectal mucosal abnormality which revealed large number of prototheca organisms round to oval, having basophilic cytoplasm with an unstained theca within the cytoplasm along with increased no. of normal microflora. Three out of four cases succumbed to disease as of its fatal occurence. Hypoallergenic diet was given in one case for 2 weeks followed by a course of antibiotic and B-complex. Patient did not respond and then was shifted to Arsenic album 30, a homeopathy medicine 4 drops q.i.d for 1 week PO, followed by Arsenic album 200 4 drops q.i.d once weekly PO for 4 weeks to which animal responded well. It was concluded that protothecosis carries a grave prognosis in canine patients; however, homeopathy should be tried as an alternative therapy in more number of affected dogs.

Title: An Animal Model of Non-Descript and Exotic Breeds of Pigs to Study Relative Expression Profiling of Key Genes of Muscle Development and Body Growth in Postnatal Longissimus Dorsi Muscle
Abstract :

Pork meat is considered to be one of the cheapest source of animal protein. The pork from non-descript pigs is considered to be tenderer and juicy. Yet the growth rate in non-descript pigs is low. Pig rearing in the socio-economically weaker section had been highly preferred as it provides insurance against agricultural loses. The present study focuses on to study the relative expression of key genes of growth (ARID5B, COL2A1), muscle organ morphogenesis (MyBPH, PDK4) and protein phosphorylation (PKM2 and POSTN) in Longissimus dorsi muscle of Large White Yorkshire (LWY) and non-descript pigs. The qualitative and quantitative differential expression were performed by agarose gel electrophoresis and qRT-PCR. The expression of all genes showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between both the breeds except PKM2 (P>0.05). The gene MyBPH was significantly (P<0.05) upregulated in non-descript while other genes i.e. ARID5B, COL2A1, PDK4 and POSTN were significantly (P<0.05) down-regulated in nondescript pig muscles. With the help of this data we can say that the pork from non-descript pig is tender and juicy due to higher expression of MyBPH in them but the body growth rate is low due to low expression seen in ARID5B, COL2A1, PDK4 and POSTN genes. Therefore the present study can be used as a pioneer data to understand the genetic basis of differences between the meat quality of non-descript and LWY breeds of pig.

Title: A Review on Thermoregulatory Responses in Tharparkar Cattle against Heat Stress
Abstract :

In changing climatic scenario, heat stress has become one of the most important challenges faced by dairy industry today. To maintain appropriate microclimate in animal houses i.e., sufficient air circulation, temperature, humidity, low pollution and low content of gases have been major factor to concern. These factors significantly contribute to the proper development and maintenance of cattle welfare and subsequently livestock-based food security. India ranked fifth in the Global Climate Risk Index, 2019 and extreme heat has potentially deadly effects of climate change, especially for populations living in the tropics. Dairy cattle show heat stress when the temperature humidity index (THI) is higher than 72 (Armstrong, 1994). Their threshold for heat tolerance depends on the genotype as well as production level. Animals on higher production levels tend to be more sensitive to heat stress. Indigenous evolved crossbred cattle like Karan Fries, had higher metabolic heat production, methane, energy loss and physiological responses as compared to zebu cattle. The lower metabolic rate of zebu breeds indicates better adaptability of it to tropical climatic condition in terms of heat and methane production. Among, Indigenous cattle breeds Tharparkar exhibits more tolerance to heat stress then breeds like Sahiwal, Gir, Red Sindhi and crossbreds. Thermoregulatory responses play major role in conferring thermotolerance against heat stress through expression of highly conserved family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs). Despite these thermoregulatory responses toward heat stress prodigiously muddles Zebu cattle Tharparkar’s productivity as compared to other indigenous and crossbred cattle.

Title: Effect of Supplementing Graded Levels of Pulverized Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber on the Growth Performance of Pre-Weaned Calves
Abstract :

The study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of graded levels of pulverized Jerusalem artichoke tuber on the growth performance of pre-weaned calves. Twenty-four Vrindavani calves (15 days, 23.64±0.57 kg BW) were distributed into four equal groups. The calves were fed graded levels of pulverized Jerusalem artichoke tuber (0, 1, 2 and 3 per cent of dry matter intake) mixed in milk in control, JAP-1, JAP-2 and JAP-3, respectively for a period of nine weeks. The weekly body weight, net body weight gain and average daily weight gain at the end of trial were comparable between the treatment groups. The weekly body measurements viz heart girth, abdomen girth, body length, wither height, chest width and hip width did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between the groups. The overall milk DMI, average concentrate intake (g/d, g/kg LW, g/kg W0.75), average roughage intake (g/d, g/kg LW, g/kg W0.75) and average total dry matter intake (g/d, g/kg LW, g/kg W0.75) did not differ between the groups. The feed conversion efficiency was also similar between the groups. It is concluded that pulverized Jerusalem artichoke tuber supplementation up to 3 per cent of dry matter was not sufficient to bring about a positive impact on the growth performance of pre weaned calves.

Title: Contents
Abstract :

Content

Title: Effect of Heat Stress on Water Deficit Markers in Nali Sheep
Abstract :
An exploration was launched to access the heat ambience associated alterations in water-deficit markers in sheep from western Rajasthan. Appraisal of environmental elements was carried out on the basis of recording of heat load index during intervening, dry-hot, humid-hot and cold Environmental periods (EPs) from Sri Ganganagar and Churu districts of Rajasthan. The mean values among EPs varied significantly (p<0.05) for minimum, maximum and average Temperature Humidity Index (THI). During humid-hot EP, the % variation in the values of plasma bicarbonate, urine bicarbonate, Fractional Excretion of Bicarbonate ions (FEBicarb), plasma anion gap and urine anion gap were found to be maximum (+32.73%, +112.78%, +168.75%,-45.74% and +23.17), respectively. On the basis of study it was concluded that the humid hot was the most effective season among all ambiences. The female sheep were affected more than male sheep. Along with that it was also observed that 15- 19 months age group was affected the most among all 4 age groups.
Title: Comparative Study Targeting Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Metabolic Response, Skeletal System and Body Growth in Postnatal Fat Tissue of Adult Large White Yorkshire and Non-Descript Pig Breed of Punjab
Abstract :

Fat is a significant factor that influences the quality of pork. In carcass, subcutaneous fat accounts for the maximum percentage of fat. Since subcutaneous fat is negatively correlated with the quality of pork as increased level of subcutaneous fat decreases the Intramuscular fat (IMF) content. Thus, reducing the fat percentage has become a major goal. Current study was designed with an objective to investigate the comparative expression analysis of differentially expressed genes (COL2A1, COL9A1, PNPLA3, PDK4 and FASN) in fat tissue of Large White Yorkshire (LWY) and non-descript pig breed. Real-time qPCR was utilized for identifying the differential expression of genes. Results from current study revealed a significant lower expression of COL2A1 (p<0.01) and PDK4 (p<0.05) in non-descript pigs, indicating toward poor growth and lesser active metabolic response. However, a higher expression of COL9A1 (p<0.05), PNPLA3 (p<0.05), and FASN (p<0.01) is observed in non-descript pigs indicating high fat development in non-descript pigs. Therefore, current results suggests higher fat deposition in non-descript breed which may be because of lesser active metabolic response. Current study is the first report to differentiate between LWY and non-descript breed on the basis of differential expression of mRNA transcript in fat tissue. Results generated by current study can further be used for targeting other candidate genes for fat development in pigs. Furthermore, genes used in current study can be subjected to use as biomarker for selection, development and promoting lean meat production in non-descript pigs.

Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Different Sources of Selenium on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Barbari Bucks
Abstract :

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of different sources of Se on growth performance, intake and nutrient digestibility of Barbari bucks. For this study, 24 experimental bucks were selected and equally divided into four groups (n=6) on body weight basis. The animals in control group were fed on basal diet i.e., concentrate mixture, gram straw and corn silage as per ICAR (2013) feeding standard whereas, the groups T1(SS), T2(SY) and T3(NS) were fed basal diet along with supplementation of inorganic Se (Sodium selenite), organic Se (Se-Yeast) and Se nano particles at level of 0.3mg/kg DM offered respectively. The experimental feeding was done for 90 days. DMI was calculated by recording daily the feed offered and residue left. The animals were weighed before feeding and watering in the morning on two consecutive days at the start of experimental feeding and thereafter at fortnightly intervals. ADG (g/d) and Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated by the amount of DMI (kg) required for unit (per kg) weight gain by animals during the trial period. To compare the efficiency of nutrient utilization in experimental bucks, a digestion trial for a period of 7 days was conducted at the end of the study.The results revealed dietary supplementation of Se from either source have no significant (P<0.05) effect on BW, ADG, FCR, feed intake and digestibility of nutrients. Hence, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of Se from either inorganic, organic and nano sources have no effect on growth, intake and nutrient digestibility of Barbari bucks.

Title: Impact of Roads on Income and Consumption of Rural Households in West Bengal
Abstract :
In several studies it has been observed that public goods like roads indirectly play a key role in the development process through multiplier effects in the long run, it effects positively not only in economic aspects but also in social aspects. This holds true for both urban and rural areas. It has been found in many cases how rural road connectivity acts as a driver of socioeconomic development and poverty reduction. In many studies it has been found that lack of roads constraints the access of rural people to
markets leading to a reduction in income and consumption. In view of this, an attempt has been made in this study to consider the impact of rural roads on income and consumption of the households in West Bengal. It has been found that better roads and railway systems lead to access and opportunities leading to diversified livelihood and accordingly diversified income are generated. The study also reveals that there is both quantitative and qualitative divergence in employment of the households between near and away from main road and rail station leading to a diversified income which in turn has a significant effect on the consumption expenditure of the rural households. The Gini coefficient is higher in case of those households near to main roads and rail station as well as a statistically significant higher group means for monthly income as well as consumption expenditure of those households reflecting a diversified rural livelihoods mainly because of better access to public assets like rural roads and implying a variation and
heterogeneity in income and consumption.
Title: Nutritive and Sensory Quality of Buffalo Meat Dried by Hot Air and Combination of Hot Air – Microwave Stored Under Different Packaging Systems
Abstract :
India ranks first in buffalo population and ranks top in buffalo meat export. Buffalo meat is lean with less fat, contains crucial amino acids, good functional properties and blends well with other ingredients. Since meat is a perishable product it can be converted into shelf stable product by drying, which is the simplest and oldest preservation technique. The present study was aimed to standardise the drying techniques in hot air and hot air- microwave combination drying. Round portion of buffalo carcass was subjected to drying techniques such as hot air and hot air-microwave combination drying and subjected to different packaging systems viz T1- Aerobically packed hot air dried buffalo meat, T2- vacuum packaged hot air dried buffalo meat, T3- aerobically packed hot air – microwave combination dried buffalo meat and T4-vacuum packaged hot air- microwave combination dried buffalo meat. Treatments were stored at ambient temperature and their proximate principles and sensory attributes were assessed. Moisture content was significantly higher for T1 and T2 and no significant difference was observed in protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate and calorific values of treatments. Sensory attributes did not differ significantly between treatments and were acceptable upto 90 days storage. Combination drying technique can be adopted as an efficient fast method of drying in small and large scale production of dried meat products.
Title: In-vitro Assessment of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Capacity of Essential oils from Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and Lemon (Citrus limon) for Future Applications in Meat Industry
Abstract :

Present study was planned to assess in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of cumin and lemon essential oils for future application in food products. In-vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of both essential oils was done against nine strains of gram-negative and gram-positive microbes. It was determined by Zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) assays. Results of both oils showed good antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The MIC values ranged from 2000 to 15000 ppm for cumin oil, whereas it ranged from 6000 to 15000 ppm for lemon essential oil. The antioxidant and antiradical scavenging activity of the both oils were determined by means of DPPH and ABTS assay. Examined essential oils showed a free radical scavenging activity, ranging from 19.31 to 92.41% of DPPH inhibition and 10.32 to 76.78% for ABTS assay for cumin oil and 8.63 to 66.03% of DPPH inhibition and 8.14 to 63.88% for ABTS assay for lemon essential oil. It was observed that cumin essential oil exhibited better antioxidant capacity in terms of free radical inhibition as compared to lemon essential oil. It can be concluded that both cumin and lemon essential oils possess strong antibacterial as well as antioxidant potential for applications as natural preservatives in meat and other food industries.

Title: Impact of Exogenous Protease on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Excreta Odor Emission in Broiler Chickens Fed Corn-Soybean-Based Diet
Abstract :

This experiment was conducted to evaluate dietary protease supplementation in broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets on performance, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids, ileal digesta viscosity, blood profile, and excreta odor content. A total of 2,000 1-day-old male broilers (Ross 308, 43.34±1.12 g) were allotted randomly to five dietary treatments on the basis of initial body weight (BW). Each treatment had 10 replicate pens with 40 birds per pen. The 4 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 3,750, 5,000, and 6,250 PCU/kg feed protease. Experimental diets were fed for 42 days in four phases (Pre Starter: d 0-11; Starter: d 12-21; Grower: d 22-32 and Finisher: d 33-42) in pellet form. During d 1 to 21, d 22-42, and the overall study period (d 0-42), with increasing dietary protease levels from 0 to 6, 250 PCU/kg feed, the BWG was improved (linear, P <0.05), whereas the FCR was decreased (linear, P <0.05). There was a linear (P <0.05), improvement in ATTD of CP and GE and most amino acids (with exception of arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine) as dietary protease level increased. Blood profiles including blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were not affected by dietary treatments, similarly,odor emission in excreta of broilers including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and total mercaptan was not affected with dietary protease. In conclusion, dietary protease supplementation in broilers corn-soybean meal-based diets had beneficial effects on growth performance, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and amino acids.

Title: Interaction Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Giloy Herb and Ascorbic acid with Different Bedding Materials on Fortnight Body Weight and Gain of Japanese Quail During Growth Period
Abstract :

The present experiment was conducted on four hundred thirty two (432) seven day-old Japanese quail chicks for a period of 24 weeks to investigates the effects of supplementation (giloy, ascorbic acid and combination of both) along with different bedding materials (sand, saw dust and wheat straw) on body weight and body weight gain of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Birds were randomly and uniformly distributed in total 12 treatment groups comprising of 36 birds in each group and each group further divided into two replicates comprising 18 birds in each replicate. Highly significant (P<0.01) effect of incorporation of supplements and different bedding material was found on mean body weight and mean body weight gain. The interaction effect of bedding material and supplementation was significant on body weight and body weight gain of earlier age. The highest mean body weight and gain of Japanese quail was found in sand bedding material group. The present studies show that combination of dietary supplements giloy and vitamin- C significantly improves body weight of quail.

Title: Seasonality Analysis of the Incidences of Major Livestock and Poultry Diseases in Meghalaya, India
Abstract :

Livestock diseases incur huge cost on the farmers in the form of decreased productivity, mortality, control treatment and other shadow price such as the value of the offspring that could have been born. The understanding of the seasonal pattern and variation in disease incidence will show implications towards planning efficient disease control programme and vaccination. The present study analysed the pattern of incidence of major livestock diseases in Meghalaya over the years (2010-2015), the characteristics of its incidence within a year and discuss the effects of trade and environment on the seasonality of these diseases. Lorentz curves and corresponding Gini Coefficients showed that the distribution of all the eight diseases within a year were non-uniform, highest variation being observed in Caprine FMD. Near to equal distributions throughout the year with non-distinct peak were observed for Swine Fever, Bovine BQ and Bovine HS. The monthly seasonality of FMD incidences in bovine, swine and caprine, Swine Fever and Ranikhet Disease were highest in monsoon and least in winter and the seasonality was explained better by the seasonality of the import of these livestock than the environmental factors. While Fowl pox also had the same order of seasonality, the environmental factors seems to be indirectly linked to it, probably through high mosquito activities in monsoon, rather than the volume of import of poultry. Other physical or cultural factors such as seasonal human activities also explain the seasonal incidences of these diseases which needs further investigation.

Title: Evaluation of Haemato-biochemical Alterations, Antioxidant status and Oxidative stress in Babesia Infected Cattle
Abstract :

Babesia is one of the most common causes of anemia in cattle. The present study was designed to determine the changes in haemato-biochemical parameters and biomarkers of oxidative stress in Babesia infected cattle. Twelve Babesia infected cattle (irrespective of age, sex and breed) were selected for this study. Clinical signs, microscopic findings and PCR findings were recorded and blood samples were collected to investigate the haemato-biochemical parameters and biomarkers of oxidative stress. The most commonly observed symptoms were pyrexia, haemoglobinuria, tick infestation and icteric mucous membrane. Among the haemato-biochemical changes, significant reduction in haemoglobin, PCV, RBC count, albumin and serum glucose along with significant increase in TLC, serum total protein, globulin, ALT, AST, serum total bilirubin and serum creatinine were observed. Assessment of biomarkers of oxidative stress showed significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitric oxide (NO) along with significant reduction in glutathione s-transferase activity (GST activity), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. These findings support the theory that Babesia infection causes oxidative stress, which may be linked to the anaemia.

Title: Evaluation of Therapeutic Potential of Terminalia chebula on Large Colon Impaction in Equines
Abstract :
In the present investigation, a total of 12 equines with large colon impaction, and 6 healthy animals’ ages 3 to 12 years, were selected for study. The Impaction colic cases were divided into two treatment groups, T1 and T2, and healthy control group (Hc). The indigenous preparation comprised the seed of Terminalia chebula, was sun-dried and grinded to a fine powder, and was administered @ 10 gm/30 kg body weight orally once daily for three days in T2 groups. Both therapeutic groups T1 and T2 were given the following standard treatment, RL and DNS @ 20 ml/ kg b.wt., Ceftriaxone 10 mg/kg b.wt., Flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg b.wt., Ascorbic acid @ 20ml OD IV, Vitamin B-complex @10 ml OD IM, Antihistamines @ 10 ml OD IM for three days along with 2 litres of enteral liquid paraffin via a nasogastric tube. The therapeutic efficacy of the above therapeutic regimens was evaluated based on clinical recovery in terms of the time of defecation (hrs.) after treatment and improvement in the altered values of the clinical score, hemato-biochemical alterations, and electrolyte values towards normalcy (at par to the values in healthy control equines) on day 3rd after treatment. The blood sample was collected on the day of occurrence of Impaction on day 0 (pre-treatment) and day 3rd (post-treatment). Large colon impaction cases had significantly lower levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, and ionized calcium than the healthy animal group, whereas serum glucose, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, alanine ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, GGT, TNF-α, and procalcitonin, found significantly in higher levels. Therapeutic regimen adopted in the treatment of large colon impaction cases under treatment groups T2 in which Terminalia chebula powder (act as prokinetic) was given found to be most efficacious as evident by the improvement in clinical score in terms of the reduced colic sign, hemato-biochemical alteration and improvement in defecation time and gastrointestinal motility. 
Title: Relationship between Morphometric and Performance Traits in Crossbred Cows under Field Condition
Abstract :

The aim of the present study was to describe and establish the relationship between morphometric and performance traits in crossbred cattle under filed condition. The performance data and body measurements were collected for 453 progenies sired by 30 bulls as test mating under AICRP on cattle project during the period from 2015-2022. A total of 110 villages were included with socioeconomic status of farmers. Least squares mean for various traits has shown significant effect of farmer’s status on performance of crossbred cattle. The mean of FLMY and AFC was estimated to be 3893.35 kg and 953.6 days. The production traits were found to be influenced by occupation, fodder land, education level and number of animals of the farmers. The heritability estimation paves way for improvement in reproductive traits like AFC (h2 = 0.14) by better managemental practices and incorporation of traits like FLMY (h2 = 0.40) in selection methodology. The significant and positive correlations among the studied morphometric and performance traits have suggested high predictability between diverse traits. Regression model depicting R2 value of 0.677 may be helpful for early selection of crossbred cows on the basis of morphometric traits under field condition. Present findings also suggest that BL, HG, BD, HW and early body weights may be used for selection of rural HF crossbred cattle for the prediction of milk yield.

Title: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Carrier State in Livestock Population and its Diagnosis
Abstract :

Approximately, 50% of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) affected bovines persistently harbours the virus in the oro-pharyngeal epithelium for a prolonged period of time after recovery. The phenomenon is known as FMDV persistence and the animals as FMDV carriers. The virus can be isolated from oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) during a period more than 28 days after infection. Although direct transmission of virus from carrier to healthy animals has not been established, but these animals as a risk, for emergence of new outbreak cannot be overlooked. Therefore, trade policies consider the carriers as contagious and import of livestock from enzootic zones is restricted. FMDV persistence also complicates the retrieval of FMD-free status as the country or zone must evidence complete clearance of virus source. Thus, the detection of carrier animals after an outbreak or during export and import is essentially needed. This can be achieved by detecting the viral antigen and genome, or viral antibodies. Various methods such as virus isolation, RT-PCR, mucosal antibody detection ELISA etc. have been developed for this purpose. However, each test has some advantages and limitations. This article discusses about the persistence of FMDV in carrier animals and various methods for its detection.

Title: Molecular Prevalence of Babesiosis in Cattle in Southern Rajasthan
Abstract :

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Babesia infection in cattle in and around Udaipur district of Rajasthan. A total of 187 cattle (irrespective of age, sex and breed) showing clinical symptoms of pyrexia, haemoglobinuria, tick infestation and icteric mucous membrane were included to determine the prevalence of Babesiosis by using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 187 blood samples screened, 12 (6.42%) were found positive for Babesia infection on blood smear examination by Giemsa staining and 18 (9.62%) by polymerase chain reaction.

Title: Molecular Characterization of Coding Region of Partial N-lobe of Malabari Goat Lactoferrin
Abstract :

Lactoferrin (Lf), an 80 kDa glycoprotein, is present in milk and other exocrine secretions. It is considered as a “moonlighting” protein because of its diverse functions, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic activities. The present study shows the molecular characterization of partial coding region of N-lobe of lactoferrin (Lf) gene of Malabari goat breed of Kerala, which are reputed for their sturdiness and resistance to diseases. The RNA was isolated from the milk somatic cells of Malabari goat, followed by cDNA synthesis and subsequent amplification of partial coding region of N-lobe of Lf gene. The amplicons were sequenced and the sequences were analyzed using various bioinformatics tools. A 813 bp long partial coding region encoding 274 amino acids was obtained for Malabari goats. The sequences of both the breeds were 94-99% similar to Lf gene of other ruminant species. Six nucleotide variations were observed in Malabari of which four variations were non-synonymous leading to amino acid variations as compared to C. hircus. This is the first research to concentrate on of cDNA sequence and nucleotide variations of N-lobe of Lf gene of the Malabari goat of Kerala.

Title: Microencapsulation of Ascorbic Acid Powder for the Designing of Functional Pork Nuggets
Abstract :

Livestock products are deficient in vitamin C, however the direct addition of it in meat products is challenging due to its thermal stability and effect on sensory attributes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to develop microencapsulated ascorbic acid (MAA) powder and optimization of its level for the designing of vitamin C fortified functional pork nuggets. Ascorbic acid was encapsulated with maltodextrin (maltodextrin: ascorbic acid: 1:4) as wall material using spray drying technique. MAA was incorporated at three different levels viz. 1% (FPN-C1), 1.5% (FPN-C2) and 2% (FPN-C3) in pork nuggets replacing lean meat in the formulation. The products were compared with control for the various physico-chemical, instrumental texture and colour profile and sensory quality attributes. The water activity, moisture, cooking yield, ascorbic acid, ash and acid insoluble ash content exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.05) whereas pH, protein, fat and crude fiber content decreased (p < 0.05) with the increase in the level of incorporation of MAA. Redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) value of the functional pork nuggets increased whereas Lightness (L*) decreased. Incorporation of MAA significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and gumminess of the developed functional pork nuggets. On sensory evaluation, FPN-C1 was rated as ‘Very Good to Excellent’ and the highest amongst the treatments. Therefore, MAA can be effectively incorporated at 1% level without affecting the quality attributes of pork nuggets.

Title: Ameliorative Effect of Dalbergia sissoo, Aeglemarmelos and Punica granatum on Clinical and Circulating IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ Status in Acute Undifferentiated Calf Diarrhoea
Abstract :

Neonates diarrhoea is a serious problem and considered the most common disease inducing high morbidity and mortality rates in newborn calves and responsible for severe economic losses. The present study was conducted to determine the Ameliorative effect of Dalbergia sissoo, Aeglemarmelos and Punica granatum on clinical score and circulating cytokines status in acute calf diarrhoea. The clinical scores was recorded, before and after treatment. Proinflammatory (TNF-α, IFNγ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were measured in serum of calve using bovine specific quantitative ELISA Kits and revealed that significant decrease in faecal consistency score, dehydration score and depression score on day 6th (post-treatment) in all the treatment groups with highest recovery was observed in treatment group IV (T3). Significant increase in serum IL10 concentration on day 6th (post-treatment) in all the treatment groups and significant decrease in serum TNFα concentration and serum INFγ concentration on day 6th (post-treatment) in all the treatment groups with highest recovery was observed in treatment group IV (T3).

Title: Knowledge Level of Goat Keepers of Middle Gujarat Regarding Improved Goat Husbandry Practices
Abstract :

The study was conducted in Dahod and Kheda districts of middle Gujarat, with a view to find out the knowledge level of the Goat keepers regarding improved goat husbandry practices. The data were collected from 240 respondents with the help of structured interview schedule through personal interview technique. Majority of the goat keepers belonged to middle age group (64.58%) having primary level education (52.50%) belonged to backward class, schedule tribe and schedule caste, marginal and landless type. The goat keepers had least knowledge about health care and marketing practices (mean per cent scores 35.0%) and maximum knowledge regarding feeding practices (mean per cent scores 75.18%) in terms of bushes/trees’ leaves fodder and colostrum feeding. The goat farmers are ignorant about ideal direction of goat shed (2.08%), flushing, disbudding (0.83%), goat insurance and deworming schedule of kids (0.83%). Nearly half of the goat keepers had medium to low level of knowledge whereas only 16.25 per cent of the goat keepers had very high level of knowledge about goat husbandry practices. Therefore, it is suggested that special awareness programmes or farm training related to goat production should be organized by the state department/ NGOs to educate the goat keepers about standard and valuable practices of profitable as well as sustainable goat farming in these areas.

Title: Prevalence and In vitro Detection of Anaplasma platys/ phagocytophilum Infection in Dogs of Jammu Region
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on dogs presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, between March 2015 and December 2016. a total number of 5711 dogs were presented for treatment of various ailments and in health examination at Small Animal Medicine OPD of Referral Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu. Out of which 200 dogs were suspected to be suffering from TBD’s were screened and 100 dogs were found positive for different TBD’s and 4 were found positive for Anaplasma platys/ phagocyophilum infection. The prevalence of Anaplasma platys/ phagocytophilum was found to be 6.6 percent (6/60) (based on SNAP4Dx plus test) with maximum occurance in monsoon season. No case was found positive in giemsa stained thin blood smear. Dogs in the age group of (1 - 5 year) were found most susceptible (50%) to Anaplasma platys/ phagocytophilum. German Shephard breed was most suseptible. SNAP4Dx plus test was performed using standard protocol. Little information is available about Anaplasmosis in this region due to lack of planned work so present study was undertaken to determine prevalence of Anaplasma platys/ phagocytophilum infection. It was concluded Anaplasmosis is present in this region and SNAP4Dx plus test is reliable and sensitive tool for early detection.

Title: In-vitro Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity Against Isolates and Pure Culture of Salmonella Typhimurium by Using Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles
Abstract :

The green synthesis of metal nanoparticles has gained significant research attention in recent years. Among metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit a broad range of physical, chemical and biological properties due to which they are extensively applied in different fields. In this study, 1mM silver nitrate solution was combined with leaf extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica under various circumstances to create green silver nanoparticles. Due to the presence of terpenoids and flavonoids, these two plant leaf extracts function as reducing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This study discusses produced silver nanoparticles that were examined using a UV-visible spectrophotometer and the Zeta potential method. The absorption spectrum of the silver nano solution prepared by using Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica leaf extracts showed a surface plasmon absorption band with maximum of 440 nm and 410 nm respectively. The zeta value of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica leaf extract was -15.3 and -21.5 mV, size of 71.4 nm and 100.6 nm respectively. The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles was compared in the current study using the agar well diffusion method on Salmonella Typhimurium isolates and pure cultures, as well as the anti-microbial resistance of different antibiotics on isolates and pure cultures. Final results demonstrated that silver nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial activity on Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria that is nearly comparable to that of some antibiotics, and that a green synthesis protocol is an alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods that is quick, eco-friendly, and nontoxic.

Title: In Vitro Evaluation of Total Mixed Rations containing Graded Levels of Tinospora cordifolia
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to assess the chemical composition and in vitro nutritional worth of total mixed rations (with R:C ratio of 50:50) containing graded levels of Tinospora cordifolia stem powder. T. cordifolia was added to the total mixed ration (TMR) at the levels of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% (on DM basis) to formulate six TMRs designated as TMR1, TMR2, TMR 3, TMR 4, TMR 5 and TMR 6, respectively. No significant difference was observed in net gas production, truly degraded substrate, partitioning factor, OM digestibility, NDF digestibility, microbial mass production, efficiency of microbial mass production, short chain fatty acids and metabolizable energy among the total mixed rations tested. The ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N, mg/dl) was higher (P<0.05) in TMR 1 (26.50) and lower (P<0.05) in TMR 6 (20.60) than other TMRs evaluated. The in vitro methane production was significantly (P<0.05) lower in TMR 3 containing 2% T. cordifolia on DM basis than control TMR (TMR 1). Thus, T. cordifolia stem powder incorporated at the rate of 2% of DM in the diet of ruminants has the potential to reduce methane production.
Title: Effect of Ultrasound and Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Fronds Extract on Quality Characteristics of Marinated Goat Meat
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultrasound and aqueous extract of oil palm fronds (OPF) powder on the quality attributes of ultrasonic-assisted marinated (UAM) goat meat. The OPF extraction was carried out at powder to solvent (filtered water) of 1:7.5 w/v ratio and ultrasound application (37-kHz frequency, 150 W power at 40°C temperature for 20 min). The goat meat marination was done by applying ultrasonic treatment (280 W power, 37 kHz frequency, 30 min below 10°C) and adding 1.0% OPF extract viz., Control (marinade without extract and no ultrasonication), T1 (marinade with 1.0% OPF extract, no ultrasonication), T2 (marinade with ultrasonication), and T3 (marinade with 1.0% OPF extract and ultrasonication). The samples were analysed on day 0 (immediately after 30 min) and were stored under refrigeration and evaluated for various quality parameters on 1 and 3 days. The ultrasonic and extract incorporation resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in marinade pick-up and a significant (p<0.05) decrease in shear force value. Ultrasonic application (T2 and T3 samples) resulted in a higher cooking loss as compared to control and T1 on day 0 but the cooking loss of all treated samples was comparable on day 3 of refrigerated storage. The ultrasound and extract incorporation improved the appearance, flavour, and tenderness of the goat meat. Thus, the ultrasonic application for 30 min with 1.0% OPF extract in the marinade improved the quality attributes of marinated goat meat.
Title: Study on Effect of Incorporation of Potato in Chicken Meat Balls
Abstract :
The study was conducted to explore the possibilities of utilization of potato puree in the preparation of chicken meatballs. The potato puree was incorporated at various levels as 0%, 10% and 20% by replacing lean meat in the formulation. Meatball samples were cooked in a pre-heated 180°C electric oven. Crude protein, fat, ash and energy content of the chicken meatballs showed significantly (p < .05) decreasing trend with increasing levels of potato puree. There was a significant increase in the moisture content, cooking yield and water holding capacity in treated products than control and recorded highest for T2. Sensory attributes showed comparatively higher scores in potato puree incorporated chicken meatballs. The results conclude that potatopuree can be used in chicken meatballs at 10 percent level to enhance the palatability and to reduce the cost of formulation.
Title: Evaluation of Glycopyrrolate, Diazepam - Fentanyl and Xylazine – Pentazocine as Preanaesthetics to Propofol – Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Dogs
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare four different balanced anaesthetic protocols in clinical cases of dogs undergoing various surgical procedures. In subgroup X1 and X2, glycopyrrolate was administerd followed by xylazine and pentazocine at different doses. In subgroup D1 and D2 diazepam and fentanyl citrate were administered intravenously after 15 minutes of glycopyrrolate administration. After 15 minutes of preanesthetic administration in all groups anaesthesia was induced with propofol was and maintained with isoflurane. The jaw tone was abolished earlier in subgroup X1 in comparison to other subgroups. Abolition of pedal, palpebral, corneal reflexes happened earlier in D2 subgroup in comparison to X1, X2 and D1. Induction dose of propofol was lower in xylazine group than the diazepam group viz. 3.65 ± 0.60 mg/kg in subgroup X1, 4.00 ± 0.30 in subgroup X2 and 6.08±2.03 in subgroup D1, 4.53±0.48 in subgroup D2. Glycopyrrolate caused tachycardia in all subgroup. Alpha2-agonists did not cause bradycardia and diazepam did not alter heart rate and respiratory rate, whereas propofol caused tachycardia and depression in respiratory rate and SPO. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased after the administration of glycopyrrolate, xylazine and pentazocine in subgroup X1 while it slightly decreased in rest of the subgroups. It was concluded that Preanaesthetic combination of glycopyrrolate (0.005 mg/kg)-xylazine (0.5 mg/kg)-pentazocine (2 mg/kg) was found best among four combinations.
Title: Effect of Urea, Biological Inoculant, Molasses and Fiber Degrading Enzymes on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Paddy Straw Silage
Abstract :
This study was planned to ascertain the effect of inclusion of urea, biological inoculant, fiber degrading enzymes and molasses on chemical composition, in vitro utilization and degradability of paddy straw silage. Urea was used @0%, 1% and 2%. Molasses (M) was added @0%, 3% and 6%. Lactobacillus plantarum (LAB) @ 2.4x106 cfu/g and enzymes (no addition, xylanase or cocktail) @ 50 g/100 kg paddy straw were included in some treatments and excluded in others. The DM, ADL, NDICP and ADICP were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) and NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose showed a significant decline (p<0.05) with the inclusion of urea @1% and molasses@6%. Lactobacillus inclusion caused a significant decline in NDF, ADF and silica (p<0.05). Evaluation of in vitro utilization showed significantly higher (p<0.05) NGP, ml, OMD, mg, OMD,% , DMD, % , MCP,% and ME, MJ/kg DM with urea@1%, molasses@6% and with the inclusion of Lactobacillus plantarum and cocktail enzyme.
Title: Multidrug Resistant Staphylococci Isolates from Bovine Mastitis in Wayanad District
Abstract :
The phenotypic resistance pattern of staphylococci isolates from bovine mastitis was studied. The phenotypic resistance percentages obtained for the antibiotics tetracycline (17.90 %), sulpha- trimethoprim (15.40 %), ceftriaxone- tazobactum (14.19%), gentamicin and amoxycillin- clavulanate (11.11 %) each, enrofloxacin (10.49%) and cefoperazone (8.64 %) was assessed to identify multi-drug resistance (MDR) in the isolates. The MDR bacterial isolates were identified as Staphylococcus spp (12.34%). Seven MDR coagulase positive isolates and 13 coagulase negative isolates were selected for the multi-drug resistance profiling. The MAR index was also calculated for each isolate. The highest MAR index was noticed for the isolate which showed resistance against all the antibiotics studied. The occurrence of multi-drug resistance in mastitis pathogens results in recurrent mastitis in dairy cattle and to the related economic losses for the livestock owners along with serious implications in public health.
Title: Effect of Heat Stress on Adaptability and Physiological Responses in Cross-bred Cows
Abstract :
Present study demonstrates the influence of heat stress on adaptability and physiological responses in cross-bred cattle. Eighteen
cross bred cows were selected from three districts of central plane zone of Uttar Pradesh, on the basis of their body weight,
body condition and parity and were divided into three groups, 6 cows were kept in each district. The experiments were carried
out in spring and summer season at Lucknow, Unnao and Sitapur districts of Uttar Pradesh. Physiological responses viz. Rectal
Temperature, Pulse rate and Respiration rate are recorded twice a day during both seasons. Temperature Humidity Index (THI)
of all three districts was also calculated. There was found a significant (P<0.01) deference in THI values in spring and summer
seasons in all three districts. There was no significant change in Physiological response like Rectal Temperature, Pulse Rate and
Respiration Rate in both seasons in morning hours but there was found significant (P<0.01) increase in Rectal Temperature,
Pulse Rate and Respiration Rate in summer season as compare to spring season at afternoon. Overall Mean±SEM of Iberia
heat Tolerance coefficient and Gaalaa’s heat Tolerance coefficient were significantly (P<0.01) more closure to 100 in spring
season as compared to summer season. Overall Mean±SEM of Benezera coefficient of Adaptability and Dairy Search Index
was significantly (P<0.01) more closure to 2.00 and 1.00 respectively in spring season. In conclusion Heat tolerance indices and
physiological responses show more adaptability in spring season as compared to summer season in cross-bred cows.
Title: Development and Standardization of Polymerase Spiral Reaction for Detection of Marek’s Disease Virus
Abstract :
Marek’s disease (MD) is an infectious malignant-cell lymphoma proliferative disease caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV). As MD has a significant impact on the poultry industry, numerous molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed for the detection of MDV. Recently, polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) has been emerging as a molecular technique to diagnose infection with high sensitivity and specificity. In this study, a PSR diagnostic was standardized for the detection of MDV infection. For PSR standardization purposes, the highly conserved glycoprotein E (gE) gene of MDV-1 was cloned into pJET1.2 plasmid and the recombinant plasmid was used as a template for standardization of PSR. Evaluation of the sensitivity of PSR indicated that it can detect up to one target molecule. The PSR and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have similar sensitivity batter than PCR-based sensitivity for detection of MDV-1. While evaluation of the specificity indicated PSR, RT-PCR, and PCR-based diagnostics have similar specificity for MDV-1 diagnosis.
Title: Study the Effect of Feeding of Hydroponics Maize Fodder on Nutrient Utilization Efficiency in Gir Cows
Abstract :
A feeding trial of 120 days followed by digestibility trial was undertaken on 16 dairy Gir cows divided in four groups with various levels of hydroponics maize fodder. Highly significant (P<0.01) effect of feeding hydroponics maize fodder was observed on intake of dry matter and digestible crude protein intake, percentage digestible crude protein, percentage total digestible nutrient nutritive ratio and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude Protein, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract whereas, the effect of treatment on digestibility of digestible organic matter intake was observed to be significant (P<0.05). It was concluded that hydroponics fodder has beneficial effect on nutrient utilization efficiency in Gir cows and it can replace the 75% of crude protein of concentrate mixture.
Title: Pathological and Apoptotic Studies of Oviduct in Layers with E. coli Salpingoperitonitis
Abstract :

The reproductive system of female layer chicken was targeted by many infectious agents and causes oophoritis and salpingitis which results in drop in egg production. Bacterial agents cause egg drop by causing either salpingitis or salpingoperitonitis. The present study was undertaken to identify the pathological changes in oviduct in layer chicken with salpingoperitonitis. Heart blood, peritoneum and oviduct swabs were collected from affected chicken and screened for bacterial agents and representative tissue samples were collected in 10% NBF for histopathology and apoptosis. Out of 20 flocks, the E.coli alone was detected in 11 (55%) and remaining 9 flocks showed combined infection. The clinical signs of pale, shrunken comb and wattles, dullness and drop in egg production with more number of small eggs (5-7%) were noticed. The mortality rate of 1.2-2% could be recorded. Post mortem lesions recorded were thickened peritoneum with presence of milky fluid to caseous flakes and insipissiated yolk in the abdominal cavity. Oviduct showed marked thickening and lumen contained albuminous exudate to caseous flakes in the magnum and isthmus and thin shelled stained eggs covered with greyish yellow fibrin exudate in uterus and vagina. Histopathologically, all parts of oviduct showed degenerative and inflammatory changes. Apoptotic cells were seen in all parts of the oviduct. Apoptosis was more in magnum, uterus and vagina.

Title: Effects of Post -Insemination Intrauterine Antibiotics on Conception Rate in Crossbred Cows
Abstract :

The repeat breeder crossbred endometritic cows (N = 30) were divided into three groups (n= 10, each), as Group I (Gentamicin IU given 6 hrs post insemination) Group II (Cephapirin given 6 hrs post insemination) and Group III (control cows, no IU antibiotic treatment has been given). The cows in estrus were inseminated twice (12 hours apart) with good quality frozen thawed semen. Cervico-vaginal mucus and blood sample was collected and physic-biochemical properties (appearance, consistency, Whiteside test, pH, Total bacterial load) and Serum amyloid- A were evaluated respectively. The overall conception rate in different group (I to III) of cows was 60, 20 and 10 %, respectively. On the basis of recovery rate as well as conception rate Gentamicin was found to be the best compared to Cephapirin.

Title: Consumption Pattern of Meat and Value Added Meat Products in Durg District of Chhattisgarh India
Abstract :
The present study was conducted in Durg district of Chhattisgarh to assess the consumption, processing pattern and hygienic outlook of consumers through contact survey studies. The objectives were achieved through a designed questionnaire (28 questions) on various categories of preference and processing patterns viz. likeness of type of meat, cooking and processing methods, hygienic practices etc. The district was divided in three zones and 200 respondents from each zone were selected purposively to constitute a total sample size of 600 respondents for the study and two indices based on questions were constructed. Analysis of data revealed that in general, consumers had shown higher preference to poultry meat than sheep/ goat meat, pork or other meat irrespective of zone of sampling. It could be depicted from the study that most of the consumers preferred fresh meat over packed meats. It was found there was significant variation (p<0.05) of responses based on zone of sampling between three zones. The findings indicate majority of respondents were unaware of Food Safety and Standard Act of India (FSSAI) in meat production and Indian Government policies for meat products and transport. 96.1% respondents were unaware of slaughter of animal by humane slaughter method. The microbial load from fresh meat differed significantly amongst zones. It can be concluded from the study that for the success of meat processing sector, consumers need to be aware, educated about processing pattern and value addition in meat products.
Title: Does Provision of Open Area Improve Growth Performance and Welfare of Large White Yorkshire Fattener Pigs during Summer Season in Tropical Indian Conditions?
Abstract :
Indian Standard (3916-1966) for pig housing, recommends a range of 0.9- 1.8 m2 floor area under covered and open space from weaning to finisher stage. Present study assessed whether, IS recommended open area is advantageous to improve welfare and growth performance of fattener pigs during summer season. A total of 20 piglets (10 castrated male and 10 females) at 3 months of age with average body weight 18.94 ± 1.04 Kg were randomly assigned to two housing treatments groups namely Tc; with lower limits of IS recommended covered floor space of 0.9 m2 per pig and To; with higher limit of IS recommended floor area of 1.8 m2 per pig, in which half, 0.9 m2 was under covered space and remaining half 0.9 m2 open space. Results revealed that provision of additional floor area of 0.9 m2 in open space did not improve growth performance and welfare of pigs during summer season. Therefore, IS recommended open space in pig housing is not necessary and can be removed to improve space, labour and overall economic efficiency of pig production.
Title: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria Protozoa in Large Ruminants of Marathwada Region of Maharashtra State
Abstract :

To appraise the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria in cattle and buffalo calves below 3 months of age, a total of 407 faecal samples (buffalo, 136 and cow, 271) were collected from the Parbhani region of Maharashtra state. For detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method, while for Eimeria oocysts fecal floatation technique with saturated salt solution was employed. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 3.67% in buffalo calves and 4.79% in cow calves. Whereas overall prevalence of Eimeria spp. was 30.14% and 30.62% in buffalo and cow calves, respectively. The seasonal prevalence showed higher level of infection of both Cryptosporidium and Eimeria in both buffalo and cattle claves during summer season hence care during this season is important. Sex wise prevalence shows higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria in female calves, of both the host. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was higher predominantly during 0-15 days in buffalo calves and 16-30 days in cattle calves. The prevalence of Eimeria was higher in 16-30 days buffalo calves and 1-15 days in cow calves. Breed-wise prevalence was higher in non-descript buffalo calves and cow calves, needs attention of these calves as they may also be source of infection for other breed calves. Management as regards weaning and confined housing have shown considerable effect on the prevalence of both the infections in calves.

Title: Quality Analysis of External and Internal Traits of Chicken Eggs Produced Under Different Farm Conditions in India
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to examine egg features from various types of farming systems such as mechanized farm, semimechanized and non-mechanized farm. To examine the quality of eggs from different categories of farms, eggs were gathered from different regions of India and compared based on external and internal features. The egg weight was considerably (P<0.01)
higher in semi-mechanized farms, according to the findings. Similarly, the semi-mechanized farm had a higher shape index than the non-mechanized farm. Egg shell thickness was found to be 0.390.00 mm on average, with no differences amongst the different production systems. The average shell weight was reported to be 6.66±0.02 g. The overall mean for albumen weight was 33.98±0.09g, and the albumen index was 3.3±0.00, both of which were statistically significant (P<0.01) for each farm. Mechanized farms had the greatest albumen weight (34.04±0.19g), followed by semi-mechanized (33.75±0.19g) and non-mechanized (33.04±0.19g) poultry farms. As a result, automated farm (mechanized farm) eggs were found to be of higher overall quality.
Title: Effect of feeding Allium sativum herb and Probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Alone or in Combination with Ground Nut Straw on Nutrient Utilization Efficiency in Sonadi Sheep
Abstract :

This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of feeding a herb (Allium sativum) and probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) alone or in combination with ground nut straw based complete feed on nutrient utilization efficiency in Sonadi sheep. A feeding trial was conducted for 90 days period followed by metabolism trial. Four complete diets were prepared as T1 (roughage + concentrate mixture), T2 (basal roughage + concentrate mixture + Allium sativum@ 3% of feed), T3 (basal roughage + concentrate mixture + probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae @3 g/head/d) and T4 (basal roughage + concentrate mixture + Allium sativum @ 1.5% of feed + probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae @1.5 g/head/d), using roughage and concentrate ratio 60:40. Sixteen Sonadi rams (10-12 month of age) were selected and randomly distributed in four groups of four rams each. In the study, highly significant (P<0.01) effect of groundnut straw based complete feed with garlic (Allium sativum) and probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were found on average daily gain, digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NFE, NDF and HC. Dry matter intake and organic matter intake were found non-significant in treatment groups. From present investigation, it can be concluded that using of herb (Allium sativum) and probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) alone or in combination with ground nut straw as feed additive had a beneficial effect on nutrient utilization efficiency in Sonadi rams.

Title: Effect of Feeding Different Protein Source on Growth Performance in Commercial Broilers
Abstract :
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different protein source on carcass characteristics in commercial broilers. A total of 150, one day old cobb chicks were distributed into five treatment groups with three replicates in each group and ten chicks in each replicate. Basal diet (T1) prepared following BIS (2007) standards and the experimental diets were prepared by incorporating blood meal at 5 per cent (T2), fish meal at 5 per cent (T3), silkworm pupae meal at 5 per cent (T4) and meat meal at 5 per cent (T5). The results revealed that blood meal and meat meal at 5 per cent resulted in significant improvement in body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency compared to control and other groups and no significant difference in survivability among all groups.
Title: Fat Soluble Vitamins Profile of Milk in Various Indigenous Cattle Breeds of Rajasthan
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to investigate the fat soluble vitamins profile in milk of zebu cattle viz. Kankrej, Sahiwal and Rathi in hot arid region of India. About 150 indigenous milking cattle (50 from each breed) viz. Kankrej, Sahiwal and Rathi were included in the study and 100 ml of milk sample was collected from four quarter of udder of lactating cows as pool sample from different Livestock research stations of Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal science, Bikaner. Milk samples were analyzed by HPLC and one way ANOVA and DMRT (SPPS 24) to assess fat soluble vitamins profile in milk. The results showed significant variation of retinol content (p<0.05) among three cattle breeds. Whereas, Sahiwal cattle have significantly higher retinol content as compared to Kankrej and Rathi. α-tocopherol, cholecalciferol and vitamin D2 were significantly not differ in among breeds. The present study concluded the milk from the indigenous cattle breeds have distinct compositions and quantities of different active components that can be harnessed to promote different functional foods based on indigenous cattle milk.

Title: Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Canine Dermal Infection in Mizoram
Abstract :

Many of the antibiotics have been prescribed for different clinical signs and symptoms of bacterial and viral infections from its discovery. Due to the excessive use of antibiotics, microorganisms increase their resistance power against many of antibiotics. Penicillin was used in an excessive manner after its discovery which resulted in the formation of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Dogs could be a source of zoonotic MRSA. There are only few studies about the prevalence of MRSA in dogs in India. There are no reported studies about MRSA in dogs of north-east India especially in Mizoram. The study was undertaken with the objective to study the prevalence of MRSA  in canine dermal infection in Mizoram Bacteriological screening on 100 samples from canine dermal infection in Mizoram gave 76 positive samples for Staphylococcus spp. and 46 samples were found positive for S. aureus in Mizoram in canine dermal infection. Prevalence of MRSA was found 22% in canine dermal infection in Mizoram.

Title: The Scope of Utilization of Paddy Straw as Alternative Roughage in Equine Diet in India
Abstract :

The deep bispecies relationship of humans and horses have started from prehistoric times with horses playing vital roles in societies over the millennia, including ones related to diet, transportation, work, religion, property and commodities, military service, status, and sports. Obviously, horse owners were always keen to search for a better economical, easily available feed without compromising for the nutritive value for their companions. This search had led them to explore various economically available agricultural crop residues to be considered in equine ration. Regarding Asian countries, especially when India is considered, paddy straw is a cheap, easily available crop residue which has been effectively tried in ruminant ration. But the scope of this feed in horse ration is less studied. Current study aimed to review the scope of rice straw in equine diet.

Title: Effect of Emblica officinalis Supplementation on Expression Level of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Broilers
Abstract :
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing different levels of amla fruit powder on differential gene expression level of toll like receptors (TLRs) in broilers. Three hundred, one-day-old broiler chicks were used for the study. The chicks were randomly distributed into 30 subgroups i.e., 6 dietary treatments with five replicates per treatment and each replicate has 10 birds. The first group was kept as a control (T1) and given basal diet without antibiotic while second (T2) basal diet with antibiotics, third (T3), fourth (T4), fifth (T5) and sixth (T6) groups were dietary supplemented with amla fruit powder @0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%, respectively. At the end of feeding trial (6th week), blood samples were collected from one broiler per replicate, making five samples per treatment and thus a total of 30 samples were analysed. Total RNA was isolated from blood samples by using TRIZOL method; cDNA was prepared, and analysis of temporal differential gene expression profile wascarried out using Step I plus real-time PCR system. The differential expression level of TLRs that includes TLR 2, TLR 4 and TLR 7 gene transcripts in birds was studied by using relative quantification method and level of target mRNA was determined by comparative CT method (ΔΔCT method). Significantly highest level of increase in mRNA expression of TLR 2 was observed in treatment group 0.75% amla-supplemented group (T5) and significant down regulation of TLR 4 was observed in all amla supplemented group.
Title: Structural Characterization and Biological Function Annotation of Cluster of Differentiation 14 Gene of Crossbred Cattle - An In silico Approach
Abstract :
Cluster of Differentiation 14 (CD14) gene has been considered as an important candidate gene for its association with various disease resistance or susceptibility in several livestock species. For better understanding of the molecular mechanism of CD14, the present study aims to conduct a detailed in silico analysis of this protein in Karan Fries (KF) cattle in terms of its physicochemical properties, three dimensional (3D) structure predictions, interacting partners and phylogenetic relationship with other orthologs. Major part of this protein is alpha helix and random coil, making it suitable for interaction with other proteins. The 3D protein structures were predicted using Modeller 10.3 and Swiss Model and validated by Ramachandran plot. Protein-protein interaction suggested that the protein may act as a cell surface receptor and play a crucial role in regulating innate immune response along with 10 potential interaction partners. Sequence based phylogenetic tree analysis showed the KF CD14 gene has close evolutional relationship with that of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle. The structural characterization and the predicted 3-D model of this protein will not only help in providing comprehensive idea on its molecular mechanism of action but also act as a base for further understanding its other functional potential.
Title: Effect of Calf Management Practices in Buffalo to Manage Calf Mortality
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to assess the effect of calf management practices in buffalo to manage calf mortality. Trial was conducted on 40 buffalo calves of same breed selected from village-Sangteda, Block- Kotputli, District- Jaipur, Rajasthan. Buffalo calves were divided in two group; 20 buffalo calves were kept in each group viz. control (T1) and treatment group (T2). Two buffalo calves of each farmer were selected to maintain similarity in management practice. Treatment group (T2) calves were cut naval cord and treatment with tincture iodine, colostrums feeding with in 1 hour of calving @ 10% of calf body weight, de-worming with albendazole at 7 and 21 days after caving whereas the control group (T1) was not adopted these practices. The data were recorded by the farmers daily and by the researcher at fortnightly interval. Analysis of data revealed that adopted calf management practices decrees calf mortality 25 percent in treated group as well as average daily body weight gain of calves 22.43 percent more in treatment group. The B:C ratio of adopted calf management practices observed 1: 34.24 under farmer management practices. These findings may suggest that adoption of cut naval cord and treatment with tincture iodine, colostrums feeding with in 1 hour of calving @ 10% of calf body weight, deworming with albendazole at 7 and 21 days after caving enhanced daily body weight gain and reduces calf mortality for getting higher return and sustainable profit from buffalo farming.
Title: Comparative Evaluation of Alkaline Phosphatase, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Total Protein Between Fetal and Adult Sheep Liver and Their In Vitro Cultures
Abstract :
ALP, LDH and protein production are important hepatic functional markers. Hepatocytes proliferation is positively correlated with ALP activity, and synthesis of liver-specific proteins. Hepatocytes release LDH in distress. Current study investigated ALP and LDH activities and total protein concentration in fetal and adult sheep liver tissues and their cultured hepatocytes, as well as the day-wise variations in the ALP activity and total protein concentration in their culture media during their proliferation. Liver tissues were processed by homogenization, and ultrasonication. Processed liver tissues were then subjected to ultracentrifugation. Supernatant was analyzed for ALP activity, LDH activity, and total protein concentration. Hepatocytes were cultured for one week. Their proliferation was characterized by analyzing these parameters in the culture medium on different days. ALP activity was higher in fetal liver tissues. LDH and total protein concentration was higher in adult liver tissues. These parameters increased after culture and were significantly higher in cultured hepatocytes. Day-wise analysis of the culture medium showed that ALP activity reached the maximum values earlier for fetal hepatocytes than that of adult. LDH activity was absent in culture medium, but total protein concentration reached maximum values on seventh day in both the cultures. Present work concluded that the ALP activity increases in the hepatocytes during the cell cuture. Moreover, it is a good marker to investigate hepatocytes proliferation, and fetal hepatocytes have a higher proliferation potential than adult hepatocytes.
Title: Studies on Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Babesia gibsoni in Dogs of Jammu Region
Abstract :

The present study was conducted on dogs presented to Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, between March 2015 and December 2016. a total number of 5711 dogs were presented for treatment of various ailments and in health examination at Small Animal Medicine OPD of Referral Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu. Out of which 200 dogs were suspected to be suffering from TBD’s were screened and 100 dogs were found positive for different TBD’s and 8 were found positive for Babesia gibsoni. The prevalence of Babesia gibsoni was found to be 8 percent (based on PCR) with maximum occurrence in monsoon season. PCR was performed using standard protocol. No case was found positive in giemsa stained thin blood smear. Equal prevalence among juvenile and adult dogs with highest prevalence in German Shephard breed. Dogs in the age group of (1 - 5 year) and juvenile dogs were found most susceptible (37.5%) to Babesia gibsoni. No systematic effort through conducting a planned study of dog population in the region has been done till date so present work was undertaken to determine prevalence of Babesia gibsoni. It was concluded Babesia gibsoni infection is present in this region and possible factor causing disease in this region.

Title: Clinico- haematobiochemical Profiling and Therapeutic Studies on Hypophosphatemic Dairy Buffaloes
Abstract :
The present study was aimed to investigate the clinical, haemato-biochemical profile of hypophosphatemic dairy buffaloes, followed by therapeutic management. The investigation was conducted on 20 dairy buffaloes brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex, LUVAS, Hisar. The study revealed 4-7 years old buffaloes in their early lactation to be most commonly affected and the prominent clinical signs observed were anorexia, hypogalactia, straining during urination and difficulty in walking. Haematology showed significant (P< 0.01) increase in neutrophils count and mean values of ESR. Serum biochemistry revealed significant decrease in serum inorganic phosphorus with non-significant elevation in other biochemical parameters. Animals were randomly allocated into 2 groups. In group I, sodium acid phosphate @120 gm in 600 ml NSS (half dose IV and half SC), followed by same dose orally for 5 days was given along with supportive therapy while in group II, Injection NovizacR (buffered phosphorous injection) along with supportive therapy was given for 5 days. Based on therapeutic trial, sodium acid phosphate therapy was found to be the most effective in management of hypophosphatemia in dairy buffaloes.
Title: Study to Evaluate the Time-Dependent Changes in Frozen-Thaw Goat Spermatozoa Prior to Insemination
Abstract :

A study was conducted to evaluate the time dependent post thaw semen quality of goat during the holding period prior to insemination. Frozen semen straws from 10 healthy Barbari buck maintained at frozen semen production station were utilized for the experiment. Frozen semen dose of each individual buck was subjected to thawing later kept at room temperature. The seminal attributes were recorded at every 5 minutes interval starting from 0 minute up to 30 minutes using computer assisted semen analyzer (CASA) and flow cytometer. A significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher values for percent viable, acrosomal intact, polarize spermatozoa indicative of mitochondrial function along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) unaffected spermatozoa were observed up to 5 minutes of post thawing. The value exhibited a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase curvilinear velocity (VCL, µm/sec), average path velocity (VAP, µm/sec), straight line velocity (VSL, µm/sec), Linearity (Lin%), Straightness (Str %), Wobble (WOB%), beat cross frequency (BCF %) and maximum amplitude-lateral head displacement (ALH, µm) at 5 minutes and 10 minutes of thawing which significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with increase in holding time after thawing. So, it may be concluded that frozen thaw spermatozoa retrieve the metabolic activity within 5 minutes of thawing thereafter exhibit reduction in seminal attribute, hence insemination within 5 minutes of thawing can be considered as the best suited time to utilize semen for insemination with better conception.

Title: Prevalence of E. coli Serogroups Associated with Neonatal Calf Diar
Abstract :

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of serogroups of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves in the Bikaner district of Rajasthan. All the 35 isolates had been serogrouped from National Salmonella and Escherichia coli centre, Kasauli, H.P. (India). The isolates belonged to O17, O18, O20, O111, O118, O120, O121, O128 and Untypable serogroups and most prevalent serogroups being O18 and O121 with 20%. In conclusion, this study supplemented the information about prevalence of different serotypes of E. coli in Bikaner. In the present study O118, O120, O121 and O128 serogroups were identified which belongs to STEC pathotypes which have public health significations.

Title: Quality Attributes of Chevon Chunks Prepared with Varying Level of Soy, Oat and Chickpea Flour
Abstract :
Present study was carried out to prepare ready to cook chevon chunks with goat meat for which different non-meat ingredients were added to provide chunks like characteristics and increase yield. Soy flour, oat flour and chickpea flour were added at different concentrations to the batter along with different condiments and spices in 3 treatment groups. Analysis of cooking yield and emulsion stability showed significant (P≤0.05) difference among the treatment group, T1 having soy flour, oat flour and chickpea flour at 10% level each showed highest cooking yield and emulsion stability. The proximate analysis also differed significantly (P≤0.05) with varying level of non-meat ingredients. Instrumental colour profile i.e. lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and redness (a*) values differed significantly (P≤0.05) among all treatment groups. All attributes of textural indices and sensory quality of chevon chunk varied significantly (P≤0.05) among samples. During sensory analysis all treatment groups received satisfactory scores on 9 point hedonic scale and T3 (Soy, oat and chickpea flour at level of 12.5%, 12.5% and 5% respectively) received significantly (P≤0.05) highest scores in appearance, flavour and overall acceptability. Overall T3 was considered best among all the treatment groups.
Title: Economic Analysis of Production Cost and Returns of Small Scale Kamrupa Chicken Farming under Different Systems of Management
Abstract :

A study was conducted to assess the costs and returns of small-scale rearing Kamrupa chicken under different systems of management. A total of 300 straight run day old Kamrupa chicks were reared in deep litter system and were fed with chick mash up to 8 weeks of age. At 9th week, the birds were equally divided into three equal groups and were reared in intensive (T1), semi-intensive (T2) and scavenging (T3) system of management up to the age of 72 weeks. In T1 and T2 groups, the birds were offered commercial feeds ad lib and 50% of their requirement respectively, while in T3 group, no supplemental feeds were offered to the birds. The results indicated that feed costs accounted for 57.49 per cent followed by chick costs (25.12%), labour costs (10.21%), medicine and vaccine costs (4.49%) and miscellaneous costs (2.69%) of the total variable costs during chick phase. During growing and laying phase also, higher feed costs incurred in T1 group followed by T2 and T3 groups. The gross returns up to 72 weeks showed a diminishing trend from T1to T3 groups respectively and corresponding values in T1 and T2 groups were 1.61 and 1.37 times higher than the T3 group respectively. The benefit: cost ratios were calculated as 1.04, 1.45 and 3.87 in T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. So, small scale Kamrupa chicken farming under scavenging system is more remunerative than intensive and semi-intensive systems.

Title: Assessment of Genetic Parameters for First Lactation Production Traits in Crossbred Cattle in India
Abstract :
The present study was undertaken to assess the genetic parameters for first lactation production traits in crossbred cattle. Data on 529 crossbred cattle spread over a span of 30 years (1990-2019) were collected from pedigree sheets of organised herd maintained at dairy farm of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Various production traits studied were 305 days milk yield (305DMY), total milk yield (TMY), lactation length (LL), peak yield (PY) and days to attain peak yield (DAPY). Heritability, phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated using least-squares analysis. Heritability estimates obtained were low to medium (0.04±0.02 to 0.30±0.09). The phenotypic and genetic correlations between TMY with LL were 0.72±0.08 and 0.77±0.37, 305DMY with LL were 0.42±0.12 and 0.30±0.95, LL with PY were 0.16±0.45 and 0.14±0.00, LL with DAPY were 0.09±0.77 and 0.10±0.05, 305DMY with TMY were 0.79±0.66 and 0.76±0.46, PY with TMY were 0.41±0.17 and 0.25±0.28, TMY with DAPY were 0.14±0.67 and 0.10±0.58, 305DMY with PY were 0.70±0.26 and 0.74±0.29, 305DMY with DAPY were 0.14±0.15 and 0.07±0.23 and DAPY with PY were 0.13±0.08 and 0.15±0.61. Positive and high genetic correlation between TMY with LL, 305DMY with TMY and 305DMY with PY suggested that tandem selection can improve both the traits simultaneously. Positive and high phenotypic as well as genetic correlation of 305DMY with other traits advocated that selection for 305DMY would be beneficial for enhancing the production in crossbred animals.
Title: Gross and Histopathological Changes Associated with Coccidiosis in a Poultry Farm in Amritsar
Abstract :

Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasite belonging to family Eimeriidae and in poultry; most species belongs to genus Eimeria which produces lesions in various sites in the intestine. This could lead to severe damage in the intestinal tract eventually causing death of affected birds. The present study was carried out in Instructional livestock farm complex (ILFC) poultry farm of Khalsa veterinary college in birds greater than 6 weeks of to study the gross and histopathological changes associated with coccidia affected birds. All birds were belonging to White leg horn breed (WLH). Faecal samples were analysed by wet smear and flotation technique and intestinal tissues were collected for further examination. Out of 145 samples analysed 43 were found to be positive for Eimeria species infection. Grossly caeca was filled with blood tinged contents and showed ballooning. Other intestinal portions showed few pin pointed and diffused haemorrhages. Histopathological examination of intestine revealed inflammatory cells, haemorrhages along with coccidia eggs. The presence of coccidia could lead to great economic losses in poultry farm. Thus the farm management authority was advised to check for wet litter, adopt proper hygienic practices and reduce the stocking density of birds.

Title: Evaluation of Carcass Characteristics in Kadaknath, Narmada Nidhi and Rhode Island Red Breeds of Poultry
Abstract :
Poultry meat, as source of high-quality animal proteins, is important for sustaining health and nutrition of ever growing human population. Carcass traits are economically important for the chicken industry. The present study was planned to evaluate the carcass traits among Kadaknath, Narmada Nidhi and Rhode Island Red birds. The birds were kept in deep litter in identical conditions and were fed with the same standard commercial broiler diet. Twenty birds from each genetic group were sacrificed
at 12 weeks of age for obtaining data pertaining to carcass traits namely live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast
muscle weight, wings, drumstick weight and thigh muscle weight. The statistical analysis was done by analysis of variance
using SPSS 20.0 package and means were compared by DMRT. The study revealed that body weight of Narmada Nidhi was
higher than Rhode Island Red and Kadaknath, and within breed males grew faster than females. The results showed that carcass
parameters viz., live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, wings, drumstick weight and thigh muscle weight of Narmada
Nidhi and Rhode Island Red birds were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of Kadaknath birds. Breast muscle weight
differed significantly among these three genetic groups (P<0.05). However, the differences in dressing percentage among three
genetic groups were found to be non-significant (P>0.05). The result indicated that these three breeds of different genetic groups
differed in various carcass traits. Narmada Nidhi birds were found to be superior followed by Rhode Island Red as compared
to Kadaknath for carcass traits.
Title: Hen Age Relationship with Hatchability and Embryonic Mortality Traits in Punjab Red
Abstract :

Due to lower percentage of hatchability for various causes, the economic viability of the breeding farm reduces. Embryonic mortality or early deaths pose a greater threat to the breeders and prove to be a matter of concern from biological and economic point of view. The present study was conducted on hen belonging to five age groups with 5 weeks duration viz. group I (28-32 weeks), group II (33-37 weeks), group III (38-42 weeks), group IV (43-47 weeks) and group V (48-52). About 2916 eggs, along the five age groups, were examined for fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality traits. The study concludes the significant (p<0.05) effect of breeder age on all the traits except for mid embryonic mortality. The fertility and hatchability (out of fertile eggs and total egg set) were found to show an increasing trend up to the peak production periods of first three age groups, followed by decrease in the values due to increased embryonic mortality. Late embryonic mortality recorded higher deaths than early embryonic mortality, revealing a biphasic pattern of embryonic deaths over the incubation period. It was concluded that the particular incubation practices may alter the embryonic mortality pattern, but the biological tendency remains conserved in the chick.

Title: Follicular Development in Post-partum Anoestrus Buffaloes during Breeding Season
Abstract :
The experiment was carried on 40 post partum anoestrus buffaloes during breeding season. The buffaloes were divided in four equal groups, Group I was treated with Ovsynch protocol + PRID which removed on 7th day and administration of GnRH @ 10 mcg i/m on day of AI. Group II treated with Progesterone impregnated intra-vaginal device which was removed on 7th day and GnRH @ 10 mcg i/m was administered on the day of AI. Group III was treated by using Ovsynch protocol alone and Group IV was kept as untreated control. Fixed time Artificial Insemination was performed in responded animals. Ovarian activity measurements studied on 0, 7th and 10th day of experimentation were found to be 3.94 ± 0.13, 9.84 ± 0.64 and 10.546 ± 0.18 mm during breeding season. Follicular developments were found significantly (p<0.01) greater on day 10th than day 0. However, overall follicular growth was observed significantly (p<0.01) greater on day 10th and the size of corpus luteum were recorded significantly greater (p<0.01) on day 7th. Follicular size improved (10.86 ± 0.71 and 8.84 ± 0.67 mm) with treatment of Ovsynch + PRID protocol as compared to PRID + GnRH (10.50 ± 0.59 and 7.13 ± 0.37 mm) and Ovsynch alone (10.25 ± 0.28 and 7.63 ± 0.63 mm) during breeding season in post partum anoestrus buffaloes. All the hormonal protocols have improved follicular size as well as size of corpus luteum in comparison with control group in post partum anoestrus buffaloes.
Title: Histomorphological, Micromorphometrical Studies on the Oesophagus of Pig (Sus scrofa)
Abstract :
The present work was conducted to study the histoarchitectural and morphometrical characteristics of the oesophagus in six adults, apparently healthy Large White Yorkshire cross-bred pigs (SVVU-T-17 Breed). The lamina epithelialis consisted of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina propria consisted of areolar connective tissue, lymphatic aggregates and ducts of the glands. The lamina muscularis mucosae consisted of a few, small, scattered bundles of smooth muscles in the pharyngoesophageal region, cranial cervical, middle cervical and caudal cervical regions and it formed a continuous layer in the cranial thoracic regions to cardia regions of the oesophagus. The thickness of lamina muscularis gradually increased from the cranial thoracic to the cardia region of the oesophagus. The submucosal glands were compound tubuloalveolar, mixed in nature and they were more extensive at the pharyngoesophageal junction and began to fade out at about the caudal cervical region of the oesophagus. The submucosa layer of the cranial thoracic region consisted of one or two small glands and that of the middle thoracic, caudal thoracic and cardia regions lack submucosal glands. The highest thickness of total tunica muscularis was measured in the cranial thoracic part of the oesophagus and the lowest thickness was measured in the middle cervical part of the oesophagus in pigs. Tunica muscularis was composed of skeletal muscle fibres in the cranial two-thirds of the pig oesophagus but the caudal third amalgamation of both skeletal and smooth fibres. The tunica adventitia consisted of loose connective tissue with abundant reticular fibres, collagen fibres, few elastic fibres, many blood vessels, adipose tissue, lymph vessels and nerves. 
Title: Colibacillosis Outbreak in One-Week Old Karaknath Chicks at an Organized Poultry Farm in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
Abstract :
Escherichia coli is one of the most important pathogens in poultry farms around the world, causing colibacillosis and early chick mortality. Outbreaks cause heavy economic losses as primary pathogen and comoribund with other diseases. The report presents
an outbreak of colibacillosis with mortality of 12.50% in one-week old Karaknath chicks at an organized poultry farm in Meerut. The cases were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical findings, postmortem investigation and laboratory examination. The ailing chicks were weak and dejected, with stunted growth, respiratory discomfort and vent pasting. Postmortem examination revealed polyserositis with fibrinous hepatitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, air sacculitis and omphalitis. The E. coli isolates were obtained from the infected tissues of dead chicks and cloacal swabs of sick birds using bacteriological and biochemical techniques. The isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefuroxime, tetracycline, norfloxacin and enrofloxacin, but showed sensitivity to ampicillin/sulbactum, amikacin and gentamicin. The apparently healthy and ailing chicks of the farm were treated with gentamicin @ 5-10 mg/kg body weight orally for 5 days. Multivitamin @ 5 g/L was given in drinking water for 3 days to improve the immunity. Treatment resulted in clinical recovery of the chicks and checked further mortality at the farm.
Title: Pre-partum and Postpartum Supplementation Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal on Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Murrah Buffaloes Reared under Loose Housing System
Abstract :
The present investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on haematology and biochemical parameters of Murrah buffaloes reared under loose housing system. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were assigned to three dietary treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) resulting in six lactating buffaloes per treatment based on parity following factorial completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted for a period from 21 days before calving (pre-partum) to 5 months of lactation (postpartum) to find the effect of supplementation of moringa in following treatments, namely, T1 (control) - Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013), T2- 75 g MOLM/animal/day in addition to control feeding and T3- Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013) + 150 g MOLM/animal/day in addition to control feeding. The findings of study revealed that haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin (g/dl) WBC, monocytes (%), basophils (%), eosinophils (%) levels of T3 treatment group were higher than T2 and T3 but did not differ significantly among various treatment groups. Lymphocytes level of T3 treatment group was significantly higher than T1 and but did not differ significantly with T2 treatment group. SGOT concentration (IU/L), SGPT concentration (IU/L), Plasma cholesterol concentration (mg/dl) and Plasma iron concentration (µg/ dl) were better in supplemented groups but did not show any significant difference in different treatment groups.
Title: Evaluation of Hatchability in Kuroiler Breed Eggs affected by Pre-incubation Storage Temperature and Formaldehyde Fumigation
Abstract :
The present investigation was carried out to investigate hatchability of eggs of Kuroiler breed of chicken at poultry farm SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan). For the study total 180 fresh eggs of Kuroiler chicken of 25-38 week age were collected and stored at different temperatures i.e. 30±2°C and 20±2°C as per treatment i.e. T1 (30°C + NF), T2 (30°C + F), T3 (20°C+NF) and T4 (20°C + F). Result shows that the hatchability (FES) was found higher (90.70%) at 20°C temperature and lower (83.33%) at 30°C temperature with fumigation. At same temperature 20°C, hatchability found some variation in fumigated group (90.70%) and non-fumigated group (88.10%) due to lower incidence of bacterial growth. There was nonsignificant difference of fumigation on mean percentage hatchability of fertile eggs. Storage temperature significantly (P≤0.05) affects the hatchability it found lower at 30°C than at 20°C. Embryonic mortality found lower (09.30%) in T4 and higher (17.07%) in T1 group. Embryonic mortality also affected by the interaction of temperature and fumigation. It is suggested that for higher hatchability eggs were stored at 20°C temperature and the eggs are necessary fumigate before the incubation for better hatchability results.
Title: Prevalence and Seasonal Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites in Sheep at Arid Zone of Western Rajasthan
Abstract :

The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence and seasonal variation of intestinal parasites in Sheep which carried out from October 2021 to September 2022 at arid zone of western Rajasthan, India. A total of 600 faecal samples (50 from sheep per month) were screened for qualitative (floatation and sedimentation) examination and examined under light microscope. Among the scrutinized samples 62.33% were positive for endoparasites, in the various parasitic infections highest prevalence was recorded for Eimeria spp. 150 (40.11%) followed by Strongyle spp. 81 (21.66%), Amphistome spp. 64 (17.11%), Trichuris spp. 24 (6.42%), and Moniezia spp. 15 (4.01%), Mixed parasitic infection 40 (10.69%) and in 226 (37%) samples were found negative for parasitic infestation. The age wise prevalence was recorded as 57.21 % in the age of 0 to 12 months of age whereas 42.78% incidence was found in more than 12 months old sheep. Sex wise distribution of parasitic infestation revealed slightly higher incidence in female as in 51.06% incidence while 48.93% in males. The season wise investigations designates that the overall percentage of infection was higher in rainy season (69%) followed by winter (61%) than in summer (57%).

Title: Detection of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolates From Cattle and Buffaloes
Abstract :

Drug-resistant mycobacterial strains are increasingly being isolated from human cases. The identification of mycobacterial species in cattle and buffaloes is crucial for identifying the danger of drug-resistant strains being transmitted from animals to humans. In present study, a total of 200 animals (105 cattle and 95 buffaloes) from organized dairy farm were screened by CITT. Fifteen blood samples from animals tested by CITT, 57 tissue samples from dead animals and 6 trans-tracheal wash samples were collected from live animals and inoculated on Middlebrook 7H11 media and L-J media after proper decontamination. The isolates were identified by biochemical tests. DNA extracted from specimens and isolates was subjected to PCR for detection of MTC. The isolates positive for MTC were subjected to PCR for detection of drug resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid and streptomycin. Out of 57 tissue samples, 6 transtracheal washes and 15 blood samples, a total of 24 tissue samples, one transtracheal wash, and two blood samples were found to be positive by PCR respectively. Only 17 isolates were obtained from all of the samples isolated (16 from tissue and 1 from transtracheal wash), out of these, six isolates (5 tissues and 1 transtracheal washes) were confirmed as Mycobacterium bovis by biochemical tests and were found to be positive for MTC by PCR. Out of these 6 isolates, 4 isolates showed resistance to rifampicin. None of the isolates showed resistance to isoniazid and streptomycin.

Title: Study of Socio-economic Status of Farmers Management Practices at Selected Dairy Farms in Uttar Pradesh
Abstract :
According to the current data the population of the cattle in our country was drastically increased in few years and their contribution in the total milk production was remarkable. Generally, the small & marginal farmer who maintains bulk of the livestock in the country, are the targeted group in this study. It benefited poorly endowed areas like drought prone, arid and semiarid areas. The sector also provided additional employment opportunities to the people in the rural areas especially to the female population who manage the livestock in the household, thereby empowering rural women with livestock in the household, proving as a source of economic empowerment. In present investigation had surveyed a total of 71 farms from different districts of Uttar Pradesh which were mostly private and trustee and the actual observation of each and every farm has been taken into account. The present paper attempted to study the type of farm ownership, existing animal pattern on the farm, percentage of animal on different categories on the farm, housing pattern, feeding pattern, breeding pattern, labour pattern, milking pattern, health care pattern and source of water available at the farm as a whole and to the farmer in individual, which plays a vital role in the production of milk and farm management. It was found that the socio-economic status indirectly influence the milk production of the dairy farms.
Title: Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Performance, Blood-biochemistry of Kadaknath Chicken Raised Under Farm Conditions
Abstract :
The present study aimed to determine the effects beetroot juice (Beta vulgaris) on performance and Blood-biochemical parameters of Kadaknath birds raised under farm conditions. Present investigation was carried out on Kadaknath chickens aged 6 weeks at poultry unit of Livestock farm complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Udaipur (Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences) India. There were three treatment groups, each of which had four replicates and ten chicks. Beetroot juice was added to the birds’ drinking water daily in quantities of 0 ml (T1) served as control, 15 ml (T2), and 25 ml (T3) for a period of six weeks. Each treatment group had an impact on body weights, weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency that was statistically significant (p <0.05). At six weeks of age, the treatment group T3 had the highest body weight, highest weight gain, and the best FCR. Treatment effects on packed cell volume (PVC), hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (RBC) were significant (p <0.05) with T3 having the highest values of 41.33%, 11.05 g/dL and 3.72 × 106 uL respectively. There was no difference seen on lymphocytes and red blood cells in the present study. Serum biochemical markers significantly (p <0.05) varied; T3 birds had the lowest levels for triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose. The results of this study showed that adding 25 ml of beet juice (Beta vulgaris) to drinking water will enhance growth performance, PCV, and Hb and also reduces glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride level of Kadaknath birds.
Title: Effect of Supplementation of Different Levels of Rosemary Leaf Powder and Black Cumin Seed Powder alone or in Combination on the Broilers Carcass Parameters
Abstract :
This study was undertaken to evaluate the carcass parameters of the Broiler chicks when fed with varying levels of the Rosemary leaf powder and Black Cumin seed powder in different treatment groups. The Broiler chicks were divided into ten dietary treatments groups and each dietary group was replicated to three sub-groups for uniform distribution. The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet, while T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.50%, 1.00% and 1.50%, of Rosemary in the basal Broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively. The T5, T6 and T7 groups were supplemented with 0.50%, 1.00% and 1.50% of Black Cumin in the basal Broiler starter and finisher ration. The T8, T9 and T10 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% in combination with Rosemary and Black Cumin in the basal Broiler starter and finisher ration, respectively. There highly significant effect was observed on dressing weight per cent, eviscerated weight per cent, while non- significant effect was observed on abdominal fat per cent, liver weight per cent, heart weight per cent, gizzard weight per cent, giblet per cent, blood loss per cent and feather loss per cent due to supplementation of rosemary and black cumin in diet of broilers. It can be inferred that supplementation of Black Cumin 1.00% alone and in combination 0.75 % of both herbs is quite effective and could be viable proposition for lucrative Broiler farming for carcass status.
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Title: Hygiene Rating of Retail Poultry Meat Shops in Nagpur
Abstract :
With the rapidly increasing growth in meat production and consumption, hygiene aspects have become a significant concern in India. Consumers are at risk of various health problems due to substandard facilities and unhygienic practices at poultry meat shops. The current study aims to assess hygienic conditions and meat handling practices at retail poultry meat shops by using a hygiene rating scheme. A survey-based study was conducted among 160 retail poultry meat shops in Nagpur to assess sanitary status. A hygiene rating assessment checklist from the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) was used for interviews, which contained various domains of design & facilities, control of the operation, maintenance and sanitation, personal hygiene, training, and record keeping. Each of the domains was scored as per replies of respondents and personal observations. The study indicated that 56.3 percent of poultry meat shops in Nagpur need improvement with B grade hygiene rating, while 26.9 percent of poultry meat shops show non-compliance with C grade hygiene rating. Results show that regular monitoring and formal training of meat handlers is necessary to improve knowledge of hygienic practices of meat handlers and sanitary levels of poultry meat shops.
Title: Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from the Lungs of Buffalo in Southern Region of Rajasthan
Abstract :
The present study was conducted on the lungs of buffalo in the southern region of Rajasthan including different districts like
Udaipur, Dungarpur, Chittorgarh and Rajsamand. A total of 27 buffalo were selected whose lungs were showing the pneumonic
lesions and swab samples were taken under aseptic conditions. The duration of study was from January 2021 to November 2021.
A total of 20 isolates were identified viz. E. coli (40%), Proteus spp. (30%), Klebsiella spp. (20%), Pasteurella spp. (10%),
Staphylococcus spp. (5%) and Pseudomonas spp. (5%). E. coli isolates (8) were sent National Salmonella and Escherichia
Centre, Kasauli for serotyping. The serotypes were O11 (62.5%), O26 (25%) and O121 (12.5%).
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Title: Development and Evaluation of Stem Cells Laden Bioscaffold using Buffalo Rib Periosteum
Abstract :
The present research work was done to evaluate and compare decellularized periosteum and decellularized periosteum seeded
with rabbit amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rAM-MSCs) (recellularized periosteum) to prepare it as ready to use bio-scaffold. Periosteum was harvested from buffalo ribs procured from local slaughterhouses. Decellularization of the periosteum was done by the chemical method using 2% triton X-100 & 1% SDS detergents. After decellularization of the periosteum, it was evaluated for the absence of any periosteal cells and integrity of the extracellular matrix of the periosteum with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. After confirming successful decellularization, 1×106 cells/cm2 rAM-MSCs were seeded over decellularized periosteum. After successful recellularization, it was evaluated for the attachment of seeded rAM-MSCs over the surface of decellularized periosteum and confirmed by using H & E staining, and SEM, respectively. Decellularized periosteum provided a compatible and supportive extracellular matrix for attachment of rAM-MSCs and can be used as a bioscaffold. Recellularized periosteum can deliver rAM-MSCs for various clinical purposes like fracture healing and bone regeneration in critical-sized bone defects. Also, decellularized periosteum proved to be a better scaffold for rAM-MSCs growth and attachment. Thus, decellularized periosteum after stem cell recellularization proves to be a good bioscaffold for therapeutic application in veterinary clinical practices.
Title: Empowering Business and Corporate Sector Using Advanced ICT and Computing
Abstract :
Technology is very important in helping the business houses, and organizations. In the last two decades different technologies, specially Computing and Information Technology play a leading role in enhancing business and organizational growth. Initially the computerization, financial calculations was considered as important and gradually other technologies also play a potential role in designing, developing and enhancing small and medium enterprises. The role of internet is also important in contributing the economy and helps in day to day business operations, process, and other business activities. Technology is integrated with the tangible and intangible benefits in the small organizations, business and enterprises. Furthermore newer technologies have boosted the security of the confidential information and making business houses faster, efficient and modern. Information Technology is the combination of different sub systems and components which are helpful in information related activities ranging from collection, selection, organization, processing, management and dissemination. In this process various technologies play leading role such as database technologies, networking technologies, web technologies, multimedia technologies and traditional software technologies. In addition to these, emerging technologies play leading role in small and medium enterprises and business setups.
Title: Cloning and Expression of Partial CDS of Leptospiral Beta Propeller Repeat Protein in Prokaryotic System
Abstract :
Leptospirosis is the wide spread neglected zoonotic disease among domestic and pet animals and poses major threat to human public health. Although it is treatable with antibiotics, vaccination is the prime strategy to control the disease. However, the current vaccines are ineffective, lack of cross reactivity and require booster doses. Therefore, it is inevitable to identify conserved protein candidates that can provide immunity against the majority of serovars. In this context, the present study was aimed to clone and express the lipoprotein Beta Propeller repeat (BPR) of L. canicola. In this study, 435 base pair of partial coding sequences between 195 to 340 aa region of beta propeller gene was amplified by PCR. The fragment of 435 bp BPR gene was inserted into the pET 32(a) vector and expressed in E. coli Bl21(DE3) cells. SDS-PAGE revealed an expected size of 36 kDa and the immunoblot with anti sera raised against the whole cell lysate of L. canicola, confirmed the specificity of the protein expressed in E. coli system. NCBI BLAST analysis showed that 435 nucleotides are flanking the coding region of 422164 to 422598 positions of L. interrogans sps chromosome number 1 and having 95 percent identities with the published sequences. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BPR gene of this study occupied the same clade in the phylogenetic tree as other L. canicola serovars. From the findings of this study, it may be concluded that the Beta Propeller Repeat protein gene was conserved in the genus Leptospira and which could be a potential vaccine candidate for subunit vaccines.
Title: Number of Ovulation Observed in Black Bengal Goats by Ultrasound Imaging and its Subsequent Confirmation through Exploratory Laparotomy
Abstract :
The study was conducted in female Black Bengal goat to investigate the number of ovulation during gestation period by Ultrasound Image (USG). Female kids of three months of age were placed in three groups with five numbers in each group; 1st TG with supplementary nutrition and a buck, 2nd TG with supplementary nutrition and 3rd TG as control. Due to permanent exposure of buck and good plane of nutrition, the animals under TG 1 attained puberty significantly (P<0.01) earlier than other two groups. Average body weight of animals of TG1 (10.0 kg) was also recorded to be lowest. Most failure of conception was noted in TG 1 as reflected by its significantly higher (P<0.05) number of services (3.6) than other two groups (2.2 and 2.0 respectively). Highly significant (P<0.01) variation in respect to age of 1st kidding was observed, the animals under TG 1 took least time, but body weight of animals of TG 3 was least. Post-partum estrus was also recorded to be earliest (3 to 6 weeks) in first group of animals than the other two. By ultrasound imaging technique a single number of Corpora lutea (CL) was counted for individual animal under different treatment group on the 11th day of oestrus cycle, with an exception of three CL in one animal of the first treatment group. Out of total 17 CL counted, 11 were found on the left ovary. Number of ovulation observes by ultrasound imaging, was confirmed through laparotomy.
Title: Effect of Sodium Butyrate Supplementation on Carcass Traits and Visceral Organ Weights in Commercial Broiler
Abstract :
A total of 200, day old broiler chicks were divided into 4 treatments consisting of 5 replicates in each group and ten chicks in each
replicate. Basal diet (T1) prepared following BIS (2007) standards and the experimental diets were prepared by incorporating
antibiotic 0.02 % of BMD (T2), 0.1% sodium butyrate in pre-starter, 0.05 % in starter and 0.025% in finisher (T3) and 0.02 % of
antibiotic BMD and 0.1% sodium butyrate in pre-starter, 0.05% in starter and 0.025 % in finisher (T4). The results revealed that
sodium butyrate and combination of sodium butyrate along with antibiotic BMD resulted in significant improvement (P ≤ 0.05)
in carcass characteristics like dressing percentage, breast yield, thigh yield, drumstick yield, abdominal fat percentage, relative
weight of liver and gizzard in sodium butyrate supplemented groups when compared and non-significant difference (P > 0.05)
in relative weight of heart and proventriculus was observed.
Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Phytogenic Mixture Containing Garlic, Tulsi and Black Cumin on Growth Performance and Economics of Broilers
Abstract :
Recent era has witnessed a growing interest in scientific community for utilising phytogenic mixture due to their novel attributes of improving performance of broilers. However, the search of economical phytogenic mixture is continuous. This experiment was formulated to study the effect of dietary supplementation of phytogenic mixture containing Nigella sativa, Allium sativum and Ocimum sanctum (1:1:1 ratio) in broilers. For this research, three comparable groups were formed viz. Control (no supplementation), T1 (supplementation @0.25% of feed) and T2 (supplementation @0.50% of feed) and this experiment lasted for 28 days. A total of 48 Cobb 400 broiler chicks were distributed randomly into three groups and each group contained 16 broiler chicks of same body weight. Statistical analysis of data revealed that T1 and T2 group had significantly higher overall body weight (P<0.001), feed conversion ratio (P<0.001) and feed conversion efficiency (P<0.001) than control group. However, T1 and T2 groups differed non-significantly (P>0.05). However, there was no significant difference in feed intake across all the groups. Economic analysis of production of broilers under three different feeding regimes revealed that T1 and T2 group broilers performed better than control group. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it may be concluded that dietary supplementation of phytogenic mixture containing Nigella sativa, Allium sativum and Ocimum sanctum (1:1:1 ratio) @0.25% may economically improve the performance of broilers.
Title: Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Marbofloxacin Following Single and Repetitive Intravenous Administration in Rabbits
Abstract :
Pharmacokinetic study of marbofloxacin was carried out in rabbits following single and repetitive intravenous (IV) administration.
Serial blood samples were taken from days 1st and 5th of marbofloxacin administration. Concentrations of the marbofloxacin
in blood plasma were estimated by microbiological assay techniques. Various kinetic parameters were calculated by using
two compartment open model. Significantly higher plasma concentrations of the drug appeared from 0.5 to 12 hr on 5th day as
compared to 1st day of marbofloxacin administration. The minimum therapeutic concentration (≥ 0.25 µg/ml) of marbofloxacin
was maintained up to 12 hr in both 1st and 5th day of drug administration. Following multiple once IV dose, significantly higher
values of t1/2β, and AUC were observed in 5th day as compared to 1st day of marbofloxacin administration, whereas significantly
lower value of Vdarea and ClB were observed in 5th day as compared to 1st day of marbofloxacin administration. All the other
kinetic parameters differ non-significantly between 1st and 5th day of marbofloxacin administration. On the basis of present
findings a satisfactory dosage regimen of marbofloxacin @ 0.91±0.03 mg/kg bwt followed by 0.71±0.03 mg/kg bwt at 12 hr
intervals can be recommended to maintain the minimum therapeutic concentration (≥ 0.25 µg/ml)) during the treatment of
microbial infections in rabbit.
Title: Berberine as an Efflux Pump Inhibitor against Quinolone Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract :
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has led to the search for novel strategies that can overcome this issue. In this connection,
the plant secondary metabolites play a crucial role in combating the resistance. This study was undertaken with an aim to assess the resistance modulating potential of berberine as efflux pump inhibitor against quinolone resistant S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. The antibacterial activity of berberine was evaluated using broth microdilution assay. The interaction of berberine with the antibiotics under study was assessed by checkerboard assay. The resistance modulating potential of berberine was appraised by real time quantitative PCR. The broth microdilution assay revealed that berberine has a weak antibacterial activity. When used in combination with quinolone antibiotics, berberine could lower the MICs of the antibiotics. The relative gene expression study pointed out that berberine act as an efflux pump inhibitor down regulating the expression of norA and norC efflux pump genes. The study concluded that plant metabolites can be used as potential candidates in reversing the antimicrobial resistance.
Title: Performance of Poultry Farmers in the Agricultural Sector: A Case of the Poultry Farmers in the Municipality of Odiongan, Romblon
Abstract :
The results of this research describe the perceptions of poultry farmers regarding their level of satisfaction with the availability of transport, land, interest, feed supply, market, foundation stock, finance, water, and pricing body by presenting the relationship between each of the selected societal characteristics of the poultry farmers and their perceptions of the performance of the poultry industry. The analysis revealed that market conditions and financing decisions were outstanding to poultry growers. Furthermore, the findings resulted that poultry producers lack the required production capabilities. These abilities include the competence to establish and maintain an appropriate temperature, timely disease detection, timely stress detection, timely stress reduction, timely disease eradication, and timely categorization of death caused by feed/nutrition. The study emphasizes the need for local poultry farmers to consider participating in a program of exchanging highly skilled experts with neighboring areas to give poultry extension officers and poultry farmers the knowledge and skills required to manage a modern poultry system.
Title: Postnatal Gross Anatomical Development of Liver in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Abstract :
The present study was undertaken to access the gross anatomy of the liver in guinea pigs of four postnatal age groups. Hepatopancreatic organs were collected from the guinea pigs received from department of Laboratory Animal Medicine,
Chennai. Gross anatomical observations were recorded. The liver in guinea pig was the largest gland in the body and was found
on the right side of the cranial and middle part of the abdominal cavity. The liver was related to the gall bladder, diaphragm,
stomach, intestines and lesser omentum in all the postnatal groups studied. In preweaning guinea pig, the colour was dark
reddish brown whereas in animals from 2-8 weeks to 16-32 weeks of age, it was pale, reddish brown. The liver showed six lobes
namely the right lateral lobe, the right medial lobe, quadrate lobe, left medial lobe, left lateral lobe and caudate lobe. The caudate
lobe had two parts namely caudate process and papillary process. In all the age groups, the liver showed two surfaces namely
parietal and visceral surface. The hilus or portal fissure of the liver was noticed in the transverse groove formed between the
dorsal and ventral parts on the visceral surface. Four borders were observed viz., dorsal border, ventral border, right border and
left border. The liver showed six ligaments namely falciform ligament, coronary ligament, round ligament, triangular ligament,
hepatorenal ligament and hepatogastric ligament.
Title: Gastrointestinal Nematode Population with Multiple Anthelmintic Resistances in Unorganized Sheep Farms from the Semi-arid Zone of Haryana
Abstract :
In present study two organized and six unorganized farms of sheep from three agro-climatic zones of Haryana were surveyed to assess the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes to fenbendazole (@ 5 mg/kg b.wt. orally), closantel (@ 10 mg/kg b.wt. orally) and ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection) by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Per cent reduction in faecal egg counts by fenbendazole (FBZ), closantel (CLS) and ivermectin (IVM) in organized  arms ranged from 53.24-60.60% (FBZ), 74.24-76.62% (CLS) and 63.63-69.69% (IVM) while unorganized farms 59.62- 75.56% (FBZ), 79.19-92.47% (CLS) and 69.94-82.79% (IVM). Over all per cent reduction in faecal egg counts in organized and unorganized farms ranged 53.24-75.56% (FBZ), 74.24-92.47% (CLS) and 63.63-82.79% (IVM), respectively. In all cases of anthelmintic resistance, Haemonchus contortus was the predominant parasite involved. Reduction in faecal egg counts indicate multidrug severe to moderate resistance in sheep farms of different agro-climatic zones of Haryana.
Title: Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chicken Parvovirus Associated with Poultry Enteritis
Abstract :
Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) is of many viruses related to enteric diseases, which usually associated with enteritis and Runting
and stunting syndrome (RSS). Aim of the present study was to find out the occurrence of ChPV associated with poultry enteritis
in four districts of southern Rajasthan, and their phylogenetic analysis. Total 604 dead poultry birds affected with enteritis, from commercial poultry farms were examined for presence of ChPV. Intestinal samples of four birds were pooled to make one biological sample. ChPV were detected by PCR using non-structural protein (NSP) gene specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by partial gene sequencing. ChPV was detected in 18.54% (28/ 151). Mixed infection of FAdV+ChPV were detected in 15.23% (23/151) pooled samples. The partial molecular characterization of the ChPV partial molecular characterization revelled high level of nucleotide 98.95-100% and amino acid similarity 98.95-99.98% with other ChPV sequences from Brazil and other parts of the world.
Title: Gujjars: Traditional Buffalo Rearers
Abstract :
The dairy farming plays an important role in the economic development of rural India. More than 70 percent of the rural households still depend on agriculture and livestock sector for their livelihood (FAOSTAT, 2010). The Jammu & Kashmir state is blessed with 8.32 million population (20th livestock census). These animals are mainly reared by Gujjars, who own about 11.9 percent of the total population of the state (Census of India, 2011). Gujjar are pastoral ethnic group with population in India, Pakistan and a small number in north eastern Afghanistan. They are numerically third largest community of Jammu and Kashmir after Kashmiri Muslims and Dogras (Bhat, 2018). The population of Gujjars in Jammu district is 3.81% of the total population of the district (Census of India, 2011). The Rajouri district which thickly populated by Gujjar and Bakerwal is representing the highest proportion of the total tribal population of state followed by Poonch, Kargil, Leh and Reasi districts. They are mainly known for the rearing of livestock and is established with the fact that only 0.85% of the population is urbanized and remaining resides in rural areas and thrives on sustainable livestock production (Singh et al., 2017).
Title: Effect of Vitamin C, E, Organic Chromium and its Combination on Production Performance and Economics of Narmadanidhi Birds in Winter Season
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to assess the effect of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E, organic chromium and its combination on growth performance and economics of Narmadanidhi birds in winter season. A total of 240, day-old coloured dual type Narmadanidhi chicks were distributed into 12 dietary treatment groups with each consisting 20 chicks in 2 replicates. The chicks were housed in individual pens as per treatment groups and reared on litter system. Dietary treatment supplements in starter and finisher ration were C0 control, C1 (150 mg AA/kg), C2 (250 mg AA/kg), E1 (125 mg vit-E/kg), E2 (200 mg vit-E/ kg) Cr1 (1.25 mg Cr-propionate/kg), Cr2 (2.0 mg Cr-Propionate/kg). Combined supplements were C2E1, C2E2, C2Cr1, C2Cr2, and C2E1Cr2. The data of body weight, feed intake, feed efficiency and economics of rearing were recorded and measured on 6th week interval. Analysis (One way ANOVA) was carried out to study the effect of treatments on production performance. At 12 week, body weights in combined supplement C2Cr2, C2E1Cr2 were significantly higher and non-significant from control. Combined supplements C2Cr2, C2E1Cr2 improved feed intake significantly than all other treatments.. Cumulative feed efficiency of E2, Cr1, Cr2, C2E2, C2Cr2 and C2E1Cr2 were non-significantly different and significantly better than control group. Treatment C2Cr2 has highest gross profit/bird and Cr1 has highest gross profit/kg live weight than control and all other treatment groups. Finally, concluded that combined supplement C2Cr2, C2E1Cr2 had superior performance and Cr1 had better economy in winter season with significantly better performance than control.
Title: Acute Kidney Disease in Dogs an Epidemiological Study
Abstract :
The present study was aimed to record the occurrence of acute kidney diseases in dogs. Overall occurrence of acute kidney diseases was 01.18 % (32/2696). Out of 148 suspected dogs 21.62% (32/148) suffered with acute kidney disease. The age wise occurrence of acute kidney disease was found to be higher in dogs aged between 4-8 years 28.12% (18/64), followed by dogs above 8 years 25.00% (12/48) of age and was less in dogs 1-4 years age 10.52% (02/19). Breed wise occurrence was higher in Labrador retriever 26.82% (11/41).
Title: Clinical Evaluation of Plate Osteosynthesis for Repair of Long Bone Fracture in Dogs
Abstract :
The present study was planned to deduce the effectiveness of the plate osteosynthesis for the repair of long bone fractures in dogs. The study was conducted on seven clinical cases in which bilateral fractures were present in three dogs whereas single was observed to be involved in rest of the cases. In the fractures involving radius and ulna, plates were used for the fracture stabilization. However, in two cases involving tibia and femur, firstly plate and intramedullary pin was used for surgical repair, respectively. The revised surgery was undertaken as the plate used to stabilize tibia fracture had implant failure (bending of plate). Fixation was done by using IMP and hydroxyapatite was also used to augment repair. Stabilization of femoral fracture by using IMP failed and was again attempted by using stack pinning and plate combination along with hydroxyapatite. The healing of the fractured fragments was evaluated by clinical and radiographic examination. Excellent results were observed in four cases, revised surgery was attempted due to implant failure in two cases and one case died 15 days after surgical procedure due to managemental related issue. It may be concluded that plate osteosynthesis yields excellent results when the plate size is evaluated based on bone size, bone involved and at least fixing of three screws on either side of fracture site.
Title: Prevalence and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Non-pathological Samples of Sheep
Abstract :
Staphylococcus aureus is found as commensal organism in the livestock, and they also cause opportunistic infections. They also possess various mechanisms and genes conferring them with antimicrobial resistance. The carriage of such antimicrobial resistant organisms by healthy animals poses threat to both the animal production and public health aspects. In the present study a total of 90 samples from apparently healthy sheep and their farm environment were collected. The samples consisted of skin swabs (n=30), nasal swabs (n=20), vaginal swabs (n=20) and farm environmental samples (n=20). The overall prevalence of S. aureus was found to be 18.8% (n=17), with the highest prevalence in skin samples. The isolates were subjected to culture sensitivity test against 17 antibiotics. The antibiogram revealed highest resistance to penicillin-G (88%), ampicillin (53%), tetracycline (47%), cefoxitin (29%) and azithromycin (29%). The isolates showed susceptibility to co-trimoxazole (94%), amikacin (82%), chloramphenicol (82%), gentamicin (76%) and gatifloxacin (76%). Out of the 17 isolates, 14 were multi-drug resistant. Such studies on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of organisms are needed to understand the epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance. They also prove useful in formulating standard operating procedures for antimicrobial usage.
Title: Influence of Animal Factors on the Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks on Cattle in Telangana State, India
Abstract :
A yearlong survey was conducted between March 2019 to February 2020 to study the influence of animal factors like age, breed,
sex and managemental practices on the prevalence of Ixodid ticks on cattle in Telangana State, India. An overall prevalence of 63.4% of tick infestation was recorded where as it was significantly higher in cross bred cattle than indigenous animals. Among cross breeds, 80 % of prevalence was recorded in Holstein Friesian and 77.24% in Jersey cross with a non-significant difference. Among the indigenous, non-descriptive cattle showed significantly (p<0.05) higher prevalence (53.2%) than Sahiwal (39.6 %) and least in Gir (21%). Age wise studies indicated more tick infestation in less than 1year age cattle (70.4%) followed by above 3 years (63.4%) and >1-3-year age group (51.6%). Female cattle were more prone to tick infestation (67.3%) than males (49.9%). Cattle reared under unorganized farms (71.3%) were more infested than in organized farms (50.7%). The current information on regional prevalence is essential for development and modulation of tick control measures for better production and economic stability.
Title: Effect of Different Floor Types on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits in Stall Fed Nellore Brown Ram Lambs
Abstract :
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different floor types on growth performance and carcass traits in growing
stall fed Nellore brown ram lambs. The research animals were allotted randomly to 3 treatment groups (eight lambs in each group) i.e., on mud floor (control, T1), on concrete floor (T2) and on the elevated plastic slatted floor (T3) in a completely randomized design under intensive system. Statistical analysis of the data showed significantly higher body weight gain in T3 and T2 groups in the fifth fortnight. Significantly (P<0.01) higher body weight gain recorded in T3 group from sixth to eighth fortnight among three treatment groups and the total gain in body weight was significantly higher in the T3 group of lambs. Non-significant difference was observed for average daily gain (ADG), feed and dry matter intake (DMI) and carcass traits, but comparatively higher feed intake and DMI was observed in lambs reared on elevated plastic slatted floor (T3). It can be concluded that the overall body weight gain was significantly higher in lambs reared on elevated plastic slatted floor. Though statistically not significant, the higher ADG and DMI in lambs reared on elevated plastic slatted floor results in better returns, hence recommended for farmers adoption.
Title: Occurrence Study of Renal Disorders in Canines Using Renal Function Markers and Nephrosonographic Modalities
Abstract :
Renal disorders are relatively common in dogs and are frequently associated with a poor prognosis in the later stages. Renal disorders may slowly progress to renal failure which is one of the most serious problems in the canine population, affecting approximately 2-5% of all dogs. In recent years, renal failure is the major cause of death in young and older dogs. The incidence of renal disorders in dogs is high in the form of renal failure viz. acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). In the present study, dogs were screened for renal disorders on the basis of clinical signs and confirmation of renal disorders was done on the basis of renal function markers and nephrosonographic examination. The overall occurrence of renal disorders in dogs at VCC, Jabalpur was 2.66 per cent while among suspected dogs, it was 59.84 per cent. Age wise occurrence was significantly higher (5.50%) in dogs of more than 8 years of age group followed by dogs of 4-8 years of age i.e. 2.49%. Gender wise occurrence showed a non-significant difference in renal disorders among male and female dogs. Amongst different breeds, Spitz/ Pomeranian had the highest occurrence (11.24%). Echotextural alterations were recorded in 47 dogs having CRF, whereas 6 dogs with initial stages of CRF and 26 dogs with ARF had not possessed any abnormality upon diagnostic imaging.
Title: Performance of Kadaknath and Local Non Descript Birds in Backyard Farming System for Tribal Women Empowerment
Abstract :
The present study was conducted in SaiKhandara and Rondha villages of Betul District of Madhya Pradesh, for household income and food & nutritional security through tribal women empowerment and to find better performance among the Kadaknath and local non descript (ND) breed. Twenty female and two male birds of each breed are distributed to 10 women’s of each two villages (Total 440 chicks) for rearing in backyard farming system in village situation. The experiment was conducted at farmers level under the operational area villages of KVK, Betul. The birds were routinely vaccinated against Newcastle disease, Infectious Bursal Disease and Fowl Pox diseases. The data for body weight, body weight gain, mortality and egg production were recorded weekly. Body weight was significantly higher in Kadaknath birds as compare to ND birds. Egg production was also higher in the Kadaknath birds but age at 1st laying and mortality rate were on the lower side in Kadaknath than ND birds though found non-significant among each other. The selling rate of Live body weight and egg of kadaknath birds were also higher than ND birds, because there is great demand of Kadaknath meat due its nutritive and medicinal properties. The study revealed that, Kadaknath as Backyard poultry is play an important role to empower women socially and economically, as a source of income generation, employment opportunities, along with production of valuable foods that reduces household malnutrition.
Title: Subtype Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle and Sheep
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to determine stx and eae virulent genes in E .coli and their subtyping during 2021-2022. For
this, One hundred fifty six (156) rectal swab samples from healthy cattle and sheep were investigated for the presence of stx1,
stx2, eae, ehxA and bfp virulence genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In all, 133 Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates
possessed at least one virulence gene targeted. Eighty nine Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates (sixty two
from cattle and twenty seven from sheep) were obtained. STEC were more prevalent in cattle (63.11%) than in sheep (45.76%).
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were detected from 10 (10.30%) cattle and 1 (1.69%) sheep rectal swab samples.
All the EPEC isolates detected were atypical. Subtype analysis of stx genes in cattle exhibited 18.39% as stx1, 34.48% as stx2
and 18.93 as both stx1 & 2. Similarly, stx analysis in sheep revealed stx1 in 45.65%, stx2 in 6.15% and both stx1 & 2 in 6.15%
isolates. Among 20 (15.03%) eae positive isolates of E. coli recovered from Cattle and Sheep, eaeA gene was found associated
with 16 (18.39%) and 4(8.69%) rectal swab of Cattle and Sheep respectively. Upon intimin subtyping, int-β was detected in 03
(75%) and 04 (25%) while as Int-γ was detected in 01 (25%) and 10 (62.50%) of sheep and cattle rectal swabs respectively. Two
E. coli isolate positive for eae gene form rectal swab of cattle could not be subtyped. The present investigation indicates that
stx1, stx2, stx1&2, eae- β and Int-γ could be common subtypes prevalent in STEC and EPEC strains of healthy cattle and sheep in
India. Statistically, the difference between prevalence of STEC and EPEC in Cattle and Sheep was found significant (p = 0.05).
Title: Transition Physiology of Sows: A Study on Hematological and Biochemical Profile
Abstract :
The present study was conducted in pregnant sows to evaluate the hematological and biochemical profile during the transition period. Blood samples were collected from sows on the days -30, -10, -3, 0, +3 and +10 of farrowing and analyzed immediately
for hematology and biochemical profile. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in red blood cell count and an increase in total white
blood cell count, neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were noticed during the transition period. Serum total protein,
globulin and albumin levels decreased significantly whereas serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low
density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations increased significantly during the transition period compared to the day -30
of farrowing. Glucose concentration was significantly high on the days -10, -3, 0 and +3 of farrowing. Serum triglycerides
significantly increased on the day -10 and day -3 compared to the day -30 and significantly decreased thereafter until day +10 of
farrowing. Serum aspartate transaminase activity increased significantly (P<0.05) during the transition period compared to the
day -30 of farrowing while alanine transaminase activity was highest on the days -3 and 0 of farrowing and gamma glutamyl
transaminase activity on the day +3 of farrowing. Blood Urea Nitrogen values increased significantly (P<0.05) during transition
period, whereas elevation in creatinine levels was seen on the day 0. Calcium and phosphorus levels of serum increased while
sodium and chloride levels decreased significantly during transition period compared to day -30. Potassium levels decreased
from day 0 until day +10 compared to the day -3 of farrowing.
Title: Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Efficacy of Traditionally Used Plants in Rats and Dairy Calves
Abstract :
Plants have been used since time immemorial to treat a variety of diseases. The present study was conducted to comparatively evaluate the antidiarrheal efficacy of plants traditionally used to treat diarrhea viz. semi ripe fruit of Aegle marmelos, rhizome
of Curcuma longa, leaves of Dalbergia sissoo, bark of Mangifera indica, leaves of Psidium guajava and fruit rind of Punica granatum. Methanolic plant extracts were tested for their antidiarrheal efficacy in castor oil induced diarrhoea in rats at three different doses (@ 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg body weight). Of the six extracts tested, Aegle marmelos fruit extract was found to be the most effective, followed by Dalbergia sissoo leaf extract; both resulted in dose dependent inhibition of diarrhea in rats. A. marmelos fruit extract was further evaluated for its therapeutic potential in acute undifferentiated diarrhea of calves @ 400 mg/Kg/Day, orally in two divided doses. Efficacy of the methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos was found comparable to that of oral pefloxacin given to a group of calves @ 10 mg/Kg body weight, orally, once a day. In conclusion, Aegle marmelos can effectively be used as a non-specific antidiarrheal in acute diarrhea of cattle calves.
Title: Morphological and Morphometrical Study on Oesophagus of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)
Abstract :
Present study was conducted on esophagus of seven adult Japanese Quail. The oesophagus of Japanese quail was thin walled
distensible tube comprised of three distinct segments namely precrop oesophagus (cervical part), crop and postcrop oseophagus
(thoracic part). The crop was form a rounded structure at the level of thoracic inlet, that bulged further ventrally to the right and lied against the pectoral muscles. The postcrop oesophagus was relatively longer, wider and more distensible as compared to precrop oesophagus. The interior of oesophagus presented longitudinal mucosal folds which were prominent in precrop oesophagus and crop as compared to postcrop oesophagus. These muscosal folds were longitudinal in precrop oesophagus and were wavy in crop.
Title: Anatomical Studies on the Reticulum of Bakerwali Goat of Jammu Region
Abstract :
Present study was carried on six stomach samples from adult apparently healthy Bakerwali goat. Reticulum was spherical and was separated from rumen by rumino-reticular groove ventrally. Mucosa was dark brown in colour having reticular cells of variable shapes. Cells were smaller towards lesser curvature. Mean empty weight of reticulum was 12.95% of the total empty weight of the stomach whereas the capacity was 7.78% of the total volume of the stomach. Histologically, reticulum consisted of tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Lamina epithelialis was lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina muscularis mucosae was present only towards the tip of primary reticular crests. Tunica muscularis had inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle. Number of crests per field, length and width of primary reticular crests were significantly (p<0.05) higher at lesser curvature. Histochemically, stratum corneum showed strong PAS reaction, stratum granulosum showed strong reaction for Alcian Blue (pH 2.5). Distribution of glycogen was moderate in the layers of lamina epithelialis mucosae except stratum corneum. Lamina epithelialis mucosae and tunica muscularis showed strong reaction for basic proteins. Stratum corneum showed moderate reaction for lipids. Floor of reticular groove at the level of reticulo-omasal opening presented papillae resembling the claws of bird. Entire reticular groove was lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Lamina muscularis mucosae was incomplete and seen mainly in the lips of reticular groove. Floor of groove had transverse smooth muscle fibers whereas lips contained thick longitudinal smooth muscle fibers. 
Title: Liaising Immune System Alteration in Wistar Rats by Calcium Nanoparticles
Abstract :
Nanoparticles being a modern technology are being explicitly exploited for their application in medical sciences such as gene targeted drug delivery, vaccine delivery, adjuvants, and medicines. Metal nanoparticles studied by far have associated adverse effect except the calcium nanoparticle. Nanoforms of calcium are much acceptable and induce minimum inflammatory response. Albeit, the literature regarding calcium nanoparticle is not well cited and lacks immunological and cytotoxic studies on calcium nanoparticles. Henceforth, the effect of calcium nanoparticle on immunity was taken into focus in the present study. Wistar rats were administered nanocalcium at dose rate of 1000 mg/kg b.wt. for a period of 90 days per-os. Immunopathological alterations were assessed based on T-cells and B-cells proliferation assays, ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay), Haemagglutinition inhibition, macrophage function test (MFT) and gamma-globulin levels. Calcium nanoparticles at low doses improve the immune responses as they elicit the immune response levels at initial phase of the study. However, prolonged nanoparticle administration induces immune-alteration effect. Thus, for prolong use of nanoparticle in oncology, gene therapy, implantation and others should be assessed.
Title: Exploring Ethno-veterinary Practices for Livestock Diseases: A Survey-Based Approach
Abstract :
The current study explores the ethno-veterinary practices adopted by rural farmers and examined their socio-dynamic profile. A total of 183 plant species belonging to 158 genera and 70 families were identified. Among these, 165 were dicotyledons, 17 species belonged to monocotyledons, and one was classified as a pteridophyte. Within the studied plant families, Euphorbiaceae had the highest representation with 14 species (7.65%), followed by Fabaceae with 12 species (6.56%). Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, and Solanaceae each had 7 species (3.82%). Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae, and Mimosaceae had equal representation with 6 species each, accounting for 3.28% of the total species. Annonaceae and Rutaceae exhibited the lowest representation among the families, each consisting of 5 species, representing 2.73% of the total. The plant habit encompasses various categories, including climber, shrub, tree, herb, and lian. A diverse range of plant parts were utilized, such as aerial parts, leaves, bulb, clove, corn, flower, fruit, latex, leaves, oil, pod, pulp, rhizome, root, root bark, seed, steam, steam bark, tender shoot, tuber, and whole plant. Trees ranked as the most frequently utilized species, followed by herbs, shrubs, and climbers. Out of the respondents engaged in the practices, males were 325 while females were 480 with a percent of 40.37 and 59.63, respectively. The age groups with highest perception of ethno-veterinary practices were 61-70 years followed by 31-40 years and 51-60 years age group. Further most of the positive respondents were with primary education followed by medium education and illiterates.
Title: Antiproliferative Effect of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Duranta erecta in C127I Cell Line
Abstract :
The Phytochemicals and their derivatives found in plants are most promising alternatives to improve treatment regimens in cancer patients with less adverse effects. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of D. erecta were assessed for their cytotoxicity in C127I cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at concentrations of 320, 160, 80, 40, 20 and 10 µg/mL and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated using Graph Pad Prism 5.0. Doxorubicin was used as positive control. Dose dependent reduction in cell viability was noticed when the cells were subjected to different concentrations of the extracts. The IC50 of the aqueous and methanolic extract of D. erecta were 41.58 and 44.66 µg/mL respectively. The cells were seeded in 6 well plates at a concentration of 1×105 cells/mL and were treated for 24 hours with methanolic and aqueous extract of D. erecta at concentration of IC50. The cells were trypsinised and subjected to Acridine orange – Ethidium bromide staining (AOEB) staining detected nuclei of normal cells stained by AO penetration which dyes green via attaching to DNA, EB, on the other hand, dyes the nuclei of late apoptotic and necrotic cells red and the result shows that D. erecta and doxorubicin induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, this study established that the methanolic and aqueous extract of D. erecta induces apoptosis in cancer cells in a dose dependent manner could be developed as a lead molecule for cancer management after conducting clinical trials in vivo and human subjects.
Title: Histo-morphometrical Studies on the Pancreas of Local Poultry of Poonch Region of Jammu and Kashmir
Abstract :
Present study was carried on six pancreas samples from apparently healthy local poultry of Poonch region. Pancreas was lobulated gland located between the descending and ascending parts of the duodenum. Histologically, the pancreas was covered by thick connective tissue capsule comprising mainly collagen fibers which sends fine septae dividing the gland into indistinct lobes. Parenchyma of pancreas consisted of both exocrine and endocrine portion. Exocrine part consisted of numerous secretory acini varying from spherical, oval to elongated. Acini consisted of single layer of pyramidal cells with round, large, basally situated nucleus. Cytoplasm contained acidophilic zymogen granules located mainly towards the apical portion of the cell. Centro-acinar cells were not observed in the present study. Average longer diameter was 44.02±7.71 µ whereas the smaller diameter was 33.92±7.80 µ. Average height of acinar cell was 12.54±0.69 µ with nuclear size of 5.90±0.33 µ. Endocrine part constituted only a small portion of parenchyma and appeared as lightly stained pale areas in between the acini. Occurrence of islets varied and were unevenly distributed. The shape of the Islets of Langerhans varied from spherical, oval to elongated. Most of the islets were lightly stained and cells had rounded basally located nucleus with prominent nucleolus. Few of the islets were mixed type in this local poultry of Poonch region having both light and few dark cells. Mean number of islets per field at 40x was 4.17±0.70. Average longer diameter was 184.62±19.77 µ whereas the smaller diameter was 114.82±10.14 µ.
Title: Effects of Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus peoniifolius) Flour on Proximate Compositions and Sensory Attributes of Duck Meat Nugget Under Refrigerated Storage
Abstract :
The present study was conducted with an objective to improve the quality of duct meat nugget incorporated with elephant foot yam (EFY) flour at 2.5% (T1) and 5.0% (T2) and different quality parameters were studied as compared to control (without any EFY) on the day of processing. The moisture and protein contents of duck meat nuggets were significantly (P˂0.01) different between the groups. The control product showed significantly (P˂0.01) lowest and T2 showed highest protein content. The treated groups did not show any significant variation in fat and total ash contents of duck meat nuggets. Dietary fibre content of T2 was significantly (P>0.05) higher among the treatment groups. Total phenolic values of T1 and T2 were significantly (P>0.05) higher than control. There was a significant (P<0.01) effect of test ingredients on pH values of duck meat nuggets. The TBARS value of T2 was significantly lower than T1 and control. The treatment groups (T2 and T1) showed significantly (p<0.01) lower total plate counts (TPC) as compared to control. Except appearance, other sensory attributes were significantly higher (P˂0.01) in EFY incorporated duck meat nuggets compared to control. T2 T1 and showed highest score of overall acceptability as compared to control. The results concluded that incorporation of 2.5 % and 5.0% elephant foot yam flour improved the total protein content, dietary fibre content, physicochemical, microbiological qualities up to 12 days of refrigerated storage and but the nuggets were sensorially accepted and were on the border line of acceptance up to 9 days of refrigerated storage.
Title: Histomorphological, Micrometrical Studies on the Ileum of the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
Abstract :
The present histological study was conducted on ileum of different postnatal age groups of guinea pig. Histologically the wall of the ileum composed of the four layers viz., tunica mucosa, tunica sub mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The shape of the villi in the epithelium was slender and finger like in the 0-2 week-old guinea pig where as tongue shaped in remaining age groups. Lamina propria composed of the loose connective tissue with Crypts of the Lieberkuhn. Tunica submucosa was made up of more number of collagen and reticular fibres and few elastic fibres in the wall of the blood vessels. Tunica muscularis was lined by the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscular layer. The mean height and width of the villi and height of the columnar cells and thickness of the tunica muscularis was increased as the age advanced in all the age groups studied.
Title: An Insight into the Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Mastitis in Dairy Animals: A Retrospective Analysis
Abstract :
This retrospective study investigated the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of mastitis in dairy animals at TVCC, DUVASU, Mathura. The study analyzed medical records from June 2021 to May 2022, focusing on dairy animals diagnosed with clinical mastitis. Data on animal demographics, clinical presentation, and antibiotic usage were extracted and statistically analyzed. The prevalence rate of clinical mastitis in the hospital was 10.269% (2600/267), with cows being the most affected species, followed by buffalo and goats. Udder swelling and hot redness were commonly observed udder abnormalities, while teat blockage was a frequent teat abnormality. Clotted milk was consistently found among milk abnormalities during the study period. These findings provide valuable insights into the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of mastitis in dairy animals. The study emphasizes the importance of proper diagnosis and targeted treatment for effective management, and it can contribute to the development of preventive measures and control strategies to reduce the impact of mastitis on animal health and dairy industry productivity.
Title: Therapeutic efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine Against Cisplatin Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Wistar Rat Model
Abstract :
Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to a clinical syndrome characterized by rapid loss of renal function, which may further aggrevates into chronic kidney damage (CKD) or even end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Recently, the term ARF (Acute Renal Failure) has been replaced by Acute Kidney Injury. Cisplatin is a platinum containing drug widely used as chemotherapeutic agent with dose-limited nephrotoxicity. The present study envisaged the evaluation of therapeutic potential of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in wistar rats against acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin. This study comprises of three groups: Group I: Heathy control group, Group II: Positive control group (Cisplatin only), Group III: NAC treatment group (Cisplatin+N-Acetylcysteine group). Oxidative stress indices like glutathione (GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated in tissue homogenate sample with the help of commercial available. Renal injury was assessed via estimation of serum creatinine and urea level. Kidney tissues were collected for histopathological evaluation at the end of the study on day 28th. The mean value of GSH was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in Group III in comparision to Group II in kidney tissue homogenate. MDA value was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in Group II and lower in Group III and Group I. BUN and Creatinine levels were significantly higher in Group II as compared to other two groups. Group II rats were showing severe histopatholohical changes in kidney tissue as compared to group III. Therefore, this study can conclude that NAC can alleviate AKI induced by Cisplatin and has a good therapeutic potential against cisplatin nephroprotoxicity.
Title: Mange Infestation and its Successful Treatment in Rabbits
Abstract :
Twenty two pet rabbits were brought to the VCC, IIVER, Rohtak with the history of itching, alopecia and inappetance during one year of course. Out of 22 animals, 14 were males and 8 were females between 6-18 months of age group. Upon clinical examination it was observed that the rabbits had pruritus, alopecia, hyperkeratosis and crust on both ears, face, limbs and back region of body. Mite infestation in all the cases diagnosed by skin scrapping. On microscopic examination, Sarcoptes species in 20 cases and Demodex species in 2 cases were observed. Treatment course includes chlorpheniramine maleate, enrofloxacin, ascorbic acid, multivitamin and ivermectin. Gross lesions faded out within 15 days and all animals shows uneventful recovery in 45 days of therapy.
Title: Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Productive Traits in Jersy-Sahiwal Crossbred Cows in Andhra Pradesh
Abstract :
The overall least square means of first lactation milk yield (kg), average daily milk yield (kg), first lactation length (d), fat (%), protein (%), lactose (%) and solids- not-fat (%) were found to be 2572.27±41.12, 8.42±0.13, 296.68± 3.46, 4.52±0.02, 3.47±0.01, 4.08±0.02 and 8.40±0.01, respectively. Location and age at sexual maturity had a significant effect on first lactation milk yield and average daily milk yield. Season of birth had significant effect on protein was non-significant on other components of milk. Year of birth had significant effect on protein and solids-not-fat but not on fat and lactose. Location had a significant effect on fat and lactose only. Age at sexual maturity had a significant effect on lactose and SNF whereas, fat and SNF were non-significant. Season of calving had a significant effect on lactose and SNF and had non-significant effect on first lactation milk yield, average daily milk yield, first lactation length, fat, protein, services per conception for second pregnancy and first service period. Year of calving had significant effect on first lactation milk yield, average daily milk yield, first lactation length, fat, lactose and SNF but non significant for protein, services per conception for second pregnancy and first service period were non-significant. Heritability estimates of first lactation milk yield, average daily milk yield, first lactation length, fat, lactose, protein and SNF were 0.44±0.10, 0.20±0.10, 0.15±0.02, 0.09±0.06, 0.04±0.06, 0.13±0.11 and 0.06±0.11, respectively.
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Title: Study on Effect of Hydroponic Maize Fodder on Performance of Bengal Goat
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The objective of that trial was to explore the effect of hydroponic maize (HM) feeding on the performance of Bengal goat. A total of 18 nos. of Bengal goats were divided into two groups used in a feeding trial. The Control group was fed a total mixed ration diet while the goats of the second group were fed similar ration except that maize grain was 100% replaced by HM for 70 days of feeding trial. Goats were fed ad libitum feed and fresh water twice daily. Daily feed offered and feed refusals were measured, while the body weight gain was recorded weekly, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was determined. Results of the trial interpreted that HM had a positive effect on feed intake, final body weight, total weight gain, average daily gain, and FCR on Bengal goats when compared with the goats fed with Control diet. Thus, it can be concluded that feeding of hydroponic maize fodder with concentrate improve the DM intake, feed conversion ratio and growth performance of Bengal goats in terms of body weight gain.
Title: Morphological and Morphometrical Study on Oesophagus of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)
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Present study was conducted on esophagus of seven adult Japanese Quail. The oesophagus of Japanese quail was thin walled distensible tube comprised of three distinct segments namely precrop oesophagus (cervical part), crop and postcrop oseophagus
(thoracic part). The crop was in the form of a rounded structure at the level of thoracic inlet, that bulged further ventrally to the right and lied against the pectoral muscles. The postcrop oesophagus was relatively longer, wider and more distensible as compared to precrop oesophagus. The interior of oesophagus presented longitudinal mucosal folds which were prominent in precrop oesophagus and crop as compared to postcrop oesophagus. These muscosal folds were longitudinal in precrop oesophagus and were wavy in crop.
Title: Socio-economic Analysis of Local Goat Farmers of Northern Hills of Chhattisgarh
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An investigation was undertaken to assess the socio-economic status of the 140 goat farmers of the three districts namely Surguja, Surajpur and Balrampur districts of the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh. The present investigation revealed that goat farmers were mainly from the male domain (58.57%) whereas, only (41.42%) were female and (62.85%) majority of the goat farmers belong to the middle age group followed by the old (20.00%) and young (17.15%) age groups. About 97.14% of the household head were married and of the goat farmers had a joint family. Nearly, 60.71% of goat farmers possess medium-sized families (5-8 members), followed by 21.43% having large families and 17.86 % having small families. More than half of the goat farmers belong to the Schedule Tribe category, followed by Other Backward Class, Schedule Caste and General category. The frock size ranged from 5 to 37 numbers. Goat farming was mainly dominated by small and marginal farmers. Agriculture is the primary occupation in the studied area. The majority of the goat farmers were illiterate and that goat farmers of the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh were not received any type of training, loan, and benefits from the government scheme regarding goat farming.
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Title: Meta-analysis of RNA Seq Datasets in Duck Lungs Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses
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The molecular mechanisms and hub genes identified for disease resistance in ducks against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection show substantial variations between studies. This is mainly due to the limitations of small sample sizes owing to the huge cost of experimental infection and multiple other factors leading to the large variability of results. A metaanalysis can increase the statistical power for reliability and generalizability of previous studies to obtain more accurate results. Hence, this approach was used for identifying the molecular pathways and major hub genes responsible for disease resistance in ducks infected with HPAIVs. Meta-analysis using publicly available lung RNA seq datasets of ducks infected with HPAIVs, identified 339 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (p-value cut-off ≤ 0.05); out of these, 214 genes were upregulated and 125 genes were downregulated. Network analysis of the DEGs suggests that infected ducks initiate a lower cytokine/chemokine response in comparison with control through the expression of anti-inflammatory effect genes (STATs, SOCSs and IL10) and a persistent antiviral immune gene expression through activation of RIG-I/MAVS/IFNAR1-dependent pathways in the lung. Further, genes such as STAT3, MYC, STAT1, MAPK11, RIPK1, SOCS3, SOCS1, and MYD88 were identified as the major regulators or hub genes responsible for disease pathogenesis in ducks. In conclusion, the powerful statistical meta-analysis approach led us to reveal molecular pathways and hub genes involved in the disease resistance mechanism in ducks infected with HPAIVs.
Title: In-silico Designing and Testing of Multiprotein Vaccine Construct Against Cow Milk Allergy
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Cow’s milk allergy is a common diagnosis in infants and children, and it manifests as a hypersensitivity reaction to the allergenic
proteins in cow milk. Cow milk contains about 20 distinct protein components. The primary allergens are casein protein (alpha-s1-, alpha-s2-, beta-, and kappa-casein) and whey protein (alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin). There are several allergy treatments available, but they are just temporary. Developing a vaccine against milk allergy may appear utopian. Epitopes were found and exploited to build a multiprotein vaccine in this immunoinformatics study. Immunoinformatics techniques were used to predict T- and B-cell epitopes. Adjuvants were used to boost the vaccine’s antigenicity. The created vaccine design was shown to be soluble, antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic.
Title: Assessment on Risk and Uncertainties Among Poultry Farmers in Corcuera, Romblon, Philippines
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Poultry farming is known widely all over the country, especially since it is considered a source of income for Filipino farmers. This study was a descriptive method to assess the practices of poultry farmers in eliminating risks. The socio-demographic profile of the respondents comprises 50% male and 50% female, with a total of one hundred respondents (100) age ranges from 51-60 years old, and 70% of them were married. Household size has 4-7 members, source of income of respondents was in the poultry industry; 95% of respondents have an average income of P5000-10000 monthly. 47% of the respondents are elementary level (84%), they engaged in farming for five years and above, and 83% of the respondents raised native chicken as their source of income. Most of the respondents agreed on the different risks in managing poultry this is the following; environmental risks, production risks, health risks, market risks, and financial risks. Determinants are; disease outbreaks, poultry facilities, veterinary care, supply of electricity and water, inadequate knowledge of poultry raising, and high feed prices. Most respondents stated that; management and strategic intervention will be applied in managing small-scale poultry. Such interventions stated are; promoting the quality of poultry products, maintaining poultry health and sanitation, having strong communication and coordination between all those involved in poultry veterinary service, having personal savings, investing in quality feeds, and biosecurity obtained.
Title: Relationship between Passive Immunity and Health Status of New Born Cattle and Buffalo Calves
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The aim of our study was to evaluate association between failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and health of bovine calves. A prospective study on seventy four (Cattle - 18 and Buffalo - 56) new born calves was planned to evaluate the impact of passive immunity on morbidity and mortality in first two months of life. Serum total protein (STP) in g/dl between 24-48 hrs after birth was kept as standard for passive transfer. Based on levels of STP (g/dl) the calves were classified as having excellent (STP > 6.2 g/dl), good (STP = 5.8-6.1 g/dl), fair (STP = 5.1- 5.7) and poor (STP <5.1 g/dl) passive transfer. The calves were monitored for occurrence of disease especially neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) and mortality upto 60 days of age. The occurrence of FTPI was significantly (P<0.05) higher in buffalo as compared to cattle calves (11.1 % vs 37.5 %). Nili ravi breed of buffalo had higher odds of having FTPI as compared to murrah. With respect to disease occurrenc  the onset of NCD was delayed in calves without FTPI as compared to calves with FTPI. The odds of NCD in buffalo calves with excellent passive transfer (STP > 6.2 g/dl) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower as compared to calves with poor passive transfer (STP < 5.1 g/dl). The study concluded FTPI was higher in buffalo calves in comparison to cattle calves reared under same management system. The odds of mortality was higher in buffalo calves with poor passive transfer (OR = 1.2 ; 95 % CI = 0.27-5.24) as compared to calves with excellent passive transfer. Efficiency of passive transfer was found to influence NCD and mortality in new born calves. 
Title: Sire Evaluation by Least Square Analysis for First Lactation Traits in an Organised Herd
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The first lactation records of 480 crossbred cattle sired by 41 sires were studied to estimate the average breeding values of crossbred daughters in order to rank the sires based on the estimated breeding values. First lactation traits included were age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first calving interval (FCI), first lactation period (FLP), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation 305 days milk yield (FL305DMY), first lactation peak yield (FLPY) and first lactation days to attain peak yield (FLDAPY). The Least squares method (LSM) was used to obtain the estimates of breeding values. The estimated breeding values (EBVs) of sires showed genetic variation between sires for first lactation traits. The estimated breeding values (EBVs) for first lactation traits ranged from 1143.24 days to 1408.33 days. The accuracy of LSM was judged by using Pearson’s (product moment) correlation and Spearman (rank) correlation methods. The product moment correlation and rank correlation among the EBVs of sires for various first lactation traits were statistically significant for most of the first lactation traits suggesting that LSM method was accurate and efficient in evaluating as well as ranking the sires for first lactation traits.
Title: Reliability of Two Dimensional B-mode Ultrasonographic Imaging for the Detection of Intra-Abdominal Pathologies in Dogs
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The study was conducted to understand the overall usefulness and to assess the efficacy of two dimensional B-mode ultrasonography in the diagnosis of clinical and intra-abdominal pathological conditions in dogs. The medical records of all the dogs referred for or presented with clinical signs related to intra-abdominal pathological conditions were retrospectively analyzed. The cases where an ultrasonographic diagnosis was made using a real time two dimensional B-mode scanner with 3.5 MHz convex transducer and a definitive diagnosis was later obtained using either invasive and/or minimally invasive alternative diagnostic techniques were selected for the study. In those cases where a confirmatory diagnosis could be achieved through the alternative diagnostic techniques, the results obtained were compared with the ultrasonographic findings to assess the efficacy, accuracy and reliability of ultrasonographic diagnosis. Among 348 dogs suspected of intra-abdominal pathologies, 236 dogs were diagnosed positive and 112 were diagnosed negative. Among the 236 cases diagnosed positive for intra-abdominal pathologies by ultrasound, 233 cases were found to be true positive and three were false positive. Among the 112 cases diagnosed negative for abdominal pathologies, 102 cases were true negative and 10 cases were found to be false negative using alternative techniques. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal pathologies were estimated as 95.88%, 97.14%, 98.73%, 91.07% and 96.26% respectively. The findings suggested that ultrasonography could be used as a reliable tool for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal pathological conditions in dogs.
Title: Detection of Anthelmintic Resistance in Goats of the North-Central Plateau and North-Eastern Coastal Plain of Odisha
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Gastrointestinal nematodes are an important impediment in goat husbandry and the efficient management of these parasites is hampered by the development of anthelmintic resistance. The present investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence
and anthelmintic resistance in five districts of the two agroclimatic zones (ACZs, viz., NCP (north-central plateau) and NECP (northeastern coastal plain) of Odisha during a period of 6 months (January 2019 to June 2019). From two ACZs, a total of 526 faecal samples of either sex, different age groups, and breeds were collected and examined qualitatively and quantitatively in the laboratory. A questionnaire survey was conducted on usage of anthelmintics. The status of resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes against Fenbendazole was carried out by in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and in vitro Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) test. Out of the 526 faecal samples examined, 377 samples were found positive leading to an overall prevalence of 71.77%. The prevalence pattern of different gastrointestinal nematodes revealed a higher presence of Strongyle sp (63.30%) over Strongyloides sp (20.64%) and Trichuris sp (16.05%). Single infection (57.82%) was more common than mixed infection (42.17%). The survey revealed dependence of benzimidazoles. The results of the anthelmintic resistance study indicated benzimidazole resistance in NCP and NECP agroclimatic zones.
Title: Physiological and Clinico-Hemato-Biochemical Changes in Canine Babesiosis
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A detailed investigation was carried out on the 16 naturally occurring cases of canine babesiosis from Jaipur (Rajasthan). The aim of this study was to determine the Clinico-haemato-biochemical changes in dogs naturally infected with Babesia. The present study reports the significant changes in hematology and biochemistry i.g. Hemoglobin (9.37 ± 0.57 g/dl), Total erythrocyte count (6.24 ± 0.42 × 106 /µL), Platelets count (1.49 ± 0.17 × 105 /µL), ALT (84.66 ± 15.15 U/L), BUN (40.12 ± 9.59 mg/dL), and Serum Creatinine (2.74 ± 0.68 mg/dL) in affected dogs when compared to healthy dogs. Clinical and Physiological observations were indicative of severity of babesiosis in dogs. This disease is multisystemic and complex.
Title: Comparative Evaluation of DNA Isolation Methods from Porcine Semen
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Different biological samples require specific protocols for isolating DNA from them. Semen samples require special considerations because of the presence of protamines in place of histones in the DNA of spermatozoa. An experiment was conducted at the Institute Swine Production farm at ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, to select the bestsuited DNA isolation protocol from porcine semen. Healthy Landrace boars from the farm were given preliminary training and 18 ejaculates were collected from them for the study. DNA isolation was done in three methods in order to standardize and finalize a protocol suitable for porcine semen. The methods were phenol-chloroform as described in Russel and Sambrook (2001) with slight modifications, Chelex-100 (Walsh et al., 2013) and using commercial kit method (Applied Biosystems). The genomic DNA isolated from the porcine semen samples were checked for quality, purity, and concentration. Among the three methods selected for DNA extraction, all gave apparently good quality DNA with purity in the preferred range of 1.8-2.0 but differed in the concentration according to the nanodrop reading. On analysing the results statistically, the modified Phenol- Choloroform technique showed significant variation in concentration of isolated DNA in comparison to the Chelex -100 method and commercial kit method.
Title: Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Goats in the Humid Climate of Puducherry
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The study was carried out in various regions of Puducherry to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats from September to December 2022. A total of 200 fecal samples, collected from 18 villages in and around Puducherry were analyzed and results revealed that 171 (85.5%) were sampled positive for gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infection. The incidence of strongyle was highest with an average of 61% from all the samples collected. The parasitic infection was significantly higher in adults (31.5%) than in young ones (14%). Sex-wise analysis revealed a higher infection percentage in females (74.2%) than in males (25.7%). Lack of awareness of deworming and poor management had a major impact on helminth infection in the Puducherry region.
Title: Herd Health Management and Animal Welfare: A Review
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Livestock is the backbone of agriculture farming and maximization of profit is one of the main interests. Success of livestock farming is mainly associated with the management of farm with respect to nutrition, housing, health and different factors related to it. Economic performance depends upon productive and reproductive performance of the animals. Herd health management is the method to prevent or eliminate diseases, improving health status, welfare and productive performance of dairy animals at farm level. Herd health management involves regular contact with the dairy farmers and collection of data and its analysis so that problems related to management, disease and production of the animal can be analyzed frequently. As a result of large scale of dairy farming and technological development, interest shifted from the treatment of single animal to control diseases in a group. The main aim of herd health management is associated with reducing the productive losses by improving management practices and the health status of the dairy animals. This includes routine farm visit, record keeping, health checkup, deworming, vaccination, treatment, claw trimming, udder health management, sanitization and biosecurity measures. Health and productivity of the farm can be improved by proper management practices and it also helpful in enhancing the welfare of the animals

Title: Quantitative Real-Time PCR as an Alternative to Plaque Assay Titration for Recombinant Baculovirus Expressing Porcine Parvovirus VP2 Gene
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Baculovirus expression system having post translational modification is used for large scale production of foreign proteins. Viral titre determination is crucial for efficient protein production. Even though plaque assay and end-point dilution method are conventionally used for titre determination, a less tedious and time-saving method is required for viral titre determination. Recombinant baculovirus expressing VP2 of porcine parvovirus was transfected in SF-21 insect cells. A quantitative real-time PCR was optimized for r-baculovirus titre determination and correlated with plaque assay method for its performance. The baculovirus DNA qPCR Ct values and corresponding PFU/mL showed strong correlation having value of r =99.71 at 95% confidence interval.

Title: Prediction of Lifetime Performance Traits from First Production and Reproduction Traits in Hariana Cattle
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The data of 655 Hariana cattle on first lactation and lifetime production and reproduction reared during 1965-2020 at State Livestock and Agriculture Farm, Babugarh, Hapur, India was used for prediction analysis. The accuracies obtained in predictive models for predicting various lifetime production traits (dependent variable) from first lactation traits (explanatory variables) had ranged from 12.2 – 57.9%. The lifetime traits BET and TLMYP/PD can be predicted from first lactation traits with 57.9 and 51.6% accuracies using equations. Accuracies for the rest of the prediction models for lifetime traits from first lactation traits were less than 50%.

Title: A Study of Reproductive Traits in Magra Sheep
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Magra sheep is well accommodated in semi- arid region of India and primarily raised for wool and meat purpose. The data for the present investigation were obtained from the records of organised flock of Magra ewe for the years 1997-2016, located at the Arid Region Campus of the ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Beechwal, Bikaner. Traits that analysed as age at first service (AFS; 571.43 ± 6.55 days), weight at first service (WFS; 30.07 ± 0.14 Kg), age at first successful service (ASS; 608.66 ± 8.06 days), weight at first successful service (WSS; 30.39 ± 0.18 Kg), age at first lambing (AFL; 761.02 ± 8.53 days), eweʼs weight at lambing (WL; 32.18 ± 0.17), conception rate ( CR; 0.68 ± 0.02) and days to lambing (DL; 171.94 ± 0.90). For the reproductive traits, the data were adjusted for the effect of non-genetic factors as period of birth and sire of ewe significantly affected all the reproductive traits. Season of birth of ewe was significantly affected to AFS, WFS and WSS. Ewe’s weight at birth had a significant influence on AFS, WFS, ASS, WSS and WL. Inbreeding coefficient had a significant influence on WFS. Sires of ewes were included as random genetic effect. AFS, WFS, ASS, WSS and AFL were significantly influenced by their respective covariates. This study indicates that eweʼs with better body condition showing superior reproductive performance.

Title: Effect of different Estrus Synchronization Protocols on Reproductive Performance of Barbari Goats
Abstract :

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of four estrus synchronization protocols on reproductive performance in barbari goats. Total 40 goats were selected and divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. The treatment protocols in different groups include, Group I: Two injection of PGF2α with 11 days apart, Group II: Two injection of PGF2α with 11 days apart along with eCG injection 48 hours before administration of 2nd PGF2α injection, Group III: Vaginal sponges impregnated with progesterone was inserted into vagina for 11 days and single PGF2α injection at the time of sponge removal, Group IV: Vaginal sponge for 11 days with eCG injection on 9th day and single PGF2α injection at the time of sponge removal. The estrus response rate, induction time & duration of estrus, conception rate, kidding rate, fecundity rate, prolificacy rate, sponge retention and vaginitis rate were estimated in different treatment groups. The results of the present study revealed that the reproductive performance was higher in the group treated with intra vaginal progesterone sponge along with eCG+ PGF2α as compared to other treatment groups.

Title: Find out Phenotypic Descriptors for Prediction of Probable Kidding Size of Black Bengal Goat (Capra hircus bengalensis)
Abstract :

Data on some linear traits along with age, body weight (BW) at breeding, parity and previous litter size (LZ) of 240 pregnant Black Bengal goats were analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance, F-test, T-test, Chi-square test, DMRT & stepwise discriminant function analysis using SPSS. Based on stepwise discriminant function to find out month wise phenotypic descriptors, seven linear traits {Punch Girth (PG), Body Length (BL), Head-Rump Length (HRL), Curved Head-Rump Length (HRCL), Heart Girth (HG), Wither Height (WH) and BW} were identified to be significant in discriminating the foetal numbers between groups. Out of these, PG measurement might be considered as one of the best indicator for higher LZ during the first, third, fourth, fifth month of pregnancy and after kidding. BW emerged as the second-best indicator for higherLZ during third, fourth, fifth month of pregnancy and after kidding.

Title: Serological Evidence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibodies in Indian Elephants (Elephas maximus indicus)
Abstract :

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most economically devastating menace in livestock due to its highly contagious nature with multispecies involvement. In the present study, a serological survey to detect antibodies against structural and non-structural protein (NSP) of FMD virus (FMDV) in elephants was conducted. A total of 255 elephant serum samples from 5 different states of India were collected with due permission from the competent authorities. A competitive ELISA using commercial kit PrioCHECK® FMDV NS (Prionics AG, Switzerland) was performed to assess antibodies against FMDV 3ABC non-tructural protein. A total of 2.74% (7/255) animals were found positive indicating their previous exposure to FMDV. The serum samples were also subjected to in-house liquid phase blocking ELISA to assess the level of protective antibody against FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia 1, where none of the animals was found to have protective antibody (log10 titre of ≥1.8) against all three serotype strains used in the vaccine formulation. In conclusion, the study gathered a low level of serological evidence of virus activity as well as lack of protective antibody against FMDV in the sampled elephants. Further investigations into the dynamics of anti-FMDV antibodies supplemented with virological examination should be carried out to understand the virus ecology and disease epidemiology. In order to establish absolute freedom from infection, oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid collected from the NSP-positive animals could further be examined for the presence of viral genome by polymerase chain reaction or for virus isolation to understand the carrier status in this species.

Title: Development of Utility Pet Soap Utilizing Rendered Fat from Deserted Poultry Sleeves
Abstract :

High consumption of poultry meat in the country leads to a considerable amount of poultry sleeves (skin along with feathers) as waste, which causes serious environmental problems and loss of valuable nutrients. Skin is one of the most underutilized poultry byproducts and a good source of quality fat. The present study was done to prepare pet soap utilizing rendered poultry skin fat from deserted poultry sleeves. Chicken skin fat (CSF) was obtained from de-feathered poultry skin by dry rendering (70°C, 2 h); wet rendering (70°C, 2 h) and microwave rendering (low microwave power for 6 min). The rendered poultry skin fat was then utilized for preparation of pet soap. The sodium hydroxide requirement for preparation of pet soap was standardized and the process for its preparation was optimized based on BIS standards. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the Yield, pH, Free alkali content, Total alkali content and Foam stability of soap prepared from CSF extracted by dry, wet or microwave rendering. However, the Leathering/washing power, Cleansing power and Total fatty matter (TFM) content were significantly higher (P<0.05) in soap prepared from microwave rendered fat. In addition, Free fatty acid value, Peroxide value and MDA value were significantly higher (P<0.05) in wet rendered than dry or microwave rendered fat soap. Hence, the rendered poultry skin fat could be a good base material for preparation of utility pet soap and microwave rendered CSF produce best quality soap.

Title: Acute Hepatitis in Dogs- A Histopathological Study
Abstract :

A study was conducted on dogs suspected for hepatic disorders. These suspected dogs were screened by clinical, laboratory investigation and ultrasound examination. Thirty-two dogs were diagnosed ultrasonographically with diffuse hepatic parenchymal disorders without ascites. These dogs were further subjected to ultrasound guided biopsy to collect the liver samples and Acute hepatitis were histopathologically confirmed among 8 (25.00 %) dogs.

Title: Effect of Bakery Waste as Maize Replacer on Blood Biochemical and Immune Parameters of Broiler Chicken
Abstract :

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bakery waste incorporation on the blood biochemical and immune parameters of broiler chicken. Two hundred and forty day-old chicks were randomly divided into five dietary treatments: Control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 having 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% bakery waste as maize replacement respectively. Blood biochemical parameters and immune parameters were analysed during the trial. The blood biochemical parameters viz. total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin-globulin ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) were estimated in serum using “ERBA Diagnostic Kits” and were statistically similar (p>0.05) as well in the normal physiological range indicating no adverse effect of bakery waste utilisation on the health of broiler chicken. Likewise, the cell mediated immune response and the humoral immune response did not show any significant (p>0.05) difference. Thus, this study shows that the use of bakery waste as maize replacer upto 20% in broiler ration supports the physiological growth of broiler chicken.

Title: Management of Subclinical Endometritis by Immunomodulators and Proteolytic Enzymes
Abstract :

Five hundred repeat breeder cows (2-4 parity) were randomly selected from livestock farm, Kuthuliya and villages of Rewa (M.P.). On the basis of endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique 140 repeat breeder cows (28%) were diagnosed to be suffering from subclinical endometritis. Out of the animals found positive 30 cows were selected and were divided into 5 groups (n=06 per group). The group wise treatment allotted were Group I- Levamisole, 2.5 mg/kg body weight, once for three weeks, S/c; Group II- 100 µgm E. coli LPS in 30 ml PBS, single I/U infusion; Group III- 500 mg Benzathine cephapirin, single I/U infusion; Group IV- Proteolytic enzymes in 10 ml distilled water, single I/U infusion and Group V (Control)-no treatment. All the animals were subjected to endometrial cytology at 12 hrs., 24 hrs. and 48 hrs. post-treatment. The animals were bred at next successive oestrus and pregnancy was confirmed 60 days post insemination. Endometrial cytology in treatment group I revealed that the PMN per cent increased significantly (p<0.05) from 0 hrs. to 24 hrs. In groups II, III and IV, the increase in PMN per cent was significant (p<0.05) from 0 hrs. to 48 hrs. The overall pregnancy rate was higher (83.33%) in treatment groups II and IV as compared to treatment group III (50.00%), group I (33.33%) and group V (0.00%), respectively. It was concluded that immunomodulators like E. coli lipopolysaccharide and proteolytic enzymes proved to be better for enhancing uterine immunity and pregnancy rates in subclinical endometritic repeat breeder cows.

Title: Bovine CD14 Gene Polymorphism and its Association with Milk Yield, Milk Constituents and Somatic Cell Count in Holstein Friesian Crossbred and Gir Cows
Abstract :

The present study was undertaken to explore polymorphism of the CD14 gene and its association with milk yield, fat, protein, SNF % and somatic cell count (SCC) (lakhs/ml) in Gir and Holstein Friesian (HF) crossbred cattle. A total of 80 cows comprising 40 each of Gir and HF crossbreds were included in the study. Genomic DNA isolation, quantification, standardization of PCR protocol and restriction digestion of PCR product using enzyme HinfI were done as per standard methodologies. Data on the lactation yield were collected from the history sheets and records maintained at the farms. Fat, Protein and SNF % were determined by milk analyzer. Somatic Cell Count in the milk was performed using microscope. The RFLP pattern yielded three genotypic variants viz., CC, CD and DD with their respective frequencies of 0.425, 0.400 and 0.175 in Gir and 0.200, 0.425 and 0.375 in Crossbreds. The effect of breed on lactation yield was significant (P <0.01); while the effect of the CD14 genotype was non-significant. For Fat% the effects of breed (P < 0.01) and genotype (P < 0.05) were significant; Mean milk protein% and SNF% were significantly higher for cows possessing CD14 genotype CC in comparison to the cows of genotype CD and DD. For SCC, effect of breed (P < 0.05) and genotype (P < 0.01) were both significant. It could be concluded from the present study that the DD genotype was the favoured genotype for milk yield, CC for milk fat % Protein %, SNF% and SCC.

Title: Clinico-Diagnostic Studies on Hepatic Disorders in Dogs
Abstract :

In the present study, 88 dogs were diagnosed with hepatic disorders based on clinical manifestations, haemato-biochemistry and diagnostic Imaging. All the cases exhibited clinical manifestations of inappetance and anorexia, vomition, anemia, diarrhea, pyrexia, lethargy, icterus, abdominal pain, emaciation, ascites, weight gain,weight loss, respiratory distress, limb edema, nervous signs, polyuria and polydipsia. Significantly decreased Hb and TEC with elevated TLC and neutrophil count were common hematological abnormalities. Similarly, elevated activity of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and globulin with decreased levels of total protein, albumin, glucose and serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) were common biochemical findings recorded in dogs affected with hepatic disorders. Ground glass appearance, hepatomegaly and normal liver size were the common radiographic findings Based on ultrasonographic evaluation carried out on the suspected cases of hepatic disorders, revealed changes in size (normal reducedand enlarged), echogenecity, (hyper, hypo andmixed echogenicity), margins (sharp, rounded and irregular), portal and hepatic veins (Normal and inapparent), hypoechoic masses and anechoic fluid.

Title: Enhancing Microbiota Analysis, Shelf-life, and Palatability Profile in Affordable Poultry Byproduct Pet Food Enriched with Diverse Fibers and Binders
Abstract :

In this investigation, we examined the impact of incorporating fiber-rich vegetables and binders into pet food on microbiological aspects and storage stability under ambient conditions. Beyond achieving nutritional balance, assessing microbiological factors and storage durability is vital for ensuring the well-being of dogs. Varied levels of fiber-rich vegetables and binders were integrated into pet food formulations. Evaluation of pet food quality encompassed microbiological assessments, notably Coliform, Salmonella, yeast mold count, and total plate count, alongside physiochemical attributes like pH, TBARS, and FFA values. Pet food formulations containing poultry byproducts powder and a control group with chicken meat powder were stored at room temperature (25±1°C). Storage stability was assessed at 15-day intervals over 60 days. The highest mean pH values were observed in BP3>RG2=PO2>M3 treatments, while for TBARS, FFA values, and total plate count, the highest means were in BP3>M3>PO2>RG2. M3>BP3>PO2>RG2 exhibited the highest mean yeast and mold counts. Throughout storage, no Coliform or Salmonella counts were detected. PH, TBARS, FFA values, and microbiological counts significantly increased (P<0.05), while sensory attribute scores decreased (P<0.05) as storage progressed. RG2 demonstrated higher oxidation stability, lower microbiological counts, and significantly greater overall acceptability scores (P<0.05) compared to M3 and other treatments, lasting until the end of storage. The identified microorganism levels may have implications for prolonged consumption of contaminated food.

Title: Performance of Growth Traits in Punganur Cattle
Abstract :

Present investigation comprehends the study of the effect of non-genetic factors and estimation of heritabilities, genetic correlation of body-weight traits in Punganur cattle. Data consisted of a total of 562 progeny records of 169 cows and 53 bulls over a period of 22 years (2000 to 2022) maintained at Livestock Research Station, Palamaner, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Over all least- squares means for birth weight, 6-month weight and 12-month weight were 11.5± 0.089, 43.126±0.073, 61.296± 0.064 kg respectively. Body weight traits were significantly affected by period of birth, whereas season of birth has not influenced the similar traits. There is a significant (p≤0.01) difference between males and females for 6-month body weight, 12-month body weight except birth weight. Heritability estimates of birth weight, 6-month weight, 12-month weight were 0.171± 0.107, 0.600± 0.001 and 0.001 ± 0.048 respectively indicated that birth weight and 12- month weight has been less affected by additive gene action. Strong and positive direct genetic correlation between 6-month and 12-month weight traits was 0.788 ±0.162 indicated that selection of one trait might improve the other trait and low genetic correlation observed between birth weight and 12-month weight was 0.043± 0.697. The average estimated breeding values of birth weight, 6-month weight and 12-month weight were 0.176, 0.087 and 0.000 kg respectively. The positive trend for 6-month body-weight was observed in present study implies efficiency in selection based on phenotypic performance.

Title: Occurrence of Subclinical Endometritis due to Bacterial Infection and Bacterial Isolation in Repeat Breeder Buffaloes of Jabalpur
Abstract :

The present study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of subclinical endometritis due to bacterial infection in repeat breeder buffaloes. One hundred sixty three repeat breeder buffaloes were screened in various organised farm in and around Jabalpur (M.P). All the selected repeat breeder buffaloes were subjected for screening by physical examination, per rectal examination, cervico-vaginal mucus examination, Whiteside test and endometrial cytology. All the animals found positive for subclinical endometritis were subjected to bacterial isolation. On the basis of endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique 19.63 per cent repeat breeder buffaloes were diagnosed to be suffering from subclinical endometritis. Endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique revealed polymorphonuclear cell percentage in repeat breeder buffaloes found positive and negative for subclinical endometritis to be 9.70±0.80 and 2.19±0.09 per cent, respectively. The difference between the repeat breeder buffaloes found positive and negative for subclinical endometritis for PMN percentage was significant (p<0.05). Total 17.17 per cent repeat breeder buffalo were positive for subclinical endometritis due to bacterial infection. Among these 28 bacterial isolates 12 (42.85%) samples yielded single while 16 (57.15%) samples yielded mixed isolates. Among the 28 bacterial isolates 20 (45.45%) Staphylococcus species was most prevalent followed by 12 (27.27%) of Streptococcus species, 8 (18.18%) of Bacillus species and 6 (13.64%) of E. coli. It was concluded that occurrence of subclinical endometritis due to bacterial infection was 17.17 per cent and Staphylococcus species (45.45%) was most prevalent among the bacterial isolates obtained.

Title: Prevalence of Dermatophytosis in Canine in and Around Kolkata Metropolitan Area
Abstract :

The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify the pathogenic fungi of canine dermatophytosis in and around Kolkata Metropolitan area, also study the clinical signs of dermatophytosis from January 2015 to December 2015. Out of 186 dogs 41 cases showed an overall incidence of 22.04% in dogs in the present study. Dermatophytes were isolated from 24 (19.35%) adult dogs and 17 (27.42%) puppies. Clinically 15 dogs and 12 bitches showed skin lesion resembling ringworm. The laboratory examination by culturing materials from the lesions revealed that 13 dogs and 11 bitches were infected by dermatophytes resulted the incidence of this disease in dogs and bitches as 20.0% and 18.64% respectively. Clinically examination indicated that 11 male and 7 female puppies were having lesions resembling dermatophytes. Cultural examination of the samples in the laboratory confirms the presence of dermatophytes in 10 males and all the female puppies resulted and incidence of dermatophytosis of 24.39% in male and 33.33% in female puppies. Occurrence of dermatophytosis was found comparatively high during summer and rainy season. The most common species of dermatophytes isolated from dogs was M. canis (58.55%o) followed by M. gypseum (24.39%), T. Mentagrophytes (12.18%) and T. rubrum (4.88%).

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Title: Formulation and Quality Evaluation of Kadaknath Freeze Dried Meat Soup Powder Incorporated with Oat Flour and Mint Leaves Powder
Abstract :

Indigenous/native breeds of chickens are playing an important role in rural economy in most of the developing countries. Among many native breeds Kadaknath is experiencing higher demand due to its unique characteristics and perceived health benefits of its meat. So, keeping this in view the present study was undertaken to formulate Kadaknath freeze dried meat soup powder incorporated with oat flour and mint leaves to enhance the functional property of Kadaknath meat and to analyze various quality parameters. The drying of minced meat was done by using freeze drier (Christ Alpha, Germany) at -65±5°C for 24 hours. The prepared meat powder was incorporated with Oat flour (Avena sativa), at three different levels including 10 %, 20 % and 30 % and the other ingredients like table salt, sugar, black pepper, citric acid, skim milk powder and guar gum were added at fixed proportions, in all treatments. The results of the study noted that the functional properties including ABTS activity, DPPH activity and total phenolic contents of the functional chicken soup powder were showing an increasing pattern with incorporation of higher proportion of oat flour as well as mint leaves powder, however hedonic scores were showing reduced values with higher amount of these ingredients.

Title: Therapeutic Studies on Clinical Mastitis in Goats
Abstract :

The present investigation “Therapeutic Studies on Clinical Mastitis in Goats’’ was under taken to study the efficacy of 2 different therapeutic agents. Out of 12 goats diagnosed with Clinical mastitis, 12 goats (17 quarters) were randomly divided into two groups, viz., group II and III with 6 goats in each. Besides, 6 goats were included under apparently healthy control group (Group I). The affected goats of group II was treated with Amoxirum Forte and group III was treated with Gardplus. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated based on improvement in clinical signs, milk abnormalities, MCMT score, qualitative changes in milk, hematology, cultural examination. Administration of Gard plus in group III goats resulted in 83.33 percent of bacteriological cure rate on day 5, while 66.67 percent of bacteriological cure rate was observed in goats of group III treated with Amoxirum forte.

Title: Selective Detection and Quantification of Viable Bacillus cereus by PMA qPCR from Ready-to-Eat Meat Products
Abstract :

Bacillus cereus is one of the common causative organisms causing major foodborne outbreaks. Quantitative polymerase chain (qPCR) reaction could detect Bacillus cereus contamination in food samples, but both the viable and dead bacteria are detected. However, only viable bacterial pathogens might seriously jeopardize the safety of food. Therefore, in this study we used Propidium monoazide (PMA) based qPCR to detect and quantify the viable food borne bacterial pathogen, Bacillus cereus in ready to eat meat products. As a reference strain, Bacillus cereus (ATCC 117783) was used for preparation of viable and dead cells from artificially spiked meat samples. DNA was extracted from PMA treated and untreated samples, subjected to PMA based qPCR and conventional qPCR using fem A gene specific primers designed in the study. Further, meat samples (n=50) were subjected to qPCR and PMA based qPCR for viable bacterial pathogen detection. Among the 50 samples screened, 16 samples were positive for PMA qPCR with a detection range of > 103 CFU/ml, whereas in conventional qPCR, 27 samples were positive. The more positivity in conventional qPCR is due to amplification of both live and dead bacteria from the meat products screened. In comparison to qPCR, less than half of the samples were amplified by PMA qPCR indicating detection of only viable bacteria in the samples screened, thus eliminating false positive results. Thus, culture independent PMA based qPCR may be useful for rapid and selective detection of Bacillus cereus that could aid in reliable risk assessment in ready to eat meat products.

Title: Prevalence of Diseases in Broiler Farms of Gwalior District of Madhya Pradesh
Abstract :

A field based research was done to evaluate the current technological adoption and problems of broiler entrepreneurs including disease prevalence among the farms. Information was gathered by visiting selected chicken farms and interviewing the owners using a prepared questionnaire. Socio-economic background of the farmers indicated that majority of farmers were young and are doing broiler farming as a subsidiary occupation. The study found 14.17 per cent mortality in broiler farms in all the seasons combined. The present study found 4.13%, 4.75% and 5.29% mortality in winter, summer and rainy season respectively. In Gwalior district the difference in mortality in each disease in the winter season is not significant while in other season, it is significant (p< 0.05). The present study conclusively indicate the need to implement the biosecurity measures, starting from farmers to veterinarians, public health practitioners and other stakeholders involved directly or indirectly in poultry production.

Title: Host-Pathogen Interactions, Diagnostics, and Control Measures for Brucellosis in Ruminants-A review
Abstract :

Ruminants are usually endemic to brucellosis, a disease caused by B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis and B. ovis. Brucella can affect animals of any age, regardless of sex, and is typically linked to substantial morbidity, spontaneous abortion both in ruminants (last trimester), and humans. Brucella species form a closely related monophyletic cluster with DNA-to-DNA hybridization values that are close to 100%. The Ochrobactrum genus members are the nearby phylogenetic ancestors of Brucella, which share over 97% identity with the Brucella consensus sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Type IV secretion system (T4SS), Urease, Cytochrome oxidase and BvrR/BvrS system are important virulence factors which help bacteria to invade and cause infection in a host. Stamp’s modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, immunohistochemistry, serological tests, and bacterial culture (gold standard) are the important tests for screening and diagnosis of brucellosis. Test and slaughter policies are not feasible to control brucellosis in developing nation such as India because cows are often used as a symbol of zeal and pride. Therefore, to reduce the burden of brucellosis in ruminants, attention must be focused on proper screening and segregation, vaccination, better cleanliness and hygiene, better management, increased farmer awareness, and more robust cows, in addition to the disease reporting system, such as diagnostic options and surveillance in farm animals.

Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Herbal Feed Additives in Combination with Linseed Oil on Nutrient Utilization and Haemato-biochemical Parameters in White Leghorn Layers
Abstract :

The study was carried out to discern the effects of dietary incorporation of herbal feed additives (black cumin, garlic and turmeric) in combination with linseed oil on nutrient utilization and haemato-biochemical parameters in White Leghorn layers for a period of 12 weeks. Birds were randomly distributed into four groups i.e. control T1: fed basal diet; T2, T3 and T4: fed basal diet incorporated with 1% herbal feed additives and 1, 1.5 and 2.5% linseed oil, respectively. Results showed no significant effect among groups in terms of DM and OM utilization. However, CP utilization (%) was found to be significantly highest in T2 (87.74 ± ± 1.22) followed by T3 (86.65 ± 0.97) compared to T1 (82.42 ± 0.74). The EE utilization (%) also improved significantly in T2 (90.59 ± 1.02), T3 (91.12 ± 0.58) and T4 (90.77 ± 0.33) compared to the T1 (86.92 ± 0.80). The average values of haematological parameters in terms of haemoglobin, PCV, TEC and TLC did not differ significantly among groups. Serum glucose concentration (mg/dl) was significantly lower in T2 (189.22 ± 2.75), T3 (186.40 ± 4.19) and T4 (186.80 ± 1.77) compared to T1 (204.03 ± 3.50). The average values of serum total protein did not differ significantly among groups. Significantly lower serum cholesterol (mg/dl) was observed in T3 (115.23 ± 3.37) and T4 (111.28 ± 5.25) compared T1 (142.83 ± 4.53) and T2 (133.33 ± 3.93). Significantly lowest serum triglycerides (mg/dl) were observed in T4 (212.86 ± 3.50) and T3 (219.02 ± 4.96) followed by T2 (230.30 ± 5.76) and highest observed in T1 (248.96 ± 5.31). Therefore, considering all these beneficial effect, 1% herbal feed additives along with 2% linseed oil could be used in layer’s ration to get maximized results.

Title: Optimization and Comparison of Real-time Reverse Transcription PCR with Conventional PCR for Detection of Canine Distemper Virus
Abstract :

Canine distemper virus is a single-stranded  RNA virus  of the genus Morbillivirus family  Paramyxoviridae. It causes a serious, highly contagious, often fatal, disease of dogs and many carnivores resulting in respiratory and gastro-intestinal disease with frequent involvement of the central nervous system. Although vaccination against CDV disease has been widely used for many decades, this infection still represents an important disease of dogs. Though conventional RT-PCR is widely used for the diagnosis of CDV, Real-time RT-PCR because of its ease of performance and high sensitivity gained more attention. In this study we have optimized SYBR green based Real-time RT-PCR for detection of CDV and also compared its performance with conventional PCR. A total of 228 fecal samples/rectal swabs were collected and tested for CDV using Real-time RT-PCR targeting N gene and conventional RT-PCR targeting partial H and N genes. In real time RT-PCR 24 samples were found positive while only 17 were positive by conventional RT-PCR.

Title: Existing Dairy Management Practices Followed by Cattle and Buffalo Owners of Northern Bihar
Abstract :

To comprehend the current dairy management practices followed by dairy farmers, a field study was carried out in the Northern region of Bihar. The study was conducted in three districts of Northern Bihar, namely Madhepura, Supaul, and Darbhanga. Two blocks from each district were randomly selected, and from each block, two villages were randomly selected, making a total of twelve villages. A total of 180 dairy farmers were randomly selected from twelve villages that provided the data. According to the study, the majority of respondents (68.33%) used artificial insemination for breeding, and most of the respondents (40%) sought the help of a local veterinary service provider to inseminate their animals. The major reproductive issue was repeat breeding. The majority (56.11%) of the respondents got their animals vaccinated for FMD, 54.44 per cent for HS and BQ, and 7.22 per cent for Brucellosis. A majority (79.65%) of respondents got their animals vaccinated from the para-vets, whereas 20.35 per cent respondents got their animals vaccinated through an NGO. Around 66.11 percent of respondents said that “Mastitis” had affected their animals, and the majority of respondents (51.66%) sought the help of para-vets for the treatment of sick animals. The average quantity of feed and fodder provided to animals was lower as compared to scientific feeding practices. Farmers must be made aware of better animal management practices in general and better animal breeding, feeding, and health management practices in particular, and the extension infrastructure in the study region needs to be developed.

Title: Significant Technological Dimensions in Dairy Based Integrated Farming Systems: A Perception Study from Kerala
Abstract :

The characteristics of a technology play an important role in its adoption. Farmers accept technology that has traits which are perceived to be important by them. A study was conducted among 180 IFS units in Kerala to understand the technological dimensions perceived as important by both IFS farmers and officials. Various dimensions that seemed to be connected with IFS were enlisted and the selected dimensions were examined by IFS farmers and the selected experts in this field, such as agricultural officers, veterinary surgeon and officials from ATMA and KVK. Ranking method had been used to evaluate the relevance of each dimension separately for all respondents. The analysis of the results revealed some disparity in priorities between IFS farmers and officials. Some of the dimensions that were important to farmers were deemed unimportant by the other group of respondents. Economic dimensions were found to be the most important dimensions among all.

Title: Prevalence of Exposure to Brucella Species in Lactating Cattle in the Ludhiana District of Punjab, India
Abstract :

Brucellosis is a neglected endemic disease in Punjab and has a substantial impact on livestock and humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Brucella species exposure in lactating cattle reared among dairy farmers in the Ludhiana district of Punjab, India. Blood samples were collected from 261 lactating animals (181 cattle and 80 buffalo) and were tested using Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA). Information from the dairy farmers relating to animals such as breed of the cow, history of abortion, repeat breeding, retention of placenta was collected. An animal was considered overall seropositive based on a positive RBPT and a positive i-ELISA test. Of the 261 blood samples, 46 were positive using RBPT indicating an apparent sero-prevalence of 17.62%, and 58 were positive using i-ELISA reflecting an apparent sero-prevalence of 22.22%. The overall (animal positive in RBPT and a positive indirect ELISA test) apparent sero-prevalence was 15.71% (41 positive). The sero-prevalence was higher in cattle (18.23%) than in buffalo (10%). Regarding breed-wise, crossbreed cows showed slightly higher seropositivity (18.25%) than indigeneous cows (18.18%). Animals with a history of abortion, repeat breeding and retention of placenta (ROP) also showed seropositivity to brucellosis disease. More epidemiological investigations are required to generate data on the status of brucellosis in lactating cattle for the development of an extensive control program in India, including Punjab.

Title: Query Fever Infection: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Cattle in Selected Districts of Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
Abstract :

Query fever (Q fever) is caused by highly infectious, ubiquitous and pleomorphic intracellular rickettsia, Coxiella burnetii. This imparts significant zoonotic and socio-economic burden due to production and reproductive loss (abortion, stillbirth, and infertility) in ruminant and debilitating clinical disease in human populations. The study districts, peasant associations and individual animal were selected randomly. A cross sectional study was conducted both intensive and extensive farms. Data was collected in individual animal and herd level by using questionnaire to assess possible risk factors associated with the occurrence of Query fever disease. Indirect-enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (i-ELISA) test was used to detect antibody against C. burnetii in the collected serum. A total of 422 animal’s serum and 119 herds were observed in this study. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii was 4.97% (95% CI: 3.1%-7.5%) and 13.4% (95% CI: 7.88%-20.91%) at individual animal and herd level respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that cattle breed (p = 0.04; adjusted OR = 4.804; (95% CI: 7.07-14.54%)), tick infestation (p = 0.018; adjusted OR = 11.786 (95% CI: 5.51-21.48)) and multispecies mix (p = 0.005; adjusted OR = 9.022 (95% CI: 17.95-31.74)) were significantly associated with the occurrence of Coxiella burnetii infection. The present finding showed risk factors such as breed, tick infestation and multispecies mix were found to be significantly associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. Tick control option should be applied for cattle and other domestic animal species to decrease the dissemination of Query fever.