An 8 years old male camel with large, firm, mass occupying the antero-ventral aspect of the chest-pad was referred to Surgery clinic. Growth enlargement developed gradually since 5 month. The tumor was surgically removed by blunt dissection. Wounds were covered with sterile gauge followed by multi tail bandage. Postoperatively, administrated oxytetracycline injection 1500 mg, I.V. for 7 days and phenylbutazone injection 3000 mg, I.M. for 3 days. The postoperative course was uneventful

An abattoir based study was carried out during spring 2011 to investigate pathological conditions of the liver in camels (Camelus deromedarius) slaughtered in Semnan slaughter house, Northerneast of Iran. In this study, 40 carcases out of 150 randomly selected carcases inspected at postmortem, found with liver lesions. Proper tissue samples obtained from livers with macroscopic lesions, fixed in 10% neutral buffer formaldehyde, processed for routin histopathological techniques, and finally embedded in paraffin blocks. Sections of 5µm thickness then cut and stained by H&E staining techniques.In histopathological examination of hepatic tissue the following changes were observed: Hydatid cysts; 65%, Cirrhosis; 10%, Hepatic lipidosis (Mild to Severe fatty changes); 12.5%, Glycogen deposition; 2.5%, Cholangitis; 2.8%, Cholangiohepatitis; 5%, Calcified hydatid cyst; 2.5%, Hepatic abscess; 2.5%, lipofuscin pigments; 17.5%.It is concluded that the highest and lowest prevalent patterns of hepatic lesions were Hydatid cysts and Hepatic abcess respectively.

In the present study abdominal hernia was recorded in a 5 year old male camel. This hernia was diagnosed on the basis of history and clinical examination. Football size swelling on right side of ventral abdomen shows presence of hernia with approximately eight finger hernia ring. Hernial ring was repaired by herniorrhaphy. The hernia ring was closed with overlapping mattress sutures. Postoperatively, administrated oxytetracycline injection 1500 mg, I.V. for 7 days and phenylbutazone injection 3000 mg, I.M. for 3 days. The postoperative course was uneventful.

This study assess the occurrence of Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among camels in Kano abattoir. A total of 300 nasal swabs were collected from camels at the lairage in Kano abbatoir, Nigeria to isolate and 'biochemically characterize Staphylococcus aureus and confirm Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among isolates using oxacillin resistance screening agar basal medium (ORSAB), disc diffusion method and also through detection of penicillin binding protein 2' (PBP2'). Fourteen percent (42/300) suspected Staphylococcus spp isolates were confirmed using coagulase, DNase, hemolysis and sugar fermentation test. Of the 42 isolated Staphylococcus aureus, 35.7 % (15/42) were confirmed to be MRSA on ORSAB medium of which twelve were also resistant to oxacillin, using disc diffusion method. Five (33.3%) of the fifteen purtative MRSA were confirmed to produce penicillin- binding protein 2' by PBP2' latex agglutination test kit. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA was higher in males than in females (p > 0.05). Multidrug resistance was displayed by all Staphylococcus aureus isolates with 100% resistance to ampicillin and penicillin, but 97.6% of the isolates were susceptible to amikacin and 90% to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. There was no statistical significance difference in antibiotic resistance between Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, penicillin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole, vancomycin with p-value > 0.05 but there was statistical significance to oxacillin with p-value of 0.0001 and Odds Ratio of 0.7143. MRSA strains were found in 5% of camels and thus may play a potential role in disseminating the pathogen between animals and humans.

Mastitis is a major challenge to the worldwide dairy industry in spite of the widespread implementation of mastitis control strategies. The major economic loss of all forms of mastitis results from reduced milk production. Because of the difficulty in controlling mastitis the disease will maintain its role in the foreseeable future. Identifying genes offers the opportunity to improve production efficiency, quality through utilizing them in breeding programs, developing therapeutic agents that can be used to alter disease attributes by altering gene expression. The Lactoferrin gene having significant association with mastitis has been identified which is an iron binding protein present in biological fluids. This protein is synthesized by mammary epithelium cells and neutrophils and secreted as non-haem iron binding protein. It is a glycosylated protein having antibacterial, antiviral, immune-modulatory and iron haemostasis properties. In addition to it modulates the immune response by decreasing the free radical formation and by down regulating LPS induced cytokines and is an potent activator of immunological functions such as granulopoiesis, cytokine production, antibody synthesis, natural killer cell toxicity, lymphocyte proliferation and complement activation and production of interleukins (IL-1), (IL-2) and TNF. The lactoferrin acts as a carrier of IGFBP-3 and allows translocation of extracellular IGFBP-3 into nucleus of bovine mammary epithelium cells. Its concentration increases during dry period and during mastitis concentration may increases several folds. Moreover it modulates the immune response by decreasing the free radical formation and by down regulating LPS induced cytokines and exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria (gram-positive & negative), fungi, yeasts and viruses and parasites. Lactoferrin acts as biomarker, antioxidant and vaccine adjuvant. This paper reviews the role of lactoferrin, its mechanism of action in regulation of mammalian host defense in combating mastitis which facilitates the inclusion of mastitis resistance in bovine breeding programmes.

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Camel has been a very important animal in the desert regions and Arab countries. The importance of camel in these regions has been reported for fiber, meat, milk and hides production and transport in harsh and dry conditions. Since, camels have their place in countries economy, ways have to be found to improve their level and efficiency of reproduction and production. The using of biotechnology especially the technique of in vitro maturation is a useful tool in this respect. For that, the goals of this review are to discuss the current Status and controversies of in vitro maturation of camel oocytes.

The placenta plays an important role in the exchange of metabolites from the foetal side. Studies concerning the dromedary foetal membranes have been compiled by Morton (1961), Moniem (1968), Musa (1977), Skidmore, Wooding, and Allen, (1996) and Salman (2001). It should be noted that the morphological studies of the dromedary foetal membranes carried out so far were concentrated mainly on gross anatomy and histology, with rather scanty information about their ultrastructure and histochemistry. In Sudan, Salman (2001) has studied the dromedary placenta in detail. However, very little work has been performed on the other foetal membranes. It appears from the literature cited that there is a need for further and detailed histological and histochemical studies on the foetal membranes of the dromedary camel. It is hoped, therefore, that the present investigation will be a contribution to a better knowledge of the structure and function of the various components of the camel foetal membranes and placenta.

A total of 509 faecal samples of all ages and sex from camel population were randomly collected to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with coccidian parasites from hyper arid partially irrigated zone of Rajasthan which comprises of three districts viz. Bikaner, Churu and Jaisalmer during the period from March to December, 2016. An overall prevalence of 13.55% was recorded for coccidiosis in camels with a highly significant difference (p<0.01) among the seasons (summer; 8% and rainy; 8.66 and winter; 21.05%). Quantitative analysis revealed mild to high severity of infections ranging from 100-3700 with an average of 623.33±126.24 oocysts per gram of faeces in the camel population. Two morphotypes of Eimeria sp. were identified are E. cameli and E. dromedrii and E. cameli was the major contributor in coccidia population (71.33%). A comparatively higher prevalence was recorded for Eimeria sp. in female than male camel population.

Ticks of genus Hyalomma are prominent vectors of domestic animal and human pathogenic agents as well as hematophagous parasites. Hyalomma dromedarii and Hyalomma anatolicumanatolicum are primarily ectoparasites of camel and cattle, respectively and are prevalent in India and other tropical and sub-tropical countries. Being the ticks of interest, from regional point of view, the present paper is based on morphological identification and comparison of both the ticks on the basis of our observations on the morphological characters of adult males and females of both species in the Bikaner region. In males, key morphologically distinguishable characters identified as the sub-anal plates of H. dromedarii aligned outside the longitudinal aixs of the adanal plates while in case of H. a. anatolicum they are aligned in the same axis. In females of H. dromedarii the genital aperture posterior lips are narrow V shaped while in H. a. anatolicum they are U shaped. So, it becomes essential to morphologically differentiate H. dromedarii from H. anatolicumanatolicum for the actual estimation and assessment of H. dromedarii tick in this region.

Blood circulation, particularly of head and neck, plays a vital role in survivability of the animals especially more so in camel. The camel traverses long distances and has a great capability of tolerating adverse environmental conditions such as high temperature, non-availability of water and starvation for long period. This is being probably made possible by adaptations exhibited by camel like its size and shape, colour, tolerance of high temperature and tissue dehydration, specialized respiratory patterns, reduction in metabolic rate etc. (Wilson, 1989). The blood vessels of the head and neck provide blood supply i.e. nutrition to the most vital organ of the body, the brain. The blood supply of the brain is also responsible for the thermo-regulation of the brain. According to Baker & Hayward (1968) “The venous blood returning from the nasal mucosa and the skin of the head to the cavernous, cools the central arterial blood in the carotid rete”.

Dromedary camels are mainly live in arid area of Africa and Asia and considered the important component of desert ecosystem. They are used not only for transportation but also for racing and meat and milk production. The dromedary generally suffers from fewer diseases than other domestic livestock such as goats and cattle. Respiratory airway diseases are among the emerging health problems to camel population worldwide that are causing considerable losses in production, significant mortalities and cost of treatment and vaccination (Kebede and Gelaye, 2010).