In data mining, one of the most important tasks is sequential pattern mining (SPM). This SPM is used to mine most interesting subsequences in a set of sequences. The various real-life applications of SPM is bioinformatics, market basket analysis, web stream analysis and many more. The development of applications using data mining techniques to solve biological problems plays an important role in bioinformatics. This paper aims to propose mining of contiguous patterns in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) to identify breast cancer disease. The CSpan (Contiguous Sequential Pattern Mining) method is used to find contiguous patterns of DNA sequence database. Instead of mining all the patterns in a given sequence only contiguous patterns are mined i.e., compact patterns. The contiguous patterns with greater homogeneity are considered as biomarker to identify breast cancer disease. The patterns frequency occurrence of normal DNA is compared with mutated patterns of breast cancer gene (BRCA1) for identifying the disease. The mutation ratio is calculated to identify the level of change in the contiguous pattern between normal and mutated patterns.

CDK2 is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family that is ubiquitously expressed. its catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phase, and essential for cell cycle G1/S phase transition. It is associated with and is regulated by the regulatory subunits of the complex including cyclin A or E, CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 (CDKN1A) and p27Kip1 (CDKN1B). it phosphorylates multiple cellular substrates including SMAD3 and FOXO1. Phosphorylation of FOXO1 leads to its inhibition.

A study was conducted at the Horticulture farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to evaluate the effect of five levels of applied potassium on the growth and yield of carrot. The experiment was laid out in a RCB (randomized complete block) design with three replications with five treatments viz. 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 kg Potassium per hectare. Root yield increased progressively and significantly with the increased application of potassium. Application of potassium 120 kg/ha increased the Leaf number per plant (11.93), root length (16.11 cm), root diameter (5.04 cm), fresh weight (184.8 g) and yield (49.29 t/ha). High dose of potassium also increased cracked and branched root which reduced the marketable quality of yield.

Tumors occur when cells divide and grow excessively in the body. New cells are created to replace older ones or to perform new functions. Cells that are damaged or no longer needed die to make room for healthy replacements. If the balance of cell growth and death is disturbed, a tumor may form. The available anticancer drugs have distinct mechanisms of action which may vary in their effects on different types of normal and cancer cells. The effectiveness of many anticancer drugs is limited by their toxicity to normal rapidly growing cells in the intestinal and bone marrow areas. Therefore, an attempt was made to obtain the suitable inhibitors of tumor cells by de novo creation of structurally flattering lead molecules which were further validated by docking analysis with 2VNA (Structure of Human Zinc-Binding Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1 (ZADH1) protein. By screening of these results revealed that organobismuth compound C27H36BiN3 ({2-[bis({2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl})bismuthanyl]phenyl}methyl)dimethyl was found as the best fit over Lipinski’s rule of five and other ADME parameters

Receptors are the protein molecules embedded in plasma membrane, cytoplasm or nucleus. Receptors received its chemical signals originating from the cells. Through binding to receptors these signals directed cell to produce its action. There are different psychological actions produced by Angiotensin-II such as increase in extracellular volume, peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. It is also involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Angiotensin-II Receptor is of two types, AT-I and AT-II. Most of the functions of angiotensin-II are regulated by AT-I. Physiological role of AT-II are not known. Various vital organs of the body like Heart, lungs, kidney, adrenal cortex and brain are rich in AT-I Receptor. Those drugs which block the action of AT-1 on blood vessels and Heart are called as Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARBs). There are different ARBs available in the market which are well tolerated and having fewer side effects. ARBs biding affinity towards the receptors is like as condensatran > ibesartan> valsartan> telmisartan> tasosartan> losartan >eprosartan. The main severe side effect shows by ARBs is swelling of tissues, liver and kidney failure, allergic reactions

Oil cakes of mustard and linseed were collected from Rambagh, Allahabad and Mahewa Gate, Allahabad. Two samples of mustard and one sample of linseed cake were taken as a sample for project. Bacteria were grown on these oil cake samples. From it different cultures were isolated and each was separately grown. The pure cultures grown were tested for oil degrading property. Those cultures, which showed oil degrading property, were selected and isolated. The cultures were then identified using Gram staining technique. A series of biochemical tests were done for the cultures consuming oil. The tests include starch hydrolysis test, urease production test and catalase production test. DNA was then isolated from these oil degrading cultures

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was carried out using different agro-byproducts as substrate for the production of α-amylase using a bacterial culture of Bacillus licheniformis. Among all the substrates wheat bran supported maximum growth and produced maximum alpha amylase (154.17 IU) under Triton –X as extraction medium. Production optimization was conducted using wheat bran. The maximum alpha amylase production was obtained at pH 6 (170.34 IU) 40°C (168.78 IU), 48 h (155.06 IU) and with 80% initial moisture (171.89 IU). Supplementation with 1% maltose further enhanced enzyme yield (178.46 IU). However, glucose and lactose inhibited the enzyme production. Increase in the enzyme yield (171.68 IU and 172.36 IU) was obtained when fermentation medium was supplemented with 1% soy peptone and (0.15 M) ammonium chloride, respectively. Addition of 0.01 M phosphate concentration also enhanced amylase production. Therefore, from the present study it can be concluded that starch digesting α- amylase produced by Bacillus licheniformis in solid state fermentation could be important in biotechnological application.

The fuzzy logic and fuzzy numbers have been applied in many fields such as operation research, differential equations, fuzzy system reliability, control theory and management sciences etc. The fuzzy logic and fuzzy numbers are widely used in engineering applications also. In this paper we first describe Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number (TIFN) with arithmetic operations and solve a linear programming problem by Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number (TIFN) using simplex algorithm.

Background: Diagnosis of various diseases in the present medical scenario is largely dependent on the tests performed in Clinical Chemistry Laboratory. TQM (Total quantity Management) in a laboratory ensures that the results obtained be free from errors. Objectives: To identify the nature and frequency of pre-analytical causes of sample rejection and to take corrective steps. Methodology: This study was conducted on 46,404 (OPD &IPD) samples and pre-analytical causes for sample rejection were noted and the data was analysed. Results and Conclusion: Pre-analytical errors were responsible for 2.32% (1077) of samples to be rejected over a period of one year. Thus, substantial number of samples undergo repeated testing because of rejection owing to pre-analytical errors.

The general quality of expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences and the general absence of positive selection in these sequences make ESTs an attractive tool for the study of evolutionary relationship and sequence searches. Due to emerging scope of ABC transporters in human brain diseases treatment investigations and drug resistance, here we investigate the ABC transporter ESTs present in human brain. 15 ESTs were identified and used for cluster generation to see the gaps and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to identify the evolutionary relationship and conserved structures. Investigation and clustering of human ESTs from brain allows extension of data sampling from outside of the genome project.

To identify the priority habitats of the threatened catfishes of the genus Ompok viz. Ompok pabda, O. pabo and O. bimaculatus in India the effects of habitat variables on the structure of fish assemblage were evaluated from 40 sampling sites located in Tones, Gomti, Ganga, Bramhaputra and Hoogly Rivers. Canonical correspondence analyses were carried out to determine the influence of environmental conditions on species occurrences and assemblage characteristics. The microhabitat, hydromorphological parameters (depth and current velocity) followed by conductivity, temperature and total dissolve solid (TDS) were found to be significant in structuring the assemblage of the three catfishes. Fast water with shallow depth in different rivers was significantly associated with occurrence of O. pabda whereas slow water and higher depth were significantly associated with O. bimaculatus. Some other environmental parameters such as conductivity, TDS and pH were also found to be significant in shaping the habitat preference of the Ompok species studied. Our results depicted the importance of environment influences on the Ompok species which are of conservation and management interest.

A total of 152 endophytic bacterial isolates belonging to Rhizobium, Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. were isolated from the root nodules of Lens culinaris from seven different provinces of Uttar Pradesh (India) growing in different soil condition of varying pH 6.8-7.8. These isolates were characterized morphologically, physiologically and biochemically, and screened in vitro for their plant growth promoting traits such as production of indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), siderophore, phosphate solubilization and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum. Only 27 endophytic showed positive results for all plant growth promoting attributes and antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum. All physio-biochemical characters including carbon utilization were analyzed by a Jaccard’s coefficient dendrogram, that classified the isolates into the three major groups viz., RT1, RT9-RT16, RT26 and RT27 isolates in one group, RT2-RT8, RT17-RT18, RT24 and RT25 isolates in second group, and RT19 - RT23 isolates in third group. On the basis of UPGMA cluster analysis and similarity with the standard strains these isolates were identified as Rhizobium strains RT1, RT9-RT16, RT26, RT27, Pseudomonas strains RT2-RT8, RT17-RT18, RT24 and RT25, and Bacillus strains RT19 - RT23. The strains RT1, RT2 and RT11 showed synergism among them and also found to possess plant growth promoting and antagonistic properties.

Six common anthocyanin pathway genes viz. Chalcone synthase (CHS), Chalcone isomerase (CHI), Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), Dihydrofolate reductase (DFR), Anthocyanindin synthase (ANS) and UDPG-flavonoid 3-glucosyl transferase (UF3GT) were analyzed by performing comparative analysis between different species of solanaceae and poacea families. Sequence conservation between different species of these two families was highest in CHS and lowest in CHI. The number of polymorphic sites between different species of these two families was highest in ANS and lowest in F3H. McDonald–Kreitman analysis showed that non-synonymous changes between different species of these two families were higher for downstream enzymes: UF3GT, DFR and ANS than upstream enzymes: CHS, CHI and F3H. It was also observed that nucleotide diversity between these two families was highest in CHI but lowest in F3H. From the evolutionary analysis it was concluded that that CHI might have undergone ancient duplication and subsequent divergence during evolution and upstream enzymes CHS and CHI evolves very slowly than downstream enzymes DFR, ANS and UF3GT not because of their mutation rate but because of the selective constraint between different species of solanaceae and poaceae.

Laccase belongs to the family of blue multi-copper oxidases (MCOS) that has three domain structures and usually contains four copper atoms. Aspergillus niger species are reported to produce laccase. An attempt was made to screening, optimization, production and partial purification of laccase enzyme produced from Aspergillus niger. Guaiacol and acetate buffer were used to assay laccase production. Laccase activity was highest when operated at the following conditions, 120 h incubation, 30°C temperature, pH-5, 2% glucose as carbon source and 2% peptoneas nitrogen source in the production medium. The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis method.

Sequential pattern mining is a technique which efficiently determines the frequent patterns from small datasets. The traditional sequential pattern mining algorithms can mine short-term sequences efficiently, but mining long sequence patterns are in efficient for these algorithms. The traditional mining algorithms use candidate generation method which leads to more search space and greater running time. The biological DNA sequences have long sequences with small alphabets. These biological data can be mined for finding the co-occurring biological sequence. These co-occurring sequences are important for biological data analysis and data mining. Closed sequential pattern mining is used for mining long sequences. The mined patterns have less number of closed sequences. This paper proposes an efficient Closed Sequential Pattern Mining (CSPAM) algorithm for efficiently mining closed sequential patterns. The CSPAM algorithm mines closed patterns without candidate generation. This algorithm uses two pruning methods namely, BackScan pruning, and frequent occurrence check methods. The former method prunes the search space and latter detects the closed sequential pattern in early run time. The proposed algorithm is compared with PrefixSpan algorithm, better scalability and interpretability is achieved for proposed algorithm. The experimental results are based on sample DNA datasets which outperform the other algorithms in efficiency, memory and running time.

The promoter region of Acacia nilotica ALDH7 gene consists of 1233 bp and it belongs to linear DNA molecular class. A. nilotica consist a universal feature to response moisture stress and nutrient limitation. In A. nilotica ALDH7 gene promoter sequence, the nucleotide motifs were involved in respond to various stressful conditions, but which regulatory elements in ALDH7 gene respond positively under stressful conditions unknown to till date. In silico approaches were used to estimate the nucleotide motifs and its response to certain stressful condition and transcription activation located at ALDH7 gene promoter region. The result reveals that, ALDH7 gene promoter region includes six unique signature motifs such as ‘ACGTG’ is a high salinity and induction of dehydration stress-responsive putative cis-regulatory motif, the ‘TGAC’ is the biotic and abiotic stress and transcription activation responsive motif, the ‘CACGTG’ is the defense responsive motif, the ‘AAAG’ is Adenosine rich motif involved in carbon metabolism, the ‘GGATA & TAACAA’ motifs responsible for transcription activation. Thus, our analysis suggests that ALDH7 gene promoter region play an important role to healthy survival of A. nilotica under stressful conditions and provides medicinal and infrastructural products to fulfil the requirements of human being.

Physicians are always in dilemma for selection of the right parameters to assess anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs. Any single parameter is incapable to reveal the efficacy safety and cost-effectiveness of anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs. Therefore a group of parameters are obligatory to assessment of anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs. Here the best parameters are mentioned in ECHO model (Economical, Clinical and Humanistic outcome) for best assessment of anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs.

Greenhouse grown Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Lind.) cv. Nitta plants were treated with six different levels of plant growth regulators namely BA 500 ppm, BA 1000 ppm, GA3 500 ppm, GA3 1000 ppm, BA 250 ppm + GA3 250 ppm and BA 500 ppm + GA3 500 ppm and their effect on the sucker production and flowering were compared against control (without application of plant growth regulators). Plants treated with 1000 ppm BA recorded highest number of side-shoots per plant (5.67), earliest flower bud initiation (253.83 days) and higher post-harvest life of cut flowers (12.33 days). Control plants showed the earliest spadix visibility (32.83 days) stage, longest spadix (4.17 cm) and reached the blooming stage earlier (5.83 days) along with plants treated with BA 500 ppm. GA3 500 ppm treated plants produced the highest number of flowers per plant (3.33) and spadix circumference (1.33 cm) however, the longest stalks (15.82 cm) and spathes (6.53 cm) were obtained from the plants treated with GA3 1000 ppm and BA 250 ppm + GA3 250 ppm respectively. Widest spathes (5.60 cm) and maximum in-situ longevity of flowers (36 days) were obtained from the plant growth regulator treatment BA 250 ppm + GA3 250 ppm and monthly leaf number, leaf length, leaf width and petiole lengths were fluctuated greatly with season and stage of crop growth. BA 1000 ppm and a mixture of BA (250 ppm) and GA3 (250 ppm) was found better for growth, development, flowering, post-harvest life and keeping quality of anthurium flowers.

The present study attempts to understand the pattern of RAPD markers inheritance in the F1 progenies of a cross Mysore Local and V-1 of mulberry (Morus spp.). RAPD marker analysis was carried out using 5 decamer random primers. Out of 33 amplicons generated, 20 were of monomorphic and rest 13 were polymorphic (39:39%). The size of the amplified products ranged from 500-3200 bp. The genetic distance (GD) between the parents based on RAPD data set is 0.186, which is low in comparison with morpho-agronomical divergence. In some progenies, GD calculated was higher than the parents suggesting OPA-022900, OPA-02900, OPA-02800 RAPD markers showed expected Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Besides three other markers, OPA-041450, OPA-041000 and OPA-071000 showed Mendelian segregation pattern for 1:1 ratio. The finding proves that the dominant status of the RAPD markers may not be a limiting factor in genetical analysis of a heterozygous tree like mulberry, where F1 tends to behave like a segregating population. The polymorphic RAPD markers in parents, segregates as independent alleles in the F1 progenies and showed the heterozygotic status of mulberry varieties.

Fragment-based de novo design has been successfully carried out to identify novel dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Dataset consists of 18 co-crystallized inhibitors of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from protein data bank. They were dissected into 31 chemically diverse and commercially available fragments. The newly generated compounds have been filtered through detailed ADMET analysis followed by molecular docking experiment. Finally, synthesis accessibility of the new leads was predicted by SYLVIA software. We identified 15 potential leads from the present study. These virtual screened compounds are expected to be important leads for the search of dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and may provide invaluable insights to further understand the structural basis of catalysis and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme.

Animal communication is ubiquitous and a conspicuous aspect of the behavior of all the animals. Acoustic communication among animals utilizes sounds to signal information between the insects. The present study was carried out to identify the sexual receptiveness of the females towards the males. The advertisement calls of Cicadas and katydids belonging to orders Hemiptera and Orthoptera were recorded using TASCAM DR-100MK Linear PCM recorder connected to AKG D1000i directional microphones held approximately 15-30 cm away from the calling males. Sound levels of the calls were taken using TES sound level meter 1350A. Humidity and temperature were noted using digital hygrometer and thermometer respectively. Katydids produce their calling songs by rubbing their forewings together. This causes the hardened plectrum on the posterior margin of one wing to strike against the teeth of a stridulatory file on the other wing, thus producing sound. The sound producing organs in cicadas are the drum like tymbals. Though it seems like the calls are continues without any call intervals but there are minute call intervals that can be heard with carful observations. Each call consists of several pulse groups and is from 186-274 with an average of 223.5±39.534pulse groups/sec. At the level of biological species, acoustic studies have been widely and effectively used to establish the status of related populations of a wide variety of insects. In addition bioacoustics plays a major role in sexual behavior in many insects that help in mate searching, recognition and courtship.

Investigation was carried out to identify tolerant plant species growing in lead contaminated soil. Lead effected Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and ascorbicacidoxidase. Induced malondialdehyde and starch contents with up-regulated activities of antioxidative enzymes like catalase and phenylalanineammonialyase were observed. Enzymatic activities have been enhanced in all plants taken indicating that free radical generation was accelerated due to Pb exposure. Concentrations of lead accumulated were Calotropis procera (90 mg/kg) and Bromus tectorum (77 mg/kg) are higher followed by Ipomea purpurea (72 mg/kg), Parthenium histocarpus (33 mg/kg), Anisomilius molabarica (29 mg/kg) and Eichornia fasculata (10 mg/kg). Inspite of accumulation all plants survived successfully. With our findings we can suggest these plants can be used for effective phytoremediation of lead.

Two newly isolated strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae - R3DPMP and R3DSC5 were subjected to optimization studies with varying inoculum size, initial glucose concentration, initial pH and temperature using yeast extract peptone dextrose medium. Both the strains accumulated peak ethanol early with higher inoculum density and exhibited similar pattern with changing initial pH. Though higher glucose tolerance was noticed, 20% g/v and 25% g/v glucose concentration were found to be optimum for R3DPMP and R3DSC5 respectively. Similar amount of ethanol was accumulated within 30-400C temperature by R3DPMP and 30-350C temperature by R3DSC5. However, based on higher temperature tolerance, sugar tolerance and peak ethanol level, R3DSC5 appears to be superior to R3DPMP. Therefore, R3DPMP strain is recommended for brewery industry whereas R3DSC5 for both brewery and very high gravity fermentation.

Contents Volume 8 Issue 1 June 2020

The fresh water bodies of Sawaimadhopur district, Rajasthan were surveyed for enlisting of different phytotoplankton diversity. The Chlrococcales are phototrophic micro-algal group with great diversity and cosmopolitan in their distribution. Forty two species were recorded and described in present paper from study area during January 2014 to Dec. 2015. The fluctuation and blooming of Chlrococcales are important criteria to describe healthy condition of water bodies. The present work is first systematic report of Chlorococcales from this tourist and historical important area.

The anther development in Melilotus indicus, an annual fodder legume follows the dicotyledonous type. The mature anther is tetrasporangiate and its wall is comprised of the outermost epidermis followed by endothecium, single middle layer and the innermost secretory tapetum. Melilotus indicus bears 10 stamens of around 1.5 to 2 mm long that are arranged in a 9+1diadelphous manner. These tiny dorsifixed stamens produce a small number of microspores in each microsporangium. At the sporogenous stage of microsporogenesis, tapetal cells become irregular, full of proteinaceous material and during late ontogeny a transverse septum is observed in some of the microsporangia. The septum is of tapetal origin that seems to be an adaptation for better nourishment of developing microspores. The mature pollen grain of Melilotus indica is oblong and tricolporate. The exine is reticulate, well differentiated into ektexine and endexine. The ektexine is well distinguished in a tectum, bacula, and foot layer

The fuzzy logic and fuzzy numbers have been applied in many fields such as operation research, differential equations, fuzzy system reliability, control theory and management sciences etc. The fuzzy logic and fuzzy numbers are widely used in engineering applications also. In this paper we first describe Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number (TrFN) with arithmetic operations and solve a linear programming problem by Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number (TrFN) using simplex algorithm.

Mangroves are inhabited by large number of fungal communities, known as manglicolous fungi. They include mostly marine fungi and small group of terrestrial fungi and can be categorized into saprophytic, parasitic, and symbiotic fungi. Fungi in mangrove environment play an important ecological role in decomposition of organic matter by production of variety of extracellular degradative enzymes such as cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, amylase, and so on. Such enzymes can be isolated from the mangrove fungi and harnessed for several biotechnological applications; mangrove fungi focused on their ecological roles as their extreme importance in nutrient cycling. Most classical plant hormones are also produced by pathogenic and symbiotic fungi.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality across the world. One relatively new form of treatment that has demonstrated remarkable promise in recent years is cord blood transplantation. The quick availability of cord blood and less stringent matching compared to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation gives it an edge over other techniques which helped it to emerge as a potential alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells in stem cell transplantation.

Sophora flavescens (S. flavescens), which is used in traditional Chinese medicine, It showed potent Na+-glucose co-transporter (SGLT) interruption activity. SGLT interruption have therapeutic potential inhibitor for diabetes mellitus. S. flavescens have diverse substantial activities for anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-asthmatic, anti-pyretic, anti-ulcerative, anti-arrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neoplastic effects. Sophora species are widely used in the therapy of many diseases such as cancer, asthma, ulcer, diabetes and it’s also used for oilments. Sophora is rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, triglycosides, isoprenylated flavonoids, isoflavonones, saponins, triterpenoid glycosides, phospholipids and polysaccharides. S.flavescens is derived compounds such as Maackiain, Variabilin, Pterocarpin, Sophoraflavone G and Formononetin etc. NIDDM is a chronic disease associated with the metabolic impairment of insulin actions, dominant to the evolution of serious complications. SGLT-2 inhibitors provide a unique way to treat the diabetes mellitus by decreasing hyperglycemia through increased glucosuria. This explosion decreases renal glucose tubular constriction in the proximal renal tubules imparting an insulin independent mechanism to curtail blood glucose. Homology modeling was performed using Schrodinger Glide 11.9 Advanced Homology Modelling to anticipate the 3D Complex of SGLT-2. In this present study, we established a novel SGLT2 inhibitor by means of docking. Docking was carried out using GLIDE software. The ligand Formononetin with the Glide score -5.074, shows the binding affinity with the amino acid (AA) residues TYR263, GLN428, GLN69, TYR87 and GLU88. These residues are acting as a conclusive pocket for the potential ligand. Hence, it has been concluded Formononetin as a potent inhibitor for SGLT2 Protein in Type 2 Diabetes.

Anthers containing uninucleate pollen grains were cultured on MS and NB basal media supplemented with different auxins (IAA, NAA, 2,4-D) and cytokinins (BA and Kn) in various concentrations and combinations. MS medium was superior to NB medium in enhancing frequency of callus formation in anthers. Multiple shoots and roots were produced during subculture of callus on fresh medium supplemented with BA.

Bluetongue is a non contagious disease of animals and spread by the biting midges. Bluetongue disease is mild in goats and severe in sheep as sheep is the primary host of bluetongue virus. There are several clinical symptoms of Bluetongue disease have been found in ruminants like fever, viraemia, sore muzzle, facial oedema, hyperaemia and congestion, erosion of mucous memberane, haemorrhages, vascular permeability. The bluetongue virus is hypervariable in nature therefore there are 24 serotypes of bluetongue virus are well recognised with three newly proposed serotypes BTV 25 from Switzerland and BTV 26 from Quwait and BTV 27 from France. Therefore, there are 27 different serotypes of BTV have been identified according to the specificity of interactions between neutralizing antibodies and the virus outer capsid, the VP2 protein. Bluetongue has a serious economic impact on dairy and wool industry mainly due to high morbidity, mortality and mandatory trade barrier on the movement of BT infected livestock and germplasm. Bioinformatical tools like Clustal X and Clustal Omega are promising and helpful in the construction of phylogenetic tree to check the evolutionary relation among all 24 serotypes of BTV and alignment of the many sequences through Multiple sequence Alignment.

The wetland of the east Kolkata is spread over 12,500 hectares and comprises a large number of water. In Calcutta many poor people depend on the vegetable and fish produced here for their living. The sewage of Kolkata has got a new meaning because of a huge number of farmers and fisherman who used the city waste products as a useful resource for the traditional practice of fisheries and agriculture instead of harming the public. The objective of this study is to conduct a survey and collect databases regarding the lifestyle and disease of local people. It was an observational study done in February 2019, around the slums of East Kolkata Wetland. A schedule was prepared including an observational checklist for assessing different aspects. According to this report there are five major police stations under EKW area and this includes total 264 bheris. Maximum people depend of fish cultivation for their survival having monthly income range from 1000-10000 rupees per month. Maximum number of people are literate up to primary level and the rate is very low when it comes to higher secondary education. According to our survey maximum people said to have fever or cholera or diarrhea or other related issues. And the percentage is very high for fever. The present study found that the slum people around EKW is very much dependent on the wetland for their living and income and they are very prone to wetland related diseases.

Breast Cancer reports are on rise in human. In requirement human is discovering new methods, models and projects which are aimed at better diagnosis, prevention and to avoid it from recurrence. Till date numbers of technologies are available but early diagnosis of breast cancer still remain a big question. Number of present technologies, although indicating or predicting breast cancer in patients but the sensitivity and specificity still lacking among them. In this review, we reported number of factors which are responsible for getting breast cancer and on the other hand also mentioned the success of machines, drugs and computational biology which in together surely will contribute in to fight against breast cancer if investigated in together.

Plants manufacture a remarkably diverse variety of over 50,000 low molecular mass natural compounds also referred as secondary metabolites. The Pteridophytes in the Plantae are ancient yet modern representatives of the plant world. In addition to the unique and specific active biochemical ingredients pteridophytic plants houses innumerable minerals, vitamins, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, tannins, phytosterols, triterpenes and terpenoids in a substantial amount. Pteridophytes are one of the most important plant groups that enrich in Antioxidants and have been used significantly and successfully in folk medicine for several years. Antioxidants are molecular substances that prevent various cellular target molecules from oxidative damage. Pteridophytic antioxidants can neutralize the effect of AOS which are one of the several factors involved in various physiological malfunctioning of living organisms. Various pharmaceuticals formulations and bioinformatic approaches for drug designing in respect of chemical ligand binding and bioactivity assay in vitro as well as in vivo with reference to these antioxidants can relive disorders whose medicines are not yet available such as cancer. The antioxidant composition Pteridophytic generas also can aid in solving the phylogenetic puzzle and its chemotaxonomic approaches could also contribute in a new and revised system of Plant classification.

Queijo Prato (“plate shaped cheese”) named after the shape it was originally made by immigrants, and it is a Brazilian soft cheese. The objective of this project is to compare the government authorized milk to privatized milk which gives the better yield and quality of Prato cheese. Moreover, the anticoagulants i.e. the clotting agent used for the cheese production is taken from different sources i.e. one from plant source Moringa oleifera seeds which has high milk clotting activity and another one from microbial source Lactobacillus acidophilus has been chosen for the study. After the production of cheese from different sources of milk using different milk clotting agents the cheese produced will be analyzed for testing the efficacy of the microbial source and the plant source used and the physical characteristics of the cheese produced. Then the better yielded cheese will be scaled up using Aerobic bioreactor.

Cancer metastasis is the major delimiting factor in the failure of therapeutic strategies currently practised and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been observed to be one of the key regulators of metastasis as it confers the invasive phenotype. Chemokines have been shown to be directly involved in mediating the metastatic ability of cancer cells, particularly CXCR4 chemokine receptor. The purpose of the present study was to explore the expression levels of CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in different subtypes of breast cancer using dataset analysis. The mRNA expression levels and genomic alterations of CXCR4 and CXCL12 in different cancers were analyzed via the Oncomine and Cbioportal. In addition, co-expression analysis and clinical survival relevance has been analysed in various datasets. Results of our analysis suggest a significant association of CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in breast cancer as a prognostic biomarker.

Bluetongue is a highly infectious vector born viral disease, and it is a disease of wild and domestic animals (ruminants). Bluetongue is a non-contagious disease of animals and spread by the biting midges (Sperlova. A. and Zendulkova. D. 2011). The name Bluetongue is given by Spreull in 1905 (Spreull,1905). Bluetongue disease is mild in goats and severe in sheep as sheep is the primary host of bluetongue virus. Cattle act as the reservoir of bluetongue virus (Browne, 1971). The Bluetongue virus is first reported by hutcheon in 1881 During the introduction of European sheep breeds in Southern Africa (Hutcheon,1902). Later in 1948 it was reported in North America as a sore muzzle disease (Hardy and Price, 1952).). Spare in 1964 reported outbreak of bluetongue disease in India (Spare, 1964). There are several clinical symptoms of Bluetongue disease have been found in ruminants like fever, viraemia, sore muzzle, facial oedema, hyperaemia and congestion, erosion of mucous membrane, haemorrhages, vascular permeability (OIE, 2014). Symptoms are more severe and easily detectable in sheep and these signs are high fever upto 5-7 days, loss of wool, depression and haemorrhages in the coronary band, difficulty in standing and lameness because of painful hoof, excessive salivation, swollen tongue, swelling in nasal and buccal mucosa, pneumonia and death (Tabachnick et.al., 2009). The Severity of clinical signs of bluetongue disease in sheep influenced by the type and strain of infecting virus (Verwoerd & Erasmus, 2004; OIE, 2014). The bluetongue virus is hypervariable in nature therefore, there are 24 serotypes of bluetongue virus are well recognised with two newly proposed serotypes BTV 25 from Switzerland and BTV 26 from Kuwait. In India 22 serotypes have been reported of Bluetongue virus (Prasad et al., 2009; Kumar, 2009). Bluetongue virus belongs to family Reoviridae and genus Orbivirus (Tabachnick et al., 2009). Blue-tongue has a serious economic impact on dairy and wool industry mainly due to high morbidity, mortality and mandatory trade barrier on the movement of BT infected livestock and germ-plasm. BT is evolving into newer challenges and poses ever increasing the threat to associated environment. An Unnatural host like canines have in the past contracted BT infections. Many species of Culicoides have been reported to spread infections. Recently BT has been categorized as multispecies disease by OIE (2014).

Neuropilin2 is a family of receptor protein involved in endocrine development in Breast and ducts. The bHLH regulates transcription of Neuropilin2 (NRP2) of progenitor ductal and endocrine cells to a neurogenesis and neurogen specific transcriptional mechanisms that mediates different signaling pathways. The differentiated genes such as RAB40A, FGFR1, TPM1, NRP2, and CLMN genes regulating the development of islet of endocrine and ductal cells, but the molecular mechanism and classification of gene expression is remain unknown. There are several transcriptional gene mutations may regulate transcription of islet cells of ductal and endocrine regions of the pancreas and intestine that may lead to cancer. However, our knowledge of microarray data analysis methods helps to classify the genes associated with differential and undifferential endocrine lineage, ductal cell and exocrine regions determine neurogenesis and neuron specific signaling pathways. Using Meta analysis of statistical rank correlation algorithm to rank the genes based on gene signatures. The reveal predicts 154 (38%) genes that were consistently and significantly up regulated 247 (62%) were down regulated in Breast cancer. Using functional annotation of gene clusters reveals only 47 genes is presumably associated with neuronal development and cell differentiation. Furthermore, this experiment helps to understand candidate genes for novel biomarkers identification, diagnosis and therapeutic approaches to Breast cancer.

The paper presents IR data on 4 species of marine molluscan shells collected from Vizag seashore. It is observed that irrespective of species, the mineralogical from of CaCO3 is aragonite. This is due to the fact that Mg present in the shell material acts as a regulator for the deposition of CaCO3. The paper suggests that infrared spectroscopy may be useful to provide valuable information in the biological system as it affords rapid qualitative and identification of biominerals.

The development of a molecular docking tool usually starts with an efficient search algorithm, which places the ligand in the active site of the target protein in numerous different positions, orientations, and, in flexible docking, conformations. In the present study, fractionated methanolic extract was used for cytotoxic activity studies and found to be very effective. Detailed analysis of this fraction revealed that the major compound present in the fraction is quercetin, a flavanoid compound.

Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring chemicals extracted from plants. This study aims to analyze the insecticidal activity of bioactive compounds present in the aqueous extract of Acalypha indica and to analyze the efficacy of pheromone baited traps in integrated pest management. In this study, various bioactive compounds present in the aqueous extract of Acalypha indica were analyzed by phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis. The molecular properties of the compounds identified from GC-MS analysis were screened based on Tice rules using bioinformatics molecular property analysis tools. Out of 8, four compounds namely oleic acid, phytol, flavone and estra- 1, 3, 5[10]-trien-17a`-ol strictly follows Tice rules. The aqueous extracts were used for the screening of insecticidal activity against 3rd instar larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis by diet incorporation bioassay. On observation it was revealed that the aqueous extract of Acalypha indica induce antifeedant effect, which was very efficient at 80% concentration. Three pheromone baited traps namely yellow sticky trap, bucket trap and sleeve trap were used to evaluate its efficacy in pest management. From the evaluation, out of three pheromone baited traps, sleeve traps performed statistically better than others, trapping higher population of adult Leucinodes orbonalis. The sticky traps captured the highest number of non-target insects, mostly being ants, flies, and beetles. In bucket trap moderate non-target populations were present. Thus, on the comparative study the preliminary screening shows that Acalypha indica can be used to derive a novel insecticide and pheromone baited sleeve trap shows positive integrated pest management.

Amylases are enzymes which hydrolyze starch molecules to give diverse products including dextrin and progressively smaller polymers composed of glucose units. These enzymes are of great significance in present day industries ranging from food, fermentation, textile, paper to pharmaceutical industries. Based on growing concern and aware of environmental issues, industries find enzymes as a good alternative over other chemical catalysts. Enzymes from fungal and bacterial sources have dominated applications in industrial sectors. The ease of production and broad spectrum of applications make α-Amylase an industrially valuable biocatalyst. This review focuses on the production of bacterial and fungal α-amylases, their distribution, structural-functional aspects and their use in industrial applications.

The aim of this research work was to isolate novel strain of lipase producer from local oil mill soil at Gangakhed. The lipase can be catalysing the transesterification of algae oil in to biodiesel. A sample of soil was collected from oil mill and enrichment the soil sample with basal lipase production media containing 1% Algae oil as a carbon source. Lipase producing microbes were screened on tributyrin agar plates, the activity of crude enzyme were determined. The isolate produced lipase and showed maximum activity 1.5 U/mL at 40°C and at 7.0 PH, after 48 hours of incubation period at 150 rpm. Isolate identified by morphological, biochemical and 16s r-RNA sequencing gene. The 16s r-RNA sequencing revealed it is a new strain of Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus LP-II.

In fastest Developing countries, disease burden make an unhealthy and undeveloped. It is still challenge to prevent Tuberculosis (TB) even though lot of preventable and curable measurements taken up by both state and central governments in India. In this context we are focused to explore the new 3D drug target structurally and functionally by using bioinformatics tool. We searched the new drug target by comparative search analysis in KEGG data base (previous work not published). One of the new drug target Isochorismatesynthase (MenF) was selected and performed sequence alignment, Homology Modeling, validation and performed secondary structure analysis. Moduller results showed that the 3D-Model is accurate and accepted model. Validation of 3D model is confirmed that, there is 99.03% amino acids are in allowed and generously allowed region of Ramachandran plot, this can be useful for further steps in the insilico research. ProsA analysis provides the local and over all model quality within the Z scores limits. Pdb sum analysis provided the main chain, side chain and active site residues. This clearly explains the utilization of bioinformatics tools in the process of drug development to young researchers.

The study was conducted in the months of July- September, 2017 to assess the socio economic impacts of desertification on local communities in Yusufari Local area of Yobe State, Nigeria. A total of 286 respondents comprising of 280 Local community dwellers and 6 officials of the department of Agriculture and Forestry participated in the study. Descriptive survey method of research was employed using both qualitative and quantitative data. Study data was collected using closed ended self made questionnaire and structured Interview Guide. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 6 was also used to analyse data on respondents’ characteristics, socio economic impacts of desertification as well as respondents perception of control measures using descriptive statistics. Study findings revealed that married men constituted biggest portion of the respondents while illiterate crop and live stock farmers dominated the occupation groupings. Dominant tribes happened to be Kanuri followed by Fulani and Hausa. Social impacts of desertification were found to be numerous ranging from relocation of houses or whole settlements, a town called Kaska relocated 2 times in less than 30 years, drying up of sources of water, forced migrations as well as Sporadic conflicts and loss of biodiversity and soil erosion. Economically, the impacts manifested in the farm of loss of soil fertility, reduction in farmlands, grazing and fishing sites with resultant drop in crop yields and number of animals and deaths. Transportation was also found to be seriously affected. Similarly, the local people were found to be fully aware of the concept of desertification. and its impacts but did not stop acts of deforestation nor engaged in any tangible form of reforestation activities. Governments’ efforts towards combating the menace were not enough. Based on these findings and others not mentioned here, it was recommended that local people should be well enlightened on the impacts of desertification and government’s programmes to curb the menace, deforestation laws should be strictly adhered to, shelter beats and nursery plots should also be established and maintained.

A comparative in silico characterization of the patulin induced proteins has been carried out to analyze their physico-chemical, secondary structural and functional properties. The amino acid composition of patulin induced proteins obtained from biological databases. The composition of leucine, alanine, glycine and proline was high while low concentrations of glutamic acid and histidine residues were seen when compared to other aminoacids. The number of negative and positively charges are comparatively similar. pI value of Hyp was the highest when compared to the other two patulin induced proteins. The instability index of all the proteins was more than 40 showing that all of them are unstable. Aliphatic index shows the “relative volume of protein occupied by aliphatic side chains” which was found to be within a range of 65 to 100. Flr1P is transmembrane in nature while the other two are soluble proteins.

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The paper presents Dielectric data on different types of molluscan shells collected from Chennai seashore. It is observed that irrespective of species, the mineralogical from of CaCO3 is aragonite. This is due to the fact that Mg present in the shell material acts as a regulator for the deposition of CaCO3 . It is interesting to note that dielectric parameters of aragonite are low when compared to shells and calcite. The significant variations in dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electric conductivity of molluscan shells may be attributed to the free water that present in the shell as the composition if calcium carbonate and the components of the organic matrix of the shell is more or less the same irrespective of species.

Information Science is an interdisciplinary domain and plays a great role in the development at large. Information Science and Informatics normally treated as a synonym in academia worldwide. Information Science/Informatics is an applied science branch and thus with the combination of other areas and subject created many other knowledge cluster and field viz. Geo Information Science, Chemo Information Sciences, Environmental Information Science. Bio Information Sciences may be considered as a field of intersection of Biology and Information Science. Bio Informatics may be treated as one of the areas of Bio Information Sciences. Indian universities moving towards education, training, and research in interdisciplinary fields and as a result Bio related Informatics become vital. Higher Educational Institution’s number wise India also holds a rank in the world. In recent past private universities expanded rapidly. Many of them started offering Bio Informatics program in different level of study. This is a theoretical framework in terms of research paper and here several knowledge on information sciences, informatics with reference to Bio Informatics have been provided. The paper also highlighted emerging other allied areas including future potentialities in brief.

This paper is aimed at studying the environmental health efficiency of solid waste management in Bor Town, South Sudan. Many studies have been carried out about efficiency of solid waste management in many developing countries, but no such study has been done in Bor Town so far. In light of the increasing urban population, the chronic absence of data on domestic solid waste management practices, lack of waste management facilities, weak institutional capacities and inadequate financial resources, the households and the municipality are finding it difficult to efficiently management solid waste in Bor town. To meet the objective, the study have assessed the existing waste management practices, determine waste generation rate and composition as per income groups, develop the performance indicators and apply these indicators in assessing the capacity of waste management institution in managing solid waste effectively.

Genome Analysis of a human being permits useful insight into the ancestry of that person and also facilitates the determination of weaknesses and susceptibilities of that person towards inherited diseases. The amount of accumulated genome data is increasing at a tremendous rate with the rapid development of genome sequencing technologies and gene prediction is one of the most challenging tasks in genome analysis. Many tools have been developed for gene prediction which still remains as an active research area. Gene prediction involves the analysis of the entire genomic data that is accumulated in the database and hence scrutinizing the predicted genes takes too much of time. However, the computational time can be reduced and the process can be made more effective through the selection of dominant genes. In this paper, a novel method is presented to predict the dominant genes of ALL/AML cancer. First, to train an FF-ANN a combinational data of the input dataset is generated and its dimensionality is reduced through Probability Principal Component Analysis (PPCA). Then, the classified database of ALL/AML cancer is given as the training dataset to design the FF-ANN. After the FF-ANN is designed, the genetic algorithm is applied on the test input sequence and the fitness function is computed using the designed FF-ANN. After that, the genetic operations crossover, mutation and selection are carried out. Finally, through analysis, the optimal dominant genes are predicted.

Osmotin is a stress responsive cytotoxic protein belonging to the pathogenesis- related (PR)-5 family that confers tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Osmotin plays an important role in development of transgenic like tobacco, potato, strawberry, tomato. This review focuses on the role of osmotin in different conditions of environmental stress and microbial infections. It also discusses about some ongoing researches to improve the role of osmotin in other aspects considering human health.

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Cancer, the most alarming global problem of today, is emerging as an important health problem in India. In ancient Indians, the virtual absence of cancerous malignancies suggested that cancer is largely affected by the Industrial revolution resulting in changes in environment and lifestyle. The common lifestyle factors leading to cancer death include: tobacco, diet and obesity, infections, stress and lack of physical activity. Alcohol consumption, excessive sun tanning and occupational hazards are some other factors to blame. Excessive increase in environmental pollutants resulting from vehicular emissions, untreated industrial smoke, factory wastes, pesticides, radon exposure, radiation etc. pose a high risk of cancer. However, most of these risk factors are modifiable and thus cancer cases may also be prevented to a large extent. There is a critical need to limit exposures to avoid environmental and occupational carcinogens and to find safer alternatives to the present chemical and physical risks. Public awareness as well as urgent actions by public bodies to make our environment clean and green as well as adoption of a healthy lifestyle are therefore the most important tools to fight against cancer and other preventable diseases.

Aspects of human infection with Onchocerca volvulus was investigated in 9 villages in Okigwe LGA of Imo State, Nigeria between January 2010 and December 2011. The objectives were to compare the prevalence of different manifestations of Onchocerciasis according to gender and age, with view to determine if there had been a change in prevalence of onchocerciasis among residents of some communities in Okigwe Local Government Area of Imo State. A cross-sectional survey method was adopted for the study, blood free skin snips were collected from randomly selected consenting adults for mobile subcutaneous lumps and clinical manifestation were observed among 960 persons comprising of 511 males and 449 females. The commonest lesions observed were poor vision 17%, nodules 15%, leopard skin 20%, lizard skin 15%, and hanging groin 3%. Musculo-skeletal pain (MSP) was recorded as one of the major complaints by (30%) of the subjects. The result showed that Onchocerciasis clinical manifestations are still prevalent, however nodules prevalence reduced among sampled population (69.8%) reduction.

As modern society emerged, and the human population condensed into urban areas, industrialization disallowed many people from reliance on direct consumptive interactions with nature. Although, there is mounting empirical evidence that interacting with nature delivers measurable benefits to people. However, contributions from ecologists are few in number, perhaps hindering the identification of key ecological features of the natural environment that deliver human benefits. This study therefore assessed peoples’ knowledge and perception on the interrelationship between biodiversity and human health. A mixed method of data collection was used and these include combining data from surveys, document reviews, information from participants and key informants through questionnaire (301) and oral interviews. Result revealed that larger percentage of the respondents were male (71.9%) while 28.1% were female. 51.7% of the respondents strongly agreed and understood the impacts of biodiversity on mental health. This is followed by those that agree (41.3%) to a lower degree. 4.7% of the respondents were not sure. Majority of the people (70.4%) strongly opined that mental health describes the balanced and emotional state of mind; and that it is irrespective of age and social status (71.3% and 22.3%). They further strongly agreed that nature and living things in the environment makes human feels good (70.1%)., a greater part of the respondents strongly agree that exposure to nature have restorative effects (66.4%) and 29.5% agreed with this. 45.1% and 49.2% strongly agreed and agreed respectively that participation in outdoor recreation can lead to mental health improvement. Biodiversity is important and should be conserved for its values and benefits to human health and well-being. Increased understanding of these health benefits may improve public support for conservation.

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